Chapter 4 INTAKE WEIR

4.1 General The hydraulic design and structure design described in Chapter 2 and Chapter 3 should be applied for structure parts related to the intake weir. This Chapter described the specific items for the design of the intake weir.

4.2 (1)

Hydraulic calculation Design head water level (refer to KP-02, Section 3.3) The design water level in front of intake weir is based on; (a) the required water level for irrigation. (b) the head difference over the settling basin needed for flushing sediments from the settling basin. (c) the head difference over the scouring sluice needed for scouring of sediments near the intake. (d) the head difference needed for dissipation of energy in the downstream apron. For the required irrigation water level the following levels, water depths and head-loss must be taken into account:

representative field level to be irrigated, water depth in the field, head loss in tertiary canal, head loss over tertiary turnout, level variations for operation in primary system, length and slope of primary canal system, head loss in primary system structures, head loss in the head work.

(2)

Back water calculation Refer to the preceding Section 2.1.

(3)

Discharge over flow of the weir 1) Effective crest level (refer to KP-02, Section 4.2.1)

The overflow section of the weir consists of two parts shown in below figure.

4-1

Movable weir (B)

Fixed weir

The effective crest width (Be) is calculated from the actual crest width (B) between abutments and / or piers by the following equation: Be = B - 2 (n Kp + Ka) H1 where n is number of piers Kp is pier contraction coefficient Ka is abutment contraction coefficient H1 is energy head in m Effective width for scouring sluice is taken at 80%. Ka and Kp are given as follows:
Kp (piers) for square-nosed pier with rounded corners for round-nosed piers for pointed-nosed piers Ka (abutment) for square abutment with head wall at 90 degree for rounded abutment with head wall at 90 degree for rounded abutments where r > 0.5 H1 0.02 0.01 0 0.2 0.1 0

2)

Head discharge (refer to the preceding Section 2.1, and KP-04, Section 4.2.2)

The head discharge is given as follows: Q = Cd 2/3 (2/3 g )0.5 Be H11.5 where Q : discharge in m3/s Cd : discharge coefficient (Cd = C0 x C1 x C2) G : acceleration of gravity in m/s2 (=9.8) Be : effective length in m H1 : energy head above crest in m The discharge coefficient Cd is determined depending on crest type, such as cylinder type and ogee type.

4.3 (1)

Stability analysis for weir Calculation of stability (refer to KP-02, Section 6.4) The weir section is determined so as to secure safety for the following conditions 4-2

at normal condition, normal condition with earthquake and flood condition:

Overturning Sliding Settlement

The external forces acting on the weir body include dead weight, hydrostatic pressure, sedimentation pressure, uplift and seismic force. 1) External force acting on the weir (refer to KP-02, Section6.4.1)

External forces acting on the weir are as follows:

Dead load (W) Hydraulic pressure (P) (Force of hydraulic pressure is different between complete overflow and submerged overflow. Therefore flow type must be considered at first.) Uplift pressure (U) Earth pressure (sediment pressure) (Pe) (Height of sedimentation is set as from original riverbed to crest.) Seismic force (F)

Refer to the following figure:

External force acting on weir (Flood condition)

P' shows that hydraulic pressure acting on weir when flow type is submerged.

4-3

'P 'P 'P 'P P 0

P U W P P P P

'P 'P 'P 'P

P eP eP eP

External force acting on weir (Normal condition with earthquake)

(2)

Stability analysis 1) Condition

The stability is confirmed with the following condition:

Extreme condition Case 1-1 Flood condition with uplift pressure Case 1-2 Flood condition without uplift pressure Case 2-1 Normal condition with earthquake and uplift pressure Case 2-2 Normal condition with earthquake and without uplift pressure Normal condition Case 3-1 Normal condition with uplift pressure Case 3-2 Normal condition without uplift pressure Computation of the uplift pressure is often difficult, therefore two (2) cases such as with and without up-lift pressure should be confirmed. Therefore stability analyses are calculated for six (6) conditions. 2) Analysis on overturning

The eccentric distance must be satisfied with the following condition: e = e < Where, e L: 3) |M / V - l/2| l / 6 (normal), l / 3 (earthquake) : eccentric distance (m) length of the base (m)

Analysis on sliding

The following condition must be satisfied against sliding: SL = (V / H) x f > 1.5(normal), 1.2(earthquake) Where, f : coefficient of friction against ground 4) Analysis on settlement

4-4

F W F, W P

eP

The compressive strength at the bottom is obtained from the formula and it must be within the bearing capacity of the foundation. p = V / l (1+ 6e / l ) Where p : compressive strength caused at the both end of the bottom (t/m2) The bearing capacity of foundation is obtained from the following formula (refer to KP-06, Section 2.3.3): qu = a c Nc + r z Nq + b r B Nr where, qu : ultimate bearing capacity in t/m2 c : cohesion, cohesive stress in t/m2 Nc, Nq and Nr : bearing capacity factors r : unit weight of soil in t/m2 B : width of strip footing in m a and b : dimensionless factors z : depth of foundation below surface 4.4 (1) Correction of trapezoidal section Edge of upstream weir crest and downstream face (refer to the preceding Section 2.1, and KP-02, Section 4.2.2) The downstream face is to be designed according to the following formula: Y / hd = 1 / k ( X / hd )n where X and Y : coordinates of the down stream face hd : the design head over the crest K and n value : parameters
slope of upstream face vertical 1 to 0.33 1 to 0.67 1 to 1.00 K 2.000 1.936 1.939 1.873 n 1.850 1.836 1.810 1.776

Therefore shapes of a crest are shown in the following figure (this case, upstream slope is 1:1.00 as example.):

1:m
y

1:1.00

4-5

)1Y,1X( tniop noitcesretnI

Y dh 378.1 =

677.1

dh911.0
x x x x

h54.0=r

dh

1H

(2)

Bucket (refer to KP-02, Section 4.2.6) The minimum allowable bucket radius (Rmin) is given as a function of dH/hc and Rmin/hc. hc = (q2 /g) 1/3 where, hc : critical water depth (m) q : discharge per unit width (m3/sec/m) g : acceleration of gravity (m/sec2)

4.5 (1)

Apron Downstream apron 1) General (refer to KP-04, Section 6.1)

Based on the Froude (Fru) number the following divisions in basin design can be given:

Fru < 1.7, no stilling basin is needed; in an earthen channel the downstream part should be protected against erosion; concrete or stone masonry lined channels do not need any special protection 1.7 < Fru < 2.5, a stilling basin is needed to dissipate energy effectively. Generally a hydraulic jump basin with end step works satisfactory. For a drop in water level Z <1.5m a vertical drop structure can be used. 2.5 < Fru < 4.5, the most difficult situation for choosing the right stilling basin arises. The hydraulic jump is not well stabilized and creates high waves that travel long distance through the canal. Basins for these Froude numbers are either creating high turbulence by means of baffle blocks or are increasing the intensity of roller by the installation of large chute type blocks (USBR type IV). Fru > 4.5, the most economical basins, because they are short, which are the USBR type III basins equipped with chute blocks and baffle block. The equivalent hydraulic jump basin with end step is considerably longer but may have to be used with stone masonry.

2)

Basin length (refer to KP-02, 4.2.5)

The basin length Lj is obtained from the below formula; Lj = 5 ( n + y2) Where, Lj : length of basin (m) N : height of end sill (m) y2 : water depth above sill (m) The length L of the basin with baffle-block can be found from the below formula for USBR type IV. (refer to KP-04, Section 6.3) 4-6

Lj= 2 yu { ( 1 + 8 Fru2 )0.5 -1} (The USBR type IV, Froude number between 2.5 to 4.5) where, yu : water depth at start of jump Fru : Froude number 3) Thickness (refer to KP-02, Section 6.5.2) The thickness of the stilling basin flow is calculated as follows: dx > S(Px - Wx ) / r where, dx : thickness of floor at x (m) Px : uplift pressure at point x (kg / m2) Wx : water depth at point x (m) r : unit density of material (kg / m3) S : safety factor 1.5 for normal condition 1.25 for extreme condition (2) Upstream apron The upstream apron is to prevent scouring of the riverbed by vertical flow due to the overflow water. Normally the thickness is made for about 1/2 to 1/3 of that of the down stream apron.

4.6

Creep length (refer to KP-02,Section 6.5.3) The creep length to be ensured can be calculated by the following two methods:

Bligh's method CdH : length of creep length measured along the foundation face of weir (m) C : coefficient mention above DH : maximum head difference at upstream and downstream sides (m) Lane's method L' > C' dH where L' : length of weighted creep length L' : Lv + 1/3 Lh Lv : creep length of vertical direction (inclination of more than 45 degrees) Lh : creep length of horizontal direction (inclination below 45 degree) C' : coefficient which varies by the type of ground dH : maximum difference between water heads (m) L > Where, L

4-7

Coefficient for Bligh's method and for Lanes method

Foundation Bligh's Silty sand or clay 18 Fine sand 15 Medium sand Coarse sand 12 Gravel Coarse gravel Sandy gravel 9 Cobble stone with gravel Rock with Cobblestone and gravel Rock with gravel and sand 4 to 6 Soft clay Medium clay heavy clay Hard clay -

Lane's 8.50 7.00 6.00 5.00 4.00 3.50 3.00 2.50 3.00 2.00 1.80 1.60

4.7 (1)

Riprap Length of riprap (by Brigh's formula) Length of riprap is found by the following Brigh's formula : L= Lb - la Lb = 0.67 C ( Ha q f)0.5 Where, L : riprap length (m) Lb : total length of protection including length of apron Ha : height from above water level of downstream side to weir crest in dry season (m) Q : flow per unit width of design flood discharge (m3/sec/m) f : safety factor, 1.0 in case of fixed weir, 1.5 in case of movable weir C : Bligh's coefficient

(2) 1)

Length of riprap (by flow type) Flow situation Hydraulic jump basins are found as follows: The velocity (v1) at the start of the jump is found from: (2g (1/2 H1) +Z )0.5 V1 = Where, V1 : velocity at start of jump (m/s) g : acceleration of gravity (m/s2) H1 : energy head above crest (m) Z : drop height (m) The formula for the conjugate depth in a hydraulic jump: y2 / yu = 1/2 ((1+8Fru 2)-1)0.5 in which Fru = V1 / (g yu)0.5 water depth above end sill (m) where, y2 : water depth at start of jump (m) yu : 4-8

Fru : V1 : g :
1LE

Froude number velocity at start of jump (m/s) acceleration of gravity (m/s2)

2)

Length of riprap The range of three point five (3.5) times the downstream water depth at the time of the maximum inflow, this situation is provided with riprap. However, the length of riprap referred to herein includes the horizontal portion of apron.

3)

Size of riprap block The size of block is desirable to satisfy the formula below. W > 3.75 A v2 / 2g Where, W : weight of each block (t) A : area of collision with flowing water (m2) V : velocity at which flowing water collides with block (m/s) G : acceleration of gravity (m/s2)

4)

Height of end sill

(refer to KP-02, 4.2.5)

The height of end sill can be found as follows. n/y1 =1/2 are found where, n : height of endsill (m) y1 : water depth at the start of jump (m) 4.8 (1) Scouring sluice Height of the guide wall The height of the guide wall H required to form a channel for scouring sluice is made for 1.5hc at the point of intake. The critical water depth and flow per unit width can be given by the following formula: hc = 20 dl / g where, dl : maximum grain size of riverbed material (m) (2) Stability analysis of scouring sluice

4-9

3LE 3y 3y 3y 3y 2y 2y 2y 2y

H 2 2 2 2 2LE 2LE 2LE 2LE 1V 1V 1V 1V

1H5..0+Z 1H5 0+Z 1H5..0+Z 1H5 0+Z 1y 1y 1y 1y

1H 1H 1H 1H Z Z Z Z

1)

Load condition

Loads acting on the scouring sluice are assumed as follows:

4P 4P 4P 4P 4P 4P 4P 4P 4P 4P 4P 4P 4P 4P 4P 4P

Here, P1 P2 P2' P3 P4 W F Case 1

: : : : : : :

active load in case of necessity earth pressure earth pressure below water level water pressure axial force (operation bridge) dead load earthquake force Normal P1+P2+P2'+P3+P4+W

Analyses are carried out for the following four cases:

Case 2

Normal without axial force P1+P2+P2'+P3+W Earthquake P2+PF2+P2'+PF2'+P3+PF3+P4+W+FW

Case 3

Case 4 2)

Earthquake without axial force P2+PF2+P2'+PF2'+P3+PF3+W+FW

Stability analysis

The following items are examined for the above four (4) cases:

Safety against overturning Safety against sliding Safety against settlement

3)

Structural analysis

Scouring sluice Operating bridge

4)

Transition and abutment

Abutments connect the weir with the banks of the river and with the flood dikes.

4 - 10

H H H

H H2/1 3P 3P 3P 3P

H2/1

'2PF

''2P 2P ''2P 2P '2PF

2 2PF ''2P 2P ''2P 2P

2P 1P W W W WF WF WF WF

They should guide the water smoothly along their faces to avoid the turbulence.

4.9 (1)

Inlet Required discharge (refer to KP-02, Section 5.2) The capacity of the intake should be at least 120% of the division requirement in order to add flexibility and to be able to meet higher demands during the project lifetime.

(2)

Flow discharge 1) Intake velocity

With entrance velocity of 1.0 to 2.0 m/s, which are normal design values, it may be expected that grains of 0.01 to 0.04m can enter. 2) Flow discharge at inlet

The intake sluice can be designed with: Q = b a (2gz)0.5 Where, Q : discharge (m3/s) : discharge coefficient for submerged opening with small head-loss (= 0.80) b : width of opening (m) a : height of opening (m) g : acceleration of gravity (m/s2) z : head loss over opening (m) (0.15 to 0.30) (3) Water level calculation The following head losses should be considered:

inflow gaps of base elevation pier screen friction abrupt or gradual increase in section area abrupt or gradual decrease in section area

4.10 (1)

Settling basin Sediment volume (refer to KP-02, Section 7.2) Volume and size for a settling basin are assumed as follows:

Volume of suspended material of the water flowing through the settling

4 - 11

basin: 0.05 %

Grain size for settling : 0.07 m Flushing interval : open for every two weeks

(2)

Length and width (refer to KP-02, Section 7.4.1) The dimensions L (length) and B (width) of settling basin is determined from the following formula: H / w = L / v with v = Q / HB where H : depth of canal flow (m) w : fall velocity of sediment particle (m/s) L : length of settling basin v : flow velocity of water (m/s), for grain size 0.07m is 0.004m/s Q : canal discharge (m3/s) B : width of settling basin (m) L / B > 8

(3)

Water depth and slope Flow velocity (Vn) should be higher than 0.3 m/s to avoid growth of vegetation An = Qn / Vn

(4)

Flow velocity for flushing (refer to KP-02,Section 7.5.1) Average velocity during flushing for preliminary computation is assumed below. 2.0 m / s for gravel and coarse sand Velocity should remain below the critical velocity. confirmed whether critical flow or not. Fr = V / ( g x h )0.5 < 1 Therefore this flow must be

4.11 (1)

Retaining wall Protection of transition and dike The retaining wall is divided into 2 parts and is constructed for protection of transition and dike as follows:
Upstream river protection 10 m Apron protection Downstream river protection 15 m

5m
parpiR parpiR parpiR parpiR norpA raeR norpA raeR norpA raeR norpA raeR norpA norpA norpA norpA parpiR parpiR parpiR parpiR

5m

4 - 12

The upstream river protection should be extended from the upper end of riprap with the slope protection and the downstream river protection should be provided with the extension from the lower end of riprap. (2) Structural and stability analysis For detailed calculation, refer to the structure design in the preceding Chapter 3. 1) Load condition
Case 2 (q) Case 1 (q)

Forces acting on the retaining wall are shown in the following figure:

1/2 H H

Normal water level

1/2 H

Ground water level:

Height of ground water is considered as 1/2 of difference between the normal water level and the top of wall. Live load : Loading places are considered for two cases as shown in the above figure; Case 1 and Case 2. Passive earth pressure: Passive earth pressure is basically not considered.

3)

Stability analysis

Stability and structural analysis should be carried out following case for each structure.

case 1 : case 2 : case 3 :

Normal condition + Live load q (Case 1) Normal condition + Live load q (Case 2) Normal condition + earthquake without live load

4)

Structural analysis

Structural analysis is also carried out for three cases mentioned above for three sections such as I-I, II-II and III-III.

4 - 13

4.12 (1)

Flood dike Freeboard For ensuring the extra safety, 0.25 m above the elevation of the abutments of the weir is taken as freeboard.

(2)

Cross section 1) Top of width

Top of width is at least 3.0m. If the top of the embankment is given a road function the width should be increased according to the requirement. 2) Side slopes

Side slopes should be decided with calculation of stability analyses.

Soil classification GW, GP, SW, SP GC, GM, SC, SM CL, ML CH, MH River side slope Pervious, not suitable 1:2.5 1:3.0 1:3.5 Land side slope 1:2.0 1:2.5 1:2.5

4 - 14