STANDARDS/MANUALS/ GUIDELINES FOR SMALL HYDRO DEVELOPMENT

Electro-Mechanical Works Guidelines for selection of Control SHP Station

Sponsor: Ministry of New and Renewable Energy Govt. of India

Lead Organization: Alternate Hydro Energy Center Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee

CONTENTS
ITEMS PAGE NO. 1 1 2 3 3 4 7 8 14

Control System 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 Scope References Technology Control Function Considerations for Selecting Control System Computer Based Control of Hydroelectric Station Computer Based Control System for Power Plant above 5 MWA Computer Based Control System for Powerhouse upto 5 MVA

Protection & Metering 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 Protection System Protective Relay Technology Monitoring and Protection for Generating Units above 3 MW and upto 25 MW Monitoring and Protection for Generating Units above 100 kW and upto 3 MW Monitoring and Protection for Micro Hydel Systems

18 18 19 21 26 27

Guide for Selection of Control, SCADA and Protection System for SHP upto 25 MW
1. Control System Control, automation and monitoring system in a hydroelectric power plant is associated with start and stop sequence for the unit and optimum running control of power (real and reactive), voltage and frequency. Data acquisition and retrieval is used to cover such operations as relaying plant operating status, instantaneous system efficiency, or monthly plant factor, to the operators and managers. Type of control equipment and levels of control to be applied to a hydro plant are affected by such factors as number, size and type of turbine and generator. The control equipment for a hydro power plant include control circuits/logic, control devices, indication, instrumentation, protection and annunciation at the main control board and at the unit control board for generation, conversion and transmission operation including grid interconnected operation of small hydro stations. These features are necessary to provide operators with the facilities required for the control and supervision of the stations major and auxiliary equipment. In the design of these features consideration must be given to the size and importance of the station with respect to other stations in the power system, location of the main control room with respect to the equipments to be controlled and all other station features which influence the control system. The control system of a power station plays an important role in the stations rendering reliable service; this function should be kept in mind in the design of all control features. 1.1 1.1.1 Scope

Purpose: The purpose of this guide is to provide guidance for selection of control, automation and monitoring system of SHP upto 25 MW by developers, manufacturers, consultants, regulators and others. The guide includes selection of technology extent of automation and monitoring system for different categories (micro, small upto 5 MW and above 5 MW to 25 MW) that is economical, easy to adopt and sustainable feasible and essential for safe operation. 1.1.2 Unit Type: SHP turbines and AC generator may be of any type commercially available as per following guides a) b) 1.1.3 Selection of SHP turbine and governor Selection of SHP generator and excitation system

1.1.4

Application: Small hydro units are commonly applied in situations where associated civil, construction work and costs are minimal. These applications include canal fall schemes, hilly hydros diversion schemes and new impoundment structures that can be inexpensively built. Operation and Control: Small hydro units are provided with equipment and circuitry to enable unattended operation.

1.1.5

Interconnection: Small hydro units are generally connected to the local grid system, and are connected either directly or through a main transformer, frequently at a distribution/sub transmission sub station. The unit may supply a portion, or all, of its output to a local private load, and any surplus may be supplied to the local grid. Special interconnection requirements are set by each state to prot4ects its equipment, system and personal. The interconnection requirement should meet guidelines for interconnection with grid. References This guide should be used in conjunction with the following publications/standards. IEC: 62270 2004 Hydroelectric power plant automation Guide for computer based control IEC: 1116 IEEE: 249 1996 IEEE guide for computer based control system for hydroelectric power plant automation IEEE: 1010-1987 Guide for Control of Hydroelectric power plant (ANSI) IEEE: 1020-1988 Guide for control of small hydroelectric power plants (ANSI) IEEE: 1046-1991 - Guide for distributed digital control and monitoring for power plants (ANSI) The guidelines are based on the following: a) Technology recommended under UNDP-GEF Project for Himalayan range SHP project. These recommendations were made by AHEC (Alternate Hydro Energy Centre) as Indian consultant based on specific recommendations of M/s Mead and Hunt US consultant; M/s MHPG Group of European Consultants; World Literature review and local experience. a) UNDP/world bank recommendation for cost effective irrigation based Mini Hydro Schemes in India under Energy Sector Management Assistance programme (ESMAP) by standardization of designs and equipment. b) Economic Computer Controls for Low Head Hydro by R. Thapar and D.A. Perrault; WATERPOWER85, U.S.A. c) Thapar, Rakesh, et.al, Microprocessor Controller for a small Hydroelectric System, I.E.E. October, 1986. d) Microcomputer Based Control and Monitoring Systems; DIGITEK INC. 11807, North Creek Pkwy, So. Bothell, WA 98011 U.S.A. Technical Literature. e) Small Hydro-Electric Technology for Economic Development by O.D. Thapar, Presented in Eleventh National Convention of Electrical Engineers and Seminar on Environmental Friendly Electric Power Generation- Nov. 1995, Roorkee. f) Report on study and design and development of Model SHP based self sustained projects - E & M Equipment standardization and cost reduction Vol. III (a) prepared by Alternate Hydro energy Centre, IIT Roorkee for Power finance corporation Ltd. 2002. g) Design of al large number of SHP projects for different states and organization.

1.2

1.3

Technology Upto 1980s, control of a hydro plants generating units was typically performed from governor panel or unit control switchboard. If the plant had multiple units, a centralized control board was provided. The unit control board and centralized control board using relay logic contained iron vane meters, hardwired control switches, and hundreds of auxiliary relays to perform the unit start/stop and other control operations. All the necessary sensors and controls required to operate the unit or units were hardwired to the unit control board and/ or centralized control board, allowing operator to control the entire station from one location. Data acquisition was manual. Modern systems still permit control of the entire plant from a single location. Modern control rooms utilize the far more cost-effective computer based automation which implies (IEEE: 1249 definition) use of computer component, such as logic controllers, sequence controllers, modulating controllers and microprocessors in order to bring plant equipment into operation, optimize operation in a study state condition and shut down the equipment in the proper sequence under safe operating conditions. This includes programmable logic controllers (PLCs) for control system and PC monitor and hard disc for data display and data acquisition system and distributed computer control systems with graphic display screens to implement a vast array of control schemes. The SCADA (supervisory control and data acquisition) control scheme also provides flexibility in control, alarming, sequence of events recording, and remote communication that was not possible with the hardwired control systems. Data acquisition, storage and retrieval is provided by the computer.

1.4 1.4.1

Control function of control in a hydropower plant may be cateogrized into the following: Turbine Control This is the speed/load control of turbine in which the governor adjusts the flow of water through the turbine to balance the input power with the load. With an isolated system; the governor controls the frequency. In interconnected system, the governor may be used to regulate the unit load and may contribute to the system frequency control.. In case of micro plants in the range of micro hydel (100 kW unit size), load control is also used, where excess load is diverted to dummy load to maintain constant speed.

1.4.2

Generator Control This is the excitation control of synchronous generator. The excitation is an integral part of a synchronous generator which is used to regulate the operation of the generator. The main functions of excitation system of a synchronous generator are: 1. 2. Voltage control in case of isolated operation and synchronising Reactive power or power factor control in case of interconnected operation.

1.4.3

Plant Control Plant control deals with the operation of the plant. It includes sequential operations like start up of the machine, excitation control, synchronization, loading of unit under specified operating conditions, normal and emergency shutdown, etc. The mode of control may be manual or automatic and may be controlled locally or from remote location. Plant control usually include monitoring and display of the plant conditions. Schematic overview of the plant controls are given in Figure 1.4.

1.5

Considerations for Selecting Control System Governor and control systems for small hydro units especially in developing countries have to be selected keeping in view the following. ii) Traditional mechanical flow control governor with mechanical hydraulic devices is complex demanding maintenance and high first cost. Further performance requirements of stability and sensitivity i.e. dead band, dead time and dashpot time especially for interconnected units may not be possible with mechanical governors. The manpower as available for operation is unskilled and further adequate supervision is not feasible. Load factors for stand-alone micro hydels are usually low which affects economic viability. Cost of speed control and automation with electronic analaog flow control governors, unit control and plant control is high. These systems require attended operation and are mostly based on large capacity hydro units. This is making most of the units very costly and uneconomical to operate. Experience in successful operation of analog electronic control system in India for SHP is not good. Electronic digital flow control governors can take up plant control functions. Flow control turbine governors are expensive and not recommended for small hydro units in micro hydel range. Electronic load control governing system with water cooled hot water tanks as ballast loads for unit size upto 100 kW be used. This will make a saving of about 40% on capital cost. If the thyristor control (ELC) is used then the alternator needs to be oversized upto 2% on kVA to cope with the higher circulating current included. Accordingly, in case of small units upto 100-150 kW size elimination of flow control governors by digital shunt load governor (electronic load controllers) will make these units economically viable and properly designed will eliminate continuous attendance requirement. Data storage function can be added to the digital governors.

iii)

iv)

v)

vi) vii)

viii)

ix)

The dummy loads in the Shunt Load Governors (ELC) can be useful load system or can be used for supplying domestic energy needs. Analog electronic governors and plant controllers are also used for small hydro auto synchronizing and for remote control and monitoring of system. Digital generation controllers were evolved to take care of speed control, unit control and automation, unit protection and generation scheduling and have been successfully in operation for over ten years. PLC based system are reliable and suitable for hasrh conditions. These have been in operation in India and abroad. Dedicated PC based systems for complete generation control can be easily adopted for data acquisition and storage at low cost and can also be adopted to SCADA system. Customized software is used in these systems which inhibits wide spread use. Future systems using PC as controller and for SCADA with open architecture and use of commercially available software is recommended for economy and wide spread use.

x)

xi)

xii)

xiii)

Comparison of various options for control systems are given in table 1.5

Fig. 1.4

1.5
S. No.

Comparison of various options for control system, including turbine governing supervisory control and data acquisition
Unit size kW Mode of operati on Suitability Turbine Gov. Unit Prot. Data storage and Retrieval SCAD A Cost including Gov. control, protection, SCADA data Aq., Storage and Retrieval (see note-1) Capital O&M High without SCADA Not recommendation Recommendati on Remarks

Turbine Gov. and Controller Type

Unit control

1.

Mech. Flow control Gov.

50-100

Iso. Grid Iso. Grid Iso. Grid

At high extra cost

Very high

100-500 & above 2. Load control governor 50-100

Suitable

At extra cost

Low

Low

Not considered

Do not available 100-500 Iso. See note 3 Digital load control governor may be developed for SCADA

Grid

Suitable

Not feasible

3.

Analogue, Electronic Gov. & Plant Controller

50-100 Above 100

Iso. Grid Iso. Grid Iso.

At high extra cost

Very high cost High Moderate to high Moderate

Not recommended

4.

PLC integrated controller with SCADA by PC SHP 100 kW to 5 MW

Suitable

Low

Recommended

Grid Iso. Grid Suitable See not 2 High Moderate Recommended for units above 5 MW

5.

PLC digital governor with plant controller and SCADA with redundant PC Data Logger with PLC load controller PC based integrated system for governing; plant control protection and metering

Above 5 MW

6. 7.

5 to 100 kW 100 kW to 25000 kW

Iso. Grid Iso.

Data not available Suitable Indigenous system not available

Low Low

Moderate Medium

Recommended Recommended with high speed PC suitable for harsh area

Grid

Notes:

1. 2. 3.

Cost normalized with main and backup SCADA system. Dedicated digital controller for Gov. and plant control with PC based SCADA backup. Recommended in conjunction with partial water flow control

1.6 1.6.1

Computer Based Control of Hydroelectric Station Current practice for control of hydroelectric plants is based on the combination of computer based and non-computer based equipment utilized for unit, plant and system control. Methods of control:- Local, centralized and offsite modes of operation and supervision as per IEC 62270 and IEEE 1010 and recognized by industry is given in table 2.1. Control as defined in the table 1.6.2 with details of control interface for plant equipment based on modern practice are discussed and control system design in accordance with standards mentioned. Table 1.6.2 Summary of control hierarchy for hydroelectric power plants Control category Location Subcategory Local Centralized Offsite Manual Automatic Remarks Control is local at the controlled equipment or within sight of the equipment Control is remote from the controlled equipment, but within the plant Control location is remote from the project Each operation needs a separate and discrete initiation; could be applicable to any of the three locations Several operations are precipitated by a single initiation; could be applicable to any of the three locations Operator is available at all times to initiate control action Operation staff is not normally available at the project site

1.6.2

Mode

Operation Attended (supervision) Unattended

Method of control; control hierarchy extent of computerization recommend for different categories are discussed. 1.7 1.7.1 Computer Based Control System For Power Plant Above 5 MVA Functional Capabilities Functional capabilities summarised below may be provided to the extent economically feasible. i. ii. Computer based automation system should permit operation of power plant, switchyard, outlet works, Inlet valves etc. from a single control point. Manual/Local control should be provided by equipment located near the generating unit. The local unit computer (PLC) should be part of the equipment.

iii.

iv.

v.

Automatic unit start/stop control sequencing should be part of computer based automation. Automation system should include capability to provide diagnostic information so as to isolate the problem and get the unit on line as fast as possible. Auto synchronising should be computer based. There is no objection to provide synchronising function as internal to the automation system. Check synchronising relay should be provided for security. The computer system shall optimise individual unit turbine operation to enhance unit operation in respect of following: a) b) Efficiency maximization - gate position, flow, unit kW output, unit reactive power output. Minimization unit vibration or rouges running zone - gate position, unit vibration.

TO REMOTE CONTROL CENTRALISED CONTROL

STATION OPTICAL FIBRE COMMUNICATION NETWORK (DUAL)

UNIT 1 LOCAL/MANUAL CONTROL PLC USER INTERFACE

INDIVIDUAL UNIT CONTROL SWITCHYARD CONTROL STATION SERVICE CONTROL & MONITORING PLANT REAL POWER CONTROL & MONITORING AUTOMATIC VOLTAGE CONTROL WATER & POWER OPTIMIZATION AUTOMATIC GENERTAION CONTROL SWITCHGEAR AND RELAY STATUS REPORT GENERATION DATA LOGGING/TRENDING HISTORICAL ARCHIVING

UNIT 2 LOCAL/MANUAL CONTROL PLC USER INTERFACE

SART/STOP SEQUENCING SYNCHRONIZING TRASHRACK CONTROL BLACK START CONTROL UNIT AUXILIARIES CONTROL GOVERNOR/EXCITATION CONTROL/STATUS UNIT LOAD CONTROL UNIT ANNUNCIATION UNIT METERING UNIT RELAY STATUS UNIT FLOW DATA CONDITION MONITORING

STATION SERVICE LOCAL CONTROL USER INTERFACE

SWITCHYARD CONTROL PLC USER INTERFACE

POWER HOUSE

Fig. 1.7.1

LOCAL CONTROL SYSTEM

PROTECTION SYSTEM

STATION COMMUNICATION LINK PROCESS (UNIT, SWITCHGEAR GATES, ETC.)

COMPUTER BASED CONTROL

PROCESS INTERFACE

LOCAL USER INTERFACE BACKUP CONTROL

Fig. 1.7.2 c) d) e) Minimization of cavitation: Gate position, flow, Hydraulic head, turbine manufacturers cavitation curve. Black start control - this may including starting emergency generator. Centralised Control Individual units, switchyard, station service control, plant voltage/Var control, water and power optimization; Forebay level control.

vi. vii. viii. ix. x. xi. xii. xiii.

Data acquisition capabilities Alarm processing and diagnostics Report generation Maintenance and management interface Data archival and retrieval Data access Operator simulation training Provision of frequency relay for this operation in stand alone or in an isolated island for this purpose are should be made

Relationship of local centralized and off site control function as per IEC: (62270-2004) guide in fig. 1.7.1 & 1.7.2. A typical block diagram of computer based control system for 2 x 10 MVA Mukerian Stage II powerhouse with offsite control is attached 1.7.3 A provision for a programming station with back up for operation is also included as redundant system.

10

1.7.2

System Architecture, Communication and Databases i. Open architecture system should be followed in accordance with IEEE-12491996. Interface or operating standards for the following shall be intimated and should comply with ISO/IEC 12119/IEEE 802. Hardware interconnectivity Time stamping of data, Communications Operating system User Interface Data base

i. ii.

Each of these elements should be capable of being replaced by or communicate with system elements provided by other vendors. The scope of the bidder is not limited to the parts & components explicitly identified here in and shall have to provide any and all parts/components needed to meet the functional requirements laid down herein or are necessary for satisfactory operation of the plant.

1.7.3

Control Data Networks Local area networks (LANs) should be configured to IEEE 802.3 (Ethernet) standard. Commercially available software should be used as far as possible.

1.7.4

Man-Machine Interface (MMI) The operators station of the station controller (SCADA system) should have an elaborate and friendly man-machine interface. A 19 or larger monitor should be provided for the display. Provision should be made for connecting a second colour monitor in parallel. The screen displays should be suitably designed to provide information in most appropriate forms such as text, tables, curves, bar charts, dynamic mimic diagrams, graphic symbols, all in colour. An event printer should be connected to PC of the SCADA system. Events should be printed out spontaneously as they arrive. Provision should be made to connect and use another printer simultaneously. Touch control screen, voice and other advanced modes of MMI are desired and should be preferred. The entire customization of software for MMI and report generation should be carried out. A windows based operating system should be preferred.

11

Fig. 1.7.3 Redundant computer based control system for 2 x 10 MW Mukerian Stage II with remote control for stage I (proposed by M/s BHEL)

12

1.7.5

Hardware Input/output system should have following capabilities. i. ii. iii. iv. v. vi. Portability and the exchange of I/O cards from one I/O location to another. This can reduce spare parts requirements. Availability of I/O cards to be replaced under power. This avoids the need to shutdown an entire I/O location to change one card. Sequence-of Events (SOE) time tagging at the I/O locations; accuracy and resolution. Availability of I/O signal types and levels that support the field device signals to be used. Support of redundant field devices, capability for redundant I/O from field device to the database and operator interface. I/O diagnostics available at the card, e.g., card failure indicating LEDs, or through software in the system.

1.7.6

Grounding Each equipment rack in which automation system components are located should be separately connected to the powerhouse ground mat by a large gauge wire. Shielded cables should be used for analog signals between the transducers and the automation system. Each shield should be tied to the signal common potential at the transducer end of the cable. If there are termination or junction boxes between the transducers and automation system, each shield circuit should be maintained as a separate continuous circuit through such junction or termination boxes.

1.7.7

Static Control Equipment should be immune to static problems in the normal operating configuration. Anti-static carpet and proper grounding for all devices that an operator may contact should be provided.

1.7.8

Control and Monitoring Plant Equipment Information and control signal for proper control and monitoring of the required from the following main and auxiliary/associated equipment and shall be provided as tentatively detailed alongwith the equipment and out lined in this paragraph. Deviation will be intimated in the bid 25% spare capacity for inputs and output shall be provided. The control system shall receive input signals from main equipment such as the turbine or the generator, and from various other accessory equipment, such as the governor, exciter, and automatic synchronizer. Status inputs shall be obtained from control switches and level and function switches indicative of pressure, position, etc, throughout the plant. The proper combination of these inputs to the control system logic will provide 13

outputs to the governor, the exciter, and other equipment to start or shutdown the unit. Any abnormalities in the inputs must prevent the units startup, or if already on-line, provide an alarm or initiate its shutdown. i. ii. iii. iv. v. vi. vii. viii. ix. x. xi. xii. xiii. 1.8 Generator Generator field excitation equipment Generator terminal equipment (Line and Neutral side) Unit generator breaker equipment Turbine Governor Generator cooling Service air Service water DC power supply AC auxiliary power supply Water level monitoring Fire protection

Computer Based Control System For Powerhouses upto 5 MVA Most of the small powerhouses in the range have the control room at the same level as the machine hall. Accordingly the unit control and supervisory control functions can be provided in the control room.

1.8.1

PLC Based System One PLC integrated controller per unit may be provided for unit control, governor control, unit control, supervisory control and data acquisition and remote control provision AVR and measuring units and auxiliaries. Separate controllers may be provided for switchyard, common auxiliaries etc. Remote/Supervisory control and data acquisition all the unit may be provided by one PC. The recommended control system is shown in drawing 1.8.1. Manual control facility is provided on PLC panel.

14

See note-1

Fig. 1.8.1 Typical Configuration for Computerized Hydro Station (proposed for SHP) Note-1 In case machine level and station level is same, manual/automatic control panel be combined with unit PLC panel PLC integrated unit controller with PC for supervisory control data acquisition and remote control facilities for Triveni canal fall SHP with provision for remote control of 3 nearly canal fall plants.

15

Fig. 1.8.2 System Configuration Triveni SHP project (Punjab)`(Canal based) (Provided by M/s ALSTHOM)

16

PC based system for unit control, governor control and other functions provided for Sobla powerhouse is attached as drawing 1.8.3 is a cheaper alternative but lacks redundancy which can be provided by spare cards for each type.

Fig. 1.8.3

17

1.8.2

PC based Integrated Generation Controller Integrated governor and plant control system are discussed in guidelines for selection of turbine and governing system. PC based integrated generation controller capable of following function was developed by M/s Digitek of USA and M/s Predeep Digitek in India for SHP. Governor speed control Automatic sequencing for start up and shutdown including synchronizing Automatic sequencing for emergency shutdown Data recording and reporting Alarm enunciators Full remote control and monitoring Control via terminal keyboard Water level control Flexible architecture Modular card system Ability to communicate with other microprocessor based equipment Alarm and status logging Data logging at user selected intervals Event recording Line protection- frequency and voltage Generator protection - voltage, current, reverse power, differential, loss of field

Digitek USA integrated generation controller was installed in Sobla ( 2 x 3000 kW) SHP in U.P. Generator and line protection and meytreing was however provided by conventional meters and electromagnetic relays as shown in figure 1.8.3. 1.8.3 Micro processor based control for micro hydel Electronic load controller and monitoring systems as recommended in micro hydel standards should be provided. 2 2.1 Protection & Metering Protection System

Forced outage due to faults in power system components e.g. generating unit, transformer bus bars, sub station and transmission lines affect reliability of power supply. Increasing spare capacity margins and arranging alternative circuits to supply loads are provided to take care of such failures. For minimum isolation following a break down the system is divided into zones controlled by switchgear in association with protective gears. Switchgear is designed to interrupt normal and fault current. Protection gear must recognize an abnormal condition and operate to secure its removal with the minimum disturbance to normal system operation. Protective gear

18

defines all equipment necessary for recognizing; locating and initiating the removal of a fault or abnormal condition from the power system and includes a relay or group of relays and accessories to isolate electrical installation (machine, transformer etc.) or to activate a signal. Accessories are current and voltage transformers, shunts, d. c. and a. c. wiring and auxiliary devices necessary to secure successful operation. 2.2 Protective Relay Technology

Protective relay technology has changed significantly in recent years. Induction disk relays for each individual protective function were normally used. Individual solid state static relays for protective function were introduced in the decade 1980-1990 and IS 3231-1965 was accordingly revised in 1987. 2.2.1 Microprocessor based Multifunction Relays: Microprocessor based multi function relays are now being introduced. Advantage claimed for these relays are as follows: Self-monitoring of operating status on continuing basis and to alarm when to function. Multiple protective functions in one relay reduces panel space and wiring end. Self calibration by software programming Programmable set point by software programming

i) ii) iii) iv)

Microprocessor relaying has gained widespread acceptance among both utilities and consumers. The relay functions are the same as those in electromechanical and solid-state electronic relaying, but microprocessor relays have features that provide added benefits. Microprocessor relays may have some disadvantages, however, so that there are additional considerations when these are applied for protection in SHP. 2.2.2 Benefits of Microprocessor Relays: The benefits of microprocessor relays include the ability to combine relay functions into economical unit. Where an electromechanical overcurrent relay may be only be a single phase device, a microprocessor relay will often include three phases and a neutral. It could also include reclosing, directional elements, over/under voltage, and over/under frequency. A microprocessor generator relay could include differential, overcurrent, negative, sequence, frequency, voltage, stator ground, and other protective functions. Similarly, a microprocessor transformer relay might combine differential and overcurrent protection. A transmission line relay could combine multiple zone phase and ground distance elements, over current fault-detectors, pilot scheme logic, and reclosing. An electromechanical scheme will normally consist of individual relays for each zone of phase and ground protection, separate fault-detectors, and additional relaying for pilot scheme logic. These same devices can include nonrelaying functions such as metering, event recording, and oscillography. All of these functions are contained in an enclosure that requires less space than the combination of elays and other devices they duplicate. A microprocessor relay has self-monitoring diagnostic that provide continuous status of relay availability and reduces the need for periodic maintenanace. If a relay fails, it is typically replaced rather than repaired. Because these relays have multiple features,

19

functions, increased setting ranges, and increased flexibility, it permits stocking of fewer spares. Microprocessor relay also have communication capability that allows for remote interrogation of meter and event data and fault oscillography. This also permits relay setting from a remote location. The relays have low power consumption and low CT and VT burdens. They also increase the flexibility of CT connections. For instance, microprocessor transformer differential relays can compensate internally for ratio mismatch and the phase shift associated with delta-wye connections. All of these features have economic benefits in addition to the lower initial costs and potentially reduced maintenance costs that microprocessor relays have when compared to individual relays. 2.2.4 Disadvantages: The operating energy for most electromechanical relays is obtained from the measured currents and/or voltages, but most microprocessor relays require a source of control power. Another disadvantages is that the multifunction feature can result in a loss of redundancy. For instance, the failure of a single-phase overcurrent relay is backed up by the remaining phase and neutral relays. In a microprocessor scheme, the phase and neutral elements are frequently combined in one package and a single failure can disable the protection. Similarly, a microprocessor generator/transformer package that has both differential and overcurrent relaying provided less redundancy than a scheme comprising separate relays. The self-disgnostics ability of the microprocessor relay, and its ability to communicate failure alarms, mitigates some of the loss of redundancy. It may also be economical to use multiple microprocessor relay. Microprocessor relays require more engineering in the application and setting of the relay though less work in the panel design and wiring. The increased relay setting flexibility is accompanied by an increase in setting complexity that requires diligence to avoid setting errors. Also, some relays have experienced numerous software upgrades in a short period of time. Microprocessor relays have relatively shorter product life cycles because of the rapid advance in technology. As a result, a specific microprocessor relay model may only be available for a relatively short period of time. As a failure may require replacement rather than repair, it may not be possible to use an exact replacement, which may require more engineering and installation work. Although less frequent testing may be required, when it is, it requires a higher level of training for the technician and more test equipment than is normally used with electromechanical relays in order to obtain the full benefit of all the features of the microprocessor relay. The self-monitoring capability of these relays is only effective if the alarm output can be communicated to a manned location such as a control center. Also, the remote communication ability assumes there is a communication channel available to the relay. 2.2.5 Interconnection of SHP with Grid A similar issue exists concerning the communication capability of microprocessor relays in SHP. Both the utility and the consumer can benefit from the communication capability.

20

In particular, the recorded history of events can be very useful in analyzing relay operations after a fault. However, for both to communicate directly with the relay will require special considerations. Both the utility and the consumer may be required to purchase software license for the communication software if that software is propriety. Also, they will both need to maintain the same versions of the software. The communication settings, such as modem baud rate, will have to be mutually agreed on. Some relays have security passwords, which restrict access. There may be one password to permit read only access to meter and event records and a different password to make changes. Although both parties may have read only access, ideally only one party should have the necessary access to make setting changes. 2.2.6 Protection relays for SHP i) The application of relays must be coordinated with the partitioning of the electrical system by circuit breakers, so that least amount of equipment is removed from operation following a fault, preserving the integrity of the balance of the plants electrical system. Generally, the power transmitting agency protection engineer will coordinate with the utility protection engineer to recommend the functional requirements of the overlapping zones of protection for the main transformers and high voltage bus and lines. The utility protection engineer will determine the protection required for the station service generators and transformers, main unit generators, main transformers, and powerhouse bus. Electromechanical protective relays, individual solid state protective relays, multifunction protective relays, or some combination of these may be used as appropriate for the requirements. individual solid state protective relays and/or multifunction protective relays offer a single solution for many applications plus continuous self diagnostics to alarm when unable to function as required. Multi-function protective relays may be costcompetitive for generator and line protection when many individual relays would be required. When multi-function relays are selected, limited additional backup relays should be considered based upon safety the cost of equipment lost or damaged, repairs and the energy lost during the outage or repairs if appropriate. When redundancy is required, a backup protective relay with a different design and algorithm should be provided for reliability and security. Generators, main transformers, and the high voltage busbar are normally protected with independent differential relays (above 1000 kW unit size).

ii)

iii)

iv)

v)

vi) vii)

2.3

Monitoring and Protection for generating Units above 3 MW and upto 25 MW The following protection may be provided by using integrated numerical generator protection relay on generator, generator transformers and feeders. Back up electromagnetic relays with instrument transformers may be provided as mentioned below:

21

2.3.1

Generator 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. Generator Differential Protection (87G) Negative Phase Sequence (46) (Phase Unbalance) Generator Reverse Power Protection (32) Voltage Restrained Over Current Protection (51V) Stator Earth Fault Protection (64 G) Loss Of Excitation Protection (40) Over /Speed (electrical) Protection (12G) Rotor Earths Fault Protection (64R) Over Voltage Protection (59) Fuse failure Protection (97) on PTS Under voltage (27) Check synchronizing

Following additional back up electromagnetic relays from different set of CTs and PTs be also provided. 1. 2. Voltage restraint overvurrent relay Stator earth fault

Following Mechanical Protections are proposed 1. 2. 3. 2.3.2 Embedded Temperature detector (PT-100) in stator core and in bearing for indication, alarm, recording and shut down of the unit. Governor oil pressure low. Over speed mechanical for normal and emergency shut down.

Power Transformer 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Generator transformer differential protection ( 87 GT) Over current and earth fault protection with high set Inst. Element (50/51,64) Stand by earth fault protection (64GT) on 33 kV side. T/ F Winding Temperature High Alarm/ Trip (49T) T/ F Oil Temperature High Alarm/ Trip (38T) Buchholtz relay

Following additional back up electromagnetic relays from different set of CTs and PTs be also provided. 2.3.3 33 kV Line Protection 1. 2. 3. Phase comparison/distance relays for 66 kV and above Digital Directional over current and earth fault relay with high set unit (50/51,64). Under voltage (27)

22

4. 5. 6.
7.

Over voltage (59) Over/ under frequency (81) Reverse Power Relay Check Synchronizing

Back up electromagnetic, Directional over current and earth fault relay with high set unit 2.3.4 Bus Zone Protection Differential Bus Zone Protection with check features are proposed. 2.3.5 Station Transformer Protection 1. 2. 2.3.6 Fuse set on 33 kV side. Digital over current and earth fault relay with high set unit on B.T. side. (50/51, 64).

Metering System Power generated shall be metered at generator terminal through metering CT and PT. The power transferred to 33 kV feeder shall also be metered though CTs and PT. Following metering equipments shall be provided on relevant panels. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. kW meter kWh meter kVA meter Ampere meter Voltmeter Power factor meter Frequency/speed meter Temperature meters.

A typical single line diagram is shown as figure 2.3.1 and Unit Metering and relaying is shown as figure 2.3.2.

23

TO 33 kV SUBSTATION

TO 33 kV SUBSTATION

NOMENCLATURE
40 -------- LOSS OF EXCITATION RELAY 41G -------- EXCITATION BREAKER

L.A. L.A.

/ //

P.T.

/ //
PS CLASS FOR BUS DIFFERENTIAL CT CORE-1, 5P10 CT CORE-2, METERING ACC.CLASS 1-0

P.T.

PS CLASS FOR BUS DIFFERENTIAL CT CORE-1, 5P10 CT CORE-2, METERING ACC.CLASS 1-0

45G -------- FIELD SURGE PROTECTION 51 -------- OVER CURRENT RELAY 51V -------- OVER CURRENT VOLTAGE RESTRAINT RELAY 51D -------- DIRECTIONAL OVER CURRENT RELAY E/F -------- EARTH FAULT RELAY 59 -------- OVER VOLTAGE RELAY 63 -------- BUCHHOLZ RELAY 64F -------- ROTOR EARTH FAULT RELAY 64G -------- STATOR EARTH FAULT RELAY 64T -------- BACKUP POWER SYSTEM E/F RELAY 87G -------- GENERATOR EARTH FAULT RELAY 87GT -------- GEN. TRANSFORMER E/F RELAY 25 -------- CHECK SYNCHRONISING 46 -------- NEGATIVE SEQUENCE RELAY

52-3

52-5

LEGEND 331661132 kV BUS

52-6

ISOLATING SWITCH HV CIRCUIT BREAKER LINK

CT CT

TRANSFORMER

41G
52-1 52-2

EXCITATION BREAKER WITH DISCHARGE RESISTOR CURRENT TRANSFORMER

CT 5P10 GENERATOR TRANSFORMER-1 64T

51

CT 87GT GENERATOR TRANSFORMER-2 64T SATTAION AUX. T/F

51

POTENTIAL TRANSFORMER

LIGHTNING ARRESTOR FUSE EARTH

87GT

87GT

11 KV BREAKER

DG SET 11 KV CIRCUIT BREAKER 11 KV CIRCUIT BREAKER

11-1

11-2

CT

TO P.T.

CT

TO P.T.

P.T. CT

EXCITATION CONTROL

RECTIFIER BRIDGE

P.T. CT

EXCITATION CONTROL

RECTIFIER BRIDGE

P.T. 41G GENERATOR-

P.T. 41G GENERATOR-2

G1
PS CT CT CT

G2
45G PS 5P10 PS CT CT CT

5P10 PS

FIG. 2.3.1 TYPICAL SINGLE LINE DIAGRAM

DISTRIBUTION TRANSFORMER

DISTRIBUTION TRANSFORMER

24

33 K.V. BUS

NOMENCLATURE
GENERATORS

CT

NOTES
1.THE SCHEME MAY BE MODIFIED TO SUIT ACTUAL EQUIPMENT ORDERED 2.COMMON TRIPPING RELAYS FOR SIMILAR FUNCTIONS WILL BE PROVIDED WITH LOCK OUT FACILITIES, SIGNAL TYPE CURRENT RELAYS FOR DISCRIMINATION OF FAULTS ARE PROPOSED TO BE PROVIDED IN THE INDIVIDUAL CIRCUITS OF COMMON TRIPPING RELAYS . 63T 3.TRIPPING BLOCK DIAGRAM DOES NOT INCLUDE FIRST STAGE ALARMS 4.DETAILS OF R.T.D. (RESISTANCE TEMPERATURE DETECTORS) ARE AS UNDER : (A) GENERATOR STATOR WINDINGS - 12 NO. (B) GENERATOR THRUST BEARING - 2 NO. (C) TURBINE GUIDE BEARING - 2 NO. 5. UNIT-2 IS SAME AS UNIT-1

52-1

BREAKER

87T 64T 5P10 CT 38T 87 GT GEN.TRANSFORMER 50/51 CT PS LINK C.T. 5P10 TO 86 EB 11-1 87 GT RECTIFIER TRANSFORMER 25 TO P.T. THYRISTOR BRIGES STATIC EXCITATION VOLTAGE REGULATOR AND CONTROL 59 SYNCH. 51 EX 11 KV GENERATOR BREAKER 250 kVA 11/.415 kV

CENTRIFUGAL SPEED SWITCH ELECTRICAL OVERSPEEDC RELAY CHECK SYNCHRONISING RELAY AIR COOLER (OUTLET/INLET) AIR TEMPERATURE 26G TEMPERATURE DETECTORS FOR FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM 26GS STATOR WINDING TEMPERATURE 32 REVERSE POWER RELAY 33AB AIR BRAKE POSITION INDICATION 33CW/80CW COOLING WATER VALVE POSITION/FL 38 BEARING TEMPERATURE DEVICE 38-2 38GT GUIDE BEARING TEMPERATURE 38QB BEARING OIL TEMPERATURE 38THT THRUST BEARING TEMPERATURE 40 45F 46 47 48 50/51 T 51V 60 63 63FG 63QTH 63 T 63 TX 64G 64F 65SN 65SL 71QBH/L 86 EA 86 EB 86 MA 86 MB 87G 87T
31 41G 51 EX 59 64F 86 EX LCD OER PAR COMP

12 12G 25 26AU/AI

51/64
C.T.

47

S.S. FROM EXCITOR 2

. .. .. ..
S.S. S.S. S.S. 63FG 41G 64F

TO 86 EB VAR.COMP

FIELD FAILURE RELAY FIELD SURGE PROTECTION NEGATIVE PHASE SEQUENCE RELAY PHASE SEQUENCE CHECK RELAY (FOR SYNCHRONIZING) INCOMPLETE SEQUENCE RELAY TARNSFORMER OVERCURRENT RELAY INSTANTANEOUS OVERCURRENT WITH VOLTAGE RESTRAINT RELAY VOLTAGE BALANCE RELAY GOVERNOR LOW OIL PRESSURE SWITC FIRE EXTIGUISHING SYSTEM OPERATIO THRUST BEARING HIGH PRESSURE OIL SYSTEM START INTERLOCK/FAILURE A MAIN TANK OVER PRESURE SWITCH AUXILIARY RELAY GROUND VOLTAGE RELAY - STATOR ROTOR EARTH FAULT RELAY SOLENOID SPEED NO LOAD SOLENOID SHUT DOWN BEARING OIL LEVEL(HIGH/LOW) LOCKOUT RELAY ELECT. GROUP "A" LOCKOUT RELAY ELECT. GROUP "B" LOCKOUT RELAY MECH. GROUP "A" LOCKOUT RELAY MECH. GROUP "B" GENERATOR DIFFERENTIAL RELAY TRANSFORMER DIFFERENTIAL RELAY

SYNCHRONISING SOCKET PT L L

EXCITERS
27 V EXCITATION RELAY GENERATOR FIELD BREAKER INSTANTANEOUS TIME OVER CURRENTRELAY OVER VOLTAGE RELAY GROUND VOLTAGE RELAY - FIELD LOCKOUT RELAY LINE DROP COMPENSATION OVER EXCITATION RELAY PARALLEL COMPENSATION

PT

EQUIPMENT FROM BATTERY

31

FIELD FLASHING

LDC

EX. CONTROL

V RUN KWH F

V INC F

METERING
SYN KVAR MANNUAL SYN. PANEL A FM RECT SUPV. TZ V VARM VS WHM WM AMMETER FREQUENCY METER TEMPERATURE MEASURING AND RECORDINGINSTRUMENT SUPERVISORY TRANSDUCER VOLT METER VAR METER VOLT METER SWITCH WATT HOUR METER WATT METER

60 38THT THERMOSTAT R.T.D. 71QBH/L GENERATOR GUIDE & THRUST BEARING 12 33AB 63 QTH 39V RECT 38QB BLOCKS 50/51V & 40 ON LOSS OF RELAY POTENTIAL V SURGE ARRESTOR FM

VS

KW 63T PF 63TX

26G

FIRST STAGE ALARM

G
12G 26AO/AI 26GS

66 K.V. SYSTEM
CT A3 38 63 48 MISC TRIP 52-1, & 41G TURBINE SHUTDOWN 27L 30 50/51DN 51 H 62 62L 64T 81H 81L 86H 87GT 94 52-1 UNDERVOLTAGE RELAY ANNUNCIATOR RELAY DIRECTIONAL OVERCURRENT AND GROUND FAULT RELAY INSTANTANEOUS TIME OVERCURRENT PHASE RELAY TIMING RELAY -DOH.V. SYSTEM STAND BY GROUND FAULT HIGH FREQUENCY RELAY LOW FREQUENCY RELAY LOCKOUT RELAY GENERATOR TRANSFORMER DIFFERENTIAL RELAY GENERATOR TRIP RELAY 66 K.V. BREAKER

59
51V 46 40 32

OER

33CW/80CW 38TG TO 86 EB 38QB

TURBINE GUIDE BEARING R.T.D.

86 MA

AND ALARM

86 MB 71QBH/L 87G

TRIP 52-1 & 41 G TURBINE SHUTDOWN , PENSTOCK GATE CLOSURE AND ALARM

PS
5P 10

CT CT CT
38-2 12 12G MISC

86 EB

TRIP 52-1 & 41 G TURBINE SPEED NO LOAD AND ALARM

LINK

86 EA TRIP 52-1 & 41 G RELEASE CO2, TURBINE SHUT DOWN WITH ALARM 64G

DISTRIBUTION TRANSFORMER
1 2

RESISTOR RATED 15 SEC.

FIG. 2.3.2 TYPICAL UNIT METERING SINGLE LINE DIAGRAM

25

2.4

Monitoring and Protection for Generating Units above 100 kW and upto 3 MW Monitoring and protection with two levels of protection and recommended as follows in SHP as per IEC-1116.

2.4.1

Turbine In principle, two levels of protection can be specified: alarm and tripping. Elements to be considered are: (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) (g) (h) (i) (j) speed of rotation; oil level in the bearings; circulation of lubricant; oil level of the governor system; oil level of the speed increasers; bearing temperature; oil temperature of the governor system; oil temperature of speed increasers; oil pressure of the governor system; circulation of cooling water

Immediate tripping is required for items a), c), i) and j). Items b), d), e), f), g) and h) may have an alarm annunciated first if the station is manned allowing corrective action to be taken, but in any case, in the absence of corrective action, tripping will eventually follow. In some cases, braking is used to reduce the time to standstill. It is recommended that two independent overspeed shut-down devices be used on larger units which might not be designed for continuous runaway. 2.4.2 Generator The following are normally monitored. (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) (g) (h) (i) stator temperature; overcurrent (stator and rotor); earth fault with current limits (stator and rotor); maximum and minimum voltage; power reversale) over/under frequency; oil level in the bearing sump; bearing temperature; cooling air temperature.

26

Immediate tripping is required for items (b), (c), (d), (e) and (f). Items (a), (g), (h) and (i) may have an alarm annunciated if the station is manned allowing corrective action to be taken, but in any case, in the absence of corrective action, tripping will eventually follow. Depending on the individual case, heating equipment to prevent condensation may be required. It is advisable to consider differential protection when the size of the generator and/or its environment justifies it. The instruments and devices generally recommended for monitoring and protection are as follows: voltmeter, ammeter, wattmeter, energy meter, power factor meter, tachometer, hours of operation counter, synchronizer, water-level and/or pressure indicator, turbine opening indicator, emergency stop device, short-circuit current protection, overcurrent protection, reverse power relay, frequency monitor, voltage monitor, bearing monitor. Metering and Relaying single line for typical SHP of various system is shown in. Monitoring and control and data acquisition system (SCADA system) can be a part of the P.C. based digital governor and generation control equipment. Provision of data storage of one month with 16 MB of Ram memory and a 540 to 850 MB Hard Drive as part of the PC based governing and control system should be provided. This data could be retrieved on a floppy drive after one month for examination. As the communication links develop the data can also be transmitted via a Modem to a remote point for examination and supervisory control. Typical single line diagram for synchronous generators is attached as figure 2.4.1 and Asynchronous generator as figure 2.4.2. 2.5 Monitoring and Protection for Micro hydel systems Monitoring and Protection as recommend in micro hydel standards be provided. Micro hydel (100 kW) may be provided with series overcurrent and short circuit protection (M.C.C.D); Residual current breakers for earth fault protection and surge protection equipment. A typical 50 kW micro hydel single line diagram showing protection is attached as Fig. 2.5. MCCB could be provided with shunt trip coil for providing over voltage; overcurrent and nonbalance load trip as a part of shunt load governor if possible.

27

Protection
LA 27 49 81 32 51V Under voltage relay Under frequency Over frequency relay Reverse power relay Overcurrent voltage restraint relay Stator earth fault relay Phase Unbalance relay Check Synchronizing Relay Rotor Ground fault relay Field excitation Overcurrent

See note 5

64G 46 25 64F 51F

Indication
See note 1 SYNCHRONIZER
V

Voltage Current

25

50

51 LA

kW kVA r

Power Reactive power

STATION SUPPLY FOR AUXILIARY

SEE NOTE-4

kWh

Energy

81

49

27V

59

V kVA R 51 V 51 F kWh kW A

32

46

v Synchronous Generator
EXCITATION

BRUSHLESS EXCITATION (SEE NOTE -3)

VOLTAGE REGULAION

G
64 F
NOTE:

See note-2

64 G

1. Generator circuit breaker may be installed on low voltage side of the transformer 2. Distribution transformer type earthimg may be provided if power supply at generation voltage is not required. 3. May use static excitation esp. for larger units. 4. Lightning arrestor at transformer terminals may be omitted for single unit SHP 5. Station service transformer may be tapped from generator leads if LV side breaker is provided.
6. Differential protection may be provided for unit sizes above 750 kW and for units below this size if environment justified

FIG. 2.4.1 Single Line Diagram - Synchronous Generator

28

To Existing 33 kV line (300 m)

Protection
Lightning Arrestor 27 49 81 32 51V 64G 46 Under voltage relay Under frequency Over frequency relay Reverse power relay Overcurrent voltage restraint relay Stator earth fault relay Negative sequence relay

PT 33/110

V
50

Indiaction
V

Voltage

Current

kW
STATION SUPPLY FOR AUXILIARIES

Power Reactive power

kVA r kWh

27

Energy

V kVA r 32 50/ 51 kWh kW A

G
NOTE:

64 G EARTHING RESISITOR

1. The circuit breaker may be installed on LV side of transformer 2. Capacitor bank may be provided on HV side before HV breaker so that it is switched on and off with breaker 3. Lightning arrestor on transformer terminals may be omitted for single phase SHP.

FIG. 2.4.2 Single Line Diagram - Asynchronous Generator

29

62 Grid 27 81 L 81 H R esidual C u rrent Operated C ircuit B reaker As A MC C B W ith Shunt Trip Coil MC C B As A Feeder-1

LEGEND
81L-Freq Relay (Low ) 81H-Freq Relay (High) 27-Under Voltage Relay 62-Timing Relay A- Ammeter F-Frequency Meter V-Voltmeter 32-Reverse Power Relay LA-Lightning Arrestor kWh-Kilo Watt Hour Meter MCCB-Moulded Case Circuit Breaker MCB-Miniature Circuit Breaker

V Vs F

kW h A

kW h 32 As A

or MC B LA Surge Protection

Controller Module

Triacs

H eater Module

G 50 kW 415 V

FIG. 2.5 30