SOCIETY OF PETROLEUM ENGINEERS 6200 North Central Expressway Dallas, Texas 75206

OF AIME

PAPER NumER

;;3

THIS IS A, PREPRINT

- SUBJECT

TO CORRECTION

The theory and practice of monitoring and controlling dumpfloods

by C. A. Davies, Oasis Oil Company of Lybia, Inc., Tripoli, Ubya

%733

--.. ~ tipyz@ht 1Y7Z

A--

Ameriean Institute of Mining, Metallurgi~

and Petioletun Enginee~

Inc.

This paper was prepared for the SPE- European Spring Meeting 1972 of the Society of Petroleum Engineers of AIME, held in Amsterdam, The Netherlands, May 18-18, 1972. Permission to copy is restricted to an abstract of not more than 300 words. Illustrations inay not be copied. The abstract should contain conspicuous acknowledgment of where and by whom the paper is presented. Publication in the JOURNAL OF PETROLEUM TECHNOLOGY or the SOCIETY OF elsewhere after mhl iratio~ ~__-._. PETROLEUM ENGINEERS JOURNAL is usually granted upon request. to the Editor of the appropriate journal provided agreement to give proper credit. is made. Discussion of this paper is invited. Three copies of any discussion should be sent to the Society of Petroleum Engineers, P. O. Box 228, The Hague, The Netherlands. Such discussion may be presented at the above meeting and, wit$ the paper, may be considered for publication in one of the two -SPE magazines.

Abstract The termdumpflooding usually refers to the technique of maintaining the pressure of an oil reservoir by allowing a high pressure potential water source zone to flow naturally into the oil zone. The reason for using this technique is primarily related to ita cheapness both in initial capital expenditure and.in the routine operating.expenses. This technique becomes particularly important in isolated areas where there is insufficient ground water. There.has been a problem in monitoring the rate at which the wells transfer water from a high pressure potential zoneto a low pressure <s potent%wl =::Le, ?.L:~ due to the fact that there are two zones open to the well bore which cannot be readily monitored independently. The theory of dumpflooding has been developed and due. to the complexity of solving the resultant second order differential. equations, a computer program has been written and presented to assist analysts in monitoring the dumping rates. A technique has alao been developed which permits monitoring of the actual fluid injection rate, within an acceptable accuracy, and also

permits the determination of well bore properties of both the source zone and the injected zone from simple fluid levels and periodic fluid travel logs. Introduction The technique of injecting water into an oil producing reservoir. for either pressure maintenance or secondary recovery is a well-established process in the worldwide. oil producing industry. The methods available for obtaining water for injection purposes are numerous and the economics associated with the.injection project usually dictate which source should be used. The source.of water used ia dependent usuaiiy on the quality and quanti~y of water available. For instance, the sea or rivers may be used, when avaiiahle, but treatment costs are often very high. Subterranean water is often of better quality but quantity and/or accessibility usually involve large capital expenditures for wells and pumps. This paper deals with probably the cheapeat and most effective method of injecting water into an oil reservoir, that is, dumpflooding.

SPE
,rm dumpflooding refers to the process of ...owing a water-bearing reservoir of high pressure potential to feed into an oil reservoir of lower pressure potential by placing the two zones in communication through a casing string (Figure 1). The water source zone can be above or below the oil reservoir, as long as there is sufficient pressure potential to effect the water transfer. (The equations associated with dumpflooding apply equally well to both cases. Appendix I). This paper, however, is primarily concerned with the monitoring of the dumpflood rates, a problem which has existed in the oil producing industry due to the fact that the rate may not stay constant over the life of the dumpflood project. This paper, which presents a derivation of the equations describing the fluid transfer rate, and a computer program to solve the equations of flow, has been designed to alleviate the problem of monitoring the dumpflooding rates. The Theory of Dumpflooding It can be readily demonstrated that the rate at which fluid transfers from one zone to another is a constant value if the reservoir static pressure in both zones is maintained. (See Appendix I, Case I). The equation* for fluid transfer is :of rate injection per unit time would give to that point in time. the

3733

cumulative

In the case where one zone is infinite and the other is finite a diEferent set of equations will apply which would be a simplification of the above equation. (See Appendix I, Cases III and IV). The Significance of Pipe Friction -

If the water is dumped at a rate such that the friction in the pipe is a significant part of the total-resistance, term R in the dumpflood formula, then it must be tai en into consideration. One formula used to determine the pipe friction for Newtonian fluids in turbulent flow is :FL = 518-P 0.7? q0.79 0.207 q psi/BWPD h, P d4:79

qw~+++~

= Pew-

Pe~

constant

Since the pipe friction is rate dependent it complicates the solution of the dumpflood formulce. From this equation and the appropriate dumpflood equation a further non-linear equation can be developed and solved for dumping rate. The equations governing each situation are shown in Appendix II. Since these equations require an iteration technique to be solved, and many cases will have to be run, the author haa written a computer program (Appendix 111) to facilitate the generation of the necessary 6ata. The program is written in FORTRAN for the IBM 360 model computer. The use of the computer program is discussed in Appendix 111. Due to the fact that pipe friction is a function of rate and therefore controls, to a degree, the dumpflood rate it may be used in two ways. Firstly, the size of casing could be sufficiently large to reduce the friction to a negligible amount, in which case the dumpflood rate would conform to one of the equations in Appendix 1, Cases I to IV. Secondly, the friction in the pipe could be used to control the dumpflood rate. The water rate could be minimized by allowingit to dump down a small diameter tubing or in the tubing/casing annulus. (A better, -. method, however, to minimize the transf&.rate would be to limit th% ntitmJc* f pc=f:=-tions in c the injected r~mne). ~ Advantages of Dumpfl~oding 4,- .*,,
J

Sq the rate of transfer is dependent on the productive and injective capacity of the source and injected zones respectively, the friction loss in the casing and the difference between the reservoirs static pressures. The fluid transfer rate is not time dependent. It is this constant rate phenomenon that is the key to the successful monitoring of dumpflood wells. The above example holds-true as long as the static pressures of the two zones remain un. changed. Inthe case where the two zones are of finite size, then the static pressure in the source zone wili decrease in accordance with its water production and the pressure in the injected zone will change in accordance with its net withdrawals (i.e. production minus injection). The development of the dumpflood rate equations for this system isincluded in Appendix I, Case II. The equation is :-BCt,+ A ~ (1 - e-Bet) ., rate may be A summation

The advantages of dumpflooding will be discussed in order of priority : 1. The capital costs of installing a conventional waterflooding system exceed the capital costs of dumpflooding by all those costs upstream of the injection wellhead. These capital costs include such items as flow lines, transfer pumps, water gathering

= +1 Piw - io)e

From this calculated * See

equation the dumpflood at any point in time. - page 5

nomenclature

SPE

3733
systems and water treating facilities. 3. With two zones open within one well, the servicing of either zone becomes more complicated, hence more expensive. Certainly the equipment to handle any conceivable workover is available. If sand or other particles were to be deposited from the upper zone to a lower ~~ne then circulating the hole clean would be a problem. ,. If the fluid from thesource zone were corrosive, then a ttibingstring would have to be introduced jus,~be~ow the source zone perforations (sincethe fluid above the perforations would be,essentially static) for the introduction of corrosion-inhibitin~ chemicals.

2.

The operating costs of maintaining a conventional waterflood exceed the dumpflood operating costs by all those costs associated with equipment maintenance. The only operating costs associated with dumpfloodin which would not be necessary with a conventional system wouiti be the periodie dow~lho~e rate rnQniEQring and fluid level measurements. In remote areas where there is inadequate ground water, dumpflooding would provide the necessary injection and avoid the extremely expensive water supply system. (A water supply system would involve the drilling of water supply wells and the installation of the necessary pumping equipment to provide the desired injection rate): In an area where dumpflooding was being practiced, the injection rate could readily be increased by converting a watered-out producing well to dumpflooding. There would be no reaaon to lay additional supply lines , expand the pump capacity, etc.. Dumpflooding is a self-regulating process; as the oil reservoir pressure rises the rate declines and vice versa. Hence there should be no tendency to over-pressure one area or to lower the pressure in another. The casing corrosion problems are reduced since the fluid transfer occurs in a closed system preventing oxygen from accelerating any corrosion tendency.

4.

5. 3.

The Application of the Dumpflood Theory The dumpflood theory and resultant equations art sufficiently complex to make their use on a routine basis virtually impracticable. For thi~ reason the author has developed a technique which will enable the field engineer to utilize the theory, in a readily usable form, to monito] the dumpfiood rates. Tinisis accomplished by fluid levela (2-4 times .-e----., monthly depending on fluid level stability) and casing fluid travel logs about twice a year. The data can be plotted on a dumpflood chart from which the dumping ratea and well bore properties can be read directly. The dumpfloo{ chart (Figure 2) can be obtained by plotting the output data from the dumpflooding computer program. (The uae of the computer program is described in Appendix III). The chart is prepared by plotting the dumpflood rate versus the tubing fluid level for varioua values of the source zones productivity and the injected zones injectivity. Line of constant source zones productivity and l?.nesof constant injected zones injectivity make up the dumpflood chart.
rauIIlarlv ~.e~Su~@

4.

5.

6.

Disadvantages of Dumpflooding The disadvantages of dumpflooding will be discussed in order of priority : 1. The main disadvantage of dumpflooding lies in the difficulty of measuring the quantity of water transferring from one zone of high pressure to a second zone of lower pressure One method would be to use a downhole meter but these meters would require servicing and calibration which would be expensive in remote areas. It is anticipated that this meaauring problem will be resolved, within acceptable oil field limits, by application of the techniques offered in this paper. The rate of fluid transfer cannot readily be controlled below the natural transfer rate without the introduction of do...lhole chokes. Ifa choke were used, and operated below its critical velocity, then the monitoring technique suggested in this paper would not work.

Before the two zones are placed in communication] their individual static bottom hole pressures should be meaaured. The well should then be allowed to dump water until. sufficient time has lapsed to ensure that a stabilized injection rate has been established. Once this haa been accomplished the rate should be measured using a production logging technique, together with .L a..--:--the
L@ UUIUpLUg C1..:.l LLULU 1 ..4,1 &~.=&. ~ti~ e:~=b~ishes

2.

starting point on the dumpflood graph, point A (Figure 2). Theoretically, the.rate and dumpinl fiuid ievei shouiciremain constant depemli~g solely on the relative sizes of-the two connected reservoirs. In practice the productivity of the source zone and the injectivity of the injected zone can change due to well bore damag~ If either zone were to change in capacity then the rate of fluid transfer would change corres-

/,
1

SPE

3733
1

pondingly; a fact which must be recorded. The suggested method of control would be as follows: The starting point, ,A, on the dumpflood chart ha been established in the above discussion (Figure 2). It is now necessary to measure the fluid Ievelat on- m two-week intervals and note any change. If the fluid levels are rising then it would appear, from the graph, that the injected zone is becoming damaged: Follow a lin of constant source zone productivity until a point B is reached. If the fluid levels are dropping follow a line of constant injected zone injectivity to a point C. Points B or C will be at the same instant in t,ime,say, six months to one year after the point A was established.. Again; run a rate determination and fluid level and establish .a new point on the dumpflood graph, If the new point lies at B or C, then the assumptions over that period of time were correct, and the dumpflood rate records will also be correct. Let us now assume that the new rate was atpoint D instead of B or C. In other words, the system suffered deterioration of both zones. In this case the dumpflood recordswould h~ve to be I changed io reflect the actual diiiiipflccding i~t~ as determined from the line between points.A and D. . It can be readily demonstrated that regardless of where the points A, B, C and D lie, the rate of dumpflooding can be estimated closely, after a point A has been established, and accurately once points A and D are available. If at point D the dumpflood rateis considered too low then either o; both zones may be worked over. In this instance the greatest increase in injection rate would be achieved by working over the injected zone, moving from point D to C on the graph. Obviously after a workoverof either zone, a new po,int.Aon the graph must be established with a rate determination and static flui level and the,whole procedure repeated. The Elaboration of the,Durnpflood Techniques

for oil field practical purpos,ea. Thetechnique, however, does require weekly to hi-weekly flukd level measurements and periodic rate determinations using production logging techniques. Acknowledge nts The author wishes to express his appreciation to the Oasis Oil Company of Libya, Inc., for the opportunity to write this paper for the First Annual Meeting of the European S.P.E. to be held in Amsterdam, The Netherlands, during May 1972.

I I
I

The equations used in this paper couldbe elaborated readily to allow for avariable net withdrawal from the oil.producing zone. The procea dure could also be developed to match the pressure/production performance of both the source and the injected zones. From a history match it would then be possible to predict future dumping rates which would be most important if were of fhl~te Size. the source zone ----These developments, however, have not,yet been under- taken. 1

Conclusions The author concluded from his investigation of dumpflooding that the actual fluid transfer rate can be monitored, within an acceptable accuracy

SPE

3733
Appendix I CASE I - Both Source and Injected Zones of Infinite Size Unita BWPD/ps BWPD/ps MMSTB MMBw BOPD BWPD psig psig days psi-l psi-l MMSTB MMBw psi psi/BWPl psig ----pslg psig psig psig gmslcc Cp inches inches inches feet So, for an infinite reservoir dumping to another infinite reservoir we would have a constant dumping rate, qw, where : qw(++$=P iw -p io . qw(++$=Pew-Peo+Dpw , (3a) qwlJ adding:qw (++$ = pewDpwpeo (3) Example I* Upward Flow q /J =p - n w Wf ew qwl~ = Pwf - Dpw - Peo (~) The simplest case of dumpflooding is where an infinite source of water is dumping into an oil zone also of infinite capacity. If the productivity of the water souce zone is J, BWPD/pai and the injectivity of oil zone is I, BWPD/psi, then : From Figure 1, we can show that for any source zone of static pressure, pew, and any injected zone of static pressure, Pee, that the followin[ equationa* apply :

Nomenclature API symbols are used whenever possible.

EY!?!m
I J N N,*7 ~. ~w Pe Pi t Ct c N tw P P pw

Description Injectivity Index Productivity Index Original Oil in Place Original Water in Place Oil producing rate Water producing rate External boundary pressure pe at initial conditions Time Total compressibility (oil zone) Total compressibility (water zone) Oil production, cumulative Water injected, cumulative Water pressure gradient between zones Friction loss Boundary pressure in water zone
UUUUUCILY

(2)

FL Pew Peo P. lW P. 10 Pwf P P d dc dt h

Example II* Downward Flow = P- + Dpw - Pwf ew (la) (2a)

R-...... --A-,...-. . ---irloil Lulle

~LC>bULC

Pew at initial conditions Peo at initial conditions Flowing bottom hole pressure Density of dumping fluid Viscosity of dumping fluid Diameter or equivalent* diameter of pipe, internal Internal diameter of casing Outside diameter of tubing Distance between mid-point of source zone producing interval to mid-point of injected zone producing interval

qwl~ = Pwf - Peo adding:-

If we now convert all pressures to a common level, say, the oil reservoir datum then both equations simplify to : qw (+++) = pew - peo = constant (4)

4P

(5)

~ The equivalent diameter of the annular space between casing and tubing is calculated automatically in the computer program using the formula :

Pressures should be converted to the oil reservoirs datum level. In the subsequent analysia it will be aasumed that pressures used are at a common datum level.

* See nomenclature on this page.

6 CASE 11 - F30tki scliirce d a Finite Size Injected Zcms

SPE Qf
~~~ A=qo B o NWC ~w (16)

3733

The most complex dumpflooding case would be a finite source zone of initial static pressure dumping into a finite reservoir of initial ;i~tic pressure p, which was producing at a constant rate of 4:. The general equation can be developed as follows At any point in time, t, the static pressure of the source zone and injected zone would be p--ew and p , respectively. eo Hence where and qwR1 = Pew - Peo 1 =(++++FL) in (6) (7) the or

B = Net +

NwCtw

(17)

~/C = RINct NwCtw

c=

l/RINct

NwCtw

(18)

B and C in equation (15) above

dq = w A-Bqw

Cdt

(19)

FL is the friction loss casing; psi/BWPD.

Integrate equation (19) w.r.t., t - ; log (A-Bqw)

r.,h am WL.c...

Ct+K

(20)

Material balance calculation over the oil zone at time, t, would be

~=(la

-Y

a. iw (21)

-NB=Nct(p po P

eo - Pio)

(8)

so

K=

log (A-Bqiw)

Likewise, material balance over the source zone would give

Rearranging equation (21) gives : Bqw - A Bqiw - A -BCt qw = qiw e I . . A (l _ e-BCt, (23) (24 e-BCt (22)

= Nwctw (Piw - pew)

(9)

Differentiating equations (6), (8), (9) with respect to time would give the following equationa: Rldqw = dpew - dpeo r= and ~c B dN %& = Nctdpeo dt (11) (lo)

or

but qiw = + 1

(piw - Pie) ,

initial conditions so qw = $ 1 Piw - pio)e -BCt

+$
(12)

(1 - e-Bet)

(25)

= -Nwctwdpew ~ F but dN $ = q. and dW $ = qw

(13)

CASE III - Infinite Injected Zone, Finite Source Zone Taking equation (25) Appendix I and making the injected zone infinite, that is, N = m the equation reduces to : -Dt qw = ~ Piw - Pio)e 1 where, D = l/RINw
Ctw

Eliminate pee, Pew, dNp/dt and dWp/dt we get:

(26)

Rldqw = ~ or

-qw NwCtw Rldqw dt

qw q~

+ qoBo

(14)

CASE IV - Infinite Source Zone, Finite Injected Zone

(NCt+NwCtw)

q.

B. NwCtw - ~
w

(15)

Nci N-- C&_

LW

Again taking equation ,(25) Appendix I and making the source zone infinite, that is N = ~ ~~~ equation reduces to : w

PE 3733
qw = +
1
where

(Piw - pio)e Et

+ qoBo(l - e

-Et

(27

f%w(i)

) is the derivative of the function.

E = l/R NC It

Again ,taking equation (25); Appendix I and putting both zones of infinite capacity, that is : N=N = CD the equation reduces to basic equation (~) Appendix I. Armendix II

The convergence to the root is quadratic or linear if the multiplicity of the root to be determined is equal to one or greater than one respectively and if f(~) can be differentiated continuously at least twice in the range in which the iteration moves. Tolerance limits must be set to minimize the number of iteration steps required. Using the Newton iteration technique the --.T-N;-.. t90\ --- l.-

The equations used in Appendix I assume that the friction loss in a pipe is directly proportional to throughput. In actual fact the friction loss in a pipe is a function of the Reynolds number and the roughness of the pipe which, strictly speaking, should be taken into consideration. One formula used to determine the pipe friction for Newtonian fluids in turbulent flow in oilfield pipes is : 0.79 q0.79 0.207 FL = 518,fl h, psi/BWPD w? d4. 79 (28

G.+UCILLULL

\.C>)

LaLL

UC

d-..mlmdmd UCVCLU~CU

c-LUL

---iZL1y

b:LLUE,

* Let differentiate

0.79 w -0.21 f(q ) = 0.79.Toqw w f(qw) = R+Tq -tB Gef(qw) + tBf(qw) Gs(f(qw))2

(31 (32

let
dqW) =

(33

differentiate

fl(qw) =

(34

let So equation (23) Appendix I, Case II, the most complicated case, becomes : Iw = qi~ e -Bt/G(R+ -Bt/G (R+ l-$ (1 - e Tq 079) w Tqw 0.79 ),

(Piw - Pie) =%

(35

Equation (29) can now be expressed as fl (qw) fl (qw) fz(qw) = q - qi%e -#(l-e ) w differentiating : f2(qw) = fl (Clw) 1fl(qw),fl(qw).e
q

(36

r=518m/o d4.79 . : = Net

0.79

0.20: h So equation (30) becomes : .

(q. -A/B) Iw

(37

.100;.1440179

)/f2(qw(i)) w(i+l) = w(i) - f2 (qW(i) Nw Ctw

(38

q.lW = the rate at initial conditions 1 R= ~++ This is a non-linear equation in qw which can be solved readily using Newtonts iteration technique. The technique is to refine an of a root of the general initial guess q fi=o}(qw) = (). This takes the non-linear equal!lon form of : w(i+l) = w(i)
) - f(o . ..)/fO(rl lW(l) =w(i)

which can readily be solved, preferably with a computer. The value of qiw must be solved frou the equation q.lw = (piw-pie)/(R+Tq~w79) which governs the initial conditions. Since this equation is non-linear it must be solved using the same techniques as above. (For details see CaseI, Appendix II). CASE III - Elaborated to Include Pipe Friction
rl___ fi.d LUe at time, t, for a system with a finite w i+l) so rce zone and an infinite injected zone (constant static pressure) are as follows :
m.... J.LLC ..,....4-:--cqUCILLULIS

(-j~

EG

-L-

---..-1 dcLudl

-L-

rLuw

rdLe,

#here i=O, and qw(i+l)

qw(i)

1,2,3,4,

.............

is the root of the equation where

-Dt qw = qiwe q. = (piw-pie)/(R+Tq:w79) lW

(39 (40

is the guessed root

the function

f(qw(i)) is

8 md D= l/(R+T{79) Nwctw (41) differentiate 1(42) (43) (44) w(i+l) (45) = qw(i) - 2(qw(i))/f2(qw(i)) fz(qw) = fl (qw) fl(qw) fzl(qw) e (qiw - qo)

SPE

3733

So let

f(~)

= R+

0.79 Tq w

(57)

-0.21 differentiate f(qw) = 0.79Tq w Let fl(qw) = -t/(Nwctwf(qw))

Again in the last two equations the rate can be calculated by iterating the expression : (58:

differentiate f~l(qw) = t f(qw)/Nwctw(f(qw))2 fl (q)

Let

CASE I - Elaborated to Include Pipe Friction This case is the simplest case where both zones are infinite. The equation to be solved is nonlinear. 1.79

fq(qw) = q - qiw.e w

(46)

differentiate fz(qw) = fl (qw) ~-rl (a >.f~i(qw).e iw*- =w-1 (47) Let f(~) Rqw+T~

= (piw8

Pio) =Ap 1.79 -~p

(59)

Using the last two equations the rate can be calculated by iterating the expression : %(i+l) = qw(i) - 2(qw(i) ) /fz(qW(i)) (48)

= R~+Tqw

(60)

differentiate

fl(q ) = R+ w

0.79 1.79Tqw

(61)

This can be solved to

give the actual flow rate.

The rate may be obtained by iterating the expression : - f(~(i) )/f(qW(i)) w(i+l) = qw(i) (62)

CASE IV - Elaborated to Include Pipe Friction The equations to find the actual flow rate, at any time, t, for a system which has w(i+}) an In lnite source zone and a finite injected zone are as follows : \ = qiwe -Et + qo. 1 -e -Et ) (49) Appendix III where q. = (Piw lW E = l/Net c /_ I(qw) = ~+ - P>O)/(R+ Tq;-79 (50) CAM 1 - Pipe Friction Data

This equation must be used in Cases II, III and IV to solve for qiw which is the rate at initial conditions.

and .L beL

(R+

0.79 Tqw )

(51)

0.79 Tq w

(~~)

differentiate

-0.21 f(qwj = 0.79Tq w

Read into the computer program up to 40 values of casing and casingltubing combinations. If the tubing is set anywhere between the source and the injected zones then the equivalent dia~,ete~ f~~ ap.yep.p.l~~ar flow is autcnnatically calculated in the computer program for friction loss purposes. Card Column Description Casing Size, i.e. 7 1/2 Tubing Size, i.e. 2 7/8 Casing Size: id. Tubing Size, od. Fluid Viscosity, cp Density of Fluid, grmsfcc Temperature of Fluid, F No. of these cards (first ,.-A--1.,\ LaLu ulzAy) Card sequence Format A4, Al A4, Al F7.5 F7.5 F5.3 F5.4 F4.1 14 14

(53)

let

fl(qw) = -t/Net f(qw)

(54)

differentiate

f~l(clw)= t f(qw)/Net.(f(qw))2 (55)

.-

= a - ~l:efl qw) w f~ (qw) qoO(l - e )

1- 5 6-1o ~~-~7 18-24 25-29 30-34 35-38 39-42 43-46

(56)

,.

SPE
URD2-

3733
Name Card (one per job) Description Format :ard :0lumn Any number between 1-99 Name of Field Concession Number Date Userfs Name 12 3A4 A4 3A4 2A4 1- 8 9-16 17-24 25-32 Description Format ;ARD 6 - Zone Basic Data (Do not use if both zones are infinite)

Card column 1- 2 3-14 15-18 19-30 31-38

CARD 3 - Basic Data Card column 1- 8 9-16 17-21 22-26 27-31 Description Format 33-40 41-48 49-56

32-36

37-41 42-44 45-49 50-52 53-57 58-61

62-65 66-68 69-71 72-76 77-80

Name of Source Zone Name of Injected Zone Mid point of producing interval source Zone, subsea Mid point of injected Zone, subsea Static Pressure of Source Zone at the mid point of the producing interval, psig (not needed if static fluid level included cc 77-80) Static Pressure of injected zone at mid point of the injected interval. KB Elevation, ft KB to Master Gate Valve, ft Fluid gradient, psi/ft Casing/Tubing Combination (see card type 1) Tubing Depth KB, feet Type of System 1 - Both Zones Infinite 2 - Finite Source Zone, Infinite Injected Zone 3 - Finite Injected Zone, Infinite Source Zone 4 - Both Zones Finite Number of Card Type 61s to be Analyzed Number of Productivity Values to be Analyzed Number of Injectivity Values to be Analyzed Blank Static Fluid Level of Source Zone Data

2A4 2A4 F5.O F5.O F5.O

Aquifer size, MMRB Reservoir size, MMSTB Total effective compressibility aquifer, psi-l 10-6 Total effective .-ffi~gssibility oil zone psl Duration of dumpflood, days Reservo{r production rate, RBPD Number of time steps required with finite injected zone, i.e. enter 50 and with duration of 1500 days the time step will be 1500/50 = 30 days

F8.2 F8.2 F8.2 F8.Z F8.2 3?8.2 18

You may introduce as many card type 6s as required; just include the number in card type 3 columns 62-65. Examples of the output may be seen in the paper after the program listing.

F5.O

F5.O F3.1 F5.3 13 F5.O 14

14 14 14

F4.O

CARD 4 - Injectivity
..-L.

lnLrociuce 10 values of the injected zone!s injectivity in BWPD/psi to cover the anticipated Format 10F8.2 range CARD 5 - Productivity Data Introduce 10 values of the source zonets productivity in BWPD/psi to cover the anticipated range. Format. 10F8.2

10

SPE

3733

. .
.c

K------.m.
u .Lnb .

.
-

< . .
& c

-- -

-bux .:-

c . : .
u. .

+--!7. u- u--.7 .ur. Z1. .ul c -a we@. .U UI-.7 Uvu, c ml.urh> 32:. G),1 k uu---1Z.U -*. u c

!2 ..*
Lc
-cn .

..C

u
.1-

: II . c . . .

..-..

zl.-. LL7.-

--C

U-z
TXa

lL:~-->
(A%=LL mc -

--4+ 4.-.X. .--W IU*IJ Uu. z.

-.--

x-. w .. -Llll .r4wm 1---,A,

. ,(
IL

w. . . .
U
.,

7 c

.+% .- -.
L- c -. ma &L. --

. . . u.

L-c
.!-< L<. >C . .-4P !-. .

i,5r-

c=

w-

x-:_
~. . .x,-< . . 1--: >:5 Qua crr ULU

.Ui

mxL --%<<L ---

xx

..-c. ML n.x

W . E u, . G . .-f . .

*m -

t x. .-xlL ~<c.
.m ..0

,6 -

. .
r.
rW

n >-

.-U,

.G,
.. U7ZZ ---x---

),, k.u -1.

* .
c, u 7C =, lnc -c *C c. .+ . u
1

,.

G <7.cti -. .

C7
II In -a.-L TGC. U;

D r. . 04 -00 m ,, v >+. . . ,uiLiL

,=mmf-.t -------

*U.?

SPE

3733

11

. . : @ . .

w @

.
(!4 c1
*

a L a

L1

. L
1

.
u.
+t-r.l r*M

. r.

2.0 .

c .
N-

;7: L>>-.. .-* :&t~ -x> . * I->* ;L!--..

.-m
.?0+ *P., +

:$:
.7 L-I

-z
a. --7 Cn-1 CJm --.4.I -, ,,4. .c --.-0 .-. ru., c-m r-. cc vu -(-.. U. -3 r .

..
c.

C .

-.f ..
..V-*

am. *-* +**

.-.

.U

.m. x c, -cd ,1 w -1 x<

(.,

l--c
+. 7*U -*. *C. ,, II .4. c, c

ccc . .
Cco <-*

. . --It

II X L-

dud-,,
*..J* CLZ .-

- CG: <--cc

,(-X *-. r.,.

-$Z
l,.f nJ,, *CU.

Yc

-.
.. .

, . ?,

r .

: .

-h , n .. .r> ,+ -. .

-r-. u, *r ,.
l, ., .-

.
,.

., ,, .

. ,. .. ,. -x

.-c:
U.* .,.

-u -, . . 1(. I .>

-a ,. c, .,
:7 . . ----.,--r.,

. ,, ., .. .

<
c . ;.

,,

,,. , .. .

. ,.

.-u,

,;

.
r

,-.
.r

r------. . .

-.

..

,.. ,:

SPE

3733

15

SPE

3733

13

.
L . !UL.

.
L .

. ,., *
IL. >,. * -. ., x 4.

.
-,, . -

..2 ,

L. . .

.
L .
r?

N-

.> i: *X.r

r.

r;:... -, . ++ w
+ ,:

-., ., .>

. .2
:

* * . .
L t

L. . .r.-.

2: ,C ,..++.:U -+%. .<-< -.<. ,-*. >.. u+,, -11 ,$ ,, .&I-a

+ ..
4. T ., 31 .

... * ;. .
1. ,, .

F --lDf---

..-.

u
d . -i u ,
1.

+ ,, -= -----JCL .-. q 7.!. ,.

.-. .!

,,

L a ,,

:> .

,$ :,
.4

ULU

J.

.n .

450).0 4501.0 213>.3 170~.9 12).0 55Y. 0.43330 1.0 6.156 3.530 4.332 5810. 0.590 1.>30 130. n

L[Rv% .1

.lLL%W ,,

I ---11

1 ---.1

F?,: . -----pslle~~

T!CV

W~P R&r E

9ELT4 B UP *S1

FL O,l%G W* PSIG

FLJID 1J8[i *GW. G

LEVELS C4SISG FEET

FQI:1104 LTSS PST

dELL I+E61 PeEssuR: PSIG

qd. D
5*35. ?233. 12915. 16256. 15033. 17699. 19575.

X61E LOSS 3.! 43 1!3 F,, c,, oN

25. 75. 25. ?5. z.. 25. 2=, . ?5 . 25. 75. 5>. 50. 53. 50. 53. 50. 53. 59. 50. 52.

5, 1?.

9.7495. Q. 160R2 O.1O75P 0.00116 0.09127 9.01659 0.07000 0.066. 0.06316 0.06158 9.22058 D. 120~3 0.08786 0.07160 2.0$158 0. C5505 0.0s062 0.04 0.04427 0.04213 h% Q

1981. 923. 005. 713. 640. 580. 531. 499. 453. 422. 1179. 1975. 997. 919. 9+5. 787. 73?. bqz. 653. 611.

2191. 2$23. 25o5. .?613. 2362. 2283. 2231. 2169. 2153. ZIZZ. 287?. 2775. 2687. 2510. 25+5. 2687. 2637. 2392. 2353. 2311.

624. 9q5. 1255. 1456. 1631. 1755. 1979. 197*. 2054. 212+. 398. 633. 832. 109Z. 11+9. 1276. 13s8. 1436. 1576. 1651.

519. 973. 1235. 1439. 1599. 112!2. 1035. 1927. 2034. z77t. 392. 517. 80+. ml. 1V95. 1211. 1311. 1399. 1676. 1545.

2.91 7.58 12. 16.52 20.29 23.6!2 26.53 29.05 31.32 33.33 3.*O v. 17.6* 25.57 33.33 40.73 +7.69 5+.16 60.18 65.17 96 Z6

0. 0.3 0.3 0.0 0.3 0.2 0.3 0.0 0.3 0.> 0. 0.!3 0.0 0.3 0.3 0. 0.>

12.1 53.9 113.8 181.2 2$9.5 315.9 379.6 431.1 +91.7. .5$1.3

15. 20. 25. 3C. 35.

40. +5. 50. 5. 10. 15. Zo. 25. 30. 35. .0. 45. 50.

19557. 29396. 2111.. 5895. 1>752. 1+799. 19210. 2111%. 23617. 25?49. 27693. 23373. 37Q55.

15.4 82. 200.8 358.1 5*1.3 *

739.7 945.5 1153.6 1359. 1551.0 $

17

14

SPE

3733

JSER

3&s1s3

11

L13v& .3LLaM0

[P

PC K=.0&117N

OEPTli

OF

5WQCE

LO NF,

FT

SS

4503.0

~l@ PE@F??hT[CY ?EPTU n, 1vJ:CTE9 ZCME, FT sT&TIC 0. SSS1)+= ~F SOU2CE ZIVF, PSIG 5T~11C .RESSUR5 OF lNJECTEO Z(lNF, PSIS lY!, lAL sT411C GLU1O LEVEL, FT W <8 CL FV%TIOV FL(J1O Go blt Fv1, DS1/FT

SS

650).0 213$.3 1701.0 1?1.0 553.0 0.43300 1.0 b. 366 3.500

<E!-. w,cl C~SING

SIZE lu@l lu?l lwJFC VG YG IEn SIZE

7 3

0!0

1f2,1NCHFS

EOII!VMFN1
DFPTM,

1/7 O1hWFTER
CT, K8

CD, IKHES OF ~NNULUS,

INCHES

4.332 5R30. 0.500 1.)00 13Q. +>0. 35>0. 7.25 15. 1510. 3030.

FLU19 FLU19

VI, SC~SITV,CPS DENSITY, C.R?SI:C TU*E, F

IV J,CTEQ lvJ.?Tf9 fiQ,lr FER FE5FRVO[R ::<, TFER .C5FEVn1Z

FLqJ13 lE.PEPa VI IL!Y4E ,Y.9u VOLUYF, TITAL T.T4L WS?9 C,lWPSf

SSt6[L[TV,.

S1-1 PS 1-1

CC. PRE5S191L[TV.

llBv& PI

~OLL4N9 1!

1 ---11 .

1 ---PI +

FP1CTIOU -----PSI /9PL1

9!14P R4TE 3MOD

DELT& WP PSI

FL?, B*. *SIG

[NG

FLJ1O TU91VG *Gv,

LEf CM.l FEET

ELS VG

FR1CT104 LISS ,s1

.ELL

HE&J PSIG

4~TE 3UI*G FRICTION

LOSS l.o

PRE5SUR:

5. 503. 509. 5(?1. 50-). 509. 509. 50). 509. 50!3. 509. 600. 609. 600. 609. 6C9. 600. 600. 609. 6.9. 10. 15. 20. 25.

Q. 20225 9.lozle 0.05877 ?. 05205 9. ~. 0+203 03535

23s9. 1330. !,55. 292. 12.. 52. 21. 9.

41?. 133. <+. 15. 5. 2. 1. 0. 0. Q. 41?. 13?. 43. 16. 5. 2. 1. 3. 0. 3.

2112. 1933. 17+6. 1715. 1705. 1702. 1701. 1703. 170>. 1703. 2112. 1972. 1763. 1714. 1705. 1702. 1701. 1703. 1703. 170,.

30. 35.
40. .5. 50. 5. In. 15. 20. 25. 30. 35. +0. 6s . 50.

3.03050 0.02700 0.02.22 9..27 0. 7. ?0192 753.3 O.lnl?. 0.05172 3.o+ltq 0.03501 3.03026 9.02b57 0.0?>30 3.02167 ?n

*.
1. ?050. 13?5. 648. 256. 123. ,..

2171. 2816. 3022. 3049. 3111. 311?. 3121. 3122. 3123. 31?3. 21?2. ?817.
3023. 3090. 3112. 3119. 31?2. 3122. 3123. 3123.

2171. 2915. 3022. 3389. 3111. 3113. 312;. 3122. 31??. 3123. 2171. 2916. 3023. 309!3. ;112. 3119. 31?2. 3122. 31?1. 3123.

0.52 0.26 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.@Ll 0.03 0.09 0.00 0.00 0.52 0.23 0.07 0.02 0.00 0.03
Q.oo 0.03 0.00 C.O3

0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.> 0.0 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.0 0.0 0. 0.2 0.> 0.3 0.3 J

2.6 2.3 1.0 0.3

9.1 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.3

2.6 2.3
1.0 0.3 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

8.
3. 1.

18

-.. .
JSER -3AS1521L

I, lV,

rrrc1 l.117Z

!OVF S,WRCC Zr,4F, FT%411E 1,4, CCTEq 17.,.

... ., .
.,.0 b501 213+.3 1701,0 12>.0 55>.0 FL L41O <8-. GV, C3U1[FY1.
=1

.0

.ST 7 1 0!0 1/7

IFT 13,1 09,1 n~ NCHES qCiFS ANVULSJS,l CP5 GR4SICC E,, VC*ES

0.43393 1.0 6.366 s.500 4.902 5910. 0.530 1.300 130. 35510. 510. lLITV. IRIL1l OhYs fiATE, *9, D PS 1-1 Y. PS1-I 7.25 15. 930. 910.

:iSIN2
TURING lVJECTEO lVJ, CTE~ lVJFCTEg bQul FEF RESCRV@l 421J1FE8 RESF QJFA RESF

SITE SIZF

F0U1V4LEVT V164FTER TJP!UL 9EOTH, F1, K8 .LU1? FLUII FLUID

VISC~S1lV, OCNSITV, TEuPFQ%TUQ

V. LIIYE, w.Ow R V3L ,YE, WS18 T?lAL CO WP?F5S1P COMPRESS DFL@n~, ~12. TOT&L IF

VOIR 10Y voIO

PRWJUCTICV

IeY: PI

M3LLhW 11

1 ---11 .

1 ---c! +

Ft[cr, -----0s1 t8PD

lN

,MP RhTE 3UPD

9ELT4 P,w .s1

FL!3d BHP PSIG

lqG

FLJ1O TJ81XG *GV.

LF+ELS CA51NG FEE1

S% ICTI04 L3SS PSI

,(ELL

MEA) PS[G

?4TE

LOSS TO

PRESSIM=

OWIN; FRICTION

25. 25. 25. 25. 25. 25. 25. 25. 25. 25. 50, 50. 57. 50. 5*. 50. 30. 50. 59. 51.

5. 10. 15. 20. 25. 30. 35. 40. 45.. 50. 5. 10. 15.

0.26040 7. l*OGB 0.10716 0.09049 0. ORO+R 0.07380 0.069)3 o. Qb5+b 0.06256 0.06063 ..22042 0.120f. 0.09715 % 07046 0.06063 0.05373 0.06896 0.04535 0.04255 0.0k031 Q

3722. +4+1. .911. *755. 4632. 6405. *354. 6265. 6138. 60s3. 3898. 6773. $723. $+37. 63$3. 3701. 3401. 31*4. 2927. 2742.

7+4. 66+. 321. 233. 185. 150.

2949. 2810. 2800. 2603. 2Q03. 2907. 2810. 291+. 281?. 2923. 2020. 28*9 2895. 28q7. 2303. 2?03. 2905. 2907. 2?0?. 2903. .

65s. 550. 58@. 593. 576. 555. 5=.1. 569. 562. 536. 3>5. 353. 351. 356. 3*V. 3+3. 332.. 33+. 3X2. 330.

655. 555. 57s.. 577. 570. 552. 55+. 546. 539. 533. 302. 369. 357. 353. 3+7. 3+1. 336. 333. 330. 329. 1.68 1..?7 1.10 0.97 0.85 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.>

6.2 15.8 22.0 25.5 27.6 28.3 2S.7 28.8 28..5 28.5 7.3 19.3 26.2 2S.6 28.5 27.5 25.9 2+.3 22.8 .

20. 25. 30. 35. 60. 45. 50.

125. lob. 92. 01. 789. 4,7. 315. 223. 162. 123. 97. 79. 65. 55.

21. $ 19

15

*d,

13

1??2

JSER

34 S1S31L

L13v& 3LL.,JO

650).0 6533.0 213?.3 1733.0 123.0 551.0 ,.,, 6.366 3.530 TJ8TNG 1VJ?CTE7. !NJ.CTEO IN JCCTE9 49u1FER RES. aQ\,l QVOIR FER 6.432 5919. Qsl Tv, CR. TUR5,. cPs SKC 0.5~0 1.190 190. 750. 653. TV, PS 1-l 1-1 7.25 15. 7)>. 13>9. ES S1.91L1TV.9S ,0 1.0

9EDTH,
=1, FLU!9 6LIJ1n FL!Jln VIL!lVE, vOLU4E, 1ITAL CC. Tfl T&L

KB

vise

CEU2. ITY, 7EW.FRa ~WOU WS1* PRFSSIRILt C014P.

RE~FPvil[R

OI2P6TIO4 OF r1114.FL?n0,04VS RE5cPv O19 PQ!IoI, CT ION RAT E, R%.9

LIBYA
PI

97LLAW 11

1 ---1[ +

I ---PI q

F2ICTION -----Psl/Bv O

?lIYP ?&l Q*PD E

)ELT 3PP Psl

FL341VC q4P PSIG

FL Jl!l T(:311G MW,

LE$ELS CdSIX? CEET

FO ICTICI! L3SS PSI

#ELt

HEAI PS[G

Q*1E 1.IIV$ FRICTt

L,3SS 13 O~

PRESSUR:

25. X . 2=.. 27. 25. 25. 25. 25. 25. 25. 50. +0. ~~ . 50. 50. 50. m 50. 50. 50. .

5. 10. 15. 20. 25. 30. 35. *O. +5. 50.

1::
15. 20. 25. 30. 35. 40.

0.24c12b 0.16>23 O.1O6F6 Cl. Oqol $ ?. P801$ ,1. 073-5 0.06869 9.06510 0.06231 D. 030.>8 0.22026 0.12021 0.08682 9.07011 0.06008 0.05339 3.06862 0.04504
0.06225 0.04002

+5. 50..

2111. 10+3. 1$57. 1156. 9;4. 833. 592. 638. 553. 691. 2113. 16.1. 1097. 72$.. 671. 343. 2%7. lq+. I&o. 139.

622. 184. 97. se. 39. 21. 23. 15. 12. 12. 623. 15+. 7>. 36. 20. 11. 7. 5. 3. 2.

2337. 220$. 2161. 21.+. 2135. ?131. 212s. Zlzq. 2127. ?125. 2355. 2211. 2153. 21.6.
2135. 2132. 212q. 2129. ?127. ?1.?6.

1552. 19s6. 2057. 2039. 2111. 2121. 2132. 2115. 2139. 2139. 1610. IQ+>. 2056. 2097.

1651. 1955. 2057. 2C98. 2117. 2127. 2132. 22.35. .3138. 2139. 1509. 1%.?. 205+. 2097. 2115. 2125. 2131. 2136. 2137. 213S.

0.=, + 0.+2
0.29 0.19 0.13 0.13 0.07 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.54 0.3+ 0.17 0.03 0.06 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.03 0.0.2

0.2

2116. Zlzb. 2131. 2134. 2137. 2138.

0.> 0.3 0.3 0.0 0.1 0.3 0.0 Q. 3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0. a 0.3
0.2 9.3 0.3 0.3 0.3

2.2 3.0 2.5 2.1 1.5 1.3 1.1 0.9 0. .s 0.7 2.5 2.9 1.9 1.1 0.7
0.$ 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.1

= E
-
2

1-1-

ea

II

16

SPE

3733

. .
DUMPFLOOD ANALYSIS FIGURE 2 CHART