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Tabular & Graphical Description of Data

Unit-3
Dr. K. Subrahmanyam Professor in CSE

Tabular and Graphical Procedures

Data Qualitative Data Tabular Methods Graphical Methods Quantitative Data Tabular Methods Graphical Methods

Frequency Distribution Rel. Freq. Dist. % Freq. Dist. Crosstabulation

Bar Graph Pie Chart

Frequency Distribution Rel. Freq. Dist. Cum. Freq. Dist. Cum. Rel. Freq. Distribution Stem-and-Leaf Stem-andDisplay Crosstabulation

Dot Plot Histogram Ogive Scatter Diagram

Slide 2

Introduction
A table is a display of data in numerical form in the rows and columns of a matrix. A graph is a representation of data by spatial relationship in a diagram. Graphs & Tables help us to summarize data and understand relationship between variables.

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introduction
Many graphs used in research have two axes plotted at right angles to one another. The horizontal axis is called x-axis (abscissa) and the vertical axis is called y-axis (ordinate). Typically X axis represents values of independent variable and Y axis represents dependent variable. A graph may have two independent variables or no independent variables.

Tables and graphs of frequency data of one variable

Frequency distribution A graph that shows the number of scores that fall into specific bins, or divisions of variables
Histogram : Frequencies are represented by continuous bars Polygon : Frequencies are connected by straight lines Normal & Skewed curves

Tabular and Graphical Presentations

Summarizing Qualitative Data Summarizing Quantitative Data
Ty p es of Dat a of
Data Data

Numerical Numerical
(Quantitative) (Quantitative)

Categorical Categorical
(Qualitative) (Qualitative)

Discrete Discrete

Continuous Continuous

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Construction of a Frequency Distribution

Raw data Graph

Question to be addressed

Collect data

Organize data

Present data

Draw conclusion

Frequency distribution
Slide 7

Example: Marada Inn

Guests staying at Marada Inn were asked to rate the quality of their accommodations as being excellent, excellent, above average, average, below average, or average, average, average, poor. poor. The ratings provided by a sample of 20 guests are:
Below Average Above Average Above Average Average Above Average Average Above Average Average Above Average Below Average Poor Excellent Above Average Average Above Average Above Average Below Average Poor Above Average Average Average

Slide 8

Frequency Distribution

Rating Frequency 2 Poor 3 Below Average 5 Average 9 Above Average 1 Excellent Total 20

Slide 9

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Relative Frequency Distribution

The relative frequency of a class is the fraction or proportion of the total number of data items belonging to the class. A relative frequency distribution is a tabular summary of a set of data showing the relative frequency for each class.

Slide 10

Percent Frequency Distribution

The percent frequency of a class is the relative frequency multiplied by 100. A percent frequency distribution is a tabular summary of a set of data showing the percent frequency for each class.

Slide 11

Relative Frequency and Percent Frequency Distributions

Relative Frequency .10 Poor .15 Below Average .25 Average .45 Above Average .05 Excellent Total 1.00 Rating

Percent Frequency 10 15 25 .10(100) = 10 45 5 100 1/20 = .05

Slide 12

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Bar Graph
A bar graph is a graphical device for presenting qualitative data. On one axis (usually the horizontal axis), we specify the labels that are used for each of the classes. A frequency, relative frequency, or percent frequency frequency, frequency, scale can be used for the other axis (usually the vertical axis). Using a bar of fixed width drawn above each class label, we extend the height appropriately. The bars are separated to emphasize the fact that each class is a separate category.

Slide 13

Bar Graph
10 9 8
Frequency

Marada Inn Quality Ratings

7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Poor Below Average Above Excellent Average Average Rating

Slide 14

Pie Chart
The pie chart is a commonly used graphical device for presenting relative frequency distributions for qualitative data. First draw a circle; then use the relative circle; frequencies to subdivide the circle into sectors that correspond to the relative frequency for each class. Since there are 360 degrees in a circle, a class with a relative frequency of .25 would consume .25(360) = 90 degrees of the circle.

Slide 15

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Pie Chart
Marada Inn Quality Ratings
Excellent 5% Poor 10% Above Average 45% Below Average 15% Average 25%

Slide 16

Example: Marada Inn

Insights Gained from the Preceding Pie Chart

OneOne-half of the customers surveyed gave Marada a quality rating of above average or excellent (looking at the left side of the pie). This might please the manager. For each customer who gave an excellent rating, there were two customers who gave a poor rating (looking at the top of the pie). This should displease the manager.

Slide 17

Summarizing Quantitative Data

Frequency Distribution Relative Frequency and Percent Frequency Distributions Dot Plot Histogram Cumulative Distributions Num er ic al (Quantitative) Ogive
Dat a Pr esent at i on
Numerical Numerical Data Data

Ordered Ordered Array Array

Frequency Frequency Distributions Distributions

Stem-&-Leaf Stem-&-Leaf Display Display

HistoHistogram gram

Polygon Polygon

Ogive Ogive

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Frequency Distribution Table Steps

1- Determine range 2- Select number of classes Usually between 5 and 20 inclusive 3- Compute class intervals (width) 4- Determine class boundaries (limits) 5- Compute class midpoints 6- Count observations & assign to classes

Slide 19

Example: Hudson Auto Repair

The manager of Hudson Auto would like to have a better understanding of the cost of parts used in the engine tunetune-ups performed in the shop. She examines 50 customer invoices for tune-ups. The costs of parts, tunerounded to the nearest dollar, are listed on the next slide.

Slide 20

Example: Hudson Auto Repair

Sample of Parts Cost for 50 Tune-ups Tune-

91 71 104 85 62

78 69 74 97 82

93 72 62 88 98

57 89 68 68 101

75 66 97 83 79

52 75 105 68 105

99 79 77 71 79

80 75 65 69 69

97 72 80 67 62

62 76 109 74 73

Slide 21

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Frequency Distribution
Guidelines for Selecting Number of Classes Use between 5 and 20 classes.

Data sets with a larger number of elements usually require a larger number of classes. Smaller data sets usually require fewer classes

Slide 22

Frequency Distribution (Continued) (Continued)

Guidelines for Selecting Width of Classes Use classes of equal width.

Approximate Class Width =

Largest Data Value Smallest Data Value Number of Classes

Slide 23

Example: Frequency Distribution

For Hudson Auto Repair, if we choose six classes: Approximate Class Width = (109 - 52)/6 = 9.5 10 Parts Cost ($)Frequency ($)Frequency 50-59 502 60-69 6013 70-79 7016 80-89 807 90-99 907 100100-109 5 Total 50
Slide 24

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Relative Frequency and Percent Frequency Distributions

Parts Relative Percent Cost ($) Frequency Frequency 50-59 50.04 4 60-69 60.26 26 2/50 .04(100) 70-79 70.32 32 80-89 80.14 14 90-99 90.14 14 100100-109 .10 10 Total 1.00 100
Slide 25

Relative Frequency and Percent Frequency Distributions

Insights Gained from the Percent Frequency Distribution Only 4% of the parts costs are in the $50-59 class. $50-

30% of the parts costs are under $70. The greatest percentage (32% or almost one-third) (32% oneof the parts costs are in the $70-79 class. $7010% of the parts costs are $100 or more.

Slide 26

Dot Plot
One of the simplest graphical summaries of data is a dot plot. plot. A horizontal axis shows the range of data values. Then each data value is represented by a dot placed above the axis.

Slide 27

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Dot Plot
TuneTune-up Parts Cost

.
50

. . .. .. .. . . . .. . .. . . . . ..... .......... .. . .. . . ... . .. .

60 70 80 90 100 110

Cost ($)

Slide 28

Histogram
Another common graphical presentation of quantitative data is a histogram. histogram. The variable of interest is placed on the horizontal axis. A rectangle is drawn above each class interval with its height corresponding to the intervals frequency, frequency, relative frequency, or percent frequency. frequency, frequency. Unlike a bar graph, a histogram has no natural separation between rectangles of adjacent classes.

Slide 29

Histogram
TuneTune-up Parts Cost
18 16 14

Frequency

12 10 8 6 4 2

Parts
5059 6069 7079 8089 9099 100-110 Cost ($)

Slide 30

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Histogram (Continued) (Continued)

Symmetric Left tail is the mirror image of the right tail Example: heights and weights of people
.35

Relative Frequency

.30 .25 .20 .15 .10 .05 0

Slide 31

Histogram (Continued) (Continued)

Moderately Skewed Left A longer tail to the left Example: exam scores
.35

Relative Frequency

.30 .25 .20 .15 .10 .05 0

Slide 32

Histogram (Continued) (Continued)

Moderately Right Skewed A Longer tail to the right Example: housing values
.35

Relative Frequency

.30 .25 .20 .15 .10 .05 0

Slide 33

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Histogram (Continued) (Continued)

Highly Skewed Right A very long tail to the right Example: executive salaries
.35

Relative Frequency

.30 .25 .20 .15 .10 .05 0

Slide 34

Tables and graphs of frequency data of one variable

Cumulative Frequency distribution A frequency distribution that shows the number of scores that fall at or below a certain score. score. Polygon are generally used to show cumulative Frequencies. Frequencies. Normal & Skewed curves

Slide 35

Cumulative Distributions
Cumulative frequency distribution shows the number of items with values less than or equal to the upper limit of each class.. Cumulative relative frequency distribution shows the proportion of items with values less than or equal to the upper limit of each class. Cumulative percent frequency distribution shows the percentage of items with values less than or equal to the upper limit of each class.

Slide 36

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Example: Frequency Distribution

For Hudson Auto Repair, if we choose six classes: Approximate Class Width = (109 - 52)/6 = 9.5 10 Parts Cost ($)Frequency ($)Frequency 50-59 502 60-69 6013 70-79 7016 80-89 807 90-99 907 100100-109 5 Total 50
Slide 37

Cumulative Distributions
Example: Example: Hudson Auto Repair Cumulative Cumulative Cumulative Relative Percent Frequency Frequency Cost ($) Frequency < 59 2 .04 4 < 69 15 .30 30 < 79 31 62 2 + .62 13 15/50 .30(100) < 89 38 .76 76 < 99 45 .90 90 < 109 50 1.00 100

Slide 38

exercise The heights in inches of 30 students are as follows: follows: 66, 68, 65, 70, 67, 64, 68, 64, 66, 64, 70, 72, 71, 66, 68, 65, 70, 67, 64, 68, 64, 66, 64, 70, 72, 71, 69, 69, 64, 69, 69, 64, 67, 63, 70, 71, 63, 68, 67, 65, 69, 67, 63, 70, 71, 63, 68, 67, 65, 69, 65, 67, 66, 69, 67 65, 67, 66, 69, Prepare a cumulative frequency distribution table showing cumulative relative frequency, cumulative percent frequencies. frequencies.

Slide 39

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Ogive
An ogive is a graph of a cumulative distribution. The data values are shown on the horizontal axis. Shown on the vertical axis are the: cumulative frequencies, or cumulative relative frequencies, or cumulative percent frequencies The frequency (one of the above) of each class is (one above) plotted as a point. The plotted points are connected by straight lines.

Slide 40

Ogive
Example: Hudson Auto Repair Because the class limits for the parts-cost data are parts50-59, 60-69, and so on, there appear to be one-unit 50-59, 60-69, onegaps from 59 to 60, 69 to 70, and so on. 60, 70,

These gaps are eliminated by plotting points

halfway between the class limits.

Thus, 59.5 is used for the 50-59 class, 69.5 is used 50for the 60-69 class, and so on. 60-

Slide 41

Ogive with Cumulative Percent Frequencies

TuneTune-up Parts Cost
Cumulative Percent Frequency

100 80 60 40 20
Parts Cost ($) (89.5, 76)

50

60

70

80

90

100

110

Slide 42

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Frequency Distribution Table Another Example Raw Data: 24, 26, 24, 21, 27, 27, 30, 41, 32, 38

Class 15 but < 25 25 but < 35 35 but < 45

Frequency 3 5 2
Slide 43

Frequency Distribution Table Example (Continued) Raw Data: 24, 26, 24, 21, 27, 27, 30, 41, 32, 38 24, 24, 21,

Class 15 but < 25

Width

Midpoint Frequency 20 30 40 3 5 2

25 but < 35 35 but < 45

Boundaries

(Upper + Lower Boundaries) / 2

Slide 44

Stated and True (or Real) Class Limits

True Classes: Are those classes such that the upper true limit of a class is the same as the lower true limit of the next class. For comparison, the stated class limits and true class limits are given in the following tablenext slide: table

Slide 45

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Stated and True (or Real) Class Limits

Stated $600$600-$799 $800$800-$999 True $599.50 up to but not including $799.50 $799.50 up to but not including $999.50

In the first column of the above table the data were rounded to the nearest dollar. For example, $799.50 was rounded up to $800 and tailed in the second class. Any amount over $799 but under 799.50 was rounded down to $799 and included in the first class. Thus, the $600-$799 class actually includes all $600data from $599.50 inclusive up to but not including $799.50. $799.50.

Slide 46

Relative Frequency & % Distribution Tables Example (Continued)

The relative frequency of a class is obtained by dividing the class frequency by the total frequency, which in the following problem = 10.

Relative Frequency Distribution

Percentage Distribution

Class 15 but < 25 25 but < 35 35 but < 45

Prop. .3 .5 .2

Class 15 but < 25 25 but < 35 35 but < 45

% 30.0 50.0 20.0

Slide 47

Cumulative Percentage Distribution Table Example (Continued) Raw Data: 24, 26, 24, 21, 27, 27, 30, 41, 32, 38
Class 15 but < 25
Lower class boundary

Cumulative Percentage 0.0 30.0 80.0 100.0

Percentage less than lower class boundary

25 but < 35 35 but < 45 45 but < 55

30% + 50% 80% + 20%

Slide 48

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Tables and graphs that show the relationship between two variables
Scattergrams : A graph showing responses of a number of individuals on two variables: visual display of correlation data.

Example: Panthers Football Team

Scatter Diagram The Panthers football team is interested in investigating the relationship, if any, between interceptions made and points scored. x = Number of Interceptions 1 3 2 1 3 y = Number of Points Scored 14 24 18 17 27
Slide 50

Example: Panthers Football Team

Scatter Diagram
Number of Points Scored

y 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 0 1 2 3 Number of Interceptions
Slide 51

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Example: Panthers Football Team

The preceding scatter diagram indicates a positive relationship between the number of interceptions and the number of points scored. Higher points scored are associated with a higher number of interceptions. The relationship is not perfect; all plotted points in the scatter diagram are not on a straight line.

Slide 52

Scatter Diagram
A Positive Relationship

Slide 53

Scatter Diagram
A Negative Relationship

Slide 54

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Scatter Diagram
No Apparent Relationship

Slide 55

Tables and graphs that show the relationship between two variables
Tables with one independent and one dependent variable:
Median split a division of the subjects in a study into TWO groups of equal size on the basis of one of the variable. Line graphs - A graphical representation using lines to show relationships between quantitative variables. Bar graphs - A graphical representation of categorical data in which the heights of separated bars, or columns, show the relationship between variables

Bar Graph
Spanish

Mandarin

Hindi

English
0 200 400 600 800 1000

A bar graph can be used to display and compare data The scale should include all the data values and be easily divided into equal intervals.

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relationship between frequency distributions and other graphs

Preparing data for analysis

Data reduction:
The process of transcribing data from individual data sheets to a summary form ( process -------raw data to statistical analysis)

Proceeding with analysis

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. Put the data into matrix form in a summary data sheet Do preliminary statistics and plots Check for invalid data and make corrections Check for missing data and replace with missing data code Check for wild data and remove Do descriptive statistics Describe data numerically Describe data graphically Perform inferential statistics

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