Notes for Biology The Need for Energy Cells are constantly active doing what three things?

1. 2. 3. What are the two ways organisms obtain energy? 1. 2. Give the term for both definitions: _________________- The process that converts the radiant energy of sunlight into chemical energy. _________________- the process that releases chemical energy for use in the cell. Give the definitions for both terms: Autotroph-________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ Heterotroph-________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ The ultimate source of energy for all living things is: A. Oxygen B. Sunlight C. Biosynthesis D. ATP *Photosynthesis is the major way that autotrophs produce chemical energy {Radiant energy + CO2+H2O Glucose + O2}

*All organisms use some form of respiration to obtain energy {Glucose + 6 O2 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + Energy}
Adenosine Triphosphate What is a series of reactions from process that involve are biochemical reactions (respiration and photosynthesis)? __________________________ What the three parts of ATP? 1. 2. 3.

Energy is stored in the __________ between ____________ groups in ATP. _____________- The enzyme that breaks bonds between the second and third phosphate groups ADP is formedA- P ~ P ~ P A- P ~ P + P + Energy AMP is formedA- P ~ P + Energy A- P + P + Energy Phosphorylation: A. The building of ATP from ADP and a free phosphate group B. The transfer of a phosphate group to another molecule C. The breakdown of ATP to ADP and a phosphate group D. The collection of a phosphate group from another molecule *Whatever picks up the phosphate picks up the energy Explain the meaning of the chemical representation A- P ~ P ~ P

What is the difference between ATPase and ATP Synthase? ________________________________

*Photosynthesis, respiration, the formation of ATP, and the breakdown of ATP form a fundamental biological cycle Photosynthesis stores energy in the glucose molecules, ________________ releases that energy. There are two main types of respiration, both begin with: A. Krebs Cycle B. Oxidative Phosphorylation C. Glycolysis D. Anaerobic respiration The two types of respiration are: A. Fermentation and oxidative phosphorylation B. Metabolic reception and aerobic respiration C. Anaerobic respiration and aerobic respiration D. Fermentation and aerobic respiration

How does the cell release energy stored in an ATP molecule? ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________

Glycolysis Where does Glycolysis occur? ____________________ Glycolysis requires oxygen T / F How many ATP are produced by the end of Glycolysis? ___________________ How many NADH+ are produced by the end of Glycolysis? __________________ What is the net number of ATP at the end of Glycolysis? ___________________ How many pyruvic acid molecules are generated by the end of Glycolysis? __________________ Glucose is an unstable energy molecule T / F Ten Steps of Glycolysis Number Step One Step Two Step Three Step Four Step Five Step Six Step Seven Step Eight Step Nine Step Ten Begin Enzyme Product

Ten Steps of Glycolysis 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. Cellular Respiration Diagram Fill in the Diagram with the needed terms and words. The answer diagram in on the next page.

Aerobic Respiration The result of Glycolysis and aerobic respiration (ATP totals may vary slightly). Glycolysis- C6H12O6+ 6O2 Aerobic Respiration- 6H2O + 6CO2 + 38 ATP (may vary)

Most organisms do not carry out aerobic respiration T / F Where do these two processes occur? GlycolysisAerobic RespirationEnzymes associated with Krebs Cycle occur in the ______? A. Outer membrane and inner membrane B. Inner membrane and matrix C. Cytoplasm and outer membrane D. Matrix and the cytoplasm Matrix- the dense solution enclosed by the inner membrane The inner membrane also contains the molecules of the (three words) ______________________ and ATP synthase enzymes. (Answer to Diagram)

Three beginning steps of aerobic respiration (conversion process): 1. 2. 3. During this transformation pyruvic acid loses ____________. Three carbon- pyruvic acid molecule loses what molecule to become a two-carbon acetyl group? A. H2O B. CO2 C. PGAL D. O2 What picks up that molecule, and what does it become? (ex. Phosphorus; PGAL) __________________; __________________ Pyruvic acid + CoA + NAD+ becomes Acetyl-CoA + CO2 + NADH+ Acetyl CoA now enters the Krebs Cycle Each molecule of glucose produces how many pyruvic acid? A. 2 B. 4 C. 3 D. 6 Therefore, how many molecules of acetyl-CoA enter the Krebs Cycle? A. 1 B. 3 C. 2 D. 4 Explain in terms of cellular respiration why we need oxygen and why we exhale carbon dioxide. ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ Krebs CycleKrebs Cycle- _____________________________________________________________________ Also known as:

Carbon Cycle (hint and spelling: oxaloacetae): 1. 2. 3. Citric acid is immediately oxidized by enzymes in the mitochondria ____ carbon atoms are removed in the form of CO2, and 8 ___________ atoms are released in the Krebs Cycle. A. Two; carbon B. Four; hydrogen C. Three; oxygen D. Two; hydrogen Two molecules pick up these atoms: 1. NAD+ 2. What are the products of the Krebs Cycle from one acetyl-CoA molecule (name and number)? 1. 2. 3. When asked for the number of products from glucose the numbers: A. Double B. Triple C. Divide in half D. Stay the same Explain the roles of Glycolysis and the Krebs cycle in the biosynthesis of organic molecules: ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ Electron Transport ChainGlycolysis +

Conversion of pyruvic acid Acetyl-CoA + Krebs Cycle Write the number of each compound in the blank, and to the side, make note of where each compound came from. Also note, these totals are the combined NET product, not the number produced. _____ new ATP molecules + ___ NADH + ____ FADH2 These molecules carry ______________ to the electron transport chain and therefore carry energy. Electrons move down the electron transport chain, with ___________as the final electron acceptor. Water is formed in the process (oxygen combines with hydrogen to form water). What is another one word name for electron transport chain? ________________________ What is another two-word name for electron transport chain? ___________________________ Hydrogen ions are pumped across the membrane into the _________________________? These ions make the space very _______________ charged? A. Positively B. Negatively C. Neutrally D. Ninjas The energy given up by electrons as they move through the electron transport chain is used to: A. break down glucose B. make NADH and FADH2 C. pump H1 through the membrane D. oxidize water E. Manufacture glucose When the poison cyanide blocks the electron transport chain, glycolysis and the citric acid cycle soon grind to a halt as well. Why do you think they stop? A. They both run out of ATP B. Unused O2 interferes with cellular respiration C. They run out of NAD+ and FAD D. Electrons are no longer available E. They run out of ATP

On the back of this page, draw the electron transport chain beginning with NADH from glycolysis. An electrochemical gradient forms and hydrogen ions diffuse through channels that contain ATPase T / F Positive ions repel- so they have/make potential energy Back in the matrix- as it goes through the membrane during the electron transport chain, ATP synthase uses energy to make ATP. The energy generated by the _______________ of hydrogen ions is used by ATP synthase to make ATP. *Each molecule of NADH yields 2 ATP *Each molecule of FADH2 yields 2 ATP Therefore, electron transport chain yields a maximum of 34 molecules of ATP? T / P At the end of the electron transport, oxygen is the final _____________ and _____________ acceptor. Water forms in the process: O2 + 2H2O Energy Yield Glycolysis - ____ ATP Krebs____ ATP ETC____ ATP (min) ____ ATP (max) *Number of ATP may vary depending on the area of the body. Aerobic respiration is 19 times more efficient than anaerobic respiration. ATP produced represents only the total energy stored in a molecule of glucose. Fermentation FermentationAnaerobic respirationFermentation has nothing to do with ATP. T / F Function of fermentation- to break down ____________ and regenerate _______ for reuse in Glycolysis, NOT the production of ATP. {NAD+ needed for glycolysis. However when pyruvic acid is formed NAD+ is used to form NADH} Fermentation occurs in two forms: 1. 2. *Alcoholic fermentation- 6-10 in glycolysis

Lactic Acid FermentationLactic acid fermentation1. 2. Lactic acid forms which pyruvic acid accepts ________________ from NADH. Pyruvic acid + NADH Lactic Acid + NAD+ When no _________ is available, NADH donates is hydrogen atom to pyruvic acid. Lactic acid makes muscles: A. Firm B. Pretty sexy C. Sore D. Tighten Lactic acid is transported to the _______ where it is converted into glucose. A. Stomach B. Liver C. Heart D. That boom boom POW Fill in the chart below. The answers are on the last page.

Alcoholic Fermentation Alcoholic fermentationIn alcoholic fermentation, pyruvic acid is converted into isopropyl alcohol T / F ____________ accumulates during alcoholic fermentation: A. Ethanol B. Isopropyl C. Ethyl D. Ethel Pyruvic acid + NADH ethyl alcohol + CO2 + NAD Lactic acid and alcoholic fermentation do not supply cells with any additional ______ molecules. Compare and contrast fermentation as it occurs in human muscle cells and as it occurs in yeast cells. ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ Fill in the diagram below. Answers on the last page.