WORLD WAR II

Organized Crime?
Part 2: The Establishment of a New World Order

By William P. Litynski

Order Out of Chaos: Establishment of a New World Order

The establishment of a new world order in the Eternal City: Secretary of War enry L. Stimson !front row" far left" in bl#e s#it$" %.S. &rmy 'eneral (ark Clark !front row" third from left$" and other &merican officers and officials sal#te to the &merican fla) in the *la+a in front of the Pia++a ,ene+ia d#rin) an official fla) lowerin) ceremony shortly after their arri-al in .ome" /taly on 0#ly 1" 2311. The city of .ome once ser-ed as the ca*ital of the .oman Em*ire. enry L. Stimson was a )rad#ate of 4ale %ni-ersity !B.&. 4ale 2555$" a member of the Co#ncil on 6orei)n .elations !237182373" 2391823:;$" and a member of Sk#ll < Bones. !Photo by Carl (ydans=Time Life$

6ederal .eser-e bankers" left to ri)ht: Beardsley .#ml" (arriner S. Eccles" and &llan S*ro#l Beardsley .#ml !left$" who created the idea of the *ay8as8yo#8)o income ta> !also known as withholdin) ta>$ in 2319" was the Chairman of the 6ederal .eser-e Bank of ?ew 4ork from 2312 to 231@ and Treas#rer of .. . (acy < Co. !(acyAs de*artment store$ from 2391 to 231:. Beardsley .#ml earned a Ph.B. at %ni-ersity of Chica)o in 232C. &llan S*ro#l !ri)ht$ was the President of the 6ederal .eser-e Bank of ?ew 4ork from 2312 to 23:@. (arriner S. Eccles !center$ was the Chairman of the 6ederal .eser-e from 2391 to 2315D (arriner S. Eccles was a member of the board of directors of Planned Parenthood World Po*#lation. Beardsley .#ml and &llan S*ro#l were members of the Co#ncil on 6orei)n .elations.

'raeme E. oward" the a#thor of America and A New World Order" was the ,ice President of 'eneral (otors d#rin) World War //" a member of the Co#ncil on 6orei)n .elations from 2395 to 23@2" and a s#**orter of &dolf itler.

&n 6B/ file on 'raeme E. oward !So#rce: htt*:==rationalre-ol#tion.net=war=americanFs#**ortersFofFtheFe#ro*.htm$

%.S. &rmy Chief of Staff 'en. 'eor)e C. (arshall !L$ re-iews a ma* with Secretary of War enry L. Stimson in 2317. !Photo: Thomas B. (c&-oy=Time Life$

?orthwest e>*os#re of the Penta)onGs constr#ction #nderway on 0#ly 2" 2317. !Photo: %.S. &rmy Cor*s of En)ineers$

The United Nations, located in New or! Cit", was established in #$%&'

The World (an!, located in Washin)ton *'C', was established in #$%%'

+nternational ,onetar" -und head.uarters, located in Washin)ton *'C', was established in #$%%'

The North /tlantic Treat" Or)ani0ation 1N/TO2, located in (russels, (el)ium, was established in #$%$' 1N/TO Photo2

The Euro3ean Communities was established after World War ++'

The World War ++ +nstitutions: United Nations World (an! +nternational ,onetar" -und 1+,-2 North /tlantic Treat" Or)ani0ation 1N/TO2 Euro3ean Communities 1later Euro3ean Union2 U'4' *e3artment of *efense 1Penta)on2 Central +ntelli)ence /)enc"

The modern Be*artment of Befense !The Penta)on$" located o#tside Washin)ton" B.C." was established in 231C.

The Central /ntelli)ence &)ency !C/&$" located in Lan)ley" ,ir)inia" was established in 231C.

The Danger of American Fascism

("

Vice President Henry A. Wallace

The New York Times 6rom Henry A. Wallace, Democracy Reborn !?ew 4ork" 2311$"

edited by .#ssell Lord" *. 7:3.

4unda" 5$ /3ril #$%% On returnin) from m" tri3 to the West in -ebruar", + recei6ed a re.uest from The New or! Times to write a 3iece answerin) the followin) .uestions: What is a fascist7 8ow man" fascists ha6e we7 8ow dan)erous are the"7 A fascist is one whose lust for money or ower is com!ined with such an intensity of intolerance toward those of other races" arties" classes" religions" cultures" regions or nations as to make him ruthless in his use of deceit or #iolence to attain his ends. The su3reme )od of a fascist, to which his ends are directed, ma" be mone" or 3ower9 ma" be a race or a class9 ma" be a militar" cli.ue or an economic )rou39 or ma" be a culture, reli)ion, or a 3olitical 3art"' The 3erfect t"3e of fascist throu)hout recent centuries has been the Prussian :un!er, who de6elo3ed such hatred for other races and such alle)iance to a militar" cli.ue as to ma!e him willin) at all times to en)a)e in an" de)ree of deceit and 6iolence necessar" to 3lace his culture and race astride the world' +n e6er" bi) nation of the world are at least a few 3eo3le who ha6e the fascist tem3erament' E6er" :ew;baiter, e6er" Catholic hater, is a fascist at heart' The hoodlums who ha6e been desecratin) churches, cathedrals and s"na)o)ues in some of our lar)er cities are ri3e material for fascist leadershi3' The ob6ious t"3es of /merican fascists are dealt with on the air and in the 3ress' These dema)o)ues and stoo)es are fronts for others' *an)erous as these 3eo3le ma" be, the" are not so si)nificant as thousands of other 3eo3le who ha6e ne6er been mentioned' The reall" dan)erous /merican fascists are not those who are hoo!ed u3 directl" or indirectl" with the /<is' The -(+ has its fin)er on those' The dangerous American fascist is the man who wants to do in the $nited %tates in an American way what Hitler did in &ermany in a Prussian way. The American fascist would refer not to use #iolence. His method is to oison the channels of u!lic information. With a fascist the ro!lem is ne#er how !est to resent the truth to the u!lic !ut how !est to use the news to decei#e the u!lic into gi#ing the fascist and his grou more money or more ower. 'f we define an American fascist as one who in case of conflict uts money and ower ahead of human !eings" then there are undou!tedly se#eral million fascists in the $nited %tates. There are 3robabl" se6eral hundred thousand if we narrow the definition to include onl" those who in their search for mone" and 3ower are ruthless and deceitful' ,ost /merican fascists are enthusiasticall" su33ortin) the war effort' The" are doin) this e6en in those cases where the" ho3e to ha6e 3rofitable connections with =erman chemical firms after the war ends' They are atriotic in time of war !ecause it is to their interest to !e so" !ut in time of eace they follow ower and the dollar where#er they may lead. /merican fascism will not be reall" dan)erous until there is a 3ur3oseful coalition amon) the cartelists, the deliberate 3oisoners of 3ublic information, and those who stand for the >'>'>' t"3e of dema)o)uer"' The Euro3ean brand of fascism will 3robabl" 3resent its most serious 3ostwar threat to us 6ia ?atin /merica' The effect of the war has been to raise the cost of li6in) in most ?atin /merican countries much faster than the wa)es of labor' The fascists in most ?atin /merican countries tell the 3eo3le that the reason their wa)es will not bu" as much in the wa" of )oods is because of an!ee im3erialism' The fascists in ?atin /merica learn to s3ea! and act li!e nati6es' Our chemical and other manufacturin) concerns are all too often read" to let the =ermans ha6e ?atin /merican mar!ets, 3ro6ided the /merican com3anies can wor! out an arran)ement which will enable them to char)e hi)h 3rices to the consumer inside the United 4tates' -ollowin) this war, technolo)" will ha6e reached such a 3oint that it will be 3ossible for =ermans, usin) 4outh /merica as a base, to cause us much more difficult" in World War +++ than the" did in World War ++' The militar" and landownin) cli.ues in man" 4outh /merican

countries will find it attracti6e financiall" to wor! with =erman fascist concerns as well as e<3edient from the stand3oint of tem3orar" 3ower 3olitics' -ascism is a worldwide disease' +ts )reatest threat to the United 4tates will come after the war, either 6ia ?atin /merica or within the United 4tates itself' 4till another dan)er is re3resented b" those who, 3a"in) li3 ser6ice to democrac" and the common welfare, in their insatiable )reed for mone" and the 3ower which mone" )i6es, do not hesitate surre3titiousl" to e6ade the laws desi)ned to safe)uard the 3ublic from mono3olistic e<tortion' /merican fascists of this stam3 were clandestinel" ali)ned with their =erman counter3arts before the war, and are e6en now 3re3arin) to resume where the" left off, after @the 3resent un3leasantness@ ceases: The s"m3toms of fascist thin!in) are colored b" en6ironment and ada3ted to immediate circumstances' (ut alwa"s and e6er"where the" can be identified b" their a33eal to 3reAudice and b" the desire to 3la" u3on the fears and 6anities of different )rou3s in order to )ain 3ower' +t is no coincidence that the )rowth of modern t"rants has in e6er" case been heralded b" the )rowth of 3reAudice' +t ma" be shoc!in) to some 3eo3le in this countr" to reali0e that, without meanin) to do so, the" hold 6iews in common with 8itler when the" 3reach discrimination a)ainst other reli)ious, racial or economic )rou3s' ?i!ewise, man" 3eo3le whose 3atriotism is their 3roudest boast 3la" 8itlerBs )ame b" retailin) distrust of our /llies and b" )i6in) currenc" to snide sus3icions without foundation in fact' The /merican fascists are most easil" reco)ni0ed b" their deliberate 3er6ersion of truth and fact' Their news3a3ers and 3ro3a)anda carefull" culti6ate e6er" fissure of disunit", e6er" crac! in the common front a)ainst fascism' The" use e6er" o33ortunit" to im3u)n democrac"' The" use isolationism as a slo)an to conceal their own selfish im3erialism' The" culti6ate hate and distrust of both (ritain and Cussia' The" claim to be su3er;3atriots, but the" would destro" e6er" libert" )uaranteed b" the Constitution' The" demand free enter3rise, but are the s3o!esmen for mono3ol" and 6ested interest' Their final obAecti6e toward which all their deceit is directed is to ca3ture 3olitical 3ower so that, usin) the 3ower of the state and the 3ower of the mar!et simultaneousl", the" ma" !ee3 the common man in eternal subAection' 4e6eral leaders of industr" in this countr" who ha6e )ained a new 6ision of the meanin) of o33ortunit" throu)h co;o3eration with )o6ernment ha6e warned the 3ublic o3enl" that there are some selfish )rou3s in industr" who are willin) to Aeo3ardi0e the structure of /merican libert" to )ain some tem3orar" ad6anta)e' We all !now the 3art that the cartels 3la"ed in brin)in) 8itler to 3ower, and the rule the )iant =erman trusts ha6e 3la"ed in Na0i con.uests' ,ono3olists who fear com3etition and who distrust democrac" because it stands for e.ual o33ortunit" would li!e to secure their 3osition a)ainst small and ener)etic enter3rise' +n an effort to eliminate the 3ossibilit" of an" ri6al )rowin) u3, some mono3olists would sacrifice democrac" itself' +t has been claimed at times that our modern a)e of technolo)" facilitates dictatorshi3' What we must understand is that the industries, 3rocesses, and in6entions created b" modern science can be used either to subAu)ate or liberate' The choice is u3 to us' The m"th of fascist efficienc" has deluded man" 3eo3le' +t was ,ussoliniBs 6aunted claim that he @made the trains run on time'@ +n the end, howe6er, he brou)ht to the +talian 3eo3le im3o6erishment and defeat' +t was 8itlerBs claim that he eliminated all unem3lo"ment in =erman"' Neither is there unem3lo"ment in a 3rison cam3' *emocrac" to crush fascism internall" must demonstrate its ca3acit" to @ma!e the trains run on time'@ +t must de6elo3 the abilit" to !ee3 3eo3le full" em3lo"ed and at the same time balance the bud)et' +t must 3ut human bein)s first and dollars second' +t must a33eal to reason and decenc" and not to 6iolence and deceit' We must not tolerate o33ressi6e )o6ernment or industrial oli)arch" in the form of mono3olies and cartels' /s lon) as scientific research and in6enti6e in)enuit" outran our abilit" to de6ise social mechanisms to raise the li6in) standards of the 3eo3le, we ma" e<3ect the liberal 3otential of the United 4tates to increase' +f this liberal 3otential is 3ro3erl" channeled, we ma" e<3ect the area of freedom of the United 4tates to increase' The 3roblem is to s3end u3 our rate of social in6ention in the ser6ice of the welfare of all the 3eo3le' The worldwide, a)elon) stru))le between fascism and democrac" will not sto3 when the fi)htin) ends in =erman" and :a3an' *emocrac" can win the 3eace onl" if it does two thin)s: D 43eeds u3 the rate of 3olitical and economic in6entions so that both 3roduction and, es3eciall", distribution can match in their 3ower and 3ractical effect on the dail" life of the common man the immense and )rowin) 6olume of scientific research, mechanical in6ention and mana)ement techni.ue D Ei6ifies with the )reatest intensit" the s3iritual 3rocesses which are both the foundation and the 6er" essence of democrac"'

The moral and s3iritual as3ects of both 3ersonal and international relationshi3s ha6e a 3ractical bearin) which so;called 3ractical men den"' This dullness of 6ision re)ardin) the im3ortance of the )eneral welfare to the indi6idual is the measure of the failure of our schools and churches to teach the s3iritual si)nificance of )enuine democrac"' Until democrac" in effecti6e enthusiastic action fills the 6acuum created b" the 3ower of modern in6entions, we ma" e<3ect the fascists to increase in 3ower after the war both in the United 4tates and in the world' Fascism in the ostwar ine#ita!ly will ush steadily for Anglo(%a)on im erialism and e#entually for war with *ussia. /lread" /merican fascists are tal!in) and writin) about this conflict and usin) it as an e<cuse for their internal hatreds and intolerances toward certain races, creeds and classes' +t should also be e6ident that e<hibitions of the nati6e brand of fascism are not confined to an" sin)le section, class or reli)ion' 8a33il", it can be said that as "et fascism has not ca3tured a 3redominant 3lace in the outloo! of an" /merican section, class or reli)ion' +t ma" be encountered in Wall 4treet, ,ain 4treet or Tobacco Coad' 4ome e6en sus3ect that the" can detect inci3ient traces of it alon) the Potomac' +t is an infectious disease, and we must all be on our )uard a)ainst intolerance, bi)otr" and the 3retension of in6idious distinction' (ut if we 3ut our trust in the common sense of common men and @with malice toward none and charit" for all@ )o forward on the )reat ad6enture of ma!in) 3olitical, economic and social democrac" a 3ractical realit", we shall not fail' FEN*G -rom HThe *an)er of /merican -ascismI, ori)inall" 3ublished in The New York Times, #$%%9 an e<cer3t from *emocrac" Ceborn, b" 8enr" /' Wallace 1 New or!, #$%% 2, edited b" Cussell ?ord, 3' 2&$ 8enr" /)ard Wallace 1October J, #KKK;No6ember #K, #$L&2 was the MMrd Eice President of the United 4tates 1#$%#;#$%&2, the ##th 4ecretar" of /)riculture 1#$MM;#$%52, and the #5th 4ecretar" of Commerce 1#$%&;#$%L2' 4ource: htt3:NNwww'masters;of;war'or)Nfriendl"fascism'html

World War ++: +n Their Own Words

HW/C is a rac!et' +t alwa"s has been' +t is 3ossibl" the oldest, easil" the most 3rofitable, surel" the most 6icious' +t is the onl" one international in sco3e' +t is the onl" one in which the 3rofits are rec!oned in dollars and the losses in li6es' / rac!et is best described, + belie6e, as somethin) that is not what it seems to the maAorit" of the 3eo3le' Onl" a small HinsideI )rou3 !nows what it is about' +t is conducted for the benefit of the 6er" few, at the e<3ense of the 6er" man"' Out of war a few 3eo3le ma!e hu)e fortunes'I O 4medle" *' (utler, Cetired ,aAor =eneral of the United 4tates ,arine Cor3s, War is a Racket

=en' 4medle" *' (utler HWh", of course the 3eo3le dont want war' Wh" would some 3oor slob on a farm want to ris! his life in a war when the best that he can )et out of it is to come bac! to his farm in one 3iece7 Naturall", the common 3eo3le dont want war9 neither in Cussia nor in En)land, nor in /merica, nor for that matter in =erman"' That is understood' (ut, after all, it is the leaders of the countr" who determine the 3olic" and it is alwa"s a sim3le matter to dra) the 3eo3le alon) whether itBs a democrac", a fascist dictatorshi3, a 3arliament, or a communist dictatorshi3' Pbut 6oice or no 6oice, the 3eo3le can alwa"s be brou)ht to the biddin) of the leaders' That is eas"' /ll "ou ha6e to do is tell them the" are bein) attac!ed, and denounce the 3acifists for lac! of 3atriotism and e<3osin) the countr" to dan)er' +t wor!s the same wa" in an" countr"'I O 8ermann =oerin), in a con6ersation with U'4' /rm" Ca3tain =usta6e =ilbert in a 3rison cell durin) the Nurember) trials, on /3ril #K, #$%L' from Nuremberg Diary, b" =usta6e ,' =ilbert H(ut the safet" of the 3eo3le of /merica a)ainst dan)ers from foreign force de3ends not onl" on their forbearin) to )i6e just causes of war to other nations, but also on their 3lacin) and continuin) themsel6es in such a situation as not to invite hostilit" or insult9 for it need not be obser6ed that there are pretended as well as Aust causes of war' +t is too true, howe6er dis)raceful it ma" be to human nature, that nations in )eneral will ma!e war whene6er the" ha6e a 3ros3ect of )ettin) an"thin) b" it9 na", absolute monarchs will often ma!e war when their nations are to )et nothin) b" it, but for the 3ur3oses and obAects merel" 3ersonal, such as thirst for militar" )lor", re6en)e for 3ersonal affronts, ambition, or 3ri6ate com3acts to a))randi0e or su33ort their 3articular families or 3artisans' These and a 6ariet" of other moti6es, which affect onl" the mind of the so6erei)n, often lead him to en)a)e in wars not sanctified b" Austice or the 6oice and interests of his 3eo3le'I O :ohn :a", Federalist No' % HOf all the enemies to 3ublic libert" war is, 3erha3s, the most to be dreaded, because it com3rises and de6elo3s the )erm of e6er" other' War is the 3arent of armies9 from these 3roceed debts and ta<es9 and armies, and debts, and ta<es are the !nown instruments for brin)in) the man" under the domination of the few' +n war, too, the discretionar" 3ower of the E<ecuti6e is e<tended9 its influence in dealin) out offices, honors, and emoluments is multi3lied9 and all the means of seducin) the minds, are added to those of subduin) the force, of the 3eo3le' The same mali)nant as3ect in re3ublicanism ma" be traced in the ine.ualit" of fortunes, and the o33ortunities of fraud, )rowin) out of a state of war, and in the de)enerac" of manners and of morals en)endered b" both' No nation could 3reser6e its freedom in the midst of continual warfare'I O U'4' Con)ressman :ames ,adison, from olitical !bservations, /3ril 25, #J$&

8ermann =oerin)

:ohn :a"

:ames ,adison

&llied Conferences < /nter-entions

President 6ranklin B. .oose-elt meets with Ein) /bn Sa#d of Sa#di &rabia on board %SS H#incy !C&8C2$ in the 'reat Bitter Lake" E)y*t" on 6ebr#ary 21" 231:. Ein) /bn Sa#d is s*eakin) to the inter*reter Colonel William &. Eddy" %S(C !the man kneelin) in front of the Ein)$. 6leet &dmiral William B. Leahy" %S?" the PresidentAs &ide and Chief of Staff" is at left. William &. Eddy was a member of the Co#ncil on 6orei)n .elations and the %.S. (inister to Sa#di &rabia from 2311 to 231@.

Se*tember 2" 2393 I &dolf itler and the ?a+i 'erman armed forces in-ade Poland" be)innin) World War //. (ay 2;" 231; I ?a+i 'ermany in-ades 6rance" Bel)i#m" ?etherlands" and L#>embo#r) (ay 2C" 231; I ?a+i 'ermany occ#*ies all of ?etherlands (ay 7C80#ne 9" 231; I 'reat Britain e-ac#ates British and 6rench troo*s at B#nkirk" 6rance 0#ne 77" 231; I 6rench )o-ernment #nder Prime (inister !(arshal$ Phili**e PJtain si)ns an armistice endin) war with ?a+i 'ermany Se*tember 21" 231; I first *eacetime military draft in &merican history is a**ro-ed (arch 22" 2312 I Lend8Lease &ct is si)ned into law 0#ne 77" 2312 I ?a+i 'ermany in-ades So-iet %nion (ay 7892" 2312 I 'reat Britain in-ades /raK in the &n)lo8/raKi War and o-erthrows the *ro8?a+i /raKi Prime (inister .ashid &li al8'ailani 0#ne 5" 2312 I British and 6ree 6rench forces in-ade Syria. &#)#st 7: ISe*tember 2C" 2312 I %nited Ein)dom and So-iet forces in-adin) /ran. Se*tember 2@" 2312 I Shah .e+a Pahla-i of /ran is forced to resi)n in fa-or of his son (ohammad .e+a Pahla-i of /ran !The Shah who went into e>ile in &merica in 23C3$" #nder *ress#re from the %nited Ein)dom and the So-iet %nion. Becember C" 2312 I /m*erial 0a*anese ?a-y attacks Pearl arbor. 0#ne 2;" 2319 I President 6ranklin B. .oose-elt si)ns *ay8as8yo#8)o income ta> bill 0#ly 2877 2311 I Bretton Woods Conference is held in Bretton Woods" ?ew am*shire establishin) /(6" World Bank" and '&TT &#)#st 728Lctober C" 2311 I B#mbarton Laks Conference is held in Washin)ton" B.C." establishin) the %nited ?ations 6ebr#ary 1822" 231: I 4alta Conference is held in the So-iet %nion &*ril 7:80#ne 7@" 231: I %nited ?ations Conference on /nternational Lr)ani+ation is held in San 6rancisco 0#ne 7@" 231: I 6orei)n di)nitaries si)n the %nited ?ations Charter 0#ly 2C8&#)#st 7" 231: I Potsdam Conference is held in Potsdam" 'ermany" o#tside Berlin

Em3eror of Ethio3ia 8aile 4elassie 1left2 meets with /merican President -ran!lin *elano Coose6elt aboard a shi3 in -ebruar" #$%&' 1Q (ettmannNCOC(+42

>in) -arou! + of E)"3t 1left2 meets with /merican President -ran!lin *elano Coose6elt aboard a shi3 on -ebruar" #M, #$%&' 1Q (ettmannNCOC(+42

The British War Cabinet *oses for a )ro#* *ortrait in London on ?o-ember 5" 2393" d#rin) the be)innin) of World War //. Left to ri)ht" standin): ome Secretary" Sir 0ohn &ndersonD (inister witho#t Portfolio" Lord ankeyD Secretary of State for War" (r. Leslie ore8BelishaD 6irst Lord of the &dmiralty" (r. Winston Ch#rchillD Secretary of State for &ir" Sir Ein)sley WoodD Secretary of State for Bominion &ffairs" (r. &nthony EdenD and Secretary to the War Cabinet" Sir Edward Brid)es. Seated" left to ri)ht: 6orei)n Secretary" Lord alifa>D Chancellor of the E>cheK#er" Sir 0ohn SimonD Prime (inister" (r. ?e-ille ChamberlainD Lord Pri-y Seal" Sir Sam#el oareD and (inister for Co8ordination for Befence" Lord Chatfield. !/ma)e: M #lton8Be#tsch Collection=CL.B/S$

The War Cabinet and ministers *ose in a s*ecial *hoto)ra*h taken at ?o. 2; Bownin) Street in London on Lctober 2@" 2312. Left to ri)ht !Sittin)$:8 (r. Ernest Be-in" Lord Bea-erbrook" Sir &nthony Eden" (aNor C. &ttlee" Sir Winston Ch#rchill" Sir 0ohn &nderson" (r. &rth#r 'reenwood and Sir Ein)sley Wood. !Standin)$: 8 Sir &rchibald Sinclair" (r. & , &le>ander" Lord Cranbo#rne" (r. erbert (orrison" Lord (oyne" Ca*tain (ar)esson" and (r. Brendan Bracken. !/ma)e: M #lton8Be#tsch Collection=CL.B/S$

The British War Cabinet in the )ro#nd of 2; Bownin) Street" London" the official residence of the Prime (inister" on Lctober 23" 2312. Seated left to ri)ht: the ome Secretary" Sir 0ohn &nderson" the Prime (inister Sir Winston Ch#rchill" the Lord Pri-y Seal (aNor Clement &ttlee" and the 6orei)n Secretary" (r. &nthony Eden. Standin) left to ri)ht: (inister witho#t Portfolio" (r. &rth#r 'reenwood" (inister of Labo#r and ?ational Ser-ice" (r. Ernest Be-in" (inister for &ircraft Prod#ction" Lord Bea-erbrook and the Chancellor of the E>cheK#er" Sir Ein)sley Wood. !/ma)e: M #lton8Be#tsch Collection=CL.B/S$

Prime (inister of 'reat Britain Winston Ch#rchill has a dinner with Ein) /bn Sa#d of Sa#di &rabia at the &#ber)e Earo#n near Cairo" E)y*t in 6ebr#ary 231:.

otel on Lake

Atlantic +harter +onference" ,-(,. August ,/0,' Conference leaders durin) Church ser6ices on the after dec! of 8,4 rince of Wales, in Placentia (a", Newfoundland' /merican President -ran!lin *' Coose6elt 1left2 and (ritish Prime ,inister Winston Churchill are seated in the fore)round' 4tandin) directl" behind them are /dmiral Ernest :' >in), U'4' Na6"9 =eneral =eor)e C' ,arshall, U'4' /rm"9 =eneral 4ir :ohn *ill, (ritish /rm"9 /dmiral 8arold C' 4tar!, U'4' Na6"9 and /dmiral 4ir *udle" Pound, Co"al Na6"' /merican en6o" 8arr" 8o3!ins 1far left2 is seen tal!in) with Union Pacific Cailroad chairman and s3ecial en6o" William /6erell 8arriman in the bac!)round' 1*onation of Eice /dmiral 8arr" 4anders, U4N 1Cetired2, #$L$9 "#$# Naval %istorical &enter hotograph2 4ource: htt3:NNwww'histor"'na6"'milN3hotosNima)esNhLJ555NhLJ25$c'htm

H8itler !nows that he will ha6e to brea! us in this island or lose the war' +f we can stand u3 to him all Euro3e ma" be freed and the life of the world ma" mo6e forward into broad, sunlit u3lands' (ut if we fail then the whole world, includin) the United 4tates, includin) all that we ha6e !nown and cared for, will sin! into the ab"ss of a new dar! a)e, made more sinister, and 3erha3s more 3rotracted, b" the li)hts of 3er6erted science' 1et us therefore !race oursel#es to our duty" and so !ear oursel#es that if the 2ritish 3m ire and its +ommonwealth last for a thousand years" men will still say" 4This was their finest hour.5I O Winston Churchill, Prime ,inister of =reat (ritain, in a s3eech in the 8ouse of Commons on :une #K, #$%5, the da" of the -rench ca3itulation to Na0i =erman"

&-erell arriman" a *artner of Brown Brothers arriman < Co." si)ns the first Lend8Lease Protocol !&)reement$ after ne)otiatin) with 0osef Stalin in 2312. 6rom left to ri)ht: Lord Bea-erbrook" So-iet 6orei)n (inister ,yachesla- (. (oloto-" La#rence Steinhardt !standin) behind arriman$" &dmiral William . Standley" and Charles Thayer.

Lend8Lease Pro)ram %.S. *lanes stand ready to be *icked #* at &badan 6ield" /ran in 2317" which in the rainy season was re*orted as bein) the damnedest )#mbo yo# e-er saw. 6i-e *rinci*al ty*es of aircraft were deli-ered to .#ssia" three of which are shown here. Lf the total" abo#t 7;O were P81;s" 7:O P893s" 13O &87;s" :O B87:s and 2O &T8@s. !%.S. &ir 6orce *hoto$

(ritish troo3s obser6e (a)hdad, +ra. on :une ##, #$%#' The (ritish arm" in6aded +ra. be)innin) on ,a" 2, #$%# to o6erthrow the 3ro;Na0i +ra.i Prime ,inister Cashid /li al;=ailani and to secure the oil fields in +ra.' 1Photo: No' E M%L% from the +m3erial War ,useum collection2

The (ritish arm" 1abo6e2 and the 4o6iet Ced /rm" in6ade +ran be)innin) on /u)ust 2&, #$%#, Aust two wee!s after (ritish Prime ,inister Winston Churchill met with U'4' President -ran!lin *elano Coose6elt aboard 8,4 rince of Wales in Newfoundland' (ritain and 4o6iet Union 3roceeded to remo6e 4hah Ce0a Pahla6i on 4e3tember #L, #$%# and installed the 4hahs son ,ohammad Ce0a Pahla6i 1the H4hahI who would e6acuate to /merica in #$J$2' (ritain and 4o6iet Union in6aded +ran to secure a su33l" line from the Persian =ulf to 4o6iet Cussia and to secure +rans oil for /llied militar" needs' 'ran remained neutral at the time of the Anglo(%o#iet 'n#asion of 'ran in August ,/0,. 14ource: Catherine ?e)rand, :ac.ues ?e)rand: 4hah;i +ran' Creati6e Publishin) +nternational 1-arsi edition2, ,inneton!a, ,N #$$$, 4' %#' +CNCC2 htt3:NNen'wi!i3edia'or)Nwi!iN-ile:(rtitishtroo3siran'A3)

With terrain ty*ical of the re)ion in the back)ro#nd" (aN. 'en. &. S. &llen !center$" Commander of the &#stralian Cth Bi-ision" ins*ects some of his men at ammana" Lebanon in Se*tember 2312. British Commonwealth #nits )arrisoned Lebanon and Syria for se-eral months" followin) the end of the cam*ai)n. !Photo)ra*her: 6rank #rley$ htt*:==en.wiki*edia.or)=wiki=6ile:&W(F;2;:1@FallenFlebanon.N*)

The fall of Bamasc#s !Syria$ to the &llies in late 0#ne 2312. & car carryin) the 6ree 6rench commanders" 'eneral 'eor)es Catro#> and (aNor8'eneral Pa#l Lo#is Le 'entilhomme" enters Bamasc#s in 0#ne 2312. They are escorted by ,ichy 6rench Circassian ca-alry !'ardes Tcherkess$. Lebanon became an inde*endent state on ?o-ember 5" 2319D Lebanon declared war on ?a+i 'ermany and the Em*ire of 0a*an on 6ebr#ary 7C" 231:. Syria became inde*endent on 0an#ary 2" 2311D Syria declared war on ?a+i 'ermany and the Em*ire of 0a*an on 6ebr#ary 7@" 231:.

0osef Stalin !left$" 6ranklin Belano .oose-elt !center$" and Winston Ch#rchill !ri)ht$ *ose for a )ro#* *ortrait d#rin) the Tehran Conference held in Tehran" /ran on ?o-ember 73" 2319. !Photo: 6ranklin B. .oose-elt Presidential Library$

So-iet dictator 0osef Stalin" &merican President 6ranklin .oose-elt" and British Prime (inister Winston Ch#rchill attend the Tehran Conference in Tehran" /ran on ?o-ember 73" 2319. Standin) from left to ri)ht: %.S. Secretary of Commerce arry o*kins" So-iet 6orei)n (inister ,yachesla- (oloto-" &-erell arriman !%.S. &mbassador to the So-iet %nion$" Sir &rchibald Clark Eerr !British &mbassador to the So-iet %nion$" and British 6orei)n Secretary &nthony Eden. !Photo: 6ranklin B. .oose-elt Presidential Library$

Prime 6inister of &reat 2ritain Winston +hurchill5s Descri tion of the Tehran +onference" 'n His 7wn Words
H4talin now as!ed, H/re there an" other .uestions7I The President re3lied, HThere is the .uestion of =erman"'I 4talin said that he would li!e to see =erman" s3lit u3' The President a)reed, but 4talin su))ested that + should obAect' + said + did not obAect in 3rinci3le' Coose6elt said that, so that there could be some discussion, he and his ad6isers had had a shot at a 3lan some three months before' This in6ol6ed the di6idin) of =erman" into fi6e 3arts' 4talin, with a )rin, su))ested that + was not listenin) because + was not inclined to see =erman" s3lit u3' + said that + considered that the root of the e6il la" in Prussia, in the Prussian /rm" and =eneral 4taff' Coose6elt then e<3lained his 3lan for s3littin) =erman" into li6e 3arts: 1#2 Prussia' 122 8ano6er and the northwest 3art of =erman"' 1M2 4a<on" and the ?ei30i) area' 1%2 8esse, *armstadt, 8esse;Cassel, and the section south of the Chine' 1&2 (a6aria, (aden, and Wurttember)' These fi6e sections would be self;)o6ernin), but there were two more that would be )o6erned b" the United Nations: 1#2 >iel and its canal and 8ambur)' 122 The Cuhr and the 4aar' These would be under the control of the United Nations as trustees' 8e was onl" throwin) this out as an idea which mi)ht be tal!ed o6er' H+f,I + said, H+ mi)ht use the /merican idiom, + would sa" that the President has Bsaid a mouthful'B ,r' Coose6elts 3lan is a new one to me' +n m" o3inion there are two thin)s, one destructi6e and the other constructi6e' + ha6e two clear ideas in mind' -irst, the isolation of Prussia' What is to be done to Prussia after that is onl" secondar"' Then + should li!e to detach (a6aria, Wiirttember), the Palatinate, 4a<on", and (aden' Whereas + would treat Prussia sternl", + would ma!e thin)s easier for the second )rou3, which + should li!e to see wor! in with what + would call a *anubian Confederation' The 3eo3le of these 3arts of =erman" are not the most ferocious, and + should li!e to see them li6e tolerabl", and in a )eneration the" would feel differentl"' 4outh =ermans are not )oin) to start another war, and we would ha6e to ma!e it worth their while to for)et Prussia' + do not much mind whether there are one or two )rou3s'@ + as!ed ,arshal 4talin whether he would be 3re3ared to )o into action on this front' 4talin said he would, but he 3referred a 3lan for the 3artition of =erman" O somethin) li!e the PresidentBs 3lan, which was more li!el" to wea!en =erman"' When one had to deal with lar)e masses of =erman troo3s, one found them all fi)htin) li!e de6ils, as the (ritish and /merican armies would soon learn' The /ustrians b" themsel6es were different, and he described the wa" the" surrendered' /ll =ermans were the same' +t was the Prussian officers that 3ro6ided the cement' (ut fundamentall" there was no difference between North =ermans and 4outh =ermans, for all =ermans fou)ht li!e fierce beasts' We should be careful not to include the /ustrians in an" !ind of combination' /ustria had e<isted inde3endentl", and could do so a)ain' 4o also must 8un)ar" e<ist inde3endentl"' /fter brea!in) u3 =erman" it would be most unwise to create new combinations, *anubian or otherwise' President Coose6elt a)reed warml"' There was no difference between =ermans' The (a6arians had no officer class9 otherwise the" were e<actl" li!e the Prussians, as the /merican troo3s had alread" disco6ered' + said that if =erman" were di6ided into a number of 3arts as su))ested b" the President, and these 3arts were not attached to other combinations, the" would reunite' +t was not a .uestion of di6idin) =erman" so much as )i6in) a life to the cut;off bits and ma!in) them content not to be de3endent on the =reater Ceich' E6en if this were achie6ed for fift" "ears, that would be a lot' 4talin said that a *anubian combination would not be able to li6e, and the =ermans would ta!e ad6anta)e of this b" 3uttin) flesh on somethin) that was onl" a s!eleton and thus creatin) a new )reat state' 8ere he as!ed whether 8un)ar" and Cumania would be members of an" such combination' 8e then reiterated his 6iews about the ad6anta)es which it would 3resent to =erman" in the future' +t was far better to brea! u3 and scatter the =erman tribes' Of course, the" would want to unite, no matter how much the" were s3lit u3' The" would alwa"s want to reunite' +n this he saw )reat dan)er, which would ha6e to be neutralised b" 6arious economic measures, and in the lon) run b" force if necessar"' That was the onl" wa" to !ee3 the 3eace' (ut if we were to ma!e a lar)e combination with =ermans in it trouble was bound to come' We had to see to it that the" were !e3t se3arate, and that 8un)ar" and =erman" should not be cou3led' There were no measures 3ossible to e<clude a mo6ement towards reunion' =ermans would alwa"s want to reunite and to ta!e their re6en)e' +t would be necessar" to !ee3 oursel6es stron) enou)h to beat them if the" e6er let loose another war' + as!ed 4talin if he contem3lated a Euro3e of little states, all disAointed, with no lar)er units at all' 8e re3lied that he was s3ea!in) of =erman", not Euro3e' Poland and -rance were lar)e states' Cumania and (ul)aria were small states' (ut =erman" should at all costs be bro!en u3 so that she could not reunite' The President said that what he 3ro3osed was a method of doin) this' + said that + must ma!e it clear that the 3resent was onl" a 3reliminar" sur6e" of a 6ast historical 3roblem' 4talin said that it was certainl" 6er" 3reliminar"'I O &losing the Ring 1The 4econd World War2 b" Winston 4' Churchill 1#$&#2, Eolume &, (oo! 2 1Teheran to Come2, Cha3ter &, 3' %55;%5M

H+ then brou)ht the discussion bac! to Poland' + said + did not as! for an" a)reement, nor was + con6inced on the matter m"self, but + should rather li!e to )et somethin) down on 3a3er' + then 3roduced the followin) formula: H+t is thou)ht in 3rinci3le that the home of the Polish state and nation should be between the so;called Cur0on ?ine and the ?ine of the Oder, includin) for Poland East Prussia 1as defined2 and O33eln9 but the actual tracin) of the frontier line re.uires careful stud", and 3ossibl" disentan)lement of 3o3ulation at some 3oints'@ Wh" not a formula on which + could sa" somethin) li!e this to the Poles: @+ do not !now if the Cussians would a33ro6e, but + thin! that + mi)ht )et it for "ou' ou see, "ou are bein) well loo!ed after'@ + added that we should ne6er )et the Poles to sa" that the" were satisfied' Nothin) would satisf" the Poles' 4talin then said that the Cussians would li!e to ha6e the warm;water 3ort of >oni)sber), and he s!etched a 3ossible line on the ma3' This would 3ut Cussia on the nec! of =erman"' +f he )ot this, he would be read" enou)h to a)ree to m" formula about Poland' + as!ed what about ?6o6' 4talin said he would acce3t the Cur0on ?ine'I O &losing the Ring 1The 4econd World War2 b" Winston 4' Churchill 1#$&#2, Eolume &, (oo! 2 1Teheran to Come2, Cha3ter &, 3' %5M HThe same e6enin), Coose6elt, 4talin, and + initialled the followin) document, which sets forth the militar" conclusions of our Tri3le Conference' The Conference: 1l2 /)reed that the 3artisans in u)osla6ia should be su33orted b" su33lies and e.ui3ment to the )reatest 3ossible e<tent, and also b" Commando o3erations' 122 /)reed that, from the militar" 3oint of 6iew, it was most desirable that Tur!e" should come into the war on the side of the /llies before the end of the "ear' 1M2 Too! note of ,arshal 4talinBs statement that if Tur!e" found herself at war with =erman", and as a result (ul)aria declared war on Tur!e" or attac!ed her, the 4o6iet would immediatel" be at war with (ul)aria' The Conference further too! note that this fact would be e<3licitl", stated in the forthcomin) ne)otiations to brin) Tur!e" into the war' 1%2 Too! note that O3eration @O6erlord@ would be launched durin) ,a" #$%%, in conAunction with an o3eration a)ainst 4outhern -rance' The latter o3eration would be underta!en in as )reat a stren)th as a6ailabilit" of landin);craft 3ermitted' The Conference further too! note of ,arshal 4talinBs statement that the 4o6iet forces would launch an offensi6e at about the same time with the obAect of 3re6entin) the =erman forces from transferrin) from the Eastern to the Western -ront' 1&2 /)reed that the militar" 4taffs of the three Powers should henceforward !ee3 in close touch with each other in re)ard to the im3endin) o3erations in Euro3e' +n 3articular it was a)reed that a co6er 3lan to m"stif" and mislead the enem" as re)ards these o3erations should be concerted between the 4taffs concerned' Thus our lon) and hard discussions at Teheran reached their end' The militar" conclusions )o6erned in the main the future of the war' The cross;Channel in6asion was fi<ed for ,a", subAect naturall" to tides and the moon' +t was to be aided b" a renewed maAor Cussian offensi6e'I O &losing the Ring 1The 4econd World War2 b" Winston 4' Churchill 1#$&#2, Eolume &, (oo! 2 1Teheran to Come2, Cha3ter &, 3' %5% HThe 3olitical as3ects were at once more remote and s3eculati6e' Ob6iousl" the" de3ended u3on the results of the )reat battles "et to be fou)ht, and after that u3on the mood of each of the /llies when 6ictor" was )ained' +t would not ha6e been ri)ht at Teheran for the Western democracies to found their 3lans u3on sus3icions of the Cussian attitude in the hour of trium3h and when all her dan)ers were remo6ed' 4talinBs 3romise to enter the war a)ainst :a3an as soon as 8itler was o6erthrown and his armies defeated, was of the hi)hest im3ortance' The ho3e of the future la" in the most s3eed" endin) of the war and the establishment of a World +nstrument to 3re6ent another war, founded u3on the combined stren)th of the three =reat Powers whose leaders had Aoined hands in friendshi3 around the table' We had 3rocured a miti)ation for -inland, which on the whole is o3erati6e toda"' The frontiers of the new Poland had been broadl" outlined both in the East and in the West' The Cur0on ?ine, subAect to inter3retation in the East, and the line of the Oder in the West, seemed to afford a true and lastin) home for the Polish nation after all its sufferin)s' /t the time the .uestion between the Eastern and Western Neisse, which flow to)ether to form the Oder Ci6er, had not arisen' When in :ul" #$%& it arose in a 6iolent form and under totall" different conditions at the Potsdam Conference, + at once declared that =reat (ritain adhered onl" to the Eastern tributar"' /nd this is still our 3osition'I O &losing the Ring 1The 4econd World War2 b" Winston 4' Churchill 1#$&#2, Eolume &, (oo! 2 1Teheran to Come2, Cha3ter &, 3' %5&;%5L

T.,. Soon) !L$" the 6orei)n (inister of the .e*#blic of China" and %.S. Secretary of State Cordell #ll si)n a lend lease a)reement between the %nited States of &merica and the .e*#blic of China in 2317. !Photo: (yron Ba-is=Time Life$

The new Pacific War Co#ncil meets at the White o#se in Washin)ton" B.C." %.S.&. on &*ril 2" 2317 to disc#ss the strate)y of the %nited ?ations to defeat 0a*an. 6rom left to ri)ht: .e*#blic of ChinaAs 6orei)n (inister T.,. Soon)" ?ew Pealand 6orei)n (inister Walter ?ash" &#straliaAs (inister of E>ternal &ffairs erbert E-att" British &mbassador Lord Edward alifa>" %.S. President 6ranklin B. .oose-elt" CanadaAs Co#nselor #me Wron)" B#tch 6orei)n (inister &le>ander Lo#don" and &merican ad-isor arry o*kins. !M Bettmann=CL.B/S$

Left to ri)ht: ChinaAs 'eneralissimo Chian) Eai8shek" President of the %nited States 6ranklin B. .oose-elt" Prime (inister of 'reat Britain Winston Ch#rchill" and (adame Chian) Eai8shek attend the Cairo Conference in Cairo" E)y*t in 2319. !Bettmann=CL.B/S$

Statesmen and di*lomats stand to)ether for a *ortrait at the Cairo Conference in 2319. Seated from left to ri)ht: Chian) Eai8shek" 6ranklin B. .oose-elt" Winston Ch#rchill" and (adame Chian) Eai8shek. Standin) form left to ri)ht: Sir &le>ander Cado)an" &nthony Eden" La#rence Steinhardt !in hat$" 0ohn '. Winant" arold (acmillan" Br. Wan) Ch#n)8h#i" ..'. Casey" Lord Eillearn" (aNor Besmond (orton" &merican &mbassador to So-iet %nion W. &-erell arriman" Lewis W. Bo#)las" Lord Leathers" 0ohn (cCloy" and arry o*kins. !So#rce: Special Envoy to Churchill and Stalin !" # !"$ by W. &-erell arriman and Elie &bel$

Generalissimo Chiang Kai-Shek (left), American President Franklin Delano Roosevelt (2 nd left), Prime Minister of Great Britain Winston Churchill (2nd right), and Madame Chiang Kai-shek (right) attend the Cairo Conference in 1943 in which officials, military leaders, and heads of the Governments of the United States, Republic of China, and Great Britain confer over the political future of the world. Standing in the rear, from left to right (first two unidentified): Anthony Eden, British Foreign Secretary, John G. Winant, U.S. Ambassador to Great Britain (at Eden's left) Dr. Weng Chung-Hui, Secretary General of the Chinese Supreme National Defence Council, R G Casey, British Minister of State in the Middle East (standing just behind Dr. Weng) Lord Killearn, British Ambassador to Egypt (tallest of the group) Alexander Kirk, U.S. Minister to Egypt (sixth from right), Averell Harriman, U.S. Ambassador to Soviet Russia (fifth from right), and Harry Hopkins, Special Assistant to President Roosevelt (extreme right) all others are unidentified.

&llied leaders sit to)ether for a *ortrait at the Cairo Conference in 2319. Seated from left to ri)ht: 'eneralissimo Chian) Eai8shek" %.S. President 6ranklin B. .oose-elt" BritainGs Prime (inister Winston Ch#rchill" and (adame Chian) Eai8shek !who ser-ed as her h#sbandAs inter*reter$. Back row from left to ri)ht: 'eneral Chan) Chen !China$" 'eneral Lin) Wei !China$" %.S. &rmy 'eneral Brehon B#rke Somer-ell" 0oe Stilwell" %.S. &rmy &ir 6orce 'eneral a* &rnold" British 6ield (arshal Sir 0ohn Bill" British &dmiral Lord Lo#is (o#ntbatten" and British (aNor 'eneral Carton de Wiart" ,isco#nt. Becisions made at this s#mmit were K#ickly abandoned after the meetin) with So-iet dictator 0oe Stalin in Teheran" /ran a few days later. 'eneral 0oe Stilwell once ordered his s#bordinate officer to create *lans for assassinatin) 'eneralissimo Chian) Eai8shek d#rin) World War //. !%.S. ?a-al /nstit#te Photo &rchi-e$ htt*:==www.honorables#r-i-or.com=*hotosChina2.as*

'eneralissimo Chian) Eai8shek" the President of the .e*#blic of China" and his wife (adame Chian) Eai8shek -isit /ndiaAs *atriot and inde*endence acti-ist (ahatma 'andhi !center$ near Calc#tta" /ndia on 6ebr#ary 25" 2317. Chian) met with 'andhi to ens#re that 'andhi wo#ld not disr#*t ChinaAs s#**ly line with /ndia d#rin) World War // and to informally s#**ort the inde*endence of /ndia after World War //.

The Second Cairo Conference of Becember 1IBecember @" 2319" held in Cairo" E)y*t" addressed T#rkeyGs *ossible contrib#tion to the &llies in World War //. The meetin) was attended by President 6ranklin .oose-elt of the %nited States !left$" President Qsmet QnRnS of the .e*#blic of T#rkey !center$" and Prime (inister Winston Ch#rchill of the %nited Ein)dom. /smet /non# was the President of T#rkey from 2395 to 23:;. T#rkey remained ne#tral thro#)ho#t most of World War // and declared war on the &>is in early 231:. !Photo: htt*:==for#m.*arado>*la+a.com=for#m=showthread.*h*T1792578E#ro)eddon8Th#nderbolts8of8War=*a)e72$

British Prime (inister Winston Ch#rchill secretly meets with T#rkeyAs President /smet /non# inside a train wa)on at the 4enice Station 79 kilometers o#tside of &dana" T#rkey on 0an#ary 9;" 2319.

Winston Churchill 1ri)ht2, Prime ,inister of =reat (ritain, sha!es hands with /merican di3lomat Edward 4tettinius, the United 4tates Under 4ecretar" of 4tate, on /3ril 2K, #$%% 3rior to his return to /merica' 1Photo: +m3erial War ,useums2 htt3:NNwww'iwm'or)'u!NcollectionsNitemNobAectN25&#$LL2&
4ir Winston ?eonard 43encer;Churchill 1M5 No6ember #KJ% O 2% :anuar" #$L&2, also !nown as Winston Churchill, ser6ed as: Prime ,inister of the United >in)dom of =reat (ritain 1#5 ,a" #$%5 O 2L :ul" #$%&, 2L October #$&# O J /3ril #$&&2, ,inister of *efence 1#5 ,a" #$%5 O 2L :ul" #$%&, 2K October #$&# O # ,arch #$&22, ?eader of the O33osition 12L :ul" #$%& O 2L October #$&#2, ?eader of the Conser6ati6e Part" 1$ No6ember #$%5 O J /3ril #$&&2, Chancellor of the E<che.uer 1L No6ember #$2% O % :une #$2$2, 8ome 4ecretar" 1#$ -ebruar" #$#5 O 2% October #$##2, and ,ember of Parliament 12% October #$55 O #2 :anuar" #$5L9 K -ebruar" #$5L O 2% /3ril #$5K9 2% /3ril #$5K O #& No6ember #$229 2$ October #$2% O & :ul" #$%&9 & :ul" #$%& O #& October #$L%2'

0ose*h C. 'rew" %nder Secretary of State for the %nited States and forei)n officials and re*resentati-es si)nin) the declaration by %nited ?ations and lend8lease a)reements in Washin)ton" B.C. in 6ebr#ary 231:. 0ose*h C. 'rew was a member of the Co#ncil on 6orei)n .elations. !Photo: 6arm Sec#rity &dministration=Lffice of War /nformation Photo)ra*h Collection=Library of Con)ress$ htt*:==www.loc.)o-=*ict#res=item=owi7;;2;19772=PP=TsidUae27C;35f:;91ff3:eb:ddfb53d17b;5

%nder Secretary of State 0ose*h C. 'rew si)ns the 6rench lend8lease and re-erse lend8lease deal in 0an#ary 231:. Left to ri)ht: enri Bonnet" 6rench &mbassador" 0ose*h C. 'rew" %ndersecretary of State and 0ean (onnet. !Photo: 6arm Sec#rity &dministration=Lffice of War /nformation Photo)ra*h Collection=Library of Con)ress Prints and Photo)ra*hs Bi-ision$ htt*:==www.loc.)o-=*ict#res=item=owi7;;2;19773=PP=TsidUcc5fe2be7ce:b:7C5f9a1;7:@95122ac

%nited States Secretary of State Edward .. Stettini#s 0r. !left$" So-iet di*lomat &ndrei 'romyko !7 nd left$" and So-iet 6orei)n (inister ,yachesla- (oloto- !center$ scan the skies as %.S. President 6ranklin Belano .oose-eltAs *lane a**roaches the So-iet %nion on 6ebr#ary 9" 231:. !Photo: 6ranklin B. .oose-elt Library$

%.S. Secretary of State Edward Stettini#s !left$" British di*lomat Sir &le>ander Cado)an !center$" Permanent %nder8Secretary for 6orei)n &ffairs of the %nited Ein)dom from 2395 to 231@$" and %.S. &mbassador to So-iet %nion W. &-erell arriman !ri)ht$ attend the 4alta Conference in 6ebr#ary 231:. !Photo: 6ranklin B. .oose-elt Library$

Winston Ch#rchill" 6ranklin .oose-elt" and 0osef Stalin meet at 4alta in 6ebr#ary 231:. Standin) from left to ri)ht: &nthony Eden" Secretary of State Edward .. Stettini#s 0r." Commerce Secretary arry o*kins" So-iet 6orei)n (inister ,yachesla(oloto-" and %.S. &mbassador to the So-iet %nion &-erell arriman.

Lri)inal ca*tion: VConference of the Bi) Three at 4alta makes final *lans for the defeat of 'ermany. The VBi) ThreeV sit on the *atio to)ether d#rin) the 4alta conference in 6ebr#ary 231:. Left to ri)ht: British Prime (inister Winston S. Ch#rchill" %.S. President 6ranklin B. .oose-elt" and So-iet Premier 0osef Stalin. !%.S. &rmy *hoto$

Bele)ates to the 4alta Conference in 6ebr#ary 231: incl#ded the VBi) ThreeV" British Prime (inister Winston Ch#rchill !in fore)ro#nd and o#t of foc#s" in *rofile$" &merican President 6ranklin Belano .oose-elt !center ri)ht$ and So-iet stron)man 0osef Stalin !far center left$. &lso *resent are &nthony Eden !ri)ht of Ch#rchill$" %.S. Secretary of State 0ames 6. Byrnes !one man ri)ht of .oose-elt$" &dm. William B. Leahy !one *erson left of .oose-elt$" and So-iet 6orei)n (inister ,yachesla- (oloto- and ,oroshilo- !left and ri)ht of Stalin" res*ecti-ely$. !/ma)e: M Bettmann=CL.B/S$

&merican President 6ranklin Belano .oose-elt !ri)ht$ a**ears with &dmiral William B. Leahy and 'eneral 'eor)e C. (arshall at the 4alta Conference in 4alta" So-iet .#ssia in 6ebr#ary 231:. So-iet .#ssiaAs stron)man (arshal 0ose*h Stalin !25C3823:9$ !left of center at the table$ and British Prime (inister Winston Ch#rchill !25C1823@:$ !with his back to the camera$ are also amon) those *resent at the 4alta Conference. !Bettmann=CL.B/S$

/n a tri*le handshake" President arry S. Tr#man !center$ holds the hands of British Prime (inister Winston Ch#rchill !left$ and So-iet .#ssian dictator 0osef Stalin !ri)ht$ at Cecilienhof Palace d#rin) the Potsdam Conference on 0#ly 79" 231:. !Photo: arry S. Tr#man Presidential Library$

(ritish Prime ,inister Clement /ttlee, /merican President 8arr" 4' Truman, and 4o6iet Cussian Commissar :osef 4talin 3ose for a 3ortrait at the Potsdam Conference in #$%&'

President arry Tr#man !seated" center$ a**ears with British Prime (inister Clement &ttlee !seated" left$" So-iet des*ot 0ose*h Stalin !seated" ri)ht$" and So-iet 6orei)n (inister ,yachesla- (oloto- !standin)" far ri)ht$ at the Potsdam Conference in 0#ly 231:.

arry S. Tr#man and 0ose*h Stalin meet at the Potsdam Conference on 0#ly 25" 231:. 6rom left to ri)ht" first row: Stalin" Tr#man" So-iet &mbassador &ndrei 'romyko" Secretary of State 0ames 6. Byrnes" and So-iet 6orei)n (inister ,yachesla(oloto-. Second row: Tr#man confidant arry ,a#)han" .#ssian inter*reter Charles E. Bohlen" Tr#man na-al aide 0ames E. ,ardaman" 0r." and Charles 'riffith .oss !*artially obsc#red$. !Photo: %.S. &rmy" arry Tr#man Presidential Library$ htt*:==www.tr#manlibrary.or)=*hoto)ra*hs=-iew.*h*TidU937

Charles E. Bohlen is seen standin) behind 0osef Stalin and President arry Tr#man at the Potsdam Conference in 231:.

'en. Bwi)ht Eisenhower !left$ and 'en. L#ci#s Clay !second from left$ la#)h as they meet with So-iet )enerals 'eor)i Ph#ko- and ,assily Sokolo-sky !ri)ht$ in 231:. Clay recei-ed the Lrder of E#t#+o- from the So-iets d#rin) a ceremony before this *hoto was taken.

%.S. &rmy 'eneral Bwi)ht Eisenhower and So-iet .ed &rmy 'eneral ,assily Skolo-sky ins*ect the So-iet &rmy in Berlin on 0#ne 2;" 231:.

Left to ri)ht: So-iet .ed &rmy 'eneral ,assily Sokolo-sky" Commissar Sobolo-" %.S. &rmy 'eneral L#ci#s Clay" and &merican en-oy .obert B. (#r*hy *ose for a )ro#* *ortrait at a *arty. L#ci#s Clay and .obert B. (#r*hy were members of the Co#ncil on 6orei)n .elations.

%.S. &rmy 'eneral Bwi)ht Eisenhower rides in the back of a motorcade in Lenin)rad !St. Petersb#r)$ with So-iet (arshal 'eor)i Ph#ko- in &#)#st 231:.

,arshal Rhu!o6 decorates -ield ,arshal ,ont)omer" with the Cussian Order of Eictor" as /llied chiefs who attend the ceremon" at =en' *wi)ht Eisenhowers 8ead.uarters at -ran!furt, =erman" on :une &, #$%& are about to drin! a toast' Center from left to ri)ht: -ield ,arshal ,ont)omer", =en' *wi)ht Eisenhower, ,arshal Rhu!o6, and /ir Chief ,arshal 4ir /rthur Tedder' 1U'4' Office of War +nformation2 htt3:NNww2db'comNima)e'3h37ima)eSidT#&%%M

(ritish -ield ,arshal ,ont)omer" 1center2 and 4o6iet )enerals Rhu!o6, 4o!olo6s!" and Co!osso6s!" wal! to)ether in front of the (randenbur) =ate in (erlin on :ul" #2, #$%&' 1Photo: htt3:NNwww'mi<edmartialarts'comNmma'cfm7)oTforum'3ostsUforumT2UthreadT25&#52LU3a)eT#2

4ite of the Potsdam Conference in =erman" in #$%&

Tehran Conference 1No6ember #$%M2 Pre3arations for trans;/tlantic in6asion 1O3eration O6erlord 1*;*a"NNormand"22 b" /merica and (ritain Establishment of the United Nations Cairo Conference 1*ecember #$%M;:anuar" #$%%2 The island of Taiwan returned to China 1Ce3ublic of China2 E6entual restoration of >orea alta Conference 1-ebruar" %;##, #$%&2 4urrender and occu3ation 3olic" for =erman" O -our militar" occu3ation 0ones /dAustment of territories and borders of Poland and =erman" 4o6iet Cussian declaration of war a)ainst :a3an Potsdam Conference 1:ul" #J;/u)ust 2, #$%&2 /dAustment of the territories and borders of Poland and =erman" 4urrender and occu3ation 3olic" for :a3an 4o6iet declaration of war a)ainst :a3an and occu3ation of ,anchuria Partition of >orea 1MKth Parallel2

(retton Woods Conference and The Establishment of The World (an! U +,-

8arr" *e<ter White 1left2 tal!s to (ritish economist :ohn ,a"nard >e"nes 1ri)ht2 at the (retton Woods Conference in (retton Woods, New 8am3shire in :ul" #$%%' 8arr" *e<ter White ser6ed as an /ssistant to the 4ecretar" of the Treasur" and a *irector of ,onetar" Cesearch in the Treasur" *e3artment under -ran!lin *elano Coose6elt9 White was a !nown Communist a)ent' White, >e"nes, and other dele)ates at the (retton Woods Conference established the World (an! and the +nternational ,onetar" -und' 8arr" *e<ter White and :ohn ,a"nard >e"nes were the Hfoundin) fathersI of the World (an! and the +nternational ,onetar" -und' 1Photo: htt3:NNwww'flic!r'comN3hotosNimf3hotoNM&JJ&MJJ&KN2

&merican dele)ates attend the %nited ?ations (onetary and 6inancial Conference" also known as the Bretton Woods Conference" in Bretton Woods" ?ew am*shire on 0#ly 7" 2311. The 2; dele)ates are !left to ri)ht" standin)$: &ssistant Secretary of Treas#ry arry Be>ter White" 6red (. ,inson" Bean &cheson" Edward E. Brown" 6ederal .eser-e Chairman (arriner S. Eccles" and (ichi)an Con)ressman 0esse P. Wolcott. 6ront row" seated left to ri)ht: Senator .obert 6. Wa)ner" Eent#cky Con)ressman Brent S*ence" Secretary of Treas#ry enry (or)entha# 0r." and ?ew am*shire Senator Charles W. Tobey. The conference" which incl#ded dele)ates from 91 nations" res#lted in the creation of the /nternational (onetary 6#nd and the World Bank. !Bettmann=CL.B/S$

&merican and So-iet dele)ations to the Bretton Woods Conference" 0#ly 2311. Seated !left to ri)ht$: (abel ?ewcomer !%.S.$D Edward E. Brown !%.S.$D 6red (. ,inson !%.S.$D enry (or)entha# 0r. !%.S.$D (. S. Ste*ano- !%.S.S...$D Brent S*ence !%.S.$D P. &. (aletin !%.S.S...$D Charles W. Tobey !%.S.$. Standin) !left to ri)ht$: E. (. Bernstein !%.S.$D &. P. (ora+o- !%.S.S...$D Bean &cheson !%.S.$D &. &. &r#ti#nian !%.S.S...$D arry B. White !%.S.$D 0esse P. Wolcott !%.S.$D ?. 6. Chech#lin !%.S.S...$D 6. B. Bystro- !%.S.S...$D /. B. Plobin !%.S.S...$D (. (. /dashkin !%.S.S...$D &nsel 6. L#>ford !%.S.$.

*umbarton Oa!s Conference U The Establishment of the United Nations

Secretary of State Edward Stettini#s 0r." &l)er iss !sittin) to the ri)ht of Stettini#s$" and ?elson .ockefeller were members of the Co#ncil on 6orei)n .elations. So-iet dele)ates incl#ded ,yachesla- (oloto- and &ndrei 'romyko !second *erson to the left of (oloto-$. This *hoto was *#blished in the book %hy Will &e Done, %he Con'ue(t o) the Ama*on+ Nel(on Roc,e)eller and Evan-eli(m in the A-e o) Oil by 'erard Colby.

(embers of the &merican dele)ation at l#ncheon on the Lran)ery terrace at B#mbarton Laks. /n the fore)ro#nd !left to ri)ht$: 0ames Clement B#nnD &dmiral &rth#r 0. e*b#rnD Br. /saiah BowmanD and Leo Pas-olsky. /n the back)ro#nd !left to ri)ht$: enry P. 6letcherD Breckinrid)e Lon)D and 'reen . ackworth. B#nn" e*b#rn" Bowman" Pas-olsky" and 6letcher were members of the Co#ncil on 6orei)n .elations. !Photo: Stettini#s Pa*ers W7C79X" S*ecial Collections Be*artment" %ni-ersity of ,ir)inia Library$ htt*:==www.doaks.or)=abo#t=theFd#mbartonFoaksFcon-ersations.html

/nformal meetin) in the St#dy at B#mbarton Laks. Seated !left to ri)ht$: Peter Lo>leyD Sir &le>ander Cado)anD Edward .. Stettini#s" 0r.D &ndrei &. 'romykoD &rkadii &. Sobole-D ,alentin (. Bere+hko-. Standin) !left to ri)ht$: 0ames Clement B#nn and Leo Pas-olsky. !Photo: ?ational &rchi-es" Washin)ton" B.C.$ htt*:==www.doaks.or)=abo#t=theFd#mbartonFoaksFcon-ersations.html

?eadin) members of the Chinese dele)ation at the o3enin) of the second 3hase of the *umbarton Oa!s Con6ersations, 4e3tember 2$, #$%%, to)ether with the /merican and (ritish dele)ations' ?eft to ri)ht: *r' Wei Tao;min)9 *r' E'>' Wellin)ton >oo9 *r' 8'8' >un)9 Cordell 8ull9 the Earl of 8alifa<9 4ir /le<ander Cado)an9 Edward C' 4tettinius, :r' 1Photo: National /rchi6es, Washin)ton, *'C'2 htt3:NNwww'doa!s'or)NaboutNtheSdumbartonSoa!sScon6ersations'html

L*enin) session of the B#mbarton Laks Con-ersations. Seated in the (#sic .oom are the &merican" British" and So-iet dele)ations with" at the center table !left to ri)ht$" Sir &le>ander Cado)anD the Earl of alifa>D Cordell #llD &ndrei &. 'romykoD and Edward .. Stettini#s" 0r. !Photo: ?ational &rchi-es" Washin)ton" B.C.$ htt*:==www.doaks.or)=abo#t=theFd#mbartonFoaksFcon-ersations.html

&merican and So-iet di*lomats *re*are to establish the %nited ?ations at the B#mbarton Laks Conference in Washin)ton" B.C. on &#)#st 72" 2311.

Photo)ra*h of B#mbarton Laks mansion" 92;2 . Street" ?orthwest" 'eor)etown" Washin)ton" B.C." %S& !?ational Park Ser-ice=Library of Con)ress$

Left to ri)ht: Charles Bohlen" Leo Pas-olsky" Secretary of State Edward Stettini#s" and 0ose*h C. 'rew meet *ri-ately at the B#mbarton Laks Conference in 2311. &ll fo#r men were members of the Co#ncil on 6orei)n .elations. !So#rce: %urbulent Era+ A Diplomatic Record o) .orty /ear( !0"# !"1, 2olume 3 by 0ose*h C. 'rew$

Edward .eilly Stettini#s" 0r." %.S. Secretary of State" Chairman of the dele)ation from the %nited States" si)nin) the %? Charter at a ceremony held at the ,eteransA War (emorial B#ildin) in San 6rancisco on 7@ 0#ne 231:. &t left is President arry S. Tr#man. !Photo: %? Photo=4o#ld htt*:==kotenik.word*ress.com=cate)ory=history8of8the8forei)n8relations8of8the8re*#blic8of8china=$

&l)er iss !left$" the Secretary 'eneral of the %nited ?ations Conference on /nternational Lr)ani+ation" is shown shakin) hands with President arry S. Tr#man at the %? Conference in San 6rancisco on 0#ne 7@" 231:. &t the ri)ht is Secretary of State Edward .. Stettini#s" 0r. 6ollowin) the President is (aN. 'en. arry ,a#)han" Tr#manGs military aide. &l)er iss and Edward Stettini#s were members of the Co#ncil on 6orei)n .elations. !Bettmann=CL.B/S$

Br. erbert ,. E-att !&#stralia$" and &l)er iss !%nited States$. 7: &*ril 231:. San 6rancisco" %nited States. !Photo: %? PhotoD htt*:==kotenik.word*ress.com=cate)ory=history8of8the8forei)n8relations8of8the8re*#blic8of8china=$

San 6rancisco Conference" last *#blic session: %.S. Secretary of State Edward .. Stettini#s 0r. !left$ and So-iet en-oy &ndrei &. 'romyko. !Photo: htt*:==kotenik.word*ress.com=cate)ory=history8of8the8forei)n8relations8of8the8re*#blic8of8china=$

San 6rancisco Conference" 6ifth Plenary Session: ?elson .ockefeller !left$" &ssistant Secretary of State of the %nited States" chats with Edward .. Stettini#s 0r. !ri)ht$" %nited States Secretary of State and Chairman of the dele)ation of the %nited States. Both men were members of the Co#ncil on 6orei)n .elations. Edward .. Stettini#s 0r. ser-ed as %.S. Secretary of State from Becember 2" 2311 to 0#ne 7C" 231:. !Photo: htt*:==kotenik.word*ress.com=cate)ory=history8of8the8forei)n8relations8of8the8re*#blic8of8china=$ !?ote: 6rit+ Wiedemann" one of from 2395 to 2312.$ itlerAs adN#tants" ser-ed as ?a+i 'erman Cons#l 'eneral in San 6rancisco" California" %.S.&.

Council on Foreign Relations & World War II

arold Pratt

o#se" the headK#arters of the Co#ncil on 6orei)n .elations" in ?ew 4ork City

Prominent (embers of the Co#ncil on 6orei)n .elations d#rin) World War //

William Philli*s &.B. ar-ard 23;; %.S. &mbassador to 6ascist /taly !239@82312$

0ose*h C. 'rew &.B. ar-ard 23;7 %.S. &mbassador to /m*erial 0a*an !239782312$

enry L. Stimson B.&. 4ale 2555 %.S. Secretary of War !232282329" 231;8231:$

#)h .obert Wilson B.&. 4ale 23;@ %.S. &mbassador to ?a+i 'ermany !2395$

W. &-erell arriman B.&. 4ale 2329 %.S. &mbassador to the So-iet %nion !23198231@$

Winthro* W. &ldrich &.B. ar-ard 23;C LL.B. ar-ard 232; Chairman of the board of Chase ?ational Bank !2391823:9$

Thomas W. Lamont &.B. ar-ard 2537 Chairman of the board of 0.P. (or)an < Co." /nc. !231982315$

&llan S*ro#l President of the 6ederal .eser-e Bank of ?ew 4ork !2312823:@$

.#ssell C. Leffin)well B.&. 4ale 2533 Partner of 0.P. (or)an < Co. !2379823:;$

6rank &ltsch#l B.&. 4ale 23;5 Partner of La+ard 6reres < Co. W0ewish bankin) firm in ?ew 4ork CityX !232@8231:$

&lfred P. Sloan 0r. Chairman of the board of 'eneral (otors Cor*. !239C823:@$

Thomas 0. Watson Sr. President of /nternational B#siness (achines Cor*. !232182313$

enry .. L#ce B.&. 4ale 237; Editor8in8Chief of %ime ma)a+ine !2379823@1$

E#)ene (eyer B.&. 4ale 253: P#blisher of %he Wa(hin-ton 4o(t !23998231@$

&rth#r ays S#l+ber)er P#blisher of %he New /or, %ime( !239:823@2$

0ames B. Conant &.B. ar-ard 2329D Ph.B. ar-ard 232@ President of ar-ard %ni-ersity !2399823:9$

Charles Seymo#r B.&. 4ale 23;5 President of 4ale %ni-ersity !239C823:;$

/saiah Bowman President of 0ohns o*kins %ni-ersity !239:82315$

&llen W. B#lles &.B. Princeton 2321 (ember of S#lli-an < Cromwell Wlaw firmX !237@8 23:2" 23@7823@3$

(aN. 'en. William 0. Wild Bill Bono-an Birector" Lffice of Strate)ic Ser-ices !LSS$ !23178231:$

/saiah Bowman &rchibald Cary Coolid)e Pa#l B. Cra-ath 0ohn W. Ba-is ?orman . Ba-is Ste*hen P. B#))an 0ohn . 6inley Edwin 6. 'ay Ba-id 6. o#ston Ltto . Eahn 6rank L. Polk Whitney . She*ardson William .. She*herd Pa#l (. Warb#r) 'eor)e W. Wickersham &llen W. B#lles .#ssell C. Leffin)well 'eor)e L. (ay Wesley C. (itchell Lwen B. 4o#n) amilton 6ish &rmstron) Charles P. owland Walter Li**mann Clarence (. Woolley 6rank &ltsch#l Phili* C. 0ess#* arold W. Bodds Leon 6raser 0ohn . Williams Lewis W. Bo#)las Edward Warner Clarence E. #nter (yron C. Taylor enry (. Wriston Thomas E. 6inletter

Birectors of the Co#ncil on 6orei)n .elations before and d#rin) World War // 2372823:; President of 0ohns o*kins %ni-ersity !239:82315$ 237282375 Editor of .orei-n A))air( ma)a+ine !237782375$ 23728231; Chairman of the board of Westin)ho#se Electric Cor*. !237C82373$D Chairman of The Economic Cl#b of ?ew 4ork !239@82395$ 2372823:: (ember of Ba-is" Polk" Wardwell" 'ardiner < .eed Wlaw firmX !2372823::$ 237282311 President of the Co#ncil on 6orei)n .elations !239@82311$D Chairman of &merican .ed Cross !239582311$ 2372823:; Birector of /nstit#te of /nternational Ed#cation !23238231@$ 237282373 &ssociate Editor of the New /or, %ime( !23728239C$ 23728231: Professor of Economic istory at ar-ard %ni-ersity !23718239@$ 23728237C %.S. Secretary of &)ric#lt#re !23298237;$D Secretary of the Treas#ry !237;82372$ 237282391 Partner of E#hn" Loeb" < Co. Wbankin) firm in ?ew 4ork CityX !253C82391$ 237282319 (ember of Ba-is" Polk" Wardwell" 'ardiner < .eed Wlaw firmX !232182319$ 2372823@@ Treas#rer of the Co#ncil on 6orei)n .elations !239982312$ 23728237C Seth Low Professor of istory at Col#mbia %ni-ersity !237@82391$ 237282397 ,ice Chairman of the 6ederal .eser-e !232@82325$ 23728239@ (ember of Cadwalader" Wickersham < Taft Wlaw firmX !23218239@$ 237C823@3 Secretary of the Co#ncil on 6orei)n .elations !239982311$D LSS a)ent 237C823@; Partner of 0.P. (or)an < Co. Wbankin) firmX !2379823:;$ 237C823:9 Senior Partner of Price" Waterho#se < Co. *#blic acco#ntants !2322823@2$ 237C82391 Professor of Economics at Col#mbia %ni-ersity 237C8231; Chairman of the board of 'eneral Electric Co. !237782393" 231782311$ 2375823C7 Editor of .orei-n A))air( ma)a+ine !2375823C7$ 237382392 (ember of owland" (#rray < Prentice and (#rray" Prentice < owland Wlaw firm in ?ew 4ork CityX !23;;82372$ 23978239C Col#mnist for ?ew 4ork erald Trib#ne 23978239: Chairman of the board of &merican .adiator Com*any 2391823C7 Partner of La+ard 6reres < Co. Wbankin) firmX !232@8231:$ 239182317 Professor of /nternational Law at Col#mbia %ni-ersity !23918231@$ 239:82319 President of Princeton %ni-ersity !2399823:C$ 239@8231: Chairman and President of Bank for /nternational Settlements !23998239:$ 239C823@1 Bean of 'rad#ate School of P#blic &dministration at ar-ardD ,ice President of 6ederal .eser-e Bank of ?ew 4ork !239@8231C$ 231;823@1 President of (#t#al Life /ns#rance Com*any of ?ew 4ork !231;8231C$ 231;82313 (ember of the Ci-il &erona#tics Board !23938231:$ 2317823:9 Treas#rer of C6. !2317823:2$D ,ice President of ?ew 4ork Tr#st Co. 2319823:3 Personal .e*resentati-e to the ,atican City !2393823:;$ 2319823@C President of Brown %ni-ersity !239C823::$ 2311823@C Secretary of the &ir 6orce !23:;823:9$D %.S. .e*resentati-e to ?&TL !23@2823@:$

Council on Foreign Relations Members and Their Occupation during the World War II (1939-19 !"
?ame #an$ers% Thomas . (cEittrick Winthro* W. &ldrich Thomas W. Lamont Thomas S. Lamont .#ssell C. Leffin)well 'ordon S. .entschler 0ohn L. Sim*son arold Stanley E. .oland arriman 6rederick (. Warb#r) 0ohn (. Schiff BenNamin 0. B#ttenwieser Elisha Walker 6rank &ltsch#l .obert Lehman Beardsley .#ml &llan S*ro#l &rth#r .. %*)ren Pa#l '. offman Charles 'ates Bawes &llan (. Po*e She*ard (or)an #usinessmen% Thomas 0. Watson Lwen B. 4o#n) 'erard Swo*e 'eor)e . B#cher &lfred P. Sloan 0r. Bonaldson Brown ?icholas Eelley B. Edwin #tchinson E#)ene '. 'race /r-in) S. Llds 0#an Terry Tri**e 6rancis B. Ba-is 0r. Lewis W. Bo#)las 'eor)e L. arrison Byron E. Elliott Solomon .. '#))enheim Perci-al 6. Br#nda)e 0ack /. Stra#s Ellsworth B#nker 0ames B. (ooney Sosthenes Behn Cle-eland E. Bod)e W. .andol*h B#r)ess &a'(ers ()e' *or$ Cit("% &llen W. B#lles 0ohn 6oster B#lles E#stace Seli)man &rth#r . Bean 0ohn W. Ba-is 6rank L. Polk &llen Wardwell .al*h (. Carson C6. (embershi* !4ear$ 2311823@5 237C823C9 23728231C 2392823@@ 2372823:3 239;8231C 237C823C7 237:823:3 2399823@3 2399823C; 23958235@ 231782332 237C823:; 2372823C9 231;823@5 237C823:3 239:823:: 2317823C3 2317823C7 2375823:; 23998231C 2397823@9 2371823:: 23728231; 2371823:; 23938231C 2399823@: 23998231@ 2371823@: 237C823@; 237:823:5 239:823@7 2399823C@ 231182313 239:823C9 2373823:9 231182337 237582313 239:823C5 23178235: 231782351 23928231;" 231@823:@ 239;823:9 239282357 2393823C5 237C823@3 2372823:3 237@823C@ 23958235C 2372823:: 237282319 2372823:9 2395823@3 Primary Lcc#*ation President of the Bank for /nternational Settlements !231;8231@$ Chairman of Chase ?ational Bank !2391823:9$ Chairman of 0.P. (or)an < Co. !231982315$ ,ice President of 0.P. (or)an < Co. !231;823:9$ Partner of 0.P. (or)an < Co. !2379823:;$ Birector of the Co#ncil on 6orei)n .elations !237C823@;$ President of the Co#ncil on 6orei)n .elations !23118231@$ Chairman of ?ational City Bank of ?ew 4ork WCitibankX !231;82315$ E>ec#ti-e ,ice President of 0. enry Schroeder Bankin) Cor*. !237:823:2$ Partner of (or)an Stanley < Co. !2312823::$ Partner of Brown Brothers arriman < Co. !2392823C5$ Partner of E#hn" Loeb < Co. !2392823C9$ Partner of E#hn" Loeb < Co. !2392823CC$ Partner of E#hn" Loeb < Co. !2397823CC$ Partner of E#hn" Loeb < Co. !2399823:;$ Partner of La+ard 6reres < Co. !232@8231:$ Partner of Lehman Brothers !237:823@3$ Chairman of the 6ederal .eser-e Bank of ?ew 4ork !23178231@$ President of the 6ederal .eser-e Bank of ?ew 4ork !2312823:@$ ,ice President of 6ederal .eser-e Bank of (innea*olis !23178231:$ Class C Birector of the 6ederal .eser-e Bank of Chica)o !231782313$ Chairman of the board" City ?ational Bank < Tr#st Co. WChica)oX !2397823:2$ President of The 6irst of Boston Cor*oration WbankX !23918231C$ ,ice President of Chase ?ational Bank !239;82313$ President of /nternational B#siness (achines Cor*. !232182313$ Chairman of the board of 'eneral Electric Co. !237782393" 231782311$ President of 'eneral Electric Co. !23778231;" 23178231:$ (ember of the board of directors of ?ational City Bank of ?ew 4ork !2373823:7$ President of Westin)ho#se Electric < (an#fact#rin) Co. !23958231@$ Chairman of the board of 'eneral (otors Cor*. !239C823:@$ ,ice Chairman of the board of 'eneral (otors Cor*. !239C8231@$ ,ice President and 'eneral Co#nsel of Chrysler Cor*. !239C823:C$ ,ice President of Chrysler Cor*. !237:823:9$ President of Bethlehem Steel Cor*. !232@8231:$ Chairman of the board of %nited States Steel Cor*. !231;823:7$ President of Pan &merican World &irways" /nc. !237C823@1$ Chairman of %.S. .#bber Co. Wlater %niroyalX !237382313$ President of (#t#al Life /ns#rance Com*any of ?ew 4ork !231;8231C$ President of ?ew 4ork Life /ns#rance Com*any !231282315$ ,ice Pres. and 'eneral Co#nsel of 0ohn ancock (#t#al Life /ns#rance Co. !239C81C$ (ember of '#))enheim Brothers Wminin) com*anyXD Birector of %tah Co**er Co. Partner of Price" Waterho#se < Co. *#blic acco#ntants W?ew 4orkX !239;823:1$ President of .. . (acy < Co. W(acyAs de*artment storeX !231;823:@$ President of ?ational S#)ar .efinin) Co. !231;82315$ President of 'eneral (otors E>*ort Co. !23798c.231;$D ,ice President in char)e of o-erseas o*erations" 'eneral (otors Cor*. !23798c.231;$ ?ote: (ooney met with itler on (arch 1" 231; and with 'oerin) on (arch C" 231; (ember of the board of directors of ?ational City Bank of ?ew 4ork !237:823:@$ (ember of the board of directors of ?ational City Bank of ?ew 4ork !237@823@;$ (ember of the board of directors of ?ational City Bank of ?ew 4ork !2395823:7$ (ember of S#lli-an < Cromwell Wlaw firm in ?ew 4ork CityX !237@823:2$ Birector !237C823@3$ and Secretary !239982311$ of the Co#ncil on 6orei)n .elations O++ agent during World War II (ember of S#lli-an < Cromwell !232282313$D brother of &llen W. B#lles (ember of S#lli-an < Cromwell !2379823C@$ Partner of S#lli-an < Cromwell !2373823C@$ (ember of Ba-is" Polk" Wardwell" 'ardiner < .eed Wlaw firmX !2372823::$ Birector of the Co#ncil on 6orei)n .elations !2372823::$ (ember of Ba-is" Polk" Wardwell" 'ardiner < .eed Wlaw firmX !232182319$ Birector of the Co#ncil on 6orei)n .elations !237282319$ ,ice President of the Co#ncil on 6orei)n .elations !231;82319$ (ember of Ba-is" Polk" Wardwell" 'ardiner < .eed Wlaw firmX !23;3823:9$ (ember of Ba-is" Polk" Wardwell" 'ardiner < .eed Wlaw firmX !239:823CC$

enry de 6orest Baldwin 'eor)e .oberts &llen T. Elots Bronson Winthro* Thomas B. Thacher .oland L. .edmond 0erome S. ess Thomas (. Bebe-oise 'eor)e .#blee ,ournalists% &rth#r ays S#l+ber)er E#)ene (eyer William S. Paley enry .. L#ce Edward .. (#rrow William L. Shirer Cass Canfield amilton 6ish &rmstron) 'eoffrey Parsons Ba-id Lawrence Organi-ation ./ecuti0es% .aymond B. 6osdick ?orman . Ba-is Edward C. Carter 'eor)e . Blakeslee 0ames .. &n)ell Walter . (allory (alcolm W. Ba-is College 1ro2essors% Charles Seymo#r 0ames B. Conant arold W. Bodds enry (. Wriston Edm#nd E. Bay /saiah Bowman .ay Lyman Wilb#r Ernest (. o*kins Stanley Ein) Eenneth C.(. Sills 0ames P. Ba>ter /// 6eli> (. (orley Earl T. Com*ton arry Woodb#rn Chase &rth#r &. a#ck .obert L. 0ohnson E-erett ?. Case alford L. oskins 0ohn . Williams Bonald E. Ba-id Carl W. &ckerman Pechariah Chafee 0r. &l-in . ansen Clarence . arin) (anley L. #dson William L. Lan)er Carlton 0. . ayes Charles Cheney yde Lindsay .o)ers .obert L. Sch#yler Phili* C. 0ess#* Sr. #)er W. 0er-ey Wesley C. (itchell Leo Wolman Edwin (. Borchard Edwin W. Eemmerer

23758231C 2397823@C 2391823@1 239782311 239:823:; 2371823@9 239;823@5 2397823:5 237:823:2 237C823@5 239;823:5 239@82353 2391823@@ 2391823@1 231782337 23798235: 2372823C7 237:823:9 2392823C; 2372823C2 237282311 237C823:1 2371823:9 237582315 2375823C3 2372823:9 2372823@2 2391823C@ 2391823@5 237@823C5 239782311 2372823:; 237382315 239;823:9 2391823:; 2395823:9 2395823C2 23958231C 239@823:9 2395823:; 2393823C; 231;823@2 231;82352 2395823@@ 2391823C7 2317823C: 231;823:9 2375823:@ 2393823:9 2392823:1 2372823:@ 237C823CC 237:823:2 237@823:2 237C823C; 237582313 237582352 239582315 237182315 2391823:5 237@823:; 237C8231:

(ember of Lord" Bay < Lord Wlaw firmX !23;;8231C$ Partner of Winthro*" Stimson" P#tnam < .oberts Wlaw firmX !2321823@5$ (ember of Winthro*" Stimson" P#tnam < .oberts Wlaw firmX !2372823@:$ (ember of Winthro*" Stimson" P#tnam < .oberts Wlaw firm X !T82311$ Partner of Sim*son" Thacher < Bartlett Wlaw firmX !23218237:" 239982319$ (ember of Carter" Ledyard < (ilb#rn Wlaw firm in ?ew 4ork CityX !237:823::$ (ember of ardin" ess < Eder Wlaw firm in ?ew 4ork CityX !23;C823C;$ Wall Street lawyerD director of Chase ?ational Bank (ember of Co-in)ton" B#rlin) < .#blee Wlaw firm in Wash." B.C.X !23728c.231@$ P#blisher of %he New /or, %ime( !239:823@2$ P#blisher of %he Wa(hin-ton 4o(t !23998231@$ President of Col#mbia Broadcastin) System WCBSX !23758231@$ Editor8in8Chief of %ime ma)a+ine !2379823@1$ CBS war corres*ondent !23938231:$ CBS war corres*ondent !23938231:$ President of ar*er < Brothers Wlater ar*er < .owX !23928231:$ Editor of .orei-n A))air( ma)a+ine !2375823C7$ Chief Editorial Writer for New /or, Herald#%ribune !2371823:7$ President and Editor of %.S. ?ews Wnews*a*er in Washin)ton" B.C.X !239982315$ President of The .ockefeller 6o#ndation !239@82315$ Chairman of the &merican .ed Cross !239582311$ Birector of the Co#ncil on 6orei)n .elations !237282311$ President of the Co#ncil on 6orei)n .elations !239@82311$ Secretary 'eneral of the /nstit#te of Pacific .elations !23998231@$ President of World Peace 6o#ndation !239;8231@$ President of the En)lish8S*eakin) %nion of the %.S. !23938231@$ E>ec#ti-e Birector of the Co#ncil on 6orei)n .elations !237C823:3$ Birector of E#ro*ean Center of Carne)ie Endowment in Paris" 6rance !239:8231C$ President of 4ale %ni-ersity !239C823:;$ President of ar-ard %ni-ersity !2399823:9$ President of Princeton %ni-ersity !2399823:C$ President of Brown %ni-ersity !239C823::$ President of Cornell %ni-ersity !239C82313$ President of 0ohns o*kins %ni-ersity !239:82315$ President of Stanford %ni-ersity !232@82319$ President of Bartmo#th Colle)e !232@8231:$ President of &mherst Colle)e !23978231@$ President of Bowdoin Colle)e !2325823:7$ President of Williams Colle)e !239C823@2$ President of a-erford Colle)e !231;8231:$ President of (assach#setts /nstit#te of Technolo)y !239;82315$ President of ?ew 4ork %ni-ersity !2399823:2$ President of %ni-ersity of (aine !2391823:5$ President of Tem*le %ni-ersity !2312823:3$ President of Col)ate %ni-ersity W?ew 4orkX !2317823@7$ Bean of 6letcher School of Law and Bi*lomacy at T#fts %ni-ersity !239982311$ Bean of 'rad. School of P#blic &dministration at ar-ard %ni-ersity !239C8231C$ Bean of ar-ard B#siness School !2317823::$ Bean of 'rad#ate School of 0o#rnalism at Col#mbia %ni-ersity !2392823:@$ Professor of Law at ar-ard %ni-ersity !2323823:@$ L#ci#s ?. Litta#er Professor of Political Economy at ar-ard %ni-ersity !239C823:5$ Professor of Latin &merican istory and Economics at ar-ard %ni-ersity !2379823:9$ Bemis Professor of /nternational Law at ar-ard Law School !2379823@;$ Tr#stee of World Peace 6o#ndation !2379823@;$ Coolid)e Professor of istory at ar-ard %ni-ersity !239@823@1$ Professor of istory at Col#mbia %ni-ersity !2323823:;$ %.S. &mbassador to 6ascist S*ain !23178231:$ amilton 6ish Prof. of /nternational Law and Bi*lomacy at Col#mbia %ni-. !237:8231:$ B#r)ess Professor of P#blic Law at Col#mbia %ni-ersity !2373823:3$ Professor of istory at Col#mbia %ni-ersity !2371823:2$ Professor of /nternational Law at Col#mbia %ni-ersity !23918231@$ Professor of Law at Col#mbia %ni-ersity Law School !237182313$ Professor of Economics at Col#mbia %ni-ersity !232182323" 237782311$ Professor of Economics at Col#mbia %ni-ersity !2392823:5$ Professor of Law at 4ale Law School !232C823:2$ Walker Professor of /nternational 6inance at Princeton %ni-. !237582319$

.oland S. (orris Walter W. (cLaren Bernadotte E. Schmitt Sam#el ?. ar*er 3o0ernment O22icials% enry L. Stimson 0ohn 0. (cCloy William 0. Wild Bill Bono-an S#mner Welles '. owland Shaw ?elson &. .ockefeller William L. Clayton erbert 6eis La#rence B#))an William &.(. B#rden Theodore P. Wri)ht Edward Warner eber .. ar*er W. &-erell arriman 0ose*h C. 'rew William Philli*s William E. Bodd &le>ander W. Weddell ?orman &rmo#r 'eor)e S. (essersmith 0ohn Cam*bell White S*r#ille Braden &rth#r Bliss Lane Lincoln (ac,ea)h Stanley E. ornbeck William C. B#llitt Leland arrison Lith)ow Lsborne 0ohn ,an &. (ac(#rray Charles E-ans #)hes 6eli> 6rankf#rter Learned and erbert . Lehman Elliott ,. Bell &dm. &rth#r 0. e*b#rn .ear &dm. Clark . Woodward .ear &dm. arry E. 4arnell Lt. 'en. #)h &. Br#m (aN. 'en. aywood S. ansell 0r. (aN. 'en. Sherman (iles (aN. 'en. 6rank .. (cCoy &dm. William . Standley ,ice &dm. &dol*h#s &ndrews Lt. 'en. 'eor)e 'r#nert

237282397" 23958 231: 237@823:1 237C823:9 237382317 237182373" 2391823:; 231;82353 2397823:C 2391823:3 2395823@: 2395823C5 239:823@: 239;823C2 239282315 239582351 231;823@3 2397" 2391823:C 23978231; 23798235@ 2375823:3 2392823@C 239@82393 239:82311 2395823CC 2395823:3 2393823@@ 239:823@@ 239@823:: 239:823C2 2397823@@ 239@823:1 239:823:; 2317823C@ 2392823:3 239;8231@ 2397823@1 237:82311 2372823@9 2311823@5 2391823:C 2395823:5 231;823:9 2393823:2 2317823C7 23178231@ 2395823:9 23958231C 231782315 23118231:

Professor of /nternational Law at %ni-ersity of Pennsyl-ania !23718231:$ (ember of B#ane" (orris < eckscher Wlaw firm in Philadel*hiaX !23;18231:$ Professor of Economics at Williams Colle)e !23218231:$ Professor of istory at the %ni-ersity of Chica)o !237:8231@$ Professor of .#ssian Lan)#a)e and /nstit#tions at %ni-ersity of Chica)o !23;@82319$ %.S. Secretary of War !(ay 77" 23228(arch 1" 2329D 0#ly 2;" 231;8Se*t. 72" 231:$ &ssistant Secretary of War !23128231:$ Birector of Lffice of Strate)ic Ser-ices !LSS$ !23178231:$ %nder Secretary of State !239C82319$ &ssistant Secretary of State !231282311$ &ssistant Secretary of State for /nter8&merican &ffairs !23118231:$ &ssistant Secretary of State for Economic &ffairs !23118231@$ &ssistant Secretary of Commerce !231782311$ State Be*artment &d-iser on /nternational Economic &ffairs !239C82319$ State Be*artment Chief of Bi-ision of the &merican .e*#blics !239:82311$ &ssistant Secretary of Commerce for &ir !23198231C$ &dministrator of Ci-il &erona#tics &dministration !231182315$ (ember of the Ci-il &erona#tics Board !23938231:$ .e)ional director" Social Sec#rity Board !239@82315$ %.S. &mbassador to the So-iet %nion !23198231@$ %.S. &mbassador to /m*erial 0a*an !239782312$ %nder Secretary of State !23118231:$ %.S. &mbassador to 6ascist /taly !239@82312$ %.S. &mbassador to ?a+i 'ermany !23998239C$ %.S. &mbassador to 6ascist S*ain !239382317$ %.S. &mbassador to &r)entina !239382311$D %.S. &mbassador to 6ascist S*ain !231:$ %.S. &mbassador to C#ba !231;82317$D %.S. &mbassador to (e>ico !23178231@$ %.S. &mbassador to aiti !231282311$D %.S. &mbassador to Per# !23118231:$ %.S. &mbassador to Colombia !239382317$D %.S. &mbassador to C#ba !23178231:$ %.S. &mbassador to &r)entina !231:$ %.S. (inister to 4#)osla-ia !239C82312$D %.S. &mbassador to Colombia !231782311$D %.S. &mbassador to Poland !23118231C$ %.S. &mbassador to 'reece !239982312" 23198231C$D %.S. (inister to /celand !231282317$D %.S. (inister to So#th &frica !231782319$ %.S. &mbassador to the ?etherlands !23118231C$ State Be*artment &d-iser on Political .elations !239C82319$ %.S. &mbassador to 6rance !239@8231;$ %.S. (inister to Swit+erland !239C8231C$ %.S. &mbassador to ?orway !23118231@$ %.S. &mbassador to the .e*#blic of T#rkey !239@82312$ Chief 0#stice of the %.S. S#*reme Co#rt !239;82312$ 0#stice of the %.S. S#*reme Co#rt !2393823@7$ %.S. Co#rt of &**eals for the Second Circ#it W?ew 4ork CityX !2371823:2$ 'o-ernor of ?ew 4ork !239982317$ S#*erintendent of Banks of the State of ?ew 4ork !231982313$ Commander8in8Chief of the %nited States 6leet !239@82395$D Commandant of 27th ?a-al Bistrict WSan 6ranciscoX !239582312$ Chairman of the 'eneral Board !23178231:$ Commandant of Brooklyn ?a-y 4ard !239C82312$D Commandant of Third ?a-al Bistrict !239C82312$ Commandant of Pearl arbor ?a-al Station !23998239@$D Commander8in8Chief of &siatic 6leet !239@82393$ Commander" awaiian Be*artment ! onol#l#$ !239:8239C$D Commandin) 'eneral" Eastern Befense Command !231;82319$ Commander" 6irst Bomb Win) of the Ei)hth &ir 6orce !231782319$D Be*#ty Commander" &llied E>*editionary &ir 6orce !2319$D Commander" YY/ Bomber Command W'#amX !23118231:$ Chief of (ilitary /ntelli)ence !'87$ Bi-ision" War Be*artment !2312$ (ember of the .oberts Commission !231282317$ (ember of the .oberts Commission !231282317$D %.S. &mbassador to the So-iet %nion !231782319$ (ember of the Pearl arbor ?a-y Co#rt of /nK#iry !2311$ (ember of the &rmy Pearl arbor Board !2311$

The War and 1eace +tudies o2 The Council On Foreign Relations (1939-19 !"
The War and Peace St#dies of The Co#ncil Ln 6orei)n .elations 23938231:" The arold Pratt o#se :5th E. @5th Street" ?4" 231@" *). 789D &**endi> & !*)s. 23871$ lists the *ersonnel and dates of ser-ice of the War and Peace St#dies )ro#* members as: STEE./?' CL((/TTEE Lfficers: ?orman . Ba-is" Chairman !Becember 239380#ly 2311$ /saiah Bowman" !Becember 23938became Chairman" (arch 231:$ amilton 6ish &rmstron)" ,ice Chairman" !Becember 23938Se*tember 231:$ Walter . (allory" Secretary !Becember 23938Se*tember 231:$ Pa#l 6. 0ones" &dministrati-e Secretary" !0an#ary 231;8?o-ember 231;$ 6rancis P. (iller" &dministrati-e Secretary" !Becember 231;86ebr#ary 2317$ Bwi)ht E. Lee" &dministrati-e Secretary" !Se*tember 23178Se*tember 2319$ 0#li#s W. Pratt" &dministrati-e Secretary" !Se*tember 23198Se*tember 2311$ .ichard C. Snyder" &dministrati-e Secretary" !Lctober 231186ebr#ary 231:$ William Edwin Bie+" &dministrati-e Secretary" !(arch 231:8Se*tember 231:$ (embers: anson W. Baldwin !0#ly 231;8Se*tember 231:$ /saiah Bowman !Becember 23938Chairman" (arch 231:$ &llen W. B#lles !Becember 23938Becember 2319$ Carter 'oodrich !&#)#st 23178Se*tember 231:$ &l-in . ansen !Becember 23938Se*tember 231:$ Whitney . She*ardson" !Becember 239380#ne 2317$ 0acob ,iner" !Becember 23938Se*tember 231:$ Edward P. Warner" !0an#ary 23118Se*tember 231:$ enry (. Wriston" !0#ne 23178Se*tember 231:$ SEC%./T4 &?B &.(&(E?TS '.L%P: .a**orte#rs: &llen W. B#lles" .a**orte#r !;7=1;8;@=1;$D 0oint .a**orte#r !;C=1;827=19$ anson W. Baldwin" 0oint .a**orte#r !;C=1;8;3=1:$ Edward P. Warner" 0oint .a**orte#r !;2=118;3=1:$ .esearch Secretaries: William (. 6ranklin !;7=1;8;:=12$ 'rayson Eirk !;@=128;3=1:$ (embers: Bri). 'en. Thomas 0. Betts !;C=1;827=19$ (aN. 'en. Clayton Bissell !;2=118;3=1:$ .ear &dm. .al*h Ba-ison !;C=12827=19$ Edward (. Earle !;9=1:8;3=1:$ (aN. 'eor)e 6ieldin) Eliot !;7=128;3=1:$ 0ose*h C. 'reen !22=198;3=1:$ Bri). 'en. aywood S. ansell !;C=128;C=17$ Stacy (ay !;C=1;8;7=1:$ (aN. 'en. 6rank .. (cCoy !;1=1;8;3=1:$ Col. 0ames 6. Lli-e !;7=198;7=11$ &dm. William ,. Pratt" .et. !;1=128;7=1:$ Ba-id ?. .owe !;9=1:8;3=1:$ Ca*t. .ichard W. .#ble !22=198;:=1:$ arold 6. Sheets !;C=178;3=1:$ arold S*ro#t !;7=118;3=1:$ &dm. William . Standley" .et. !;7=1;822=1;$ (aN. 'en. 'eor)e ,. Stron) !;C=118;3=1:$ Edward P. Warner !;7=1;822=11$ Bri). 'en. 0ohn Weckerlin) !;2=118;3=1:$ #)h .. Wilson !;7=12822=17$ Theodore P. Wri)ht !;7=128;3=1:$

ECL?L(/C &?B 6/?&?C/&L '.L%P .a**orte#rs: &l-in . ansen" 0oint .a**orte#r !;7=1;8;3=1:$ 0acob ,iner" 0oint .a**orte#r !;7=1;8;3=1:$ Economic and 6inancial 'ro#* .esearch Secretaries: &rth#r .. %*)ren !;7=1;8;C=1;$ William Biebold 0r. !;5=1;8;3=19$ &rth#r B. 'ayer !2;=198;3=1:$ Economic and 6inancial 'ro#* (embers: Percy W. Bidwell !;7=1;8;3=1:$ Edwin 6. Chinl#nd !22=198;3=1:$ BenNamin ,. Cohen !;3=128;3=1:$ La#chlin C#rrie !;7=198;3=1:$ .al*h E. 6landers !;C=17822=1;$ eman 'reenwood !;9=1:8;3=1:$ Leon 6raser !;7=1;822!1;$ Cal-in B. oo-er !;2=118;3=1:$ Winfield W. .iefler !;7=1;8;9=17$ William . Sch#bart !;C=17827=11$ arold 6. Sheets !;7=1;8;:=17$ &llan S*ro#l !;7=12827=19$ E#)ene Staley !;7=1;8;3=1:$ &rth#r .. %*)ren !;C=1;8;3=1:$ 0acob ,iner !;7=1;8;3=1:$ 0ohn . Williams !;7=1;822=1;$ PLL/T/C&L '.L%P .a**orte#rs: Whitney . She*ardson !;7=1;8;@=17$D enry (. Wriston" .a**orte#r" 0#ly 2317D 0oint .a**orte#r !;5=178;3=1:$ Carter 'oodrich" 0oint .a**orte#rs !;5=178;3=1:$ .esearch Secretaries: Walter Lan)sam !;7=1;8;7=12$ Walter .. Shar* !;7=128;3=1:$ (embers: 6rank &ltsch#l !;9=1:8;3=1:$ amilton 6ish &rmstron) !;7=1;8;3=1:$ 0ames P. Ba>ter /// !22=198;7=1:$ Charles W. Cole !;9=1:8;3=1:$ 0ohn 6oster B#lles !;7=1;8;3=1;$ (aN. 'eor)e 6ieldin) Eliot !;7=1;8;3=1:$ Thomas E. 6inletter !;9=1:8;3=1:$ Carter 'oodrich !;3=128became 0oint .a**orte#r ;5=17$ William Lan)er !;9=1:8;3=1:$ Lwen Lattimore !;9=1:8;3=1:$ Bwi)ht E. Lee !;9=1:8;3=1:$ 6rancis P. (iller !;:=1;8;:=19$ Phili* E. (osely !;3=178;7=1:$ Lindsay .od)ers !;7=128;3=1:$ Ba-id ?. .owe !22=198;7=1:$ 0ames T. Shotwell !;7=1;8;7=19$ &rth#r Sweetser !;7=128;3=1:$ Payson S. Wild !;9=198;3=1:$ enry (. Wriston !;:=1;8became .a**orte#r ;C=17$

TE../TL./&L '.L%P .a**orte#r: /saiah Bowman !;7=1;8;7=1:$ .esearch Secretaries: Phili* E. (osely !;9=1;8;3=12 < ;5=178;7=1:$ William P. (addo> !;3=128;@=17$ (embers: amilton 6ish &rmstron) !;7=1;8;7=1:$ . 6oster Bain !;7=118;7=1:$ Charles . Behre 0r." !;@=178;7=1:$ Charles W. Cole !;:=178;7=1:$ 0ohn C. Coo*er 0r." !;7=1;822=1;$ .#*ert Emerson !;:=198;7=1:$ &. Whitney 'riswold !;3=128;2=17$ 0ohn '#nther !;7=128;5=12$ Br#ce C. o**er !;7=1;8;7=1:$ Lwen Lattimore !;1=1;8;7=1:$ 6rank W. ?otestein !22=198;7=1:$ Walter . ,osk#il !;3=198;7=1:$ William L. Westermann !;7=1;8;7=1:$ PE&CE &/(S '.L%P Chairman: amilton 6ish &rmstron) !;@=128;7=1:$

.esearch Secretaries: Phili* E. (osely !;@=128;3=12$ (ose L. ar-ey !22=128;:=17$ Bwi)ht E. Lee !;3=178;7=1:$ (embers: 0ay &llen !22=128;3=17$ 6rank &ltsch#l !;@=128;7=1:$ Percy W. Bidwell !;@=128;7=1:$ Crane Brinton !;3=17827=17$ &llen W. B#lles !;@=128;7=1:$ 6rank B. 'raham !2;=198;7=1:$ 0ohn '#nther !;@=12822=1:$ Br#ce C. o**er !;@=128;7=1:$ Tracy B. Eittred)e !;@=128;1=17$ William L. Lan)er !;@=128;7=1:$ 0ames '. (cBonald !;@=128;7=1:$ Phili* E. (osely !;3=128;7=1:$ Winfield W. .iefler !;@=128;7=1:$ Lindsay .od)ers !;@=128;7=1:$ Whitney . She*ardson !;@=128;7=1:$ William L. Shirer !2;=198;7=1:$ 'eor)e ?. Sh#ster !;@=128;7=1:$ Lscar C. Stine !;@=128;7=1:$ &rth#r Sweetser !;3=178;7=1:$ (a> W. Thornb#r) !;@=12822=12$ 0acob ,iner !2;=178;9=19$ 0ohn E. Wri)ht !22=178;7=1:$

American Jewish Lobby & World War II:

Organized Crime?

8enr" ,or)enthau 4r' 1left2 wal!s with his son 4ecretar" of the Treasur" 8enr" ,or)enthau :r' 1ri)ht2 as the" arri6e at the Willard 8otel in Washin)ton, *'C' on *ecember #M, #$MJ for the =ridiron dinner' 8enr" ,or)enthau 4r's son 8enr" ,or)enthau :r' was the 4ecretar" of the Treasur" from :anuar" #, #$M% to :ul" 22, #$%&' 8enr" ,or)enthau 4r' was a member of the Council on -orei)n Celations from #$22 to #$%5' 1Photo: 8arris U Ewin) CollectionN?ibrar" of Con)ress2

enry (or)entha# Sr. !left$" the former %.S. &mbassador to the Lttoman Em*ire WT#rkeyX" and .abbi Ste*hen S. Wise" the President of World 0ewish Con)ress" lea-es the White o#se on &*ril 29" 2395 after conferrin) with %.S. President 6ranklin Belano .oose-elt on *lans to assist *olitical ref#)ees from 'ermany and &#stria to find new homes. !Photo: arris < Ewin) Collection" Library of Con)ress$

6ranklin Belano .oose-elt !center$ a**ears with the %.S. Secretary of the Treas#ry enry (or)entha# 0r. in an a#tomobile in an #ndated *hoto. /nscribed in this *hoto are: .rom one o) two o) a ,ind.5 6 .ran,lin Roo(evelt 74hoto+ .ran,lin D. Roo(evelt 8ibrary and 9u(eum, Hyde 4ar,, New /or,:

Bernard Bar#ch !left$ rides with President 6ranklin B. .oose-elt !dri-erAs seat$.

Prime (inister of 'reat Britain ?e-ille Chamberlain meets with Chaim Wei+mann" Ba-id Ben8'#rion !later Prime (inister of /srael$" (oshe Sharrett !later Prime (inister of /srael$" and other members of the 0ewish Lobby at St. 0amesAs Palace in London in 2393. This *hoto)ra*h was *#blished in Barnet Lit-inoffZs book Wei*mann+ 8a(t o) the 4atriarch(.

Left to ri)ht: 6eli> Warb#r)" ,era Wei+mann" 6rieda Schiff Warb#r)" and Chaim Wei+mann attend a Boston conference for the %nited Palestine &**eal in ?o-ember 2375. 6eli> Warb#r)" alon) with his brother Pa#l Warb#r)" was a member of the Co#ncil on 6orei)n .elations and a *artner of E#hn" Loeb < Co. bankin) firm in ?ew 4ork City. !Photo: %he Warbur-( by .on Chernow$

H?i!e his father, F-ran!G /ltschul had numerous interests outside of ?a0ard, one of which was international affairs' +n #$25, he hel3ed to found the +ouncil on Foreign *elations in New or! FCit"G, and from the start he ho3ed the council would be able to influence U'4' forei)n 3olic" O one of the or)ani0ations continuin) )oals' /n indication of how im3ortant ?a0ard and /ltschul had become in the world financial mar!ets arose in #$2M, when the -rench occu3ation of the Cuhr, Adolf Hitler5s failed 2eer Hall Putsch, and the resultant international uncertaint" led to ha6oc in the mar!et' -rance found itself in a full;blown financial crisis' The 6alue of the -rench franc fell b" some &5 3ercent' +n :anuar" #$2%, the -rench ,inistr" of -inance summoned /ltschul to Paris to hear his 6iews on sol6in) the -rench currenc" crisis' +n a carefull" 3re3ared s3eech, which /ltschul deli6ered in Paris on :anuar" 2%, he called for the -rench )o6ernment to underta!e what he called an He<3erimentI desi)ned to stabili0e the 3lun)in) currenc"' HThis would in6ol6e arran)in) credits for the )o6ernment in the United 4tates and 3erha3s in En)land, in round amounts,I he told the -rench' H+t is felt that a ban!in) )rou3 could readil" be formed in New or! to e<tend the necessar" facilities under a33ro3riate )uarantees on reasonable terms' The 3resent ease in the New or! mone" mar!et and the fundamental friendshi3 for and confidence in -rance ma!e this a33ear li!el"'I 8e a6erred that with the coo3eration of the media O and without bein) able to Aud)e its 3olitical feasibilit" O Hthe e<3eriment could be made to succeed'I /ltschul, thou)h, was adamant about one thin): that 1a8ard Freres 9 +o. !e ke t out of the ress' H/s we do not desire 3ublicit" for oursel6es, it must be understood that our name is not to be mentioned under an" circumstances in connection with the followin),I he said' H+f "ou care to, "ou ma" sa" that "ou ha6e been informed b" an influential ban!in) house that the" ha6e ad6ices from abroad to the effect that ste3s ha6e been ta!en in Paris which seem ade.uate to restore confidence in -rance and to 3rotect the -rench e<chan)e, and the situation a33ears well in hand'I The -rench )o6ernment .uic!l" ado3ted /ltschuls 3lanPI O The 'ast Tycoons( The $ecret %istory of 'a)ard Freres * &o# b" William *' Cohan, 3' 2M;2%

+ermany ,ust erish- b" Theodore C' >aufman, 3ublished in #$%#

Prominent &merican 0ewish Leaders d#rin) World War //

6eli> 6rankf#rter 0#stice of the %.S. S#*reme Co#rt !2393823@7$

enry (or)entha# 0r. %.S. Secretary of the Treas#ry !0an#ary 2" 2391I 0#ly 77" 231:$D &#thor of the *ro*osed *ostwar (or)entha# Plan

Bernard Bar#ch Chairman of the War /nd#stries Board !23258 2323$ #nder %.S. President Woodrow Wilson

.abbi Ste*hen S. Wise President of World 0ewish Con)ress !239@82313$

enry (or)entha# Sr. %.S. &mbassador to the Lttoman Em*ire !23298232@$

E#)ene (eyer P#blisher of %he Wa(hin-ton 4o(t !23998231@$

&rth#r ays S#l+ber)er P#blisher of %he New /or, %ime( !239:823@2$

William S. Paley President of Col#mbia Broadcastin) System WCBSX !23758231@$

Ba-id Sarnoff President of .adio Cor*oration of &merica W.C&X !239;8231C$

arry 6. '#))enheim President of ?ewsdayD %.S. &mbassador to C#ba !237382399$

6rank &ltsch#l Partner of La+ard 6reres < Co. !232@8231:$

6rederick (. Warb#r) Partner of E#hn" Loeb < Co. !2392823C9$

BenNamin 0. B#ttenwieser Partner of E#hn" Loeb < Co. !2397823CC$

.obert Lehman Partner of Lehman Brothers WbankX !237:823@3$

0ames Pa#l Warb#r) Chairman of The Economic Cl#b of ?ew 4ork !23918239@$

0. .obert L**enheimer Birector of Los &lamos ?ational Laboratory !23198231:$D &tomic bomb scientist

La#rence &. Steinhardt %.S. &mbassador to So-iet %nion !239382312$ %.S. &mbassador to T#rkey !23178231:$

erbert . Lehman 'o-ernor of ?ew 4ork !239982317$

Ba-id B#binsky President of /nternational LadiesA 'arment WorkersA %nion !2397823@@$

&bram /. Elk#s %.S. &mbassador to the Lttoman Em*ire !Lctober 7" 232@8&*ril 7;" 232C$

Harvard University raduates & World War II

8ar6ard Uni6ersit" in Cambrid)e, ,assachusetts, U'4'/', near (oston

President 6ranklin Belano .oose-elt !&.B. ar-ard 23;1$ shakes hands with enry L. Stimson !(.&. ar-ard 2553$ at the White o#se on 0#ly 2;" 231; after the Senate confirmed his nomination as Secretary of War. !Bettmann=CL.B/S$

Prominent

ar-ard St#dents < Their Lcc#*ation d#rin) World War //

William Philli*s &.B. ar-ard 23;; %.S. &mbassador to 6ascist /taly !239@82312$

0ose*h C. 'rew &.B. ar-ard 23;7 %.S. &mbassador to /m*erial 0a*an !239782312$

6ranklin B. .oose-elt &.B. ar-ard 23;1 President of the %nited States !23998231:$

6rancis Biddle &.B. ar-ard 23;3D LL.B. ar-ard 2322 %.S. &ttorney 'eneral !23128231:$

S#mner Welles &.B. ar-ard 2321 %nder Secretary of State !239C82319$

Leland arrison &.B. ar-ard 23;C %.S. (inister to Swit+erland !239C8231C$

Thomas . (cEittrick &.B. ar-ard 2322 President of the Bank for /nternational Settlements !231;8231@$

0ose*h P. Eennedy &.B. ar-ard 2327 %.S. &mbassador to 'reat Britain !23958231;$

Lincoln (ac,ea)h &.B. ar-ard 2329 %.S. (inister to 'reece !239982312" 23198231C$

Le-erett Saltonstall &.B. ar-ard 2321 'o-ernor of (assach#setts !23938231:$

Cass Canfield &.B. ar-ard 2323 President of ar*er < Brothers !23928231:$

.o)er ?ash Baldwin &.B. ar-ard 23;1 6o#nder and Birector of &merican Ci-il Liberties %nion !232C823:;$

0ames B. Conant &.B. ar-ard 2329D Ph.B. ar-ard 232@ President of ar-ard %ni-ersity !2399823:9$

Wallace Brett Bonham &.B. ar-ard 2535D LL.B. ar-ard 23;2 Bean of ar-ard B#siness School !232382317$

Learned and &.B. ar-ard 2539D LL.B. ar-ard 253@ 0#d)e of the %.S. Co#rt of &**eals for the Second Circ#it !2371823:2$

T.,. Soon) &.B. ar-ard 232: 6orei)n (inister of the .e*#blic of China !23178231:$

Shi)eaki /keda Wformerly Seihin /kedaX &.B. ar-ard 253: 'o-ernor of the Bank of 0a*an !239C$D 6inance (inister of 0a*an !239582393$

Ernst P#t+i anfstaen)l &.B. ar-ard 23;3 &dolf itlerAs *ersonal ad-iser

0. .obert L**enheimer &.B. ar-ard 237: Birector of Los &lamos ?ational Laboratory !23198231:$D &tomic bomb scientist

Walter S. 'ifford &.B. ar-ard 23;: President of &merican Tele*hone and Tele)ra*h Co. W&T<TX !237:82315$

0ames P. Warb#r) &.B. ar-ard 232C ,ice Chairman of the board of Bank of (anhattan

6rederick (. Warb#r) &.B. ar-ard 2323 Partner of E#hn" Loeb < Co. !2392823C9$

Winthro* W. &ldrich &.B. ar-ard 23;C LL.B. ar-ard 232; Chairman of the board of Chase ?ational Bank !2391823:9$

Thomas W. Lamont &.B. ar-ard 2537 Chairman of the board of 0.P. (or)an < Co." /nc. !231982315$

0ames . Perkins &.B. ar-ard 2535 Chairman of the board of ?ational City Bank of ?ew 4ork !23998231;$

Perci-al 6. Br#nda)e &.B. ar-ard 2321 Partner of Price Waterho#se < Co. Wacco#ntin) firm in ?ew 4ork CityX !239;823:1$

Clarence Billon &.B. ar-ard 23;: Chairman of Billon" .ead < Co.

0.P. 0ack (or)an 0r. &.B. ar-ard 2553 Chairman of the board of 0.P. (or)an < Co." /nc. !232982319$

enry S. (or)an &.B. ar-ard 2379 Partner of 0.P. (or)an < Co." /nc. !23758239:$

0#ni#s S. (or)an &.B. ar-ard 2321 Partner of 0.P. (or)an < Co. !23238231;$

Peter 'oelet 'erry &.B. ar-ard 23;2 %.S. Senator !B8.hode /sland" 232C8 2373D 239:8231C$

enry Cabot Lod)e 0r. &.B. ar-ard 2371 %.S. Senator !.8(ass." 239C82311" 231C823:9$

'eor)e Wilhelm (erck &.B. ar-ard 232: President of (erck < Co." /nc. !237:823:;$

.ichard B. Wi))lesworth &.B. ar-ard 2327 %.S. Con)ressman !.8(ass." 2375823:5$

.o)er B. La*ham &.B. ar-ard 23;: (ayor of San 6rancisco" California !231182315$

8ar6ard )raduate Ernst HPut0iI 8anfstaen)l 1left2 a33ears with /dolf 8itler

ar-ard %ni-ersity 'rad#ates and Their Lcc#*ation d#rin) World War // !23938231:$ 'o-ernment Lfficials: 6ranklin Belano .oose-elt !&.B. 23;1$ I President of the %nited States !(arch 1" 23998&*ril 27" 231:$ 6rancis Biddle !&.B. 23;3D LL.B. 2322$ I %.S. &ttorney 'eneral !&#)#st 7@" 231280#ne 7@" 231:$D Solicitor 'eneral of the %.S. !231;82312$ S#mner Welles !&.B. 2321$ I %nder %.S. Secretary of State !(ay 72" 239C8Se*tember 9;" 2319$ '. owland Shaw !&.B. 232:$ I &sst. Secretary of State !231282311$D Chief of State Be*t. Bi-ision of 6orei)n Ser-ice Personnel !239C82312$ William Philli*s !&.B. 23;;$ I %.S. &mbassador to 6ascist /taly !?o-ember 1" 239@8Lctober @" 2312$ 0ose*h C. 'rew !&.B. 23;7$ I %.S. &mbassador to /m*erial 0a*an !0#ne 21" 23978Becember 5" 2312$ 'eor)e &nderson 'ordon !&.B. 23;@$ I %.S. (inister to the ?etherlands !Se*tember 2;" 239C80#ly 2@" 231;$ Leland arrison !&.B. 23;C$ I %.S. (inister to Swit+erland !Se*tember 2;" 239C8Lctober 21" 231C$ 0ose*h P. Eennedy !&.B. 2327$ I %.S. &mbassador to 'reat Britain !(arch 5" 23958Lctober 77" 231;$ Ba-id 'ray !&.B. 2537$ I %.S. (inister to /reland !&*ril 2:" 231;80#ne 75" 231C$ Lincoln (ac,ea)h !&.B. 2329$ I %.S. (inister to 'reece !239982312" 23198231C$ 6ranklin (ott '#nther !&.B. 23;C$ I %.S. (inister to .omania !Lct. 79" 239C8Bec. 27" 2312$D died at B#charest" .omania on Bec. 77" 2312 0ohn Cam*bell White !&.B. 23;C$ I %.S. &mbassador to aiti !231282311$D %.S. &mbassador to Per# !23118231:$D Co#nselor at the &merican Embassy in Berlin" 'ermany !23998239:$D %.S. Cons#l 'eneral in Calc#tta" /ndia !239:82393$D %.S. Cons#l 'eneral in (orocco !231;82312$ .. enry ?orweb !&.B. 232@$ I %.S. &mbassador to Per# !231;82319$D %.S. &mbassador to Port#)al !23198231:$ &rth#r Chester 6rost !&.B. 23;3$ I %.S. Cons#l 'eneral in P#rich" Swit+erland !23918231;$D %.S. Cons#l 'eneral in Barcelona" S*ain !231;8 2319$D %.S. Cons#l 'eneral in Toronto" Canada !23118231C$ .ichard 6. Boyce !&.B. 2325$ I %.S. Cons#l 'eneral in a-ana" C#ba !23118231@$D Cons#l at 4okohama" 0a*an !23998231;$ /r-in) ?elson Linnell !&.B. 23;1D LL.B. 23;C$ I %.S. Cons#l 'eneral in 4okohama" 0a*an !Becember 3" 231;8Becember 5" 2312$D %.S. Cons#l 'eneral in Canton" China !0#ly 239@8?o-ember 2395$D %.S. Cons#l 'eneral in Pra)#e" Bohemia W?a+i 'ermanyX !(arch 23938&#)#st 231;$D %.S. Cons#l 'eneral in L#anda" &n)ola !?o-ember 23178Se*tember 2319$D %.S. Cons#l 'eneral in Ca*e Town" So#th &frica !23978239:" 23198?o-ember 2311$ Lynn .amsay Edminster !&.B. 232@$ I (ember !2317823:@$ and ,ice Chairman !2317823:9$ of the %.S. Tariff Commission La#rence B#))an !B.&. 237C$ I %.S. State Be*artment Chief of Bi-ision of the &merican .e*#blics !239:82311$ erbert 6eis !&.B. 232@" Ph.B. 2372$ I State Be*artment &d-iser on /nternational Economic &ffairs !239C82319$ Ba-id B. Lloyd !B.&. 2392D LL.B. 239:$ I &ssistant 'eneral Co#nsel of 6orei)n Economic &dministration !23118231:$ La#rence (an#el Lombard !&.B. 232CD LL.B. 2372$ I &ssistant 'eneral Co#nsel" Solicitor" and 'eneral Co#nsel of War Prod#ction Board !23178231:$ enry Cabot Lod)e 0r. !B.&. 2371$ I %.S. Senator !.e*#blican8(assach#setts" 239C82311" 231C823:9$ amilton 6ish !&.B. 232;$ I %.S. Con)ressman !.e*#blican8?ew 4ork" 237;8231:$ 0ose*h Clark Baldwin !&.B. 237;$ I %.S. Con)ressman !.e*#blican8?ew 4ork" 23128231C$D (ember of ?ew 4ork City Co#ncil !239C82312$ .ichard B. Wi))lesworth !&.B. 2327$ I %.S. Con)ressman !.e*#blican8(assach#setts" 2375823:5$ Thomas . Eliot !B.&. 2375" LL.B. 2397$ I %.S. Con)ressman !Bemocrat8(assach#setts !231282319$D chairman of the a**eals committee" ?ational War Labor Board !231982311$ Lawrence Lewis !&.B. 23;2" LL.B. 23;3$ I %.S. Con)ressman !Bemocrat8Colorado" 239982319$ .obert Winthro* Eean !&.B. 232:$ I %.S. Con)ressman !.e*#blican8?ew 0ersey" 2393823:3$ .obert Br#ce Chi*erfield !&.B. 2377$ I %.S. Con)ressman !.e*#blican8/llinois" 2393823@9$ Learned and !&.B. 2539" LL.B. 253@$ I 0#d)e of the %.S. Co#rt of &**eals for the Second Circ#it W?ew 4ork CityX !2371823:2$ &#)#st#s ?oble and !&.B. 253;" LL.B. 2531$ I 0#d)e of the %.S. Co#rt of &**eals for the Second Circ#it !2375823:9$ William Clark !&.B. 2322" LL.B. 232:$ I 0#d)e of the %.S. Co#rt of &**eals for the Third Circ#it WPhiladel*hiaX !239582319$ 6rancis 0ose*h William 6ord !&.B. 23;1" LL.B. 23;@$ I 0#d)e of the %.S. Bistrict Co#rt for the Bistrict of (assach#setts !2395823C7$ Charles E. Wy+anski 0r. !B.&. 237C" LL.B. 239;$ I 0#d)e of the %.S. Bistrict Co#rt for the Bistrict of (assach#setts !2312823C2$ 6rancis 'ordon Caffey !&.B. 2532$ I 0#d)e of the %.S. Bistrict Co#rt for the So#thern Bistrict of ?ew 4ork !23738231C$ William Caldwell Coleman !&.B. 23;:" LL.B. 23;3$ I 0#d)e of the %.S. Bistrict Co#rt for the Bistrict of (aryland !237C823::$ Le-erett Saltonstall !&.B. 2321$ I 'o-ernor of (assach#setts !23938231:$ Charles Poletti !B.&. 2371" LL.B. 2375$ I 'o-ernor of ?ew 4ork !2317$D Lie#tenant 'o-ernor of ?ew 4ork !239382317$D Senior Ci-il officer" &llied (ilitary 'o-ernment in Sicily" /taly !0#ly 231982311$D Senior Ci-il officer" &llied (ilitary 'o-ernment in ?a*les" /taly !2311$ .o)er B. La*ham !&.B. 23;:$ I (ayor of San 6rancisco !231182315$D Chairman of &merican awaiian Steamshi* Co. !239582319$ Sidney St. 6eli> Tha>ter !&.B. 23;1D LL.B. 23;C$ I 0#stice of the S#*reme 0#dicial Co#rt of (aine !239;823:5$ Bankers: Thomas . (cEittrick !&.B. 2322$ I President of the Bank for /nternational Settlements !231;8231@$ Thomas W. Lamont !&.B. 2537$ I Chairman of the board of 0.P. (or)an < Co." /nc. !231982315$ Thomas S. Lamont !&.B. 2372$ I Partner of 0.P. (or)an < Co. !23738231;$D ,ice President of 0.P. (or)an < Co. !231;823:9$ 0ames . Perkins !&.B. 2535$ I Chairman of the board of ?ational City Bank of ?ew 4ork !23998231;$ Clarence Billon !&.B. 23;:$ I Chairman of Billon" .ead < Co. Winthro* W. &ldrich !&.B. 23;CD LL.B. 232;$ I Chairman of Chase ?ational Bank !2391823:9$D Tr#stee" .ockefeller 6o#ndation !239:823:2$ 0#ni#s S. (or)an !&.B. 2321$ I Partner of 0.P. (or)an < Co. !23238231;$ Pa#l (yer (a+#r !&.B. 2321$ I Partner of Lehman Brothers !237C823@3$ Walter E. Sachs !&.B. 23;1$ I (ember of 'oldman" Sachs < Co. !232;823:3$ 6rederick (. Warb#r) !&.B. 2323$ I Partner of E#hn" Loeb < Co. !2392823C9$ enry S. (or)an !&.B. 2379$ I Partner of 0.P. (or)an < Co." /nc. !23758239:$D Treas#rer of (or)an Stanley < Co. !239:82312$ William &. Barron 0r. !&.B. 2321$ I Partner of White" Weld < Co. Win-estment bankin) firm in ?ew 4ork CityX !23218231:$ arold Tredway White !&.B. 253C$ I Partner of White" Weld < Co. !232@823:9$ ?orwood Penrose allowell !&.B. 253C$ I Chairman of the board !231;82317$ and President !231782315$ of Lee" i))inson Cor*. Thomas Prince Beal !&.B. 23;1$ I President of Second ?ational Bank of Boston !2379823:;$

'#y Emerson !&.B. 23;5" LL.B. 2322$ I ,ice President of Bankers Tr#st Com*any !23798231C$ 0ohn L. Loeb Sr. !B.S. 2371$ I Partner of Loeb" .hoades < Co. W?ew 4ork City brokera)e firmX !2392823::$ 6rancis Calley 'ray !&.B. 2327D LL.B. 232:$ I ,ice President of 6id#ciary Tr#st Co. WBostonX !239782311$D President of 6id#ciary Tr#st Co. WBostonX !2311823:C$ Leo . Leary !&.B. 23;:" LL.B. 23;5$ I ,ice President of Boston (#t#al Life /ns#rance Co. !231;823@@$ enry S. Bennison !&.B. 2533$ I Be*#ty Chairman of the 6ederal .eser-e Bank of Boston !23958231:$ &llan 6orbes !&.B. 253C$ I Class & Birector of the 6ederal .eser-e Bank of Boston !2395823:;$ B#sinessmen: arry Bertram i))ins !&.B. 23;1$ I E>ec#ti-e ,ice President !231782311$ and President !2311823::$ of Pittsb#r)h Plate 'lass Com*any Walter S. 'ifford !&.B. 23;:$ I President of &merican Tele*hone and Tele)ra*h Co. W&T<TX !237:82315$" Tr#stee of the .ockefeller 6o#ndation !239@823:;$ &rth#r W. Pa)e !&.B. 23;:$ I ,ice President of &merican Tele*hone and Tele)ra*h Co. W&T<TX !237C8231C$ Sam#el &. Welldon !&.B. 23;1" LL.B. 23;5$ I Birector of &merican Tele*hone and Tele)ra*h Co. W&T<TX !2392823:3$ ?icholas Eelley !&.B. 23;:" LL.B. 23;3$ I ,ice President and 'eneral Co#nsel of Chrysler Cor*. !239C823:C$ Perci-al 6. Br#nda)e !&.B. 2321$ I Partner of Price Waterho#se < Co. Wacco#ntin) firm in ?ew 4ork CityX !239;823:1$ Walter . Wheeler 0r. !&.B. 2325$ I President of Pitney8Bowes" /nc. !2395823@;$ Cass Canfield !&.B. 2323$ I President of ar*er < Brothers Wlater ar*er < .owX !23928231:$ 0ack /. Stra#s !&.B. 2372$ I President of .. . (acy < Co. W(acyAs Be*artment StoreX !231;823:@$ &mory o#)hton !&.B. 2372$ I Chairman of the board of Cornin) 'lass Works !2312823@2$ 0ohn &. Payne !&.B. 2372" (.B.&. 237:$ I President of Consolidated Co**ermines Cor*. W?ew 4ork CityX !231;8231C$ Lscar 'ottfried (ayer !&.B. 23;3$ I President of Lscar (ayer < Co. Wmeat*ackin) com*any in Chica)oX !2375823::$ 'eor)e Wilhelm (erck !&.B. 232:$ I President of (erck < Co." /nc. W*harmace#tical com*anyX !237:823:;$ Edward Bana !&.B. 23;5$ I President of Boston Ele-ated .ailway !239C8231C$ William 'race olloway !&.B. 23;5$ I Treas#rer of W... 'race < Co. !239@82315$D ,ice President of W... 'race < Co. !23778231:$ (errill 'riswold !&.B. 23;C" LL.B. 2322$ I Chairman of the (assach#setts /n-estors Tr#st !2397823:9$D Chairman of (assach#setts /n-estors 'rowth Stock 6#nd" /nc. !2391823:9$D director of 0ohn ancock (#t#al Life /ns#rance Co.D director of Pan8&merican World &irways arry Lo#is 6re-ert !&.B. 23;:" Ph.B. 23;5$ I President !239282319$ and Chairman of the board !231982311$ of (id-ale Co. Wsteel com*anyX Pearson E. ?eaman !B.&. 2371" LL.B. 237C$ I Secretary of 6ree*ort S#l*h#r Co. !239;8231C$ 0ames 6. Brownlee !&.B. 2329$ I President of 6rankfort Bistilleries" /nc. !239:82319$D Be*#ty &dministrator of Lffice of Price &dministration !23198231:$D Birector of Pillsb#ry (ills" /nc.D Birector of .. . (acy < Co.D Birector of &merican E>*ress Co.D Birector of 'illette Safety .a+or Co.D Birector of Bank of (anhattan Lawyers: 'eor)e &. Brownell !&.B. 2323" LL.B. 2377$ I Partner of Ba-is" Polk < Wardwell Wlaw firm in ?ew 4ork CityX !239;823C7$ 6rederick &#)#st Ltto Schwar+ !B.&. 2371D LL.B. 237C$ I Partner of Ba-is" Polk < Wardwell Wlaw firm in ?ew 4ork CityX !239:823C1$ Sanford .E. 6re#nd !&.B. 23;2" LL.B. 23;9$ I (ember of Shearman < Sterlin) Wlaw firm in ?ew 4ork CityX !2379823:1$ Pa#l '. Pennoyer !&.B. 2321" LL.B. 232C$ I Partner of White < Case Wlaw firm in ?ew 4ork CityX !2375823C2$ .obert Ba-id Steefel !&.B. 2377" LL.B. 2371$ I Partner of Stroock < Stroock < La-an Wlaw firm in ?ew 4ork CityX !239C823C3$ &lan (a>well Stroock !&.B. 2373$ I Partner of Stroock < Stroock < La-an Wlaw firm in ?ew 4ork CityX !239382359$ .oland L. .edmond !&.B. 232:" LL.B. Col#mbia 232C$ I (ember of Carter" Ledyard < (ilb#rn Wlaw firm in ?ew 4ork CityX !237:823::$ Charles Lli-er Pen)ra !&.B. 2327D LL.B. 2321$ I (ember of Choate" all < Stewart Wlaw firm in BostonX !237;823@;$ Charles (oorfield Storey !&.B. 2327D LL.B. 232:$ I Partner of Peabody" Brown" .owley < Storey Wlaw firm in BostonX !237;823C3$D L-erseer of ar-ard %ni-ersity !231:823:2$D &**eal &)ent of Selecti-e Ser-ice !23128231C" 23@7823@3$ 'eor)e Phili* Ba-is !&.B. 2321" LL.B. 232C$ I Partner of ?#tter" (cClennan < 6ish Wlaw firm in BostonX !237382359$ arold T. Ba-is !&.B. 2325" LL.B. 2372$ I Partner of ?#tter" (cClennan < 6ish Wlaw firm in BostonX !2373823C@$ Walter . (oses !&.B. 2325D LL.B. 2372$ I (ember of (oses" Bachrach < Eennedy Wlaw firm in Chica)oX !237:8239;" 2393823:3$ 'oldthwaite . Borr !&.B. 253C$ I S*ecial &ssistant to the Secretary of War d#rin) World War //D Wall Street lawyer 'eor)e .#blee !&.B. 253;" LL.B. 253:$ I (ember of Co-in)ton" B#rlin) < .#blee Wlaw firm in Washin)ton" B.C.X !23728c.231@$D L-erseer of ar-ard %ni-ersity !239582311$ Colle)e &dministrators and Professors: arrison Clifford Bale !&.B. 23;C$ I President of %ni-ersity of /daho !239C8231@$ 0ames B. Conant !&.B. 2329D Ph.B. 232@$ I President of ar-ard %ni-ersity !2399823:9$ Wallace Brett Bonham !&.B. 2535D LL.B. 23;2$ I Bean of ar-ard B#siness School !232382317$ B#)ald Caleb 0ackson 0r. !&.B. 232C$ I Bean of the Colle)e of En)ineerin) at %ni-ersity of ?otre Bame WSo#th Bend" /ndianaX !23938231:$ William L. Lan)er !&.B. 232:D Ph.B. 2379$ I Coolid)e Professor of istory at ar-ard %ni-ersity !239@823@1$ &rth#r Stanley Pease !&.B. 23;7" &.(. 23;9" Ph.B. 23;:$ I Professor of Latin at ar-ard %ni-ersity !2397823:;$ Walter Barton Leach !B.&. 2372" LL.B. 2371$ I Professor of Law at ar-ard Law School !2392823@3$ &bbott Payson %sher !&.B. 23;1" &.(. 23;@" Ph.B. 232;$ I Professor of Economics at ar-ard %ni-ersity !239@82313$ Ba-id &. (cCabe !&.B. 23;1" Ph.B. 0ohns o*kins 23;3$ I Professor of Economics at Princeton %ni-ersity !2323823:7$ Eliot '. (ears !&.B. 232;D (.B.&. 2327$ I Professor of 'eo)ra*hy and /nternational Trade at Stanford %ni-ersity !237:8231@$D Bohemian Cl#b 'ilbert ?ewton Lewis !&.B. 253@D Ph.B. 2533$ I Professor of Physical Chemistry at %ni-ersity of California at Berkeley !23278231@$ &lain Le.oy Locke !&.B. 23;C" Ph.B. 2325$ I Professor of Philoso*hy at oward %ni-ersity !232C823:9$ (itchell 6ranklin !&.B. 2377" LL.B. 237:$ I W... /rby Professor of Law at T#lane %ni-ersity !239;823@C$ (arshall ar-ey Stone !&.B. 2377D (.&. 2371D Ph.B. 237@$ I Professor of (athematics at ar-ard %ni-ersity !239C8231@$ (iscellaneo#s: enry 0ames !&.B. 2533D LL.B. 23;1$ I Chairman of the board of Teachers /ns#rance and &nn#ity &ssociation WT/&&X !23918231C$ Edward C. Carter !&.B. 23;;$ I Secretary 'eneral of /nstit#te of Pacific .elations !23998231@$D President of the .#ssian .elief !2312823:;$ .o)er ?ash Baldwin !&.B. 23;1$ I 6o#nder and Birector of &merican Ci-il Liberties %nion !232C823:;$

Laird Bell !&.B. 23;1" 0.B. %ni-. of Chica)o 23;C$ I President of Chica)o Co#ncil on 6orei)n .elations !239C82393$D President of Commercial Cl#b of Chica)o !231982311$ Walter Taylor 6isher !&.B. 2329" LL.B. 232C$ I President of the Chica)o Co#ncil on 6orei)n .elations !23118231@$ 'ilbert ,. Seldes !&.B. 2321$ I Birector of tele-ision *ro)rams at Col#mbia Broadcastin) System !CBS$ !239C8231:$ 0. .obert L**enheimer !&.B. 237:D Ph.B. 'ottin)en %ni-ersity W'ermanyX 237C$ I Birector of Los &lamos ?ational Laboratory !23198231:$D &tomic bomb scientist Ba-id (ordecai Le-y !&.B. 2321" (.B. %ni-ersity of Chica)o 2325$ I cons#ltin) *sychiatrist in *ersonnel" Lffice of Strate)ic Ser-ices !23118 231:$D Birector of /nformation Control Bi-ision" Screenin) Center in 'ermany !231:8231@$ &le> Small !&.B. 232C$ I 6orei)n and War Corres*ondent at the Chica-o %ribune Wnews*a*erX !2391823@:$ Sin)leton Peabody (oorehead !&.B. 2377$ I Besi)ner of Colonial Williamsb#r)" /nc. !2375823@1$ Ernst 6ran+ P#t+i anfstaen)l !&.B. 23;3$ I &dolf itlerAs *ersonal ad-iser Edm#nd (a#rice B#rke .oche !&.B. 23;3$ I British (ember of Parliament !23718239:" 23198231:$D )randfather of Princess Biana of Wales Shi)eaki /keda Wformerly Seihin /kedaX !&.B. 253:$ I 'o-ernor of the Bank of 0a*an !239C$D 0a*anese (inister of 6inance !239582393$D (ember of the /m*erial Pri-y Co#ncil !2312$ Edm#nd E. Bay !Ph.B. 23;3$ I President of Cornell %ni-ersity !239C82313$ 6ranklyn Bliss Snyder !Ph.B. 23;3D &.(. 23;C$ I President of ?orthwestern %ni-ersity !239382313$ Ernest . Wilkins !Ph.B. 232;$ I President of Lberlin Colle)e !237C8231@$ Cloyd eck (ar-in !Ph.B. 2323D &.(. 232C$ I President of 'eor)e Washin)ton %ni-ersity !237C823:5$ enry (. Wriston !Ph.B. 2377$ I President of Brown %ni-ersity !239C823::$ 0ames P. Ba>ter /// !Ph.B. 237@D &.(. 2379$ I President of Williams Colle)e !239C823@2$ Sam#el S. Stratton !Ph.B. 239;$ I President of (iddleb#ry Colle)e !2319823@9$ 'ordon Eeith Chalmers !Ph.B. 2399$ I President of Eenyon Colle)e !239C823:@$ Edwin BeWitt Bickinson !Ph.B. 2325$ I Bean of %ni-ersity of California at Berkeley School of Law !239@82315$ La#chlin C#rrie !Ph.B. 2392$ I &ssistant Birector of .esearch and Statistics" 6ederal .eser-e Board !239182393$ arry Be>ter White !Ph.B. 239:$ I Co86o#nder of the World Bank and /nternational (onetary 6#nd &llen Wardwell !LL.B. 2535$ I (ember of Ba-is" Polk < Wardwell Wlaw firm in ?ew 4ork CityX !23;3823:9$ 6eli> 6rankf#rter !LL.B. 23;@$ I 0#stice of the %.S. S#*reme Co#rt !2393823@7$ Wallace Tre-or olliday !LL.B. 23;5$ I President of Standard Lil Co. of Lhio !237582313$ /r-in) S. Llds !LL.B. 232;$ I Chairman of the board of %nited States Steel Cor*. !231;823:7$ Charles Tilford (cCormick !LL.B. 2327$ I Bean of %ni-ersity of Te>as Law School !231;82313$ 'eor)e L. arrison !LL.B. 2329$ I President of ?ew 4ork Life /ns#rance Co. !231282315$ .obert &. Taft !LL.B. 2329$ I %.S. Senator !.e*#blican Party8Lhio" 2393823:9$ &le>ander C. Eirk !LL.B. 2321$ I %.S. (inister to E)y*t !231282311$D %.S. &mbassador to /taly !231:8231@$ 0ohn 0. (cCloy !LL.B. 2372$ I &ssistant %.S. Secretary of War !23128231:$ 0ames L. 6ly !LL.B. 237@$ I Chairman of 6ederal Comm#nications Commission !239382311$ William enry astie !LL.B. 239;$ I Bean of oward %ni-ersity School of Law !23938231@$

Prominent ar-ard %ni-ersity 'rad#ates and Their Lcc#*ation d#rin) World War // &#)#st#s ?oble and !&.B. 253;" LL.B. 2531$ I 0#d)e of the %.S. Co#rt of &**eals for the Second Circ#it !2375823:9$ 6rancis 'ordon Caffey !&.B. 2532$ I 0#d)e of the %.S. Bistrict Co#rt for the So#thern Bistrict of ?ew 4ork !23738231C$ Thomas W. Lamont !&.B. 2537$ I Chairman of the board of 0.P. (or)an < Co." /nc. !231982315$D Partner of 0.P. (or)an < Co. !232282315$ Ba-id 'ray !&.B. 2537$ I %.S. (inister to /reland !231;8231C$ Learned and !&.B. 2539" LL.B. 253@$ I 0#d)e of the %.S. Co#rt of &**eals for the Second Circ#it !2371823:2$ 'eor)e . Tinkham !&.B. 2531$ I %.S. Con)ressman !.e*#blican8(assach#setts" 232:82319$ +higea$i I$eda 42ormerl( +eihin I$eda5 (67#7 189!" 9 3o0ernor o2 the #an$ o2 ,apan (193:"; Finance Minister o2 ,apan (1938-1939" &llan 6orbes !&.B. 253C$ I Class & Birector of the 6ederal .eser-e Bank of Boston !2395823:;$ Wallace Brett Bonham !&.B. 2535D LL.B. 23;2$ I Bean of ar-ard B#siness School !232382317$ 0ames . Perkins !&.B. 2535$ I Chairman of the board of ?ational City Bank of ?ew 4ork !23998231;$ enry 0ames !&.B. 2533D LL.B. 23;1$ I Chairman of the board of Teachers /ns#rance and &nn#ity &ssociation WT/&&X !23918231C$ Edward C. Carter !&.B. 23;;$ I Secretary 'eneral of /nstit#te of Pacific .elations !23998231@$D President of the .#ssian .elief !2312823:;$ William Philli*s !&.B. 23;;$ I %.S. &mbassador to 6ascist /taly !239@82312$ Peter 'oelet 'erry !&.B. 23;2$ I %.S. Senator !Bemocrat8.hode /sland" 232C82373D 239:8231C$ Lawrence Lewis !&.B. 23;2" LL.B. 23;3$ I %.S. Con)ressman !Bemocrat8Colorado" 239982319$ 0ose*h C. 'rew !&.B. 23;7$ I %.S. &mbassador to /m*erial 0a*an !239782312$D %nder Secretary of State !23118231:$ &rth#r Stanley Pease !&.B. 23;7" &.(. 23;9" Ph.B. 23;:$ I Professor of Latin at ar-ard %ni-ersity !2397823:;$ 'eor)e .obb Ellison !&.B. 23;9$ I 0#stice of the S#*reme Co#rt of (isso#ri !2392823:C$ Fran$lin <elano Roose0elt (67#7 19= " 9 1resident o2 the >nited +tates (1933-19 !" Ir0ing )elson &innell (67#7 19= ; &&7#7 19=:" 9 >7+7 Consul 3eneral in *o$ohama? ,apan (<ecember 9? 19 =-<ecember 8? 19 1" Walter E. Sachs !&.B. 23;1$ I (ember of 'oldman" Sachs < Co. !232;823:3$ .o)er ?ash Baldwin !&.B. 23;1$ I 6o#nder and Birector of &merican Ci-il Liberties %nion !232C823:;$ 6rancis 0ose*h William 6ord !&.B. 23;1" LL.B. 23;@$ I 0#d)e of the %.S. Bistrict Co#rt for the Bistrict of (assach#setts !2395823C7$ arry Bertram i))ins !&.B. 23;1$ I E>ec#ti-e ,ice President !231782311$ and President !2311823::$ of Pittsb#r)h Plate 'lass Co. Laird Bell !&.B. 23;1$ I President of Chica)o Co#ncil on 6orei)n .elations !239C82393$D President of Commercial Cl#b of Chica)o !2319811$ Walter S. 'ifford !&.B. 23;:$ I President of &merican Tele*hone and Tele)ra*h Co. W&T<TX !237:82315$ &rth#r W. Pa)e !&.B. 23;:$ I ,ice President of &merican Tele*hone and Tele)ra*h Co. W&T<TX !237C8231C$ ?icholas Eelley !&.B. 23;:" LL.B. 23;3$ I ,ice President and 'eneral Co#nsel of Chrysler Cor*. !239C823:C$ Clarence Billon !&.B. 23;:$ I Chairman of the board of Billon" .ead < Co. Wbank in ?ew 4ork CityX .o)er B. La*ham !&.B. 23;:$ I (ayor of San 6rancisco" California !231182315$ 'eor)e &nderson 'ordon !&.B. 23;@$ I %.S. (inister to the ?etherlands !239C8231;$ Winthro* W. &ldrich !&.B. 23;CD LL.B. 232;$ I Chairman of Chase ?ational Bank !2391823:9$D Tr#stee" .ockefeller 6o#ndation !239:823:2$ Clarence . arin) !&.B. 23;CD Ph.B. 232@$ I .obert Woods Bliss Prof. of Latin &merican istory and Economics at ar-ard %ni-. !23798:9$ 0ohn Cam*bell White !&.B. 23;C$ I %.S. Cons#l 'eneral in (orocco !231;82312$D %.S. &mbassador to aiti !231282311$ Leland arrison !&.B. 23;C$ I %.S. (inister to Swit+erland !239C8231C$ .rnst Fran- @1ut-iA Ban2staengl (67#7 19=9" 9 6dol2 BitlerCs personal ad0iser Edm#nd (a#rice B#rke .oche !&.B. 23;3$ I British (ember of Parliament !23718239:" 23198231:$D )randfather of Princess Biana of Wales Francis #iddle (67#7 19=9; &&7#7 1911" 9 >7+7 6ttorne( 3eneral (19 1-19 !" &rth#r Chester 6rost !&.B. 23;3$ I %.S. Cons#l 'eneral in P#rich" Swit+erland !239181;$D %.S. Cons#l 'eneral in Barcelona" S*ain !231;819$ Lscar 'ottfried (ayer !&.B. 23;3$ I President of Lscar (ayer < Co. Wmeat*ackin) com*any in Chica)oX !2375823::$ amilton 6ish !&.B. 232;$ I %.S. Con)ressman !.e*#blican8?ew 4ork" 237;8231:$ Thomas . (cEittrick !&.B. 2322$ I President of the Bank for /nternational Settlements !231;8231@$ William Clark !&.B. 2322" LL.B. 232:$ I 0#d)e of the %.S. Co#rt of &**eals for the Third Circ#it !239582319$ Phili* C. ?ash !&.B. 2322$ I President of %ni-ersity of Toledo WLhioX !23998231C$ .ichard B. Wi))lesworth !&.B. 2327$ I %.S. Con)ressman !.e*#blican8(assach#setts" 2375823:5$ 0ose*h P. Eennedy !&.B. 2327$ I %.S. &mbassador to 'reat Britain !23958231;$ Lincoln (ac,ea)h !&.B. 2329$ I %.S. (inister to 'reece !239982312" 23198231C$ 0ames B. Conant !&.B. 2329D Ph.B. 232@$ I President of ar-ard %ni-ersity !2399823:9$ Le-erett Saltonstall !&.B. 2321$ I 'o-ernor of (assach#setts !23938231:$ S#mner Welles !&.B. 2321$ I %nder Secretary of State !239C82319$ 0#ni#s S. (or)an !&.B. 2321$ I Partner of 0.P. (or)an < Co. !23238231;$ Pa#l (yer (a+#r !&.B. 2321$ I Partner of Lehman Brothers Wbankin) firm in ?ew 4ork CityX !237C823@3$ Perci-al 6. Br#nda)e !&.B. 2321$ I Partner of Price Waterho#se < Co. Wacco#ntin) firm in ?ew 4ork CityX !239;823:1$ .obert Winthro* Eean !&.B. 232:$ I %.S. Con)ressman !.e*#blican8?ew 0ersey" 2393823:3$ William L. Lan)er !&.B. 232:D Ph.B. 2379$ I Coolid)e Professor of istory at ar-ard %ni-ersity !239@823@1$ 'eor)e Wilhelm (erck !&.B. 232:$ I President of (erck < Co." /nc. W*harmace#tical com*anyX !237:823:;$ T7D7 +oong (67#7 191!" 9 Foreign Minister o2 the Republic o2 China 4)ationalist China5 (19 E-19 !" .. enry ?orweb !&.B. 232@$ I %.S. &mbassador to Per# !231;82319$D %.S. &mbassador to Port#)al !23198231:$ 'eor)e &. Brownell !&.B. 2323" LL.B. 2377$ I Partner of Ba-is" Polk < Wardwell Wlaw firm in ?ew 4ork CityX !239;823C7$ Cass Canfield !&.B. 2323$ I President of ar*er < Brothers Wlater ar*er < .owX !23928231:$ 6rederick (. Warb#r) !&.B. 2323$ I Partner of E#hn" Loeb < Co. Wbankin) firm in ?ew 4ork CityX !2392823C9$ 0ose*h Clark Baldwin !&.B. 237;$ I %.S. Con)ressman !.e*#blican8?ew 4ork" 23128231C$D (ember of ?ew 4ork City Co#ncil !239C82312$ Thomas S. Lamont !&.B. 2372$ I Partner of 0.P. (or)an < Co. !23738231;$D ,ice President of 0.P. (or)an < Co. !231;823:9$ &mory o#)hton !&.B. 2372$ I Chairman of the board of Cornin) 'lass Works !2312823@2$ 0ack /. Stra#s !&.B. 2372$ I President of .. . (acy < Co. W(acyAs Be*artment StoreX !231;823:@$ .obert Br#ce Chi*erfield !&.B. 2377$ I %.S. Con)ressman !.e*#blican8/llinois" 2393823@9$ enry S. (or)an !&.B. 2379$ I Partner of 0.P. (or)an < Co." /nc. !23758239:$D Treas#rer of (or)an Stanley < Co. !239:82312$ enry Cabot Lod)e 0r. !&.B. 2371$ I %.S. Senator !.e*#blican8(assach#setts" 239C82311" 231C823:9$ 0. .obert L**enheimer !&.B. 237:D Ph.B. 'ottin)en %ni-ersity W'ermanyX 237C$ I Birector of Los &lamos ?ational Laboratory !23198231:$ Charles E. Wy+anski 0r. !&.B. 237C" LL.B. 239;$ I 0#d)e of the %.S. Bistrict Co#rt for the Bistrict of (assach#setts !2312823C2$

British Prime (inister Winston Ch#rchill !left$ and ar-ard President 0ames B. Conant are seen wearin) ca* and )own at ar-ard %ni-ersity in 2319. !Photo: .al*h (orse=Life (a)a+ine$

Yale Universi y !rad"a es & World War II

Brown Brothers arriman < Co. bankin) *artners !from left to ri)ht$ Thatcher (. Brown" .ay (orris" . B. Pennin)ton" Prescott S. B#sh" Thomas (cCance" and Eni)ht Woolley *ose for the camera at their office in ?ew 4ork City in 0#ly 231:. !Photo: erbert 'ehr=Time Life$ .ay (orris" Prescott S. B#sh" and Eni)ht Woolley were members of +$ull F #ones at 4ale %ni-ersity. Thatcher (. Brown and Thomas (cCance were members of Wol2Cs Bead at 4ale %ni-ersity.

Brown Brothers arriman < Co. *artner &-erell arriman a**ears with 0.P. (or)an < Co. banker Thomas W. Lamont !left$ and Wall Street attorney &llen Wardwell !ri)ht$ at a .#ssian War .elief dinner in 2312. &-erell arriman and &llen Wardwell were 4ale )rad#atesD Thomas W. Lamont was a ar-ard )rad#ate. !So#rce: %he Amba((ador )rom Wall Street+ %he Story o) %homa( W. 8amont, ;. 4. 9or-an<( Chie) E=ecutive by Edward (. Lamont$

1rominent *ale >ni0ersit( 3raduates and Their Occupation during World War II

6rank &ltsch#l B.&. 4ale 23;5 Partner of La+ard 6reres < Co. W0ewish bankin) firm in ?ew 4ork CityX !232@8231:$

.#ssell C. Leffin)well B.&. 4ale 2533 Partner of 0.P. (or)an < Co. !2379823:;$

enry L. Stimson B.&. 4ale 2555 %.S. Secretary of War !232282329" 231;8231:$

#)h .obert Wilson B.&. 4ale 23;@ %.S. &mbassador to ?a+i 'ermany !2395$

W. &-erell arriman B.&. 4ale 2329 %.S. &mbassador to the So-iet %nion !23198231@$

B. Brewster 0ennin)s B.&. 4ale 237; President of Socony8(obil Lil Co. !2311823::$

0#an Terry Tri**e Ph.B. 4ale 2372 President of Pan &merican World &irways" /nc. !237C823@1$

Bean '. &cheson B.&. 4ale 232: %nder Secretary of State !231:8231C$

E#)ene (eyer B.&. 4ale 253: P#blisher of %he Wa(hin-ton 4o(t Wnews*a*erX !23998231@$

&lfred L. &iken B.&. 4ale 2532 Chairman of the board !231;817$ and President !239@8231;$ of ?ew 4ork Life /ns#rance Co.

enry Waters Taft B.&. 4ale 255; Partner of Cadwalader" Wickersham < Taft Wlaw firm in ?ew 4ork CityX !25338231:$

6rank L. Polk B.&. 4ale 2531 (ember of Ba-is" Polk" Wardwell Wlaw firm in ?ew 4ork CityX !232182319$

&llen Wardwell B.&. 4ale 253: (ember of Ba-is" Polk" Wardwell !23;3823:9$

Charles (. S*offord B.&. 4ale 2371 (ember of Ba-is" Polk < Wardwell Wlaw firmX !231;823:;" 23:7823C9$

Thomas B. Thacher B.&. 4ale 23;1 Partner of Sim*son" Thacher < Bartlett Wlaw firm in ?ew 4ork CityX !239982319$

Charles Seymo#r B.&. 4ale 23;5 President of 4ale %ni-ersity !239C823:;$

.obert (aynard #tchins B.&. 4ale 2372 President of the %ni-ersity of Chica)o !23738231:$

.obert &. Taft B.&. 4ale 232; %.S. Senator !.8Lhio" 2393823:9$

0ames W. Wadsworth 0r. B.&. 4ale 2535 %.S. Con)ressman !.8?ew 4ork" 2399823:2$

0ohn (artin ,orys B.&. 4ale 2325 %.S. Con)ressman !.8Lhio" 2393823:3$

'eor)e L. arrison B.&. 4ale 232; President of the 6ederal .eser-e Bank of ?ew 4ork !23758231;$D President of ?ew 4ork Life /ns#rance Co. !231282315$

Prescott S. B#sh B.&. 4ale 232C Partner of Brown Brothers arriman < Co. !23928 23C7$D %.S. Senator !.8Conn." 23:7823@9$

E. .oland arriman B.&. 4ale 232C Partner of Brown Brothers arriman < Co. !2392823C5$

Eni)ht Woolley B.&. 4ale 232C Partner of Brown Brothers arriman < Co. !239282357$

arold Stanley B.&. 4ale 23;5 Partner of (or)an" Stanley < Co. !2312823::$

.obert &. Lo-ett B.&. 4ale 2325 &ssistant Secretary of War for &ir !23128231:$

&rtem#s L. 'ates B.&. 4ale 2325 &ssistant Secretary of the ?a-y for &ir !23128231:$

ar-ey . B#ndy B.&. 4ale 23;3 S*ecial &ssistant to the Secretary of War !23128231:$

William ,incent 'riffin B.&. 4ale 2327 &ssistant &dministrator of Lend8Lease &dmin. !231782311$

&rchibald (acLeish B.&. 4ale 232: Librarian of Con)ress !239382311$

W. St#art Symin)ton B.&. 4ale 2379 Chairman of the board of the Emerson Electric (an#fact#rin) Co. !23958231:$

enry 0ohn ein+ // B.&. 4ale 2392 President of .0. ein+ Com*any !2312823:3$

enry .. L#ce B.&. 4ale 237; Editor8in8Chief of %ime ma)a+ine !2379823@1$

.obert Lehman B.&. 4ale 2329 Partner of Lehman Brothers W0ewish bankin) firm in ?ew 4ork CityX !237:823@3$

Stanley 6. .eed B.&. 4ale 23;@ 0#stice of the %.S. S#*reme Co#rt !2395823:C$

4ale %ni-ersity 'rad#ates and Their Lcc#*ation d#rin) World War // !23938231:$ 'o-ernment Lfficials: [ enry L. Stimson !B.&. 2555" S<B 2555$ I Secretary of War !0#ly 2;" 231;8Se*tember 72" 231:$D %.S. Secretary of State !237382399$ omer S. C#mmin)s !Ph.B. 2532" LL.B. 2539$ I %.S. &ttorney 'eneral !239982393$ [W. &-erell arriman !B.&. 2329" S<B 2329$ I %.S. &mbassador to the So-iet %nion !Lctober 79" 231980an#ary 71" 231@$ [ #)h .. Wilson !B.&. 23;@" S<B 23;@$ I %.S. &mbassador to ?a+i 'ermany !(arch 9" 23958?o-ember 2@" 2395$D %.S. (inister to Swit+erland !237C8239C$ [William Christian B#llitt !B.&. 2327" S<E 2327$ I %.S. &mbassador to 6rance !239@8231;$D %.S. &mbassador to So-iet %nion !23998239@$ [S*r#ille Braden !Ph.B. 2321$ I %.S. &mbassador to Colombia !239382317$D %.S. &mbassador to C#ba !23178231:$D %.S. &mbassador to &r)entina !231:$ [&rth#r Bliss Lane !B.&. 232@$ I %.S. (inister to 4#)osla-ia !239C82312$D %.S. (inister to Costa .ica !231282317$D %.S. &mbassador to Colombia !231782311$D %.S. &mbassador to Poland !23118231C$ Lo#is 'oethe Breyf#s 0r. !B.&. 232;$ I %.S. (inister to /ran !231;82319$D %.S. (inister to &f)hanistan !(ay 23" 231280#ly 7" 2317$D %.S. (inister to /celand !23118231@$ &le>ander C. Eirk !B.&. 23;3$ I Char)J dA&ffaires ad interim to ?a+i 'ermany !(ay 23938Lct 231;$D %.S. (inister to E)y*t !231282311$D %.S. (inister to Sa#di &rabia !231782319$D %.S. &mbassador to 'reece !2319$D %.S. &mbassador to /taly !231:8231@$ [.obert &. Lo-ett !B.&. 2325" S<B 2325$ I &ssistant Secretary of War for &ir !23128231:$ [&rtem#s L. 'ates !B.&. 2325" S<B 2325$ I &ssistant Secretary of the ?a-y for &ir !23128231:$ [ ar-ey . B#ndy !B.&. 23;3" S<B 23;3$ I S*ecial &ssistant to the Secretary of War !23128231:$ [&rchibald (acLeish !B.&. 232:" S<B 232:$ I &sst. Sec. of State for P#blic and C#lt#ral .elations !231181:$D Librarian of Con)ress !2393811$ [Bean '. &cheson !B.&. 232:" S<E 232:$ I %nder Secretary of State !231:8231C$ 0ohn W. anes !B.&. 232:" S<E 232:$ I %nder Secretary of the Treas#ry !239582393$ [Wayne Chatfield8Taylor !B.&. 232@" S<E 232@$ I &sst. Secretary of the Treas#ry !239@82393$D %nder Secretary of Commerce !231;8231:$ Stanley Woodward !B.&. 2377" S<B 2377$ I Chief of Protocol for the White o#se !2311823:;$ &rth#r B. ,an B#skirk !B.&. 2325$ I Be*#ty &dministrator of Lend8Lease &dministration !231782319$ [William ,incent 'riffin !B.&. 2327" S<E 2327$ I &ssistant &dministrator of Lend8Lease &dministration !231782311$ Elbrid)e B#rbrow !Ph.B. 237@$ I Chief of Eastern E#ro*ean Bi-ision at the %.S. State Be*artment !23118231@$D Co#nselor of the %.S. Embassy in (oscow" So-iet %nion !231@82315$ 0. 'raham Parsons !B.&. 2373$ I ,ice Cons#l at %.S. Cons#late 'eneral in (#kden" (anch#ria !23958231;$ arold . Tittmann 0r. !B.&. 232@$ I Secretary of the %.S. Embassy in .ome" /taly !237:8239@$D %.S. Cons#l8'eneral in 'ene-a" Swit+erland !23938231;$D State Be*artment &ssistant Chief of Bi-ision for E#ro*ean &ffairs !239@82393$ 'eor)e Eenneth Bonald !B.&. 2327$ I %.S. Cons#l 'eneral in So#tham*ton" En)land !239C82312$D %.S. Cons#l 'eneral in Windsor" Canada !23128231:$D %.S. Cons#l 'eneral in Lo#renco (arK#es" (o+ambiK#e WPort#)alX !231:8231@$ oward Bono-an !Ph.B. 237;$ I %.S. Cons#l in Eobe" 0a*an !23738239@$D %.S. Cons#l in on) Eon) !239@82393$D %.S. Cons#l in Bombay" /ndia !23938231@$ .obert &. Taft !B.&. 232;" S<B 232;$ I %.S. Senator !.8Lhio" 2393823:9$ 0ohn &nthony Banaher !B.&. 237;$ I %.S. Senator !.8Connectic#t" 23938231:$ 0ohn Taber !B.&. 23;7$ I %.S. Con)ressman !.8?ew 4ork" 2379823@9$ 0ames Wolcott Wadsworth 0r. !B.&. 2535" S<B 2535$ I %.S. Con)ressman !.8?ew 4ork" 2399823:2$ 0ames &ndrew Shanley !B.&. 237;$ I %.S. Con)ressman !B8Connectic#t" 239:82319$ orace 0eremiah !0erry$ ,oorhis !B.&. 2379$ I %.S. Con)ressman !B8California" 239C8231C$ 0ohn (artin ,orys !B.&. 2325" S<B 2325$ I %.S. Con)ressman !.8Lhio" 2393823:3$ 0ohn Crain E#nkel !B.&. 232@$ I %.S. Con)ressman !.8Pennsyl-ania" 2393823:2" 23@2823@@$ Charles S. Bewey !B.&. 23;1$ I %.S. Con)ressman !.8/llinois" 23128231:$ .ichard Pillsb#ry 'ale !B.&. 2377$ I %.S. Con)ressman !.e*#blican8(innesota" 23128231:$ Stanley 6. .eed !B.&. 23;@$ I 0#stice of the %.S. S#*reme Co#rt !2395823:C$ Thomas Walter Swan !B.&. 23;;$ I 0#d)e of %.S. Co#rt of &**eals for the Second Circ#it !237@823:9$ Charles Edward Clark !B.&. 2322" LL.B. 2329$ I 0#d)e of %.S. Co#rt of &**eals for the Second Circ#it !2393823@9$ 0ohn (#nro Woolsey !B.&. 2535" S<E 2535$ I 0#d)e of %.S. Bistrict Co#rt for the So#thern Bistrict of ?ew 4ork !237382319$ &lfred Conklin) Co>e 0r. !B.&. 23;2$ I 0#d)e of the %.S. Bistrict Co#rt for the So#thern Bistrict of ?ew 4ork !2373823:2$ Carroll Clark incks !B.&. 2322$ I 0#d)e of the %.S. Bistrict Co#rt for the Bistrict of Connectic#t !2392823:9$ 0ohn 0ose*h Smith !B.&. 237:" LL.B. 237C$ I 0#d)e of the %.S. Bistrict Co#rt for the Bistrict of Connectic#t !2312823@;$ 0ohn 6oster Symes !Ph.B. 23;;$ I 0#d)e of the %.S. Bistrict Co#rt for the Bistrict of Colorado !2377823:;$ William 0osiah Tilson !B.&. 2531$ I 0#d)e of the %.S. C#stoms Co#rt !237582313$ 0ames Lawrence o#)htelin) !B.&. 23;:$ I %.S. Commissioner of /mmi)ration and ?at#rali+ation !239C8231;$D Bi-ision Birector of War 6inance Bi-ision" %.S. Treas#ry Be*artment !23128231@$D &ssistant to the %.S. Secretary of the Treas#ry !2312$ 0ohn arold .yan !B.&. 23;5$ I Secretary of The Standard T#be Co. !2375823@2$D &ssistant Birector in char)e of broadcastin)" %.S. Lffice of Censorshi* !231282311$D President of ?ational &ssociation of Broadcasters !23118231:$ (orris adley !B.&. 232@" S<B 232@$ I Be*#ty Birector of Lffice of War /nformation !231282317$ .ichard E. S#therland !B.&. 232@$ I %.S. &rmy Lie#tenant 'eneral d#rin) World War //D Chief of Staff to 'en. Bo#)las (ac&rth#r !23938231:$ Ernest Enaebel !B.&. 2531" LL.B. 253@$ I %.S. S#*reme Co#rt .e*orter of Becisions !232@82311$ Prentiss Bailey 'ilbert !B.&. 23;C$ I State Be*artment Chief of Bi-ision of Western E#ro*ean &ffairs !237182373$D %.S. Cons#l in 'ene-a" Swit+erland !239;8239C$D Co#nselor at %.S. Embassy in Berlin" ?a+i 'ermany !239C82393$ Wilmarth Sheldon Lewis !B.&. 2325" S<E 2325$ I Chief of information di-ision" Lffice of Strate)ic Ser-ices !231782319$ Thomas /rwin Emerson !B.&. 2375" LL.B. 2392$ I &ssociate 'eneral Co#nsel" Lffice of Price &dministration !231282319$D Be*#ty &dministrator for Enforcement" Lffice of Price &dministration !23198231:$D 'eneral Co#nsel" Lffice of Economic Stabili+ation !&*ril8&#)#st 231:$D 'eneral Co#nsel" Lffice of War (obili+ation and .econ-ersion !&#)#st 231:80#ne 231@$ William (. (altbie !B.&. 23;2" LL.B. 23;:$ IChief 0#stice of the Connectic#t S#*reme Co#rt of Errors !239;823:;$

Patrick Brett LAS#lli-an !B.&. 23;5$ I 0#d)e of the Connectic#t S#*erior Co#rt !2392823:;$ Eenneth LABrien !B.&. 232C$ I 0#stice of the S#*reme Co#rt of ?ew 4ork !2391823:1$ (ortimer .. Proctor !B.&. 2327" S<E 2327$ I 'o-ernor of ,ermont !231:8231C$D Lie#tenant 'o-ernor of ,ermont !23128231:$ W&#)#st#sX ?ewbold (orris !B.&. 237:D LL.B. 2375" S<E 237:$ I President of the ?ew 4ork City Co#ncil !23958231@$ (or)an B#lkeley Brainard 0r. !B.&. 237C$ I (ember !239582311$ and President !231782311$ of the Board of Police Commissioners of the City of artford" Connectic#t .obert (oses !B.&. 23;3" Ph.B. Col#mbia 2321$ I Secretary of State of ?ew 4ork !237C82375$D (ember of ?ew 4ork City Plannin) Commission !2317823@;$ B#sinessmen: [&lfred L. &iken !B.&. 2532$ I Chairman of the board !231;82317$ and President !239@8231;$ of ?ew 4ork Life /ns#rance Co. (or)an B. Brainard !B.&. 23;;" LL.B. 23;9$ I President of &etna Life /ns#rance Co. W artford" Connectic#tX !2377823:C$ [/r-in) S. Llds !B.&. 23;C$ I Chairman of the board of %nited States Steel Cor*. !231;823:7$ [W. &-erell arriman !B.&. 2329" S<B 2329$ I Chairman of %nion Pacific .ailroad Co. !23978231@$ enry St#art otchkiss !Ph.B. 23;;$ I Chairman of the board of 'eneral Late> and Chemical Com*any !231;8231C$ [(orehead Patterson !B.&. 237;" S<B 237;$ I Chairman !2319823@7$ and Pres. !231282319" 231C823:5$ of &merican (achine < 6o#ndry Co. [W. St#art Symin)ton !B.&. 2379$ I Chairman of the board of the Emerson Electric (an#fact#rin) Co. !23958231:$ . ?eil (allon !B.&. 232C" S<B 232C$ I President of Bresser /nd#stries" /nc. !2373823:5$ [6rank 6ord .#ssell !B.&. 237@" S<B 237@$ I President of ?ational &-iation Cor*. !2393823:1$ . (ansfield orner !B.S. 237@$ I President of %nited &ircraft Cor*oration !2319823:@$ [0#an Terry Tri**e !Ph.B. 2372$ I President of Pan &merican World &irways" /nc. !237C823@1$ Leroy &. Lincoln !B.&. 23;7$ I President of (etro*olitan Life /ns#rance Co. !239@823:2$ [Ellsworth B#nker !B.&. 232@$ I President of ?ational S#)ar .efinin) Co. !231;82315$ [ enry 0ohn ein+ // !B.&. 2392" S<B 2392$ I President of .0. ein+ Com*any !2312823:3$ Lo#is 6. Waterm#lder !B.&. 2379$ I Treas#rer of H#aker Lats Co. !231782313$D &ssistant Treas#rer of H#aker Lats Co. !239382317$ 6rancis 6it+ .andol*h !B.&. 2322" S<B 2322$ I Senior Partner of 0<W Seli)man < Co. !231;823C9$ 'eor)e erbert Walker 0r. !B.&. 237C" S<B 237C$ I 'eneral Partner of '. . Walker < Co. !2373823C1$ [0. /rwin (iller !B.&. 2392$ I E>ec#ti-e ,ice President of C#mmins En)ine Co. !23118231C$ Lo#is S. .othschild !Ph.B. 237;$ I President of .othschild < Sons" /nc. WEansas City" (isso#riX !2317823::$ .obert %*Nohn .ed*ath 0r. !B.&. 2375$ I life #nderwriter for Lawyers (ort)a)e Co. W?ew 4ork CityX !23998235C$ .e#ben B#ck .obertson !B.&. 23;;$ I E>ec#ti-e ,ice President of Cham*ion Pa*ers" /nc. !239:8231@$ 6rederick E. Weyerhae#ser !B.&. 253@" S<B 253@$ I President of Weyerhae#ser Timber Co. !239C8231:$ .obert W. #ntin)ton 0r. !B.&. 2553" S<E 2553$ I Chairman of the board of Connectic#t 'eneral Life /ns#rance Co. !239@82313$ &shbel Barney ?ewell !B.&. 253;" S<E 253;$ I President of Toledo Terminal .ailroad Com*any !2321823:;$ Walter Pa#l Pae*cke !B.&. 232C$ I President of Container Cor*. of &merica !237@8231@$ Solomon &lbert Smith !B.&. 2533$ I President of ?orthern Tr#st Co. of Chica)o !2321823:C$ oward (ac're)or T#ttle !B.&. 23;1$ I President of ?ational Casket Com*any" /nc. WBostonX !23198c.23:5$ enry Eldred)e Perry !B.&. 2327$ I ,ice President of Commercial Sol-ents Cor*. W?ew 4ork CityX !23958231@$ Charles Lanier Lawrance !B.&. 23;:$ I 6o#nder and President of Lawrance &ero En)ine Cor*. W?ew 4ork CityX !232C82379$D President and Chief En)ineer of Lawrance En)ineerin) < .esearch Cor*. !239;82311$ Carle C. Conway !B.S. 2533$ I Chairman of the board of Continental Can Com*any" /nc. d#rin) World War //D Class B Birector of the 6ederal .eser-e Bank of ?ew 4ork !231782315$ Willard Beere osford !B.&. 23;@$ I ,ice President and 'eneral (ana)er of 0ohn Beere Plow Co. WLmaha" ?ebraskaX !23;@823:;$D Class B Birector of the 6ederal .eser-e Bank of Eansas City !239;823:2$ .obert 'eor)e Wiese !B.&. 237:$ I Partner of Sc#dder" Ste-ens < Clark Win-estment firm in BostonX !239@823C5$ &llan &. .yan !B.&. 2371$ I Birector of .oyal Ty*ewriter Com*any" /nc. !2397823:1$D ?ew 4ork State Senator !239582317$ 6. Thatcher Lane !B.&. 232C$ I President of Seamless .#bber Co. !2399823:1$D ,ice President of .e>all Br#) < Chemical Co." /nc. !23178:1$ Leslie (or)an 0ohnston !B.&. 23;7$ I President of Cement Stone Cor*. WPittsb#r)hX !239582312$D President of /ns#lmastic Cor*. of &merican W?ew 4ork CityX !231282311$ 6rank Co#rtenay Bodd !B.&. 253C$ I Chairman of the board of Bodd" (ead < Co." /nc. W*#blishin) com*any in ?ew 4ork CityX !2317823@5$D President of Bodd" (ead < Co." /nc. W*#blishin) com*any in ?ew 4ork CityX !239282317$ Bankers: [.#ssell C. Leffin)well !B.&. 2533$ I Partner of 0.P. (or)an < Co. !2379823:;$ [6rank &ltsch#l !B.&. 23;5$ I Partner of La+ard 6reres < Co. W0ewish bankin) firm in ?ew 4ork CityX !232@8231:$ &lfred Ernest amill !B.&. 23;:$ I Partner of 'oldman" Sachs < Co. W0ewish bankin) firm in ?ew 4ork CityX !239782315$ [Elisha Walker !B.&. 23;;$ I Partner of E#hn" Loeb < Co. W0ewish bankin) firm in ?ew 4ork CityX !2399823:;$ [0ohn (. Schiff !B.&. 237:$ I Partner of E#hn" Loeb < Co. W0ewish bankin) firm in ?ew 4ork CityX !2392823CC$ [.obert Lehman !B.&. 2329$ I Partner of Lehman Brothers W0ewish bankin) firm in ?ew 4ork CityX !237:823@3$ 0ose*h &lbert Thomas !B.&. 2375" S<E 2375$ I Partner of Lehman Brothers W0ewish bankin) firm in ?ew 4ork CityX !239C823CC$ ['eor)e L. arrison !B.&. 232;" S<B 232;$ I President of 6ederal .eser-e Bank of ?ew 4ork !23758231;$D President of ?ew 4ork Life /ns#rance Co. !231282315$ Walter Seth Lo)an !B.&. 232;" S<B 232;$ I ,ice President and 'eneral Co#nsel of the 6ederal .eser-e Bank of ?ew 4ork !2375823:9$ .o)er B. She*ard !B.&. 23;5" S<B 23;5$ I Chairman of the 6ederal .eser-e Bank of (innea*olis !231;823:9$ .oss P. Wri)ht !Ph.B. 253@$ I Class B Birector of the 6ederal .eser-e Bank of Cle-eland !232C82313$ Chester &rth#r Philli*s !B.&. 23;5" Ph.B. 2323$ I Economist at the 6ederal .eser-e Bank of Chica)o !239C82317$ [ arold Stanley !B.&. 23;5" S<B 23;5$ I President of (or)an" Stanley < Co. !239:82312$D Partner of 0.P. (or)an < Co. !23758239:$ [ arry W enryX P. Ba-ison 0r. !B.&. 237;" S<B 237;$ I Partner !23738231;$ and ,ice President !231;82317$ of 0.P. (or)an < Co. [Pierre 0ay !B.&. 2537" S<B 2537$ I Chairman of the board of 6id#ciary Tr#st Com*any W?ew 4ork CityX !239;8231:$ (ortimer ?orton B#ckner !B.&. 253:" S<B 253:$ I Chairman of the board of ?ew 4ork Tr#st Com*any !237282317$ Sam#el Sloan Colt !B.&. 2321" S<E 2321$ I President of Bankers Tr#st Co. !2392823:C$D Class & Birector of the 6ederal .eser-e Bank of ?ew 4ork !23118231@$

[&rtem#s L. 'ates !B.&. 2325" S<B 2325$ I President of ?ew 4ork Tr#st Co. !237382312$ [0ohn E. Bierwirth !B.&. 232C$ I President of ?ew 4ork Tr#st Co. !231282313$ Charles 0acob Stewart !B.&. 2325" S<B 2325$ I ,ice President of ?ew 4ork Tr#st Co. !239:82313$ [6rank P. She*ard !B.&. 232C" S<B 232C$ I ,ice President of Bankers Tr#st Co. !2391823@;$ [Boylston &dams Tom*kins !B.&. 232:" S<E 232:$ I ,ice President of Bankers Tr#st Co. !2372823::$ [Charles &lbert Wi)ht !B.&. 2377" S<E 2377$ I ,ice President of Bankers Tr#st Co. !239@82315$ [ arry E. Ward !B.&. 23;2$ I President of /r-in) Tr#st Co. !232382317$D Chairman of /r-in) Tr#st Co. W?ew 4ork CityX !231782313$ Wentworth Pa#l 0ohnson !Ph.B. 232C$ I ,ice President of /r-in) Tr#st Co. !237982315$ [W. &-erell arriman !B.&. 2329" S<B 2329$ I Partner of Brown Brothers arriman < Co. !23928231@$ [E. .oland arriman !B.&. 232C" S<B 232C$ I Partner of Brown Brothers arriman < Co. !2392823C5$ Prescott S. B#sh !B.&. 232C" S<B 232C$ I Partner of Brown Brothers arriman < Co. !2392823C7$ [Eni)ht Woolley !B.&. 232C" S<B 232C$ I Partner of Brown Brothers arriman < Co. !239282357$ [.obert &. Lo-ett !B.&. 2325" S<B 2325$ I Partner of Brown Brothers arriman < Co. !23928231;" 231@8231C" 2313823:;" 23:98235@$ [.ay (orris !B.&. 23;2" S<B 23;2$ I Partner of Brown Brothers arriman < Co. !2392823:@$ Thacher (. Brown !B.&. 253C$ I Partner of Brown Brothers arriman < Co. !2392823:1$ (orea# Belano Brown !B.&. 237@$ I Partner of Brown Brothers arriman < Co. !2393823C1$ [Charles S. (cCain !B.&. 23;1$ I Senior Partner of Billon" .ead < Co. !2393823:2$ 0ames Stillman .ockefeller !B.&. 2371" S<E 2371$ I ,ice President of ?ational City Bank of ?ew 4ork WCitibankX !231;82315$ 6rederic &#)#st#s Potts !B.&. 237@$ I ,ice President of Philadel*hia ?ational Bank !23178231C$ 'ardner Bominick Sto#t !B.&. 237@$ I Partner of Bominick < Bominick Win-estment firm in ?ew 4ork CityX !237@823@5$ E-erett Smith !B.&. 232:$ I 6iscal a)ent for 6ederal ome Loan Banks !239C823@7$ Edward oward 4ork 0r. !B.&. 2327$ I ,ice President and Partner of (or)an" Stanley < Co. !239:82319$D Partner of Bre>el < Co. Win-estment bank in Philadel*hiaX !23928239:" 2319823@2$ Edward Starr" 0r. !B.&. 2377" S<E 2377$ I Partner of Bre>el < Co. Win-estment bank in Philadel*hia !239C8c.23@@$ .obert 0ames Lewis !B.&. 2372$ I Partner of Estabrook < Co. Wbankin) firm in ?ew 4ork CityX !2392823@5$ Wirt Ba-is !B.&. 253C$ I ,ice Chairman !237:82391$ and Chairman !23918231:$ of .e*#blic ?ational Bank in Ballas" Te>as Edward (cCrady 'aillard !B.&. 2323$ I President of %nion < ?ew a-en Tr#st Co. Wbank in ?ew a-en" Connectic#tX !2319823@7$ Lawyers: [ enry Waters Taft !B.&. 255;" S<B 255;$ I Partner of Cadwalader" Wickersham < Taft !25338231:$ [ enry Be6orest Baldwin !B.&. 255:" S<B 255:$ I (ember of Lord" Bay < Lord !23;;8231C$ &llen E-arts 6oster !B.&. 23;@$ I Partner of Lord" Bay < Lord !23238c.23C;$ Sherman Baldwin !B.&. 2323" S<B 2323$ I (ember of Lord" Bay < Lord !2373823@3$ [6rank L. Polk !B.&. 2531" S<E 2531$ I (ember of Ba-is" Polk" Wardwell" 'ardiner < .eed !232182319$ [&llen Wardwell !B.&. 253:" S<E 253:$ I (ember of Ba-is" Polk" < Wardwell !23;3823:9$ Ltis Treat Bradley !B.&. 232:D LL.B. ar-ard 2323$ I Partner of Ba-is" Polk < Wardwell !239;823:;$ 'raham S#mner !B.&. 253C" S<B 253C$ I (ember of Sim*son" Thacher < Bartlett !23;18231@$ [Thomas B. Thacher !B.&. 23;1" S<B 23;1$ I Partner of Sim*son" Thacher < Bartlett !239982319$ ['eor)e .oberts !B.&. 23;:" LL.B. ar-ard 23;5$ I Partner of Winthro*" Stimson" P#tnam < .oberts !2321823@5$ [&llen T. Elots !B.&. 23;3" S<B 23;3$ I (ember of Winthro*" Stimson" P#tnam < .oberts !2372823@:$ 0ames William #sted !B.&. 2325$ I Partner of Winthro*" Stimson" P#tnam < .oberts !239;823@3$ [Charles (. S*offord !B.&. 2371" S<B 2371$ I (ember of Ba-is" Polk < Wardwell !231;823:;" 23:7823C9$ [Bo#)las (a>well (offat !B.&. 23;9" LL.B. ar-ard 23;C$ I Partner of Cra-ath" Swaine < (oore Wlaw firm in ?ew 4ork CityX !2329823:@$ Cha#ncey Brewster 'ar-er !B.&. 23;5" S<E 23;5$ I Partner of Shearman < Sterlin) !232C823C9$ &llen Skinner #bbard !B.&. 2322" S<E 2322$ I Partner of #)hes" #bbard < .eed Wlaw firm in ?ew 4ork CityX !239C82352$ 0ohn &rcher 'ifford !B.&. 2377" S<E 2377$ I Partner of White < Case Wlaw firm in ?ew 4ork CityX !239C823C7$ 6rederick Trowbrid)e Eelsey !B.&. 23;C$ I (ember of Eelsey" Waldro* < S*aldin) Wlaw firm in ?ew 4ork CityX !2312823:C$ Lee 0ames Perrin !B.&. 23;@" S<B 23;@$ I Partner of &**leton" Perrin < oyt Wlaw firm in ?ew 4ork CityX !232@8231@$ Edward Bancroft Twombly !B.&. 2327" S<B 2327$ I Partner of P#tney" Twombly" all < Skidmore Wlaw firm in ?ew 4ork CityX !2323823@@$ Sidney Wetmore Ba-idson !B.&. 232@D 0.B. 2325$ I (ember of Carter" Ledyard < (ilb#rn Wlaw firm in ?ew 4ork CityX !23738231:$ [0erome S. ess !B.&. 23;9$ I (ember of ardin" ess < Eder Wlaw firm in ?ew 4ork CityX !23;C823C;$D (ember of ardin" ess < S#are+ Wlaw firm in (e>ico CityX !2372823C;$D President of &merican 6orei)n Law &ssociation !23118231C$ /saac enry (ayer !B.&. 2551$ I Senior (ember of (ayer" (eyer" &#strian < Platt Wlaw firm in Chica)oX !2377823@C$ 6rederic B#rnham !B.&. 23;7$ I Partner of (ayer" (eyer" &#strian < Platt Wlaw firm in Chica)oX !232C82317$ .ichard Bentley !B.&. 232C" S<E 232C$ I (ember of Cassels" Potter < Bentley Wlaw firm in Chica)oX !2379823:2$ (errill She*ard !B.&. 237:$ I Partner of Po*e" Ballard" Eennedy" She*ard < 6owle Wlaw firm in Chica)oX !239@8c.235@$ &nthony Lee (ichel !B.&. 237@" S<B 237@$ I Partner of 'ardner" Carton" Bo#)las" Chil)ren < Wa#d Wlaw firm in Chica)oX !2317823@@$ ?orman Waite !B.&. 237CD LL.B. ar-ard 239;$ I Partner of Schiff ardin < Waite Wlaw firm in Chica)oX !231;8c.23C@$ 'eor)e &lfred .anney !B.&. 2391" LL.B. 2393" S<B 2391$ I (ember of Sidley" &#stin" B#r)ess < Smith Wlaw firm in Chica)oX !2393823@7$ 0ohn Loomer all !B.&. 2531" LL.B. 253@" S<B 2531$ I (ember of Choate" all < Stewart Wlaw firm in BostonX !23;1823@;$ (arcien 0enckes !B.&. 2372" S<B 2372$ I (ember of Choate" all < Stewart Wlaw firm in BostonX !237C823C2$ 'eor)e 6rederick Baer &**el !B.&. 2371" S<B 2371$ I Partner of Townsend" Elliott < (#nson Wlaw firm in Philadel*hiaX !2395823C;$ 0ohn erron (ore !B.&. 2371$ I Partner of Taft" Stettini#s < ollister Wlaw firm in CincinnatiX !239:823C;$ 0ohn Bo#rne Bem*sey !B.&. 2322" S<B 2322$ I Partner of SK#ire" Sanders < Bem*sey Wlaw firm in Cle-eland" LhioX !239:823@9$ enry Cornick Coke !B.&. 237@" LL.B. 2373" S<B 237@$ I (ember of Coke < Coke Wlaw firm in Ballas" Te>asX !239;823CC$ &l-in #ey Lane !B.&. 232:D LL.B. ar-ard 237;$ I Partner of Lane < Sa-a)e !and *redecessor$ Wlaw firm in Ballas" Te>asX !239@823:C$D Co8 'eneral Co#nsel of the .e*#blican Party of Te>as !2317823:7$ Corneli#s E. Lombardi !B.&. 2322" S<B 2322$ I Partner of Lombardi" .obertson" 6li)) < (cLean Wlaw firm in Eansas CityX !239@823:@$ .ichard (arden Ba-is !B.&. 2399" S<B 2399$ I Partner of Ba-is" 'raham < St#bbs Wlaw firm in Ben-erX !239C8c.2357$ 0ohn Thomas Pi)ott !B.&. 23;5$ I Partner of (cC#tchen" Thomas" (atthew" 'riffiths < 'reene Wlaw firm in San 6ranciscoX !23798231@$

0ohn Caldwell Parsons !B.&. 2377D LL.B. 237@$ I Partner of .obinson" .obinson < Cole Wlaw firm in artford" Connectic#tX !2392823C9$ Pomeroy Bay !B.&. 2375D LL.B. 2392$ I (ember of .obinson" .obinson < Cole Wlaw firm in artford" Connectic#tX !239@823:5$ oward Tallmad)e 6o#lkes !B.&. 2322$ I Partner of Wickham" Bor)elt" Sko)stad and Powell Wlaw firm in (ilwa#keeX !2329823C9$ 0ames Earnest Coo*er !B.&. 253:$ I 'eneral Co#nsel of Stanley Works Whardware" tool" steel man#fact#rers in ?ew Britain" CTX !237282319$ Bari#s Edward Peck !B.&. 2535$ I ,ice President and 'eneral Co#nsel of 'eneral Electric Com*any !237382311$ .o)er Benton #ll !B.&. 23;C$ I (ana)in) Birector and 'eneral Co#nsel of The ?ational &ssociation of Life %nderwriters !237C82317$ Lo#is S. Weiss !B.&. 232:" LL.B. Col#mbia 237;$ I Partner of Pa#l" Weiss" .ifkind" Wharton < 'arrison Wand *redecessor firmsX !237C823:;$D 'eneral Co#nsel of Chica-o Sun#%ime( !231282315$ Leonard Bacon Smith !B.&. 2531$ I 'eneral Co#nsel of &merican Can Com*any !23998231@$ Colle)e &dministrators and Professors: [Charles Seymo#r !B.&. 23;5" Ph.B. 2322" S<B 23;5$ I President of 4ale %ni-ersity !239C8:;$D Tr#stee of World Peace 6o#ndation !239381:$ .obert (. #tchins !B.&. 2372$ I President of %ni-ersity of Chica)o !23738231:$ .obert L. 0ohnson !B.&. 2325$ I President of Tem*le %ni-ersity !2312823:3$ Pa#l Bwi)ht (oody !B.&. 23;2$ I President of (iddleb#ry Colle)e !237282317$ &shbel 'reen '#lli-er !B.&. 2323$ I Bean of 4ale Law School !231;8231@$ &#)#st Sidney Lo-ett !B.&. 2329" S<B 2329$ I Cha*lain of 4ale %ni-ersity !2397823:5$ .oland 'eor)e Bwi)ht .ichardson !B.&. 23;9" Ph.B. 23;@$ I Bean of the 'rad#ate School at Brown %ni-ersity !237@82315$ 'eor)e oyt Whi**le !B.&. 23;;$ I Bean of the School of (edicine and Bentistry at %ni-ersity of .ochester !2372823:9$D Tr#stee of the .ockefeller 6o#ndation !237C82319$ Pa#l Shi*man &ndrews !B.&. 23;3" LL.B. Col#mbia 2327$ I Bean of Syrac#se %ni-ersity Colle)e of Law !237C823:7$ .al*h enry 'abriel !B.&. 2329" (.&. 232:" Ph.B. 2323$ I Professor of istory at 4ale %ni-ersity !2375823:5$ [Charles Cheney yde !B.&. 253:$ I amilton 6ish Professor of /nternational Law and Bi*lomacy at Col#mbia %ni-ersity !237:8231:$ Earl ?. Llewellyn !B.&. 232:" LL.B. 2325$ I Betts Professor of 0#ris*r#dence at Col#mbia %ni-ersity !239;823:2$ Stanley (orrison !B.&. 232:$ I Professor of Law at Stanford %ni-ersity !2373823::$D (ember of the Bohemian Cl#b in San 6rancisco &le>ander amilton 6rey !B.&. 2323" LL.B. 2372$ I Professor of Law at %ni-ersity of Pennsyl-ania Law School !2397823@5$ &lfred ?ewton .ichards !B.&. 253C" Ph.B. Col#mbia 23;2$ I Professor of Pharmacolo)y at %ni-ersity of Pennsyl-ania !232;8231@$ Walter 6reeman !B.&. 232@" (.B. %.Penn. 237;$ I Professor of ?e#rolo)y at 'eor)e Washin)ton %ni-ersity !237C823:1$ EanAichi &sakawa !Ph.B. 23;7$ I Professor of istory of 0a*anese Ci-ili+ation at 4ale %ni-ersity !239C82317$ 0o#rnalists: [E#)ene (eyer !B.&. 253:$ I P#blisher of %he Wa(hin-ton 4o(t !23998231@$ [ enry .. L#ce !B.&. 237;" S<B 237;$ I Editor8in8Chief of Time" /nc. !2379823@1$D fo#nder of %ime and 8i)e ma)a+ines Charles Latimer Stillman !B.&. 237@$ I Treas#rer !239;823@;$ and ,ice President !239382313$ of Time" /nc. WTime ma)a+ineX [Charles (er+ !B.&. 232:$ I Editor of %he New /or, %ime( !2395823@2$ [Walter (illis !B.&. 237;$ I staff writer for New /or, Herald %ribune !2371823:1$ L)den (ills .eid !B.&. 23;1" LL.B. 23;C$ I Editor of New /or, Herald %ribune !23298231C$ 0ose*h (edill Patterson !B.&. 23;2" S<E 23;2$ I P#blisher of New /or, Daily New( !23238231@$ William . Cowles !B.&. 255C" S<B 255C$ I P#blisher of Spo,ane Spo,e(man#Review !25398231@$ 'eor)e enry So#le 0r. !B.&. 23;5$ I Editor of %he New Republic !23718231C$ Lr)ani+ation E>ec#ti-es: [.#ssell C. Leffin)well !B.&. 2533$ I President of the Co#ncil on 6orei)n .elations !23118231@$ [6rank L. Polk !B.&. 2531" S<E 2531$ I ,ice President of the Co#ncil on 6orei)n .elations !231;82319$ [Percy W. Bidwell !B.&. 232;" Ph.B. 232:$ I Birector of St#dies at the Co#ncil on 6orei)n .elations !239C823:9$ Edwin .. Embree !B.&. 23;@$ I President of 0#li#s .osenwald 6#nd !237582315$ Barry Con)ar Smith !B.&. 2533$ I 'eneral Birector of The Commonwealth 6#nd !23728231C$ (alcolm W. Ba-is !B.&. 2322$ I Birector of E#ro*ean Center of Carne)ie Endowment in Paris" 6rance !239:8231C$ [Charles .einold ?oyes !B.&. 23;:$ I ,ice President !231782311$D President !231@82315$" and Chairman !2315823:;$ of ?ational B#rea# of Economic .esearch in ?ew 4ork City 0ohn Williams &ndrews !B.&. 237;D LL.B. 237@$ I Chief of 6ederal State .elations Section at the %.S. Be*artment of 0#stice !231782315$ Walbrid)e Smith Taft !B.&. 23;C$ I Chairman of the board of Sal-ation &rmy &ssociation in ?ew 4ork !231;823:2$D member of the national board of director of %nited Ser-ice Lr)ani+ations d#rin) World War // ?icholson 0ose*h Eastman !B.&. 232@$ I Lbstetrician8in8Chief at 0ohns o*kins os*ital !239:823@;$ Lewis ill Weed !B.&. 23;5" S<E 23;5$ I Birector of 0ohns o*kins %ni-ersity School of (edicine !23738231@$D Tr#stee of Carne)ie /nstit#tion of Washin)ton !239:823:7$ Charles Larrabee Street !B.&. 2321$ I Priest8in8char)e of Christ Ch#rch in Ballas" Te>as !23128231:$ Warren Wheeler Pickett !B.&. 232C$ I Pastor of 6irst Ch#rch in Betroit !239782311$ Edwin Carlyle Lobenstine !B.&. 253:$ I President of 4ale8in8China &ssociation !239:82311$ Edward ,. '#lick !B.&. 239C" (.&. 2317" Ph.B. 231C$ I En)lish Teacher at 4ale8in8China in Chan)sha" China !239C82393$ William Payne .oberts !B.&. 23;3$ I Pastor of St. Pa#lAs Ch#rch in ?ankin)" China !23798239C$D Bisho* of the (issionary Bistrict of Shan)hai of the &merican Ch#rch (ission in China !239C823:;$ William .e)inald Wheeler !B.&. 2322$ I E>ec#ti-e Secretary of 4ale8in8China !231C82313$D Secretary of Presbyterian Board of 6orei)n (issions !239582317$D E>ec#ti-e Secretary of Presbyterian Board of 6orei)n (issions !237982397$ 4.C. 0ames 4en !B.&. 2325$ I 6o#nder and 'eneral Birector of Chinese ?ational &ssociation of (ass Ed#cation (o-ement in Pei*in) WBeiNin)X" China !2371823:2$ &lbert Billin)s .#ddock !B.&. 23;C$ I Tr#stee of Lccidental Colle)e !237@82315$D President of Pasadena War Chest !231782311$D (ember of the Bohemian Cl#b in San 6rancisco" California ?ote: [U(ember of the Co#ncil on 6orei)n .elationsD S<B U Sk#ll < BonesD S<E U Scroll < Eey

4!ull U (ones and World War ++

Secretary of War enry L. Stimson !left$ entertains his assistants 0ohn 0. (cCloy !center$" the &ssistant Secretary of War !23128231:$ and .obert &. Lo-ett !ri)ht$" the &ssistant Secretary of War for &ir !23128231:$" in 2312. enry L. Stimson and .obert &. Lo-ett were members of Sk#ll < Bones at 4ale %ni-ersity. !Photo: %ime (a)a+ine=%he Wi(e 9en by Walter /saacson and E-an Thomas$

Secretary of War E?.4 L. ST/(SL? !left$ and &rmy Chief of Staff 'eor)e C. (arshall e>amine a )lobe in Becember 2311. !Photo by 'eor)e Skaddin)" Time Life Pict#res='etty /ma)es$ ?ote: C&PSU(ember of Sk#ll < Bones

/merican ambassadors to maAor Euro3ean countries held another conference with President -ran!lin *elano Coose6elt at the White 8ouse in Washin)ton, *'C' on *ecember L, #$MK' The subAect discussed was not made 3ublic b" the White 8ouse' ?eft to ri)ht: William C' (ullitt, U'4' /mbassador to -rance9 Under U'4' 4ecretar" of 4tate 4umner Welles9 former U'4' /mbassador to Na0i =erman" 8U=8 C' W+?4ON, and William Philli3s, U'4' /mbassador to -ascist +tal"' /ll four men were members of the Council on -orei)n Celations' 8u)h C' Wilson was a member of 4!ull U (ones, a secret societ" at ale Uni6ersit"' 1Photo: 8arris U Ewin) CollectionN?ibrar" of Con)ress2

.eichsbank President and ?a+i 'erman Economics (inister Nalmar Schacht !left$" former %.S. President erbert oo-er !center$" and &merican &mbassador to ?a+i 'ermany %' .. W/LSL? !ri)ht$ dress for the occasion at a rece*tion held in Berlin on (arch 5" 2395. erbert oo-er and #)h .. Wilson were members of the Co#ncil on 6orei)n .elations. %' .. W/LSL? was a member of Sk#ll < Bones at 4ale %ni-ersityD erbert oo-er was a member of the Bohemian 'ro-e in California. !&#strian &rchi-es=CL.B/S$

While %.S. Secretary of State E?.4 L. ST/(SL? looks on" 0a*anese &mbassador Eats#Ni Beb#chi !left$ si)ns the Eello))8Briand Pact an ho#r *rior to the ratification ceremony on 0#ly 71" 2373. !CL.B/S$

Benito (#ssolini !left$" the dictator of 6ascist /taly" rides in a motorboat with %.S. Secretary of State in 0an#ary 2392. !Photo by ?ew 4ork Times Co.='etty /ma)es$

E?.4 L. ST/(SL? in /taly

Secretary of State E?.4 L. ST/(SL? !left$ -isits Benito (#ssolini" the dictator of 6ascist /taly" in .ome in 2392. !So#rce: %urmoil and %radition+ A Study o) the 8i)e and %ime( o) Henry 8. Stim(on by Eltin) E. (orison$

Secretary of State E?.4 L. ST/(SL? !ri)ht$ a**ears with President erbert oo-er !left$ and 6ascist /talyAs 6orei)n (inister Bino 'randi. !So#rce: %urmoil and %radition+ A Study o) the 8i)e and %ime( o) Henry 8. Stim(on by Eltin) E. (orison$

(embers of the %nited States dele)ation on board the *assen)er liner 'eor)e Washin)ton while en ro#te to the London ?a-al Conference in 0an#ary 239;. Those *resent are !from left to ri)ht$: &dmiral William ,. Pratt" Secretary of State E?.4 L. ST/(SL?" Senator Ba-id &. .eed" 'eor)e Washin)tonGs (aster" and Secretary of the ?a-y Charles 6rancis &dams. !%.S. ?a-y *hoto$

British 6orei)n Secretary Sir 0ohn Simon s*eaks with Secretary of State !L#cien &i)ner=CL.B/S$

E?.4 L. ST/(SL? in 'ene-a" Swit+erland in 2397.

'o-ernment officials from En)land" the %nited States of &merica" and 6rance meet in Paris on 0#ly 2@" 2392 for the &n)lo8 6ranco &merican Conference. L8.: &ndre 6rancois Poncet" Walter Ed)e" Secretary of State E?.4 L. ST/(SL?" &ristide Briand" &rth#r enderson" Pierre La-al" Pierre8Etienne 6landin" and William Tyrrell. ! #lton8Be#tsch Collection=CL.B/S$

%.S. Secretary of State E?.4 ST/(SL? !ri)ht$ -isits British Prime (inister .amsay (acBonald !7nd ri)ht$ in 'reat Britain. Ln the far left is enry StimsonAs wife (abel Stimson" and the woman ne>t to her is .amsay (acBonaldAs wife /shbel (acBonald. !So#rce: %urmoil and %radition+ A Study o) the 8i)e and %ime( o) Henry 8. Stim(on by Eltin) E. (orison$

Secretary of State E?.4 ST/(SL? !left$ meets with Prime (inister of 6rance Pierre La-al !center$ in a railroad car in 6rance. La-al wo#ld )o on to ser-e as Prime (inister of ,ichy 6rance d#rin) World War // and wo#ld be e>ec#ted by the 6rench for collaboratin) with the ?a+is. !So#rce: %urmoil and %radition+ A Study o) the 8i)e and %ime( o) Henry 8. Stim(on by Eltin) E. (orison$

4timson a33ears before 4enate ,ilitar" /ffairs Committee' Washin)ton, *'C', :ul" 2, #$%5' 8enr" ?' 4timson 1left2 a33ears with U'4' 4enator ,orris 4he33ard, chairman of the 4enate ,ilitar" /ffairs Committee, before whom 4timson testified re)ardin) his .ualifications to be 4ecretar" of War in Washin)ton, *'C' on :ul" 2, #$%5' 1Photo: 8arris U Ewin) CollectionN?ibrar" of Con)ress Prints and Photo)ra3hs *i6ision2 htt3:NNwww'loc')o6N3icturesNitemNhec255$5#&&L#N7sidT&LaMK2aMcb5e$d$5JKJ&c&55bb2M$aK&

%nited States President 6ranklin Belano .oose-elt !left$ shakes hands with E?.4 L. ST/(SL? at the White o#se on 0#ly 2;" 231; after the Senate confirmed his nomination as Secretary of War. !Bettmann=CL.B/S$

Secretary of War E?.4 L. ST/(SL? !far left$ and &rmy 'en. 'eor)e C. (arshall !second from ri)ht$ watch as President 6ranklin B. .oose-elt si)ns the Braft Bill in the L-al Lffice in Washin)ton" B.C. on Se*tember 2@" 231;. !Bettmann=CL.B/S$

!6rom left to ri)ht$ Secretary of War E?.4 L. ST/(SL?" Chairman of the o#se (ilitary &ffairs Committee &ndrew 0. (ay" %.S. &rmy Chief of Staff 'eneral 'eor)e C. (arshall" and Chairman of the Senate (ilitary &ffairs Committee (orris She**ard watch as President 6ranklin B. .oose-elt si)ns the Conscri*tion Bill at the White o#se on Lctober 79" 231;. !Photo by To*ical Press &)ency='etty /ma)es$

Secretary of War E?.4 L. ST/(SL? *icks a draft n#mber from a container on Lctober 73" 231;.

Colonel William 0. Wild Bill Bono-an !left$ sits beside Librarian of Con)ress &.C /B&LB (acLE/S !Photo: 0ohn Philli*s=Time Life$

in 2312.

E?.4 L. ST/(SL? is seen testifyin) at the ?e#trality earin) in Con)ress in 2393. !Photo: Thomas B. (c&-oy=Time Life$

E?.4 L. ST/(SL? is seen la#)hin) at the ?e#trality earin) in Con)ress in 2393. !Photo: Thomas B. (c&-oy=Time Life$

Secretary of War E?.4 L. ST/(SL? meets with other Cabinet members in &#)#st 2312.

&,E.ELL &../(&?" a *artner of Brown Brothers arriman < Co." si)ns the first Lend8Lease Protocol !&)reement$ after ne)otiatin) with 0osef Stalin in 2312. 6rom left to ri)ht: Lord Bea-erbrook" So-iet 6orei)n (inister ,yachesla- (. (oloto-" La#rence Steinhardt !standin) behind arriman$" &dmiral William . Standley" and Charles Thayer.

&,E.ELL &../(&? !second from left$" the Chairman of the board of %nion Pacific .ailroad and Partner of Brown Brothers arriman < Co." sits ne>t to British Prime (inister Winston Ch#rchill !left$ and So-iet Commissar 0osef Stalin in 2317. So-iet 6orei)n (inister ,yachesla(oloto- is seated on the far ri)ht. !Photo: Library of Con)ress$

&,E.ELL

&../(&? sits ne>t to &rmy Chief of Staff 'eneral 'eor)e C. (arshall.

Secretary of War E?.4 L. ST/(SL? !left$" Treas#ry Secretary enry (or)entha# 0r. !center$" and Secretary of State Cordell #ll meet *ri-ately.

%.S. ?a-y &dmiral Bewitt .amsey !left$" /B( President Thomas 0. Watson Sr. !center$" and .ay Pl#nkett watch %nder Secretary of the ?a-y for &ir &.TE(%S L. '&TES shoot obNects on a screen at a laboratory in 2311. !Photo by Eileen Barby==Time Life Pict#res='etty /ma)es$

So-iet 6orei)n (inister ,yachesla- (oloto- !left$ talks to 0osef Stalin while &,E.ELL #nidentified di)nitary.

&../(&? is seen chattin) with an

P.ESCLTT S. B%S !far ri)ht$ was the chairman of the e>ec#ti-e committee of the ?ational War 6#nd in the s*rin) of 231: d#rin) World War //. 6rom left to ri)ht: #nknown" #nknown" #nknown" Bernard Bar#ch" #nknown" #nknown" ?ational City Bank Chairman 'ordon .entschler" #nknown" #nknown" ?ational City Bank banker William '. Brady 0r." Brown Brothers arriman *artner .LL&?B &../(&?" Chase ?ational Bank Chairman Winthro* &ldrich" 0ohn B. .ockefeller 0r." and Brown Brothers arriman *artner P.ESCLTT S. B%S .

Time Editor8in8Chief E?.4 L%CE !abo-e$ and . . E#n) attend the o*enin) of China o#se. . . E#n) was the ?ationalist Chinese (inister of 6inance and the 'o-ernor of the Central Bank of China d#rin) World War //. E#n) was married to Soon) &i8lin)D E#n)As brother8in8 laws were S#n 4at8sen and Chian) Eai8shek. !Photo: 8uce and Hi( Empire by W.&. Swanber)$

Time Editor8in8Chief E?.4 L%CE a**ears with 'eneralissimo Chian) Eai8shek !left$" the President of the .e*#blic of China. !Photo: 8uce and Hi( Empire by W.&. Swanber)$

President arry S. Tr#man )reets ?ationalist ChinaAs 6orei)n (inister T. ,. Soon). 6rom left to ri)ht: Secretary of War E?.4 L. ST/(SL?" Secretary of the ?a-y 0ames ,. 6orrestal" Tr#man" Soon)" and Secretary of State Edward .. Stettini#s 0r. Stimson" 6orrestal" and Stettini#s were members of the Co#ncil on 6orei)n .elations.

&.,E4 . B%?B4 !left" wearin) )lasses$ and Secretary of War E?.4 L. ST/(SL? talk to (aNor 'eneral C. .. #ebner in 6rance in 0#ly 2311 d#rin) World War //. ar-ey . B#ndy was the father of (c'eor)e B#ndy and William P. B#ndy. !Photo: The ?ational &rchi-es$

Secretary of War E?.4 L. ST/(SL? watches British Prime (inister Winston Ch#rchill deli-er a s*eech at 6ort 0ackson" So#th Carolina. 6rom left to ri)ht: 6ield (arshal Sir 0ohn Bill" 'eneral Sir astin)s /smay" 'en. 'eor)e C. (arshall" E?.4 ST/(SL? !wearin) a safari hat$" and 'eneral Sir &lan Brooke !the Chief of /m*erial Staff of 'reat Britain$. !%.S. &rmy Photo$ !So#rce: %urmoil and %radition+ A Study o) the 8i)e and %ime( o) Henry 8. Stim(on by Eltin) E. (orison$

Secretary of War E?.4 L. ST/(SL? !ri)ht$ -isits 'en. Lmar Bradley !left$ and other soldiers in 6rance d#rin) World War //. !%.S. &rmy PhotoD So#rce: %urmoil and %radition+ A Study o) the 8i)e and %ime( o) Henry 8. Stim(on by Eltin) E. (orison$

(c'EL.'E B%?B4 recei-es a bad)e from &dmiral &lan '. Eirk. !Photo: The ?ational &rchi-es$

Secretary of War E?.4 L. ST/(SL? !front row" center" in s#it$ marches with %.S. &rmy 'eneral (ark Clark !front row" ri)ht$ in .ome on 0#ly 1" 2311. !Photo: Carl (ydans=Time Life$

President 6ranklin B. .oose-elt !left$ deli-ers a s*eech at the Waldorf8&storia otel in 2311. Secretary of War E?.4 L. ST/(SL? !center$ and erbert . Lehman !ri)ht$ are seen a**la#din).

State Be*artment officials stand in front of a camera in Becember 2311. 6rom left to ri)ht: Will L. Clayton" Bean '. &cheson" 0ose*h C. 'rew" Secretary of State Edward .. Stettini#s 0r." &.C /B&LB (acLE/S " ?elson .ockefeller" and 0ames C. B#nn. &ll se-en men in this *hoto were members of the Co#ncil on 6orei)n .elations. !Photo: Library of Con)ress$ !So#rce: Dean Ache(on+ A 8i)e in the Cold War by .obert L. Beisner$

&mbassador 0ose*h C. 'rew !left$ and &mbassador W. &,E.ELL &../(&? !ri)ht" %.S. &mbassador to the So-iet %nion$ meet o#tside the White o#se on &*ril 7;" 231: !&dolf itlerAs birthday$. !Photo: arry S. Tr#man Presidential Library$

Secretary of War E?.4 L. ST/(SL? !left$" Secretary of State Edward .. Stettini#s 0r. !center$" and Secretary of the ?a-y 0ames ,. 6orrestal meet at the White o#se in Washin)ton" B.C. in &*ril 231:. &ll three men were members of the Co#ncil on 6orei)n .elations. !Photo by 'eor)e Skaddin)" Time Life Pict#res='etty /ma)es$

&merican and So-iet di*lomats meet in 0an#ary 231:. Second from left is ,ishinsky" fo#rth from left is %.S. &mbassador to So-iet %nion &,E.ELL &../(&?" fifth from left is So-iet 6orei)n (inister ,yachesla- (oloto-" si>th from left is British 6orei)n (inister &nthony Eden" se-enth from left is %.S. Secretary of State Edward .. Stettini#s 0r." ei)hth from left is Cado)an" and on ri)ht !wearin) a bow tie$ is 6lger Biss. !Photo: 6ranklin B. .oose-elt Presidential Library$

President 6ranklin B. .oose-elt meets with his Cabinet in early 231:. 6rom left to ri)ht aro#nd the table: Secretary of &)ric#lt#re Cla#de Wickard" Secretary of Labor 6rances Perkins" Secretary of Commerce enry &. Wallace" #nidentified" Secretary of the /nterior arold /ckes"

#nidentified" Secretary of War E?.4 L. ST/(SL?" Secretary of State Edward .. Stettini#s 0r." President 6ranklin B. .oose-elt" Secretary of the Treas#ry enry (or)entha# 0r." &ttorney 'eneral 6rancis Biddle" #nidentified.

'enerals re-iewin) troo*s d#rin) the Potsdam Conference on 0#ly 7;" 231:. 0ohn (cCloy" Secretary of War E?.4 L. ST/(SL?" and %.S. &rmy 'eneral 'eor)e S. Patton. Ln Becember 3" 231:" a day before he was d#e to ret#rn to the %nited States" 'eneral 'eor)e S. Patton was se-erely inN#red in a road accident. 'eneral Patton died on Becember 72" 231:. ! arry S. Tr#man Presidential Library *hoto$

Secretary of War E?.4 L. ST/(SL? talks to &ssistant Secretary of War 0ohn (cCloy !left$" &.,E4 . B%?B4 !center$" and %.S. &rmy 'eneral 'eor)e S. Patton at the Potsdam Conference in 'ermany on 0#ly 7;" 231:. ! arry S. Tr#man Presidential Library *hoto$

Secretary of War E?.4 L. ST/(SL? !left$ )reets %.S. &rmy 'eneral Bwi)ht B. Eisenhower at 6rankf#rt" 'ermany on 0#ly 7C" 231:. 'eneral Bwi)ht B. Eisenhower was in-ol-ed in L*eration Eeelha#l" an o*eration in which anti8Comm#nist .#ssian soldiers were forcibly re*atriated to the %nion of the So-iet Socialist .e*#blic. !Photo: ?ational &rchi-es$

&,E.ELL

&../(&? a**ears with So-iet 6orei)n (inister ,yachesla- (oloto- !left$ and Winston Ch#rchill.

Charles Bohlen !left$ watches %.S. &mbassador to So-iet %nion &,E.ELL &../(&? shake hands with So-iet des*ot 0osef Stalin d#rin) a meetin) at 4alta in 231:.

%.S. &rmy 'eneral Bwi)ht Eisenhower" So-iet dictator 0osef Stalin" and %.S. &mbassador to the So-iet %nion &,E.ELL &../(&? recei-e a heroAs welcome as they re-iew a So-iet .ed &rmy *arade from a *latform on to* of LeninAs tomb in (oscow" So-iet .#ssia on &#)#st 27" 231:.

%.S. &mbassador to So-iet %nion &,E.ELL &../(&? !ri)ht$ a**ears with So-iet des*ot 0osef Stalin re-iew a So-iet .ed &rmy *arade from a *latform on to* of LeninAs tomb in (oscow" So-iet .#ssia on &#)#st 27" 231:.

4ecretar" of War 8ENC 4T+,4ON 1center2, /ssistant 4ecretar" of War :ohn ,cClo" 1ri)ht2, and 4o6iet di3lomat /ndrei =rom"!o stand to)ether on an air3ort runwa" durin) the Potsdam Conference held near (erlin in :ul";/u)ust #$%&' 14ource: .merica/s +ermany( 0ohn 0# ,c&loy and the Federal Republic of +ermany b" Thomas /lan 4chwart02

President arry S. Tr#man rewards o#t)oin) Secretary of War E?.4 L. ST/(SL? on Se*tember 72" 231:. enry L. Stimson ad-ised Tr#man to #se the atomic bombs a)ainst the 0a*anese in the final days of World War //. The woman in the middle is enry StimsonAs wife (abel Stimson. !So#rce: %urmoil and %radition+ A Study o) the 8i)e and %ime( o) Henry 8. Stim(on by Eltin) E. (orison$

4ecretar" of War 8enr" ?' 4timson obser6es a )lobe'

4ecretar" of War 8ENC ?' 4T+,4ON 1seated, third from left2 a33ears with /ssistant 4ecretar" of War :ohn :' ,cClo" 1seated, second from left2 durin) World War ++' 1Photo: htt3:NNconsecratedeminence'word3ress'comN25#2N5%N2MNmcclo";diariesN2

U'4' /mbassador 8u)h C' Wilsons ?etter to U'4' President -ran!lin *elano Coose6elt

,emorandum of the Con6ersation between U'4' /mbassador 8u)h C' Wilson and :ose3h =oebbels

/,EC+C/N PO?+T+C4 *UC+N= WOC?* W/C ++

6ormer President erbert C. oo-er -isits erbert . Lehman !left$" former 'o-ernor of ?ew 4ork" in Becember 2317. Both men were members of the Co#ncil on 6orei)n .elations at the time this *hoto was taken. !Photo: William C. Shro#t=Time Life$

6ormer 'o-ernor of ?ew 4ork erbert ?ew 0ersey in ?o-ember 2319.

. Lehman talks to Bean &cheson at the 6irst Co#ncil Session of %?..& in &tlantic City"

=eneralissimo Chian) >ai;she! and his wife ,adame Chian) >ai;she! welcome Clare (oothe ?uce, the wife of Time Editor; in;Chief 8enr" ?uce, in /3ril #$%2' 1?ibrar" of Con)ress2

%.S. ,ice President enry &. Wallace" Lwen Lattimore" 0ohn Carter ,incent" and 0ohn ?. a+ard -isit ?ationalist China in 0#ne 2311. Lattimore and a+ard were members of the Co#ncil on 6orei)n .elations.

S#mner Welles !left$" %.S. %ndersecretary of State" shown with 'eor)e 6. Eennan" attachJ at the %.S. Embassy at Berlin" d#rin) WellesG E#ro*ean to#r on (arch 77" 231;. !Bettmann=CL.B/S$

&rmy 'eneral Bwi)ht Eisenhower talks to President 6ranklin .oose-elt on Becember 5" 2319.

Secretary of State Cordell #ll !left$ and %nder Secretary S#mner Welles arri-e at the White o#se on (ay 3" 231; for a l#ncheon with the President. President 6ranklin B. .oose-elt was contin#in) his intensi-e st#dy of the latest forei)n de-elo*ments and is belie-ed to ha-e disc#ssed the E#ro*ean sit#ation with Secretary #ll and %nder Secretary Welles. !Bettmann=CL.B/S$

?elson .ockefeller" %.S. ,ice President enry &. Wallace" %.S. Senator William Smathers" and Percy Bo#)las *re*are to *lay tennis d#rin) World War //. .ockefeller and Bo#)las were members of the Co#ncil on 6orei)n .elations.

President -ran!lin *' Coose6elt e<amines the )lobe in #$%2' 1Photo: =eor)e C' ,arshall Cesearch ?ibrar"2

President -ran!lin *' Coose6elt smiles for the camera at a 3art"'

&merica B#rin) and &fter World War //

& demonstration a)ainst ?a+i 'ermany takes *lace at (adison SK#are 'arden in ?ew 4ork City on (arch 2:" 239C. !'elatin sil-er *rint. ?ew 4ork World8Tele)ram < S#n ?ews*a*er Collection. Library of Con)ress Prints and Photo)ra*hs Bi-ision$ !Photo: htt*:==www.loc.)o-=e>hibits=ha-entohome=ha-en8home.html$

%.S. President 6ranklin Belano .oose-elt )reets Secretary of the Treas#ry enry (or)entha# 0r. at a *ress conference in 2312. !Photo: htt*:==historysideshow.blo)s*ot.com=7;;5F;9F;2Farchi-e.html$

President 6ranklin B. .oose-elt si)ns the Noint con)ressional resol#tion declarin) that a state of war e>ists between the %nited States and 0a*an in the e>ec#ti-e office of the White o#se at 1:2; *.m. on Becember 5" 2312. !Photo: M Bettmann=CL.B/S$

President 6ranklin B. .oose-elt holds the resol#tions that *#t &merica at war with /taly and 'ermany" which he si)ned late this afternoon at the White o#se on Becember 22" 2312. They were both made laws only one min#te a*art" with the one for war with 'ermany bein) si)ned first. !Photo: M Bettmann=CL.B/S$

%.S. President 6ranklin B. .oose-elt and British Prime (inister Winston Ch#rchill are shown as they sat on the bi) forward deck of .(.S. Prince of Wales to rela>" chat and breathe a bit of salt air d#rin) their &tlantic meetin) on &#)#st 2;" 2312. Behind the two at ri)ht are: &dmiral E.0. Ein)" %.S. &tlantic 6leet Commander" and 'en. 'eor)e C. (arshall !e>treme ri)ht$. /n the more distant back)ro#nd !center$ stands S#mner Welles" %.S. %nder Secretary of State and a member of the Co#ncil on 6orei)n .elations. !M Bettmann=CL.B/S$

Prime (inister of 'reat Britain Winston Ch#rchill and President 6ranklin B. .oose-elt hold the first Noint *ress conference of the heads of the two nations at the White o#se in Washin)ton" B.C." %.S.&. on Becember 79" 2312. !Photo: M Bettmann=CL.B/S$

President 6ranklin Belano .oose-eltGs s*ecial board of inK#iry to in-esti)ate the 0a*anese attack on Pearl arbor meets in f#ll for the first time in Washin)ton" B.C. on Becember 25" 2312. Left to ri)ht: Bri)adier 'eneral 0ose*h T. (cCarney" &dmiral William . Standley" S#*reme Co#rt 0#stice Lwen 0. .oberts" Chairman of the BoardD .ear &dmiral 0ose*h (. .ee-es" (aNor 'eneral 6rank B. (cCoy and Walter Br#ce owe" recorder for the board. Standley and (cCoy were members of the Co#ncil on 6orei)n .elations. !M Bettmann=CL.B/S$

The third day of the trial of 5 ?a+i sabote#rs o*ened on the fifth floor in the Be*artment of 0#stice B#ildin) in Washin)ton" B.C. on 0#ly 22" 2317. The officers seated on the se-en8man commission tryin) the ?a+is. 6rom left to ri)ht they are: Bri). 'en. 0ohn T. LewisD (aN. 'en. Loren+o B. 'asserD (aN. 'en. Walters S. 'rantD (aN. 'en. 6rank .. (cCoy" President of the commissionD (aN. 'en. Winshi*D Bri). 'en. '#y ,. enry and Bri). 'en. 0ohn T. Eennedy. (aNor 'eneral 6rank .. (cCoy was a member of the Co#ncil on 6orei)n .elations. !M Bettmann=CL.B/S$

President 6ranklin B. .oose-elt ordered &mericans of 0a*anese ancestry to mo-e to concentration cam*s in 2317.

Los &n)eles istoric8C#lt#ral (on#ment ?o. 2@;" located in /nyo Co#nty" C&. Lne of ten WW// relocation centers for 0a*anese8 &mericans" (an+anar held 2;";;; *eo*le be)innin) in (arch 2317. The inscri*tion reads" V(emorial to the Bead.V !6lickr$

&rmed with cl#bs" *i*es and bottles" this self8a**ointed *osse of #niformed %.S. ?a-y sailors was all set to settle the Poot S#it War in Watts" California near Los &n)eles on 0#ne 22" 2319 when the ?a-y Shore Patrol ste**ed in and broke it #*. The an)ry ser-icemen were o#t to )et all wearers of o-ersi+e clothin) to a-en)e b#ddies who were attacked. !Bettmann=CL.B/S$

Police officers take this +oot s#it clad yo#n)ster into c#stody on 0#ne 22" 2319 after the si>th day of #ndeclared war on the +oot s#it in Los &n)eles. (ore than 227 *ersons ha-e been inN#red" some of them serio#sly" in the freK#ent clashes between wearers of the +oot s#it and ser-icemen. !Bettmann=CL.B/S$

&n an)ry white mob s#rro#nds a street car with &frican &merican *assen)ers sto**ed d#e to the race riots in Betroit on 0#ne 7;877" 2319. The mob assa#lts an &frican &merican man who attem*ts to lea-e the street car near the front of the trolley. !Bettmann=CL.B/S$

& mob of an)ry rioters to**le an a#tomobile owned by a black man d#rin) a race riot in Betroit" (ichi)an on 0#ne 2" 2319. The riot was s*arked when a black man re*ortedly sla**ed a white woman. The -iolence had claimed 7: li-es by the time the military entered the scene. !Bettmann=CL.B/S$

& black man !center$ has N#st been sl#))ed by yo#n) white hoodl#ms" in BetroitGs race riot on 0#ne 77" 2319 and is frantically tryin) to esca*e before they hit him a)ain. !Bettmann=CL.B/S$

&n &frican &merican man" the -ictim of assa#lt d#rin) BetroitGs race riot" tries to esca*e from a mob on 0#ne 77" 2319 before f#rther -iolence ens#es. !Bettmann=CL.B/S$

&n o-ert#rned car" owned by a ?e)ro" blows #* and showers b#rnin) )asoline on a *assen)er8*acked trolley car in Betroit" (ichi)an on 0#ne 72" 2319 d#rin) the race riot which still contin#es in s*ite of armed troo*s ordered to assist *olice. & Vstate of emer)encyV has been declared in ho*es of K#ellin) the fierce mob fi)htin) between ?e)roes and whites. !Bettmann=CL.B/S$

Two )#n bearin) (.P.Gs offer *rotection to a workman cleanin) #* the window of a store wrecked d#rin) the riotin) of whites and blacks in Betroit on 0#ne 79" 2319. This store was located in the black district of the motor city. Twenty nine *ersons lost their li-es and h#ndreds of others were inN#red in one of the nationGs worst race riots. !Bettmann=CL.B/S$

(adame Chian) Eai8Shek" -isitin) Los &n)eles d#rin) her Chinese War .elief f#ndraisin) to#r" sits with di)nitaries at the ollywood Bowl in Los &n)eles" California" %.S.&. in 2319 followin) her s*eech on the s#bNect of Con)ressGs Chinese E>cl#sion laws. !Photo: Be*artment of S*ecial Collections" Charles E. 4o#n) .esearch Library" %.C. Los &n)eles$ htt*:==content.cdlib.or)=ark:=29;9;=hb1-23*;d:=Tlayo#tUmetadata<brandUcalis*here

(adame Chian) Eai8shek )i-es a s*eech at the ollywood Bowl in Los &n)eles" California" %.S.&. in 2319. !So#rce: Baily ?ews !Los &n)eles" Calif. : firm$" P#blisher=Be*t of S*ecial Collections=%CL& Library$ htt*:==content.cdlib.or)=ark:=29;9;=hbC-23*7;-=

Left *hoto: (adame Chian) Eai8shek a**ears on the rostr#m of the %.S. o#se of .e*resentati-es in Washin)ton" B.C. on 0an#ary 25" 2319. Seated behind her is S*eaker of the o#se Sam .ayb#rn. !Bettmann=CL.B/S$ .i)ht *hoto: Soon) (ei8lin)" ri)ht" the wife of Chinese 'eneralissimo Chian) Eai8shek" and Eleanor .oose-elt" wife of President 6ranklin Belano .oose-elt" sit on the White o#se lawn in Washin)ton" B.C. circa 231:. Soon) (ei8lin) was raised in (acon" 'eor)ia and was ed#cated at Wellesley Colle)e. !Photo by #lton &rchi-e='etty /ma)es$

Soon) (ay8lin) !ri)ht$ W(adame Chian) Eai8shekX" wife of ChinaGs 'eneralissimo Chian) Eai8shek" con-eys her thanks at the White o#se in Washin)ton" B.C." on &#)#st 73" 231: to %.S. President arry S. Tr#man !left$ for the hos*itality she recei-ed while she #nderwent ele-en months of medical treatment in the %nited States of &merica d#rin) World War //. She left &merica one day later to be re#nited with her h#sband in ?ankin)" China. (adame Chian) Eai8shek wo#ld s*end the remainin) years of her life at an a*artment in ?ew 4ork City after her h#sbandAs death in 23C:. (adame Chian) Eai8shek died at the a)e of 2;: in 7;;9. !Photo: &6P='etty /ma)es$

&-erell arriman !left$ and 0ohn (cCloy !center$ meet West 'ermanyAs Chancellor Eonrad &dena#er.

President Bwi)ht Eisenhower shakes hands with 6rench President Charles de 'a#lle at .ambo#illet Castle.

President Bwi)ht B. Eisenhower !second from left$ walks with 'eneralissimo Chian) Eai8shek !ri)ht$ and (adame Chian) Eai8shek d#rin) his -isit to Taiwan" .e*#blic of China in 0#ne 23@;. Co#ncil on 6orei)n .elations member enry Eissin)er and 'eor)e .W. B#sh wo#ld abandon the .e*#blic of China and )i-e aid and comfort to the Chinese Comm#nists in BeiNin). The %nited States )o-ernment maintained di*lomatic relations with the .e*#blic of China d#rin) World War // and after World War // #ntil President 0immy Carter se-ered di*lomatic relations with the .e*#blic of China in 23C5. !Photo by ank Walker=Time Life Pict#res='etty /ma)es$

&n &n)lo8&merican meetin) takes *lace aboard %SS Williamsb#r) in 0an#ary 23:7. Seated from left to ri)ht: British 6orei)n (inister &nthony Eden" Winston Ch#rchill" President arry Tr#man" Secretary of State Bean &cheson" Treas#ry Secretary 0ohn W. Snyder" and Befense Secretary .obert Lo-ett. Standin) from left to ri)ht: &mbassador to 'reat Britain Walter 'ifford" 'en. Lmar ?. Bradley" Sir Lli-er 6ranks" Lord Cherwell" Lord /smay" and &-erell arriman. &cheson" 'ifford" Lo-ett" and arriman were members of the Co#ncil on 6orei)n .elations. !Photo: Tr#man Library$

E#)ene (eyer" President of the /nternational Bank for .econstr#ction and Be-elo*ment Walso known as The World BankX" confers with President arry S. Tr#man at the White o#se in Washin)ton" B.C. on 0#ne 23" 231@. !M Bettmann=CL.B/S$

%.S. President 6ranklin Belano .oose-elt si)ns the './. Bill of .i)hts at the White o#se in Washin)ton" B.C. on 0#ne 77" 2311" which *ro-ides broad benefits for -eterans of World War //. The ceremony was witnessed by members of the Senate and o#se and members of the &merican Le)ion and ,eterans of 6orei)n Wars. Left to ri)ht" front row in rear of President: Senator Bennett Cham* Clark of (isso#riD Con)ressman 0. ardin Peterson of 6loridaD Con)ressman 0ohn .ankin of (ississi**iD and Edith ?o#rse .o)ers of (assach#setts. Leanin) back o-er the President: Senator Walter 6. 'eor)e of 'eor)ia. /n back of (rs. .o)ers" Senator .obert 6. Wa)ner Sr. of ?ew 4ork" and Senator &lben Barkley of Eent#cky. !M Bettmann=CL.B/S$

& )ro#* of e>8soldier colle)e st#dents wait in line to collect their '/ Bill of .i)hts benefits on 0an#ary 75" 231:. Books and notebooks" as well as t#ition and other fees" #* to a total of \:;; for an ordinary school year" were f#rnished to the -eterans #nder the '/ Bill of .i)hts *assed by Con)ress in2311. !M Bettmann=CL.B/S$

& Le-ittown s#b#rb in the %nited States of &merica. (odern &merican s#b#rbs and the #rban s*rawl be)an after World War //. (odern &merican families who li-e in the s#b#rbs #s#ally borrow money from the local banks !which borrow money from the 6ederal .eser-e$ and make a ty*ical 9;8year mort)a)e *ayment" incl#din) interest" on their ho#ses. The 9;8year mort)a)e *lan was de-elo*ed d#rin) the 'reat Be*ression and e>*anded after World War //.

6ast8food resta#rants s#ch as (cBonaldAs were established thro#)ho#t the %nited States of &merica after World War //.

&merican War Bonds Posters d#rin) World War //

Post;World War ++ Conflicts U Warfare: Per3etual War for Per3etual Peace7

?#clear tests in ?e-ada" %.S.&.: B&B'E. was a 79 kiloton tower shot that was fired on &*ril 25" 23:9 at the ?e-ada Test Site" as *art of the L*eration %*shot8Enothole n#clear test series. !htt*:==*icdit.word*ress.com=7;;5=;C=72=58insane8n#clear8e>*losions=$

Tr#man and Eisenhower administrations a#thori+ed n#clear tests in the Pacific Lcean in the late 231;s and early 23:;s. !Photo: htt*:==*icdit.word*ress.com=7;;5=;C=72=58insane8n#clear8e>*losions=$

/llied Occu3ation Rones of =erman" and /ustria in #$%&

'erman children wa-e to an air*lane as the air*lane *re*ares to land at Tem*elhof &ir*ort in West Berlin. The &merican military deli-ers food and s#**lies to the 'erman *eo*le li-in) in West Berlin d#rin) the Berlin &irlift and the So-iet blockade of West Berlin from 0#ne 2315 #ntil (ay 2313.

,a3 of N/TO and Warsaw Pact nations

'nde endence of 'ndonesia: +ndonesian nationalist leader 4u!arno 1:une L, #$5#;:une 2#, #$J52, accom3anied b" ,ohammad 8atta, declares the inde3endence of +ndonesia, a former *utch colon" !nown as the *utch East +ndies, at #5:55 /',' on -rida", /u)ust #J, #$%&, at Pe)an)saan Timur &L 1now :alan Pro!lamasi2 in :a!arta, +ndonesia' 4u!arno was the President of +ndonesia from /u)ust #K, #$%& until his Hresi)nationI on ,arch #2, #$LJ' 1Photo: Wi!i3edia2

'nde endence of Vietnam 9 Vietnam War: Eietnamese communists Eo N)u"en =ia3 1left2 and 8o Chi ,inh 1ri)ht, formerl" N)u"Vn Wi XuYc, ,a" #$, #K$5;4e3tember M, #$L$2 3ose for a 3ortrait in 8anoi, Eietnam F+ndochinaG in #$%&' 8o Chi ,inh declared the inde3endence of Eietnam shortl" after the end of World War ++ des3ite the -rench )o6ernments attem3t to reestablish its colonial rule in Eietnam' 8o Chi ,inh was the President of HNorthI Eietnam from 4e3tember 2, #$%& until his death on 4e3tember M, #$L$'

4!ulls and bones of *utch ci6ilians murdered durin) +ndonesian +nde3endence *a" celebrations at (ala3oelan), +ndonesia on /u)ust #J, #$%L' 1=o6ernment +nstitute for War *ocumentation, The 8a)ue2

+ndonesians remo6e 3ortraits of their former *utch )o6ernors from the *Aa!arta 3alace in *Aa!arta, +ndonesia in #$%K' The +ndonesian War of +nde3endence lasted from /u)ust #J, #$%& to *ecember M#, #$%$' The Netherlands reco)ni0ed +ndonesias inde3endence on *ecember 2J, #$%$' 1:effre" (lan!fortN:ereboam2

*utch soldiers search +ndonesian ci6ilians at a chec!3oint in *Aa!arta 1later :a!arta2 in circa #$%&;#$%$' 1*utch +nstitute for ,ilitar" 8istor"2

United Nations militar" obser6ers chec! u3 on an UN;s3onsored cease;fire in #$%K' 1National /rchi6es2

Chinese Ci0il War and the .stablishment o2 Communist China% %.S. &mbassador to the .e*#blic of China Patrick 0. #rley !front row" left$ a**ears with .e*#blic of ChinaAs President 'eneralissimo Chian) Eai8shek !front row" center$" Comm#nist terrorist (ao Tse8t#n) !front row" ri)ht$" and Chian) Eai8shekAs son Chian) Chin)8k#o !back row" left$ in Ch#n)kin)" China in Se*tember 231: d#rin) the failed &merican attem*t to ne)otiate between the Chinese ?ationalists and the Comm#nist terrorists. !Photo: 0ack Wilkes=Time Life$

Gorean War% & )ro#* of &merican %.S. &rmy infantrymen march into the ?akton) .i-er re)ion on &#)#st 22" 23:;" as they *ass a line of fleein) Eorean ref#)ees. The ?orth Eorean army #nder the command of ?orth EoreaAs Bear Leader Eim /l S#n) in-aded So#th Eorea !.e*#blic of Eorea$ on 0#ne 7:" 23:; and o-erran the ca*ital city of Seo#l three days later. !Bettmann=CL.B/S$

6rab-Israeli Wars and the .stablishment o2 the +tate o2 Israel% &rab terrorists wa)e war on /srael and /sraeli ci-ilians in 2315.

'ndo(Pakistani Wars and the esta!lishment of 'ndia and Pakistan: +ndian ,uslim leader ,ohammad /li :innah 1left, *ecember 2&, #KJL;4e3tember ##, #$%K2 a33ears with his 3olitical ri6al +ndian 8indu leader ,ohandas >' H,ahatmaI =andhi 1ri)ht, October 2, #KL$ O :anuar" M5, #$%K2 in (omba", (ritish +ndia in 4e3tember #$%%' :innah would ser6e as the first HPresidentI 1=o6ernor;=eneral2 of Pa!istan when Pa!istan became inde3endent on /u)ust #&, #$%J' :innah fa6ored a se3arate state for the ,uslims li6in) in (ritish +ndia9 +ndia and Pa!istan has wa)ed war o6er >ashmir on three se3arate occasions 1#$%J, #$L&, #$J#2' ,ahatma =andhi was assassinated in +ndia on :anuar" M5, #$%K' (oth +ndia and Pa!istan became inde3endent on /u)ust #&, #$%J' :awaharlal Nehru was the Prime ,inister of +ndia from /u)ust #&, #$%J until his death on ,a" 2J, #$L%'

The stand8off between %.S. &rmy (15 tanks and So-iet T:: tanks at Chec,point Charlie in &erlin durin- the border di(pute o) late October !$ . 74hoto+ htt*:==warand)ame.word*ress.com=7;;C=27=;:=check*oint8charlie8october823@2=$

Dietnam War (19! -19:!"% So#th ,ietnamAs 'eneral ?)#yen ?)oc Loan !left$" So#th ,ietnamAs Chief of ?ational Police" e>ec#tes ,iet Con) terrorist and s#s*ected child8killer Ca*tain ?)#yen ,an Lem !ri)ht$ in Sai)on d#rin) the Tet Lffensi-e on 6ebr#ary 2" 23@5. 'eneral Loan wo#ld later mo-e to ,ir)inia after the ,ietnam WarD 'eneral Loan died of cancer in ,ir)inia in 2335. !Eddie &dams" &ssociated Press=Wide World Photos$

&ebanese Ci0il War (19!8? 19:H-199="% Between 5;; !accordin) to the Eahane commission$ and 2:;; !accordin) to Palestine Liberation Lr)ani+ation$ Palestine &rab ref#)ees were massacred by the Christian Lebanese 6orces between Se*tember 21 and 2C" 2357. The /sraeli army" *ositioned aro#nd the two cam*s" did not react. Cor*ses of ref#)ees lie in their blood. Lebanon is a former 6rench tr#stee colony and a former *ro-ince of the Lttoman Em*ire. !M (ichel Phili**ot=Sy)ma=Corbis$

The Eorean Be8(ilitari+ed Pone at PanmonNo#m. The di-ision of Eorea into two co#ntries be)an at the Potsdam Conference d#rin) World War //. !Photo: htt*:==www.nd#.ed#=C&PSTL?E=$

'ermans in West Berlin destroy the infamo#s Berlin Wall on ?o-ember 3" 2353. The di-ision of 'ermany into two co#ntries d#rin) the Cold War be)an d#rin) the 4alta and Potsdam conferences d#rin) World War //. 'ermany has since been re#nified.

EZTC/ WOC?* W/C ++ P8OTO4

6ield (arshal Erwin .ommel is seen standin) with ca*t#red British soldiers in 6rance in 231;. !Photo: htt*:==historyima)es.blo)s*ot.com=7;;3=27=fall8of8france8may8231;.html$

?a+i 'erman 6ield (arshal Erwin .ommel !left$ s*eaks with 6ascist /talyAs dictator Benito (#ssolini at the /talian 'o-ernment eadK#arters in 0an#ary 2311. !So#rce: Wikimedia$

(inister President of ?orway ,idk#n H#islin) !left$ meets with &dolf

itler" circa 23178231:.

Left *hoto: ,idk#n H#islin) !center$" the (inister President of ?orway" -isits ?a+i SS chief einrich ,ilNam a)elin !Secretary of State for the ome Lffice 231;82311$ in Berlin on 6ebr#ary 21" 2317. .i)ht *hoto: &dolf

immler !left$ and &lbert

itler -isits ,idk#n H#islin). !So#rce: htt*:==i-arfNeld.word*ress.com=cate)ory=-atican8and8fascism=$

8einrich 8immler 6isits Norwa" in #$%#' 4eated 1from left to ri)ht2 are Xuislin), 8immler, :osef Terbo6en, the Na0i )auleiter who was the effecti6e ruler of Norwa" durin) the occu3ation, and =eneral Ni!olaus 6on -al!enhorst, the commander of the =erman forces in Norwa"' Eid!un Xuislin) was the ,inister President of Norwa" from -ebruar" #, #$%2 to ,a" $, #$%& and Norwa"s ,inister of *efense from #$M# to #$MM' 1=erman -ederal /rchi6e2

Celebration in the Eatican' +tal"s fascist dictator (enito ,ussolini a33ears with a Cardinal and their staff' 1Photo: htt3:NNi6arfAeld'word3ress'comNcate)or"N6atican;and;fascismN2

*ead ci6ilians !illed b" =erman artiller" are seen l"in) in the streets of ?enin)rad F4t' Petersbur)G in late #$%#' 1Photo: 8assadar' htt3:NNwww'oli6e;drab'comNodShistor"Sww2So3sSbattlesS#$%#lenin)rad'3h32

?eft: /dolf 8itler meets with -inlandBs ,arshal Carl =ustaf Emil ,annerheim and -inlands President Cisto C"ti in +matra, -inland, 255 !m north;west of ?enin)rad, on :une %, #$%2' 1Published in $uomen 1uvalehti #$%2, re3ublished 255L2 Ci)ht: Ca3tured =erman soldiers under Ced /rm" )uard are escorted throu)h the streets of ?enin)rad in /u)ust #$%2' 1Photo: 8assadar' htt3:NNwww'oli6e;drab'comNodShistor"Sww2So3sSbattlesS#$%#lenin)rad'3h32

.#ssian PLWGs on the way to 'erman *rison cam*s. /ma)e *rinted in the @;Gs from Polish &rchi-e ne)ati-e" now in (arek T#s+y]skiGs collection of WW// *rints. (ost likely *hoto taken by 'ermans which was latter acK#ired by doc#mentation cell of &rmia EraN. htt*:==en.wiki*edia.or)=wiki=6ile:.#ssianFPLWF!2312$.N*)

& col#mn of So-iet .ed &rmy *risoners8of8war ca*t#red near (insk WBelar#sX is marched to a *rison cam* on 0#ly 7" 2312. !'erman 6ederal &rchi-es$

4o6iet s!i troo3s ad6ance to the front lines as the" 6isit ?enin)rad F4t' Petersbur)G, 4o6iet Cussia in #$%M'

-ield ,arshal -riedrich Paulus 1left2, with his chief of staff, =eneralleutnant /rthur 4chmidt 1middle2 and his aide, Wilhelm /dam 1ri)ht2, after their surrender on :anuar" M#, #$%M' Paulus surrendered to 4o6iet forces in 4talin)rad on :anuar" M#, #$%M, a da" after he was 3romoted to the ran! of +eneralfeldmarschall b" /dolf 8itler' 8itler e<3ected Paulus to commit suicide, citin) the fact that there was no record of a =erman field marshal e6er surrenderin) to enem" forces' Whilst in 4o6iet ca3ti6it" durin) the war he became a 6ocal critic of the Na0i re)ime and Aoined the Cussian;s3onsored National Committee for a -ree =erman"' 8e was not released until #$&M' 1=erman -ederal /rchi6es2

4urrender of ,aAor;=eneral /lfons 8itter and ?ieutenant;=eneral -riedrich =ollwit0er to ,arshal of the 4o6iet Union /le!sandr Easile6s!" and -ield ,arshal +6an Chern"a!ho6s!" after the battle of Eitebs! durin) O3eration (a)ration on :une 2K, #$%%' 1Cussian 4tate /rchi6e2

-rom left to ri)ht: =eneral >' Co!osso6s!", ,arshal of /rtiller" N' Eorono6, translator ca3tain *iatlen!o, and -ield ,arshal -riedrich Paulus, who was ta!en 3risoner b" the troo3s of L%th arm" under =eneral N' 4humilo6 on :anuar" M#, #$%M'

(embers of the ?E6B in 2319" from the left: Col. -an oo-en" Lt. 'raf Einsiedel" (aN. et+" 'en. -on Seydlit+" Pr-. Pi**el" Erich Weinert" Col. Steidle" 'en. Lattmann. The ?ational Committee for a 6ree 'ermany !'erman: National,omitee .reie( Deut(chland" or ?E6B$ was a 'erman anti8?a+i or)ani+ation that o*erated in the So-iet %nion d#rin) World War //. !Photo: 'erman 6ederal &rchi-es$

The anti8?a+i ?E6B eadK#arters in .#ssia d#rin) World War //

Na0i =erman 3risoners from the -ourth /rm" are marched throu)h the streets of ,oscow on :ul" #J, #$%% after their ca3ture in ,ins!' /n assassination attem3t on /dolf 8itler occurred inside Wolfs ?air in East Prussia 1=erman"2 on :ul" 25, #$%%' 1Cussian 4tate /rchi6e2 htt3:NN6ictor"'rusarchi6es'ruNinde<'3h373TM#U3hotoSidT2&K
The Bates of Withdrawal !or S#rrender$ from (aNor Cities by the ?a+i 'erman &rmy in the Western 6ront: 0#ne 1" 2311: .ome" /taly &#)#st 1" 2311: 6lorence" /taly &#)#st 79" 2311: (arseille" 6rance &#)#st 7:" 2311: Paris" 6rance Se*tember 1" 2311: &ntwer*" Bel)i#m Se*tember :" 2311: Br#ssels" Bel)i#m Se*tember 3" 2311: L#>embo#r) City" L#>embo#r) Lctober 72" 2311: &achen" 'ermany 6ebr#ary 7;" 231:: Saarbr#cken" 'ermany (arch C" 231:: Colo)ne" 'ermany (arch 73" 231:: 6rankf#rt am (ain" 'ermany &*ril 2;" 231:: ano-er" 'ermany (ay 9" 231:: amb#r)" 'ermany (ay 3" 231:: Co*enha)en" Benmark !and all of Benmark$ (ay 22" 231:: Lslo" ?orway !and all of ?orway$ The Bates of Withdrawal !or S#rrender$ from (aNor Cities by the ?a+i 'erman &rmy in the Eastern 6ront: ?o-ember @" 2319: Eie-" %kraine 0#ly 7C" 2311: L-o-" Poland !L-i-" %kraine$ Lctober 21" 2311: &thens" 'reece Lctober 7;" 2311: Bel)rade" 4#)osla-ia !later Bel)rade" Serbia$ 0an#ary 2C" 231:: Warsaw" Poland 0an#ary 7C" 231:: &#schwit+ Concentration Cam*" Poland 6ebr#ary 29" 231:: B#da*est" #n)ary (arch 9;" 231:: Ban+i)" 'ermany !'dansk" Poland$ &*ril 3" 231:: Eoni)sber)" 'ermany !Ealinin)rad" .#ssia$ &*ril 29" 231:: ,ienna" &#stria (ay 7" 231:: Berlin" 'ermany (ay @" 231:: Bresla#" 'ermany !Wroclaw" Poland$ !followin) an 578day sie)e$ (ay 22" 231:: Pra)#e" C+echoslo-akia !later Pra)#e" C+ech .e*#blic$

Na0i =erman soldiers occu3" Theater 4.uare 1with the National Theater 6isible in the bac!2 in Warsaw, Poland in 4e3tember #$%% durin) the Warsaw U3risin) of #$%%' 1Photo: =erman -ederal /rchi6es2

4oldiers of Polish 8ome /rm" surrender to Na0i =erman Wehrmacht at a chec!3oint in Warsaw, Poland on October &, #$%%'

=erman ci6ilians esca3e from *an0i), =erman" 1later =dans!, Poland2 in -ebruar" #$%& to a6oid bein) ca3tured or !illed b" the in6adin) 4o6iet Ced /rm"' 1Photo: =erman -ederal /rchi6es2

*ele)ation of Na0i =erman officers wal! for ne)otiations before the ca3itulation of the cit" of (reslau, =erman" on ,a" L, #$%&'

So-iet .ed &rmy soldiers march thro#)h B#da*est" #n)ary in (arch 231:. The So-iet .ed &rmy looted B#da*est" attacked forei)n embassies" ra*ed women" and killed ci-ilians after they defeated the ?a+i 'erman army in B#da*est. The Sie)e of B#da*est lasted from Becember 73" 2311 to 6ebr#ary 29" 231:" when the ?a+i 'erman army withdrew from the city on 6ebr#ary 29" 231:.

So-iet soldiers hostin) the So-iet fla) on the balcony of otel &dlon in Berlin" 'ermany in (ay 231: after the Battle of Berlin. The Battle of Berlin lasted from &*ril 2@" 231: #ntil (ay 7" 231:" when the ?a+i 'erman army ca*it#lated the city. !Photo: 'erman 6ederal &rchi-es$

4o6iet Ced /rm" troo3s ad6ance u3on the Ceichsta) in (erlin, =erman" in /3ril;,a" #$%&' 1Photo: htt3:NNwww'mi<edmartialarts'comNmma'cfm7)oTforum'3ostsUforumT2UthreadT25&#52LU3a)eT%2

Cesidents and defenders of the Pra)ue U3risin) )reet the 4o6iet Ced /rm" in Pra)ue in ,a" #$%&'

/ defeated =erman soldier sits in front of the burnin) Ceichsta) in (erlin in #$%&' 1Photo: ,ar! Ced!in2

=erman 3risoners of war stand in front of the >in)s =ate in >oni)sber), =erman" 1later >alinin)rad, Cussia2 on /3ril #2, #$%&, three da"s after the Na0i =erman arm" surrendered the cit" to the 4o6iet Ced /rm"'

/ ma3 of Na0i =erman" 1territor" in )ra"2 on ,a" K, #$%& 1E;E *a"2' Norwa" and *enmar! were under com3lete Na0i =erman occu3ation on ,a" K, #$%&' Na0i =erman" surrendered /msterdam, Netherlands on ,a" &, #$%&'

(ilitary ro#te of the 2st Polish &rmo#red Bi-ision d#rin) World War //. The 2st Polish &rmo#red Bi-ision sei+ed the Erie)smarine na-al base in Wilhelmsha-en" 'ermany on (ay @" 231:D the 2st Polish &rmo#red Bi-ision liberated the Bel)ian city of 'hent in 2311

The (ayor of Breda" ?etherlands !,an Slobbe$ )i-es a welcome s*eech to the soldiers of the 2st Polish &rmo#red Bi-ision in late 2311" after the Polish soldiers had liberated Breda from the ?a+i 'erman army.

&merican in-asion troo*s of the Cth /nfantry Bi-ision a**roach a landin) area code8named Beach .ed in the western arm of olt+ Bay" on 0a*anese8occ#*ied &tt# /sland in &laska on (ay 22" 2319. !&P Photo$

&*ril 25" 2317: & B87: (itchell bomber takes off from the %SS ornetGs fli)ht deck for the initial air raid on Tokyo" 0a*an" a secret military mission %.S. President .oose-elt referred to as Shan)ri8La. !&P Photo$

0#ne 1" 2317: The %.S. aircraft carrier 4orktown" left" and the other fi)htin) shi*s of a %nited States task force in the Pacific" throw #* an #mbrella of anti8aircraft fire to beat off a sK#adron of 0a*anese tor*edo *lanes attackin) the carrier d#rin) the battle of (idway. !&P Photo$

0#ne 2317: The %SS Le>in)ton" %.S. ?a-y aircraft carrier" e>*lodes after bein) bombed by 0a*anese *lanes in the Battle of the Coral Sea in the So#th Pacific d#rin) World War //. !&P Photo$

&#)#st 9" 2317: &fter hammerin) Port (oresby for two days" 0a*anese bombers finally sank this &#stralian trans*ort which sends #* a clo#d of smoke. She drifted onto a reef and heeled o-er. 6lamin) oil can be seen at left. The men in a small boat" fore)ro#nd" are lookin) for -ictims. !&P Photo$

%.S. (arines a**roach the 0a*anese occ#*ied '#adalcanal in the Solomon /slands in &#)#st 2317 d#rin) World War //. !&P Photo$

%.S. (arines" with f#ll battle kits" char)e ashore on '#adalcanal /sland from a landin) bar)e d#rin) the early *hase of the %.S. offensi-e in the Solomon /slands in &#)#st 2317 d#rin) World War //. !&P Photo$

&#). 73" 2317: &fter landin) in force" %.S. (arines *a#se on the beach of '#adalcanal in the Solomon /slands before ad-ancin) inland a)ainst the 0a*anese d#rin) World War //. !&P Photo$

Lct. 73" 2317: %.S. (arines man a .C: (( )#n on '#adalcanal /sland in the Solomon /slands d#rin) World War //. !&P Photo$

?o-. 9" 2317: P#shin) thro#)h ?ew '#inea N#n)les in a Nee*" 'eneral Bo#)las (ac&rth#r ins*ects the *ositions and mo-ements of &llied 6orces" who wo#ld *#sh the 0a*anese away from Port (oresby and back o-er the Lwen Stanley (o#ntain ran)e. !&P Photo$

0an#ary 2319: While on a bombin) r#n o-er Salama#" ?ew '#inea" before its ca*t#re by &llied forces" *hoto)ra*her S)t. 0ohn &. Boitea# aboard an army Liberator took this *hoto)ra*h of a B871 Liberator d#rin) World War //. Bomb b#rsts can be seen below in lower left and a shi* at #**er ri)ht alon) the beach. !&P Photo=%.S. &rmy 6orce$

0an#ary 2319: The bodies of three &merican soldiers" fallen in the battle for B#na and 'ona" lie on the beach of the island in the Pa*#a ?ew '#inea re)ion d#rin) World War //. !&P Photo$

?o-ember 7" 2319: & B87: bomber of the %.S. &rmy :th &ir 6orce strikes a)ainst a 0a*anese shi* in the harbor at .aba#l" ?ew Britain d#rin) an air raid on the 0a*anese8held air and na-al base. !&P Photo$

?o-ember 22" 2319: & s#**ly shi*" one of two that the 0a*anese were able to work thro#)h %.S. &ir attacks" e>*lodes in .an)oon arbor !center$ after a direct hit by a bomb from a Tenth %.S. &ir 6orce Plane. its also were scored on *ort facilities" seen smokin) !to* center$. ?ote n#mero#s small craft moored at docks and offshore" !ri)ht$. !&P Photo$

0an#ary 2311: These %.S. (arine .aiders" with the re*#tation of bein) skillf#l N#n)le fi)hters" *ose in front of a 0a*anese stron)hold they conK#ered at Ca*e Totkina" Bo#)ain-ille. !&P Photo$

The first wa-e of %.S. /nfantrymen lea-es their hi))ins boats and race thro#)h the s#rf for the beach d#rin) the in-asion of Wakde /sland" B#tch ?ew '#inea in (ay 2311 d#rin) World War //. !&P Photo=%.S. &rmy Si)nal Cor*s$

U'4' /rm" =en' *ou)las ,ac/rthur wades ashore durin) initial landin)s at ?e"te, Phili33ines in October #$%%' 1National /rchi6esNU'4' /rm" 4i)nal Cor3s2

& 0a*anese kamika+e *ilot crashes into %SS Esse> near the Phili**ines on ?o-ember 7:" 2311.

/merican ,arines raise the /merican fla) on +wo :ima on -ebruar" 2M, #$%&' 1:oe CosenthalN/ssociated Press 3hoto2

U'4' ,arine reinforcements wade ashore to su33ort the beachhead on O!inawa, :a3an on ,arch M#, #$%&'

/ )rou3 of :a3anese 1or >orean2 3risoners in O!inawa, :a3an who 3referred ca3ture to suicide wait to be .uestioned b" /merican officers' 1Photo: htt3:NNwww'histor"'arm"'milNboo!sNwwiiNo!inawaNcha3ter#K'htm[3%2

/t #%%M on ## /3ril #$%&, one of the most famous 3hotos of the Pacific War was ta!en' This ima)e shot aboard U44 ,+44OUC+ free0es the moment in time that 4etsuo +shino struc! U44 ,+44OUC+9 it came to s"mboli0e the des3erate nature of the fi)htin) a)ainst >ami!a0e attac!s' The 3lane bro!e a3art in a )lancin) im3act and threw debris onto the dec!, i)nitin) a fire forward' 1U'4' Na6" 3hoto re3roduced from Wi!imedia Commons, htt3:NNmi)ht"$5'comN>i!usuiSNumberS2'html2

4urrender instructions to sur6i6in) :a3anese soldiers were broadcast b" this Hcon6ertedI :a3anese from an ?C+ standin) off the roc!" cliff near 8ill K$ in O!inawa, :a3an in #$%&' 1Photo: htt3:NNwww'histor"'arm"'milNboo!sNwwiiNo!inawaNcha3ter#K'htm[3%2

/merican soldiers raise the /merican fla) in O!inawa, :a3an on :une 22, #$%& as or)ani0ed :a3anese resistance ended that da"' 1Photo: htt3:NNwww'histor"'arm"'milNboo!sNwwiiNo!inawaNcha3ter#K'htm[3%2

Third Fleet *aids on ;a an" ;uly ,/0<. U'4' Na6" carrier aircraft attac! the :a3anese battleshi3 %aruna at her moorin)s near >ure, :a3an on :ul" 2K, #$%&' Photo)ra3hed from a U44 2ntrepid 1CE;##2 3lane' 1!fficial "#$# Navy hotograph3 now in the collections of the National .rchives# 2 htt3:NNwww'histor"'na6"'milN3hotosNsh;forn6NAa3anNAa3sh;hNharuna'htm

World War ++ :oint Chiefs of 4taff at a luncheon meetin), circa #$%M' Present are 1from left to ri)ht2: =eneral 8enr" 8' /rnold, Chief of 4taff, U'4' /rm" /ir -orces9 /dmiral William *' ?eah", Chairman, :oint Chiefs of 4taff9 /dmiral Ernest :' >in), Chief of Na6al O3erations and Commander in Chief, U'4' -leet9 and =eneral =eor)e C' ,arshall, Chief of 4taff, U'4' /rm"' 1Official U'4' Na6" Photo)ra3h, now in the collections of the National /rchi6es2 htt3:NNwww'histor"'na6"'milN3hotosN3ers;usNus3ers;!NeA;!n)'htm

L,E.LL.B commanders meetin)" 0an#ary 2311. Left to ri)ht: Lmar Bradley" Bertram .amsay" &rth#r Tedder" 'eneral Eisenhower" Bernard (ont)omery" Trafford Lei)h8(allory" Walter Bedell Smith. !Eisenhower Presidential Library=?ational &rchi-es$

V'en. Bwi)ht B. Eisenhower )i-es the order of the Bay. G6#ll -ictory8nothin) elseG to *aratroo*ers in En)land" N#st before they board their air*lanes to *artici*ate in the first assa#lt in the in-asion of the continent of E#ro*e.V (oore" 0#ne @" 2311. !?ational &rchi-es$

*;*a" +n6asion at Normand", -rance on :une L, #$%%

Crowds of -rench 3atriots line the Cham3s El"sees to 6iew -ree -rench tan!s and half trac!s of =eneral ?eclercBs 2nd /rmored *i6ision 3asses throu)h the /rc du Triom3he, after Paris was liberated on /u)ust 2&, #$%% 1?ibrar" of Con)ress2

Prime ,inister of =reat (ritain Winston Churchill 1left2 and 3ro6isional President of -rance =eneral Charles de =aulle 1ri)ht2 wal! down the /6enue des Cham3s;El"sees durin) the -rench /rmistice *a" 3arade in Paris, -rance on No6ember ##, #$%%' 1Photo: +m3erial War ,useums2

/merican troo3s of the 2Kth +nfantr" *i6ision march down the Cham3s El"sees, Paris, in the Eictor" Parade on /u)ust 2$, #$%%' 1Photo: htt3:NNhistor"'sandie)o'eduN=ENNWW2+nde<N3icinde<&'html2

Prime ,inister of =reat (ritain Winston Churchill 1center2 lea6es the ruins of /dolf 8itlers Chanceller" in (erlin, =erman" on :ul" #L, #$%&' 1Photo: +m3erial War ,useums2

Concentration cam3 sur6i6ors and /llied soldiers ali!e celebrate after ,authausen concentration cam3 near ?in0, /ustria was liberated in #$%&'

&n infantryman is on )#ard on 'rassy Enoll in '#adalcanal" Solomon /slands on 0an#ary 7@" 2319 d#rin) World War //. !&P Photo$

.i)ht Sho#lder &rms. & sK#ad of 0a*anese8&merican soldiers are here shown in the action of obeyin) this command d#rin) ro#tine *ractice on the Cam* Shelby drill field at Cam* Shelby" (ississi**i in 0#ly 2319. The 117nd combat team at Cam* Shelby is com*osed entirely of &mericans of 0a*anese descent who -ol#nteered for ser-ices in the armed forces. This #nit of a**ro>imately 5;;; men is #nder)oin) intensi-e trainin) in all branches of combat d#ty" and they are lookin) forward with ea)erness to act#al ser-ices at the front. !Photo)ra*her: Charles E. (ace$ !Contrib#tin) /nstit#tion: The Bancroft Library" %ni-ersity of California at Berkeley$

Left *hoto: T#ske)ee &irmen d#rin) World War //. !Photo: htt*:==www.blackarchi-es.or)=node=59$ .i)ht *hoto: (adame Chian) Eai8shek" the wife of ?ationalist ChinaAs leader 'eneralissimo Chian) Eai8shek" celebrates ,80 Bay in &#)#st 231: as she dis*lays an &merican news*a*er with the headline Com*lete S#rrender.

President 8arr" 4' Truman holds u3 the official :a3anese document of surrender with Em3eror 8irohitoBs si)nature at a White 8ouse meetin) on 4e3tember J, #$%&' -rom left to ri)ht are: 4ecretar" of War 8enr" 4timson, =en' =eor)e C' ,arshall, unidentified, and *ean =' /cheson' 1Photo: htt3:NNwww'boo!sho3sdri6einsandAi6e'comN25#MS5$S5JSarchi6e'html2

/ )rou3 of /merican soldiers and :a3anese men 3ose for a 3hoto)ra3h in front of the Ura!ami Cathedral in Na)asa!i, :a3an after World War ++' 1Photo: htt3:NNwww'flic!r'comN3hotosNafi)alloN#5$$LL%JMLNinNset;J2#&JL52#M2&M&&#$N2

Com*any VBV commemorati-e *laK#e at (aywood" /L ,eterans (emorial Park. & tablet to commemorate the *eo*le who fo#)ht in Bataan

&merican )enerals: seated left to ri)ht are William . Sim*son" 'eor)e S. Patton" 0r." Carl S*aat+" Bwi)ht B. Eisenhower" Lmar Bradley" Co#rtney . od)es" and Leonard T. 'erowD standin) are .al*h 6. Stearley" oyt S. ,andenber)" Walter Bedell Smith" Ltto P. Weyland" and .ichard E. ?#)ent. Circa 231:. !?ational &rchi-es$

Left *hoto: %.S. &rmy 'en. 'eor)e S. Patton" 0r. !?o-ember 22" 255: I Becember 72" 231:$. Ln Becember 3" 231:" a day before he was d#e to ret#rn to the %nited States" 'eneral 'eor)e S. Patton was se-erely inN#red in a road accident. .i)ht *hoto: %.S. &rmy 'en. Bo#)las (ac&rth#r

U'4' /rm" ?ieutenant =eneral :onathan Wainwri)ht 1?2, a former 3risoner;of;war, chats with =eneralissimo Chian) >ai;she! in Chun)!in), China on 4e3tember J, #$%& after Wainwri)hts release from a :a3anese 3rison at 4ian, China da"s earlier' Chian) >ai;she! s3o!e no En)lish' 1Photo: :ac! Wil!esNTime ?ife2

'eneral of the &rmy Bo#)las (ac&rth#r and Lt. 'en. 0onathan Wainwri)ht )reet each other at the ?ew 'rand otel" 4okohama" 0a*an on &#)#st 92" 231:" in their first meetin) since they *arted on Corre)idor more than three years before. !&rmy=?ational &rchi-es$