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"Theres money in those mounds of garbage and several companies are lining up for a share" - By KANDULA SUBRAMANIAM
OBJECTIVE: INTRODUCTION:
Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) contains organic as well as inorganic matter. The latent energy present in its organic function can be converted into energy by adopting various waste processing and treatment technologies that can be use for various other purposes. Every year, about 55 million tonnes of municipal solid waste (MSW) and 38 billion liters of sewage are generated in the urban areas of India. In addition, large quantities of solid and liquid wastes are generated by industries. Waste generation in India is expected to increase rapidly in the future. As more people migrate to urban areas and as incomes increase, consumption levels are likely to rise, as are rates of waste generation. It is estimated that the amount of waste generated in India will increase at a per capita rate of approximately 1-1.33% annually. This has significant impacts on the amount of land that is and will be needed for disposal, economic costs of collecting and transporting waste, and the environmental consequences of increased MSW generation levels. Waste from different sectors as well as of different type such as urban waste, industrial waste, biomedical waste, biomass waste can be utilized for production of energy. The recovery of energy from wastes also offers a few additional benefits as follows: The total quantity of waste gets reduced by nearly 60% to over 90%, depending upon the waste composition and the adopted technology; Demand for land, which is already scarce in cities, for land filling is reduced;
The cost of transportation of waste to far-away landfill sites also gets reduced proportionately; and Net reduction in environmental pollution.
In addition to energy generation, waste-to-energy can fetch significant monetary benefits. Some of the strategic and financial benefits from waste-to-energy business are: Profitability - If the right technology is employed with optimal processes and all components of waste are used to derive value, waste to energy could be a profitable business. When government incentives are factored in, the attractiveness of the business increases further. Government Incentives - The government of India already provides significant incentives for waste to energy projects, in the form of capital subsidies and feed in tariffs. With concerns on climate change, waste management and sanitation on the increase (a result of this increasing concern is the newly formed ministry exclusively for Drinking Water and Sanitation), the government incentives for this sector is only set to increase in future. Related Opportunities - Success in municipal solid waste management could lead to opportunities in other waste such as sewage waste, industrial waste and hazardous waste. Depending on the technology/route used for energy recovery, eco-friendly and green coproducts such as charcoal, compost, nutrient rich digestate (a fertilizer) or bio-oil can be obtained. These co-product opportunities will enable the enterprise to expand into these related products, demand for which are increasing all the time. Emerging Opportunities - With distributed waste management and waste to energy becoming important priorities, opportunities exist for companies to provide support services like turnkey solutions. In addition, waste to energy opportunities exist not just in India but all over the world. Thus, there could be significant international expansion possibilities for Indian companies, especially expansion into other Asian countries.
Himachal Pradesh Jharkhand Karnataka Kerala Madhya Pradesh Maharashtra Manipur Meghalaya Mizoram Orissa Pondicherry Punjab Rajasthan Tamil Nadu Tripura Uttar Pradesh Uttaranchal West Bengal Total
0.5 2.0 26.0 4.0 10.0 37.0 0.5 0.5 0.5 3.0 0.5 6.0 9.0 14.0 0.5 22.0 1.0 22.0 226.0
1.0 8.0 125.0 32.0 68.0 250.0 1.5 1.5 1.0 19.0 2.0 39.0 53.0 137.0 1.0 154.0 4.0 126.0 1457.0
1.5 10.0 151.0 36.0 78.0 287.0 2.0 2.0 1.5 22.0 2.5 45.0 62.0 151.0 1.5 176.0 5.0 148.0 1683.0
Waste to Power
Urban Industrial Total OFF-GRID/ POWER Waste to Energy Urban Industrial Total 3.50 72.30 75.8 4.6 95.4 20.20 53.46 27.4 72.6
(%)
The costs of the projects especially based on biomethanation technology are high as critical equipment for a project is required to be imported. In view of low level of compliance of MSW Rules 2000 by the Municipal Corporations/ Urban Local Bodies, segregated municipal solid waste is generally not available at the plant site, which may lead to non-availability of waste-to-energy plants. Lack of financial resources with Municipal Corporations/Urban Local Bodies. Lack of conducive policy guidelines from State Governments in respect of allotment of land, supply of garbage and power purchase / evacuation facilities.
Thermal Conversion: The process involves thermal degradation of waste under high temperature. In this complete oxidation of the waste occurs under high temperature. The major technological option under this category is incineration. But incineration has been losing attention these days because of its emission characteristics. Thermo-chemical conversion: This process entails high temperature driven decomposition of organic matter to produce either heat energy or fuel oil or gas. They are useful for wastes containing high percentage of organic non-biodegradable matter and low moisture content. The main technological options under this category include Pyrolysis and Gasification. The products
of these processes (producer gas, exhaust gases etc) can be used purely as heat energy or further processed chemically, to produce a range of end products. Bio-chemical conversion: This process is based on enzymatic decomposition of organic matter by microbial action to produce methane gas, and alcohol etc. This process, on the other hand, is preferred for wastes having high percentage of organic, bio-degradable (putrescible) matter and high level of moisture/ water content, which aids microbial activity. The major technological options under this category are anaerobic digestion (bio-methanation) and fermentation. Of the two, anaerobic digestion is the most frequently used method for waste to energy, and fermentation is emerging. Electrochemical conversion: Electrochemical conversion in the context of waste to energy refers typically to microbial fuel cells (MFC). These systems are developed to trap the energy from wastes, where the reduction-oxidation machinery of immobilized microbial cells is catalytically exploited, for the accelerated transfer of electrons from organic wastes, to generate electricity and bio-hydrogen gas. However this methodology needs extensive evaluation studies on bulk scale liquid waste treatments and stands at a nascent level in India as well as worldwide.
Business Opportunities
Collection of reusable plastics and metals etc for sale in local market. Waste Processing and sell RDF pellets to biomass power plants. Mobilizing construction debris to make tiles and bricks
Production and sale compost to bio fertilizer firms. Biogas based power generation from sludge for selling it to the grid.
Maintenance of transfer stations High throughput screening of materials for recycling, energy recovery and land fill disposals. Recyclable commodity transactions from transfer stations Sale of recycled plastic or metal granules Conversion of processed wastes to industrial commodities
Recycling of wastes
Transporting solid waste from the source to the landfill or to the processing centers for energy recovery. Revenues from automobile manufacturing and sales to corporate bodies and contract holders etc Production of machineries and equipments for energy recovery technologies Decentralized technology installations. Power generation and sale of power Production and sale of processed organic feed stocks from MSW Income from Certified Emission Reductions(CERs) Design and construction of secured landfills Urban landscape development at abandoned landfills
MSW to energy recovery Management of wastes at dumpsite Organization/financing for service and value chain enterprises
EPCs Part time workers under contract Locomotive manufacturing companies Private vehicle service station EPCs Construction companies Logistic services EPCs Material Recovery Facility operators Small and medium scale owners Environmental engineering companies Technology providers and fabricators IIPs and CPPs Service Technicians EPCs Civil infrastructure developers
Recycling of waste
PESTEL Analysis
The macro environment is essentially comprised of the aspects of a broad societal perspective that significantly influence an industry and the firms within it. Although these areas are generally outside the control of the firm, it is important to understand these areas in order to have a better assessment of today
and a more accurate prediction of tomorrow. The PESTEL analysis consists of six segments: political, economic, socio-cultural, technological, environmental and legal.
Political:
Government Initiatives: For initiating SWM programs governments JNNURM program to fund cities for developing urban infrastructure and services. During the year 2011-12 Ministry of New and Renewable Energy is implementing a programme on Energy Recovery from Municipal Solid Waste (MSW). The scheme provides financial assistance for setting up of five Pilot projects for power generation from MSW. Financial assistance at a flat rate of Rs. 2 crore per MW, subject to ceiling of 20% of project cost and Rs. 10 crore per project, whichever is less.
Fiscal Incentives: Tax Holiday: A 10 year, 100% deduction of profits and gains is available for companies operating in waste projects. Tax / Duties Relief: o o o Direct taxes: 100% depreciation within 1st year of project installation. Exemption / reduction in excise duty. Exemption from Central Sales Tax, and customs duty concessions on the import of material, components and equipment used in Renewable Energy RE projects. Duty-free import of renewable energy equipment. Exemptions from electricity taxes.
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Economical:
Currently, the SWM opportunity in India is estimated at Rs 3,000 crore, with the potential to grow up to Rs 60,000 crore, according to AK Sahu, president of the National Solid Waste Association of India (NSWAI). Employment Hundreds of thousands of people in India find livelihood opportunities in the area of waste, the rag-pickers (the kabadiwalas in Hindi). A SWM project must hence be understood in this informal yet organized setting. In order not to bypass these individuals, they will be prioritized in the employment process and offered continuous employment in
the projects. Their aim is here to particularly engage and employ women and especially women from socially and economically marginalized groups, as well as, widows, deserted women, women living with disabilities, and other disadvantaged women. Besides women, they will target men from SCs, OBCs, STs, as well as men living with disabilities. We will, as far as possible, hire people from the concerned community. As to the composition of women and men, half of the newly formed Self Help Groups will consist of male members solely, and the other half will consist of female members solely. The core team will also be balanced as regards gender
Socio-cultural:
Community participation in SWM is the key to a sustainable and integrated project. The aim is to get as many local actors as possible to participate and actively contribute to the project. Most importantly, we want to create a feeling of ownership for the project among the citizens, whose waste is managed and whose local environment is improved by the project. The Public: It is vital that the public i.e. ordinary citizens as well as private and public institutions whose waste is managed and whose environment is improved, is actively involved in the project. An important step to motivate and engage the public is via continuous public awareness campaigns based on an Information, Education, and Communication (IEC) strategy. Volunteers: Motivated individuals such as headmasters, doctors, religious leaders, and etcetera, from the concerned communities will be engaged as volunteers and help convey the message to the public as well as function as role-model citizens. NGOs, CBOs, and Local Associations Local nongovernmental organizations (NGOs), community based organizations (CBOs), and associations such as Resident Welfare Associations (RWAs) and Womens Associations will be offered training in SWM. Youth Groups and Eco-Clubs Youth groups and eco-clubs at schools will be engaged in the project via continuous school intervention programmes. Panchayat After the project period is over (24 months), the project including labour and infrastructure will be handed over to the panchayat. In order to prepare the panchayat, a handover phase of six months will end the project. All project costs will thereon be met partly by the community fund and partly by the panchayat.
Private Corporations Government will seek the partnership of local and foreign companies for financial contributions as well as donations of machineries for scientific recycling of inorganic wastes. Private corporations will also be able to sponsor the project and receive marketing in return. Cultural Taboos and Social Stigma Another problem related to waste in India, as in many societies, is that it is considered dirty and filthy, and those dealing with it are perceived as inferior, second-class citizens. Traditionally, people working with waste in India popularly known as rag pickers usually belong to the untouchables (the Dalits); e.g., the raddi-wallhas collect or buy waste and the kamatees/kamatans sweep the streets. Hence, the prevailing, informal, waste system also affects how people view waste. The waste workers live and work under extensive health risks, and suffer severe exploitation and deprivation. Possible health hazards include raised levels of infant mortality, hand and leg injuries, intestinal and respiratory infections, eye infections, lower back pain, malnutrition, skin disorders, and exposure to hazardous waste.
Technological:
Government spending on research: Financial assistance is provided by way of interest subsidy for commercial projects. Financial assistance is provided on the capital cost for demonstration projects that are innovative in terms of generation of power from municipal/ industrial wastes. Financial assistance is provided for power generation in STPs.
Financial incentives are given to municipal corporations for supplying garbage free of cost at the project site and for providing land. Incentives are given to the state nodal agencies for promotion, co-ordination and monitoring of such projects. Financial assistance is given for carrying out studies on waste to energy projects, covering full costs of such studies. Assistance is given in terms of training courses, workshops and seminars and awareness generation. The Government of India at the central level, has funded various initiatives to address SWM by providing assistance to the tune of 372.3 million under 12th Finance Commission (329.4 million under the 11th Finance Commission). As per MSW Rule 2000, biodegradable material should not be deposited in the sanitary landfill. Therefore there is almost no scope of generation of biogas in the form of landfill gas from new sanitary landfills. However, there is a huge potential of trapping the landfill gas generated in the
old dump-sites across the country, particularly the large ones with more than 5 meter thickness (height plus depth). The following technologies appear to be more relevant at present in India for harnessing energy from municipal solid waste: RDF Anaerobic digestion Trapping landfill gas from existing landfills(dump-sites)
Environmental:
The Ministry of Environment and Forests (MoEF) and the pollution control boards: Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) and State Pollution Control Boards (SPCBs) together form the regulatory and administrative core of the sector. As SWM is part of public health and sanitation - according to the Indian Constitution - it falls under the state list. As this activity is of local nature, it is entrusted to the Urban Local Bodies (ULBs). The management of municipal solid waste is one of the most important obligatory functions of the urban local bodies. Under the Environmental Protection Act (EPA) 1986, MoEF has issued several notifications to tackle the problem of hazardous waste management. These include: o o Municipal Wastes (Management and Handling) Rules, 2000, whose aim was to enable municipalities to dispose municipal solid waste in a scientific manner. Hazardous Wastes (Management and Handling) Rules, 1989,which brought out a guide for manufacture, storage and import of hazardous chemicals and for management of hazardous wastes. Biomedical Waste (Management and Handling) Rules, 1998, were formulated along parallel lines, for proper disposal, segregation, transport etc. of infectious wastes. Hazardous Wastes (Management and Handling) Amendment Rules, 2000, a recent notification issued with the view to providing guidelines for the import and export of hazardous waste in the country.
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Legal:
The Indian Penal Code of 1860 has dealt with solid waste management under Chapter XIV of offences affecting the public health, safety, convenience, decency and morals.. When addressing Civic Amenities in Urban Areas, one of the priority action areas is to assess the demand for SWM services and the willingness to pay by communities, since many municipal bodies suffer from inadequate resources. The idea is that such
assessment will give an indication on the adequate pricing for the services as well as clarify the scope for adopting full cost recovery policies. The importance of fiscal concessions and subsidies is also given notice; transport vehicles for carrying solid waste may be exempted from sales tax and other duties, and the organic manure produced in compost plants should be granted some subsidy. Another priority area is the identification and development of less capital-intensive intermediate SWM technologies, and the implementation of cost effective technologies that are not dependent on an assured power supply. Finally, as transportation adds to the cost of handling waste, the plan encourages decentralized SWM. The municipal solid waste shall be managed and handled in accordance with the compliance criteria and procedure laid down in Schedule II of the Rules( MSW, 2000). Schedule II has provided the compliance criteria for the management and handling as follows Collection on municipal solid waste The littering of MSW shall be prohibited in cities, towns etc. and organise house-tohouse collection on regular and pre-informed timing by using bell, singing, devise collection of waste from slums, squatter areas, slaughter house, fish markets, fruits and vegetable, industrial waste, horticultural and construction or demolition waste etc. Bio-medical waste and industrial waste will be collected separately and will not be mixed with municipal waste. Further, bio-degradable waste shall be made use of. Such wastes have to be disposed of as per the procedure by the Bio-Medical (Management and Handling) Rules, 1998. It is the responsibility of the generator of waste to avoid littering and delivery of waste in accordance with collection and segregation system. Segregation of municipal solid wastes In order to ensure community participation in segregation of waste, the municipal authority shall organize awareness programmes through regular meetings of representatives of local residents, welfare associations and non-governmental organization.
Storage of municipal solid wastes Municipal authorities are bound to establish and maintain storage facilities as they do not create unhygienic and insanitary conditions. For this storage facilities shall be created keeping in view the quantity of waste generation and accessibility to users. It should not be open, aesthetically acceptable and user friendly. Storage facilities or bins shall be easy to handle design for handling, transfer and transportation. Bins for storage of bio-degradable waste shall of green color, for recyclable waste with white, for other waste shall be painted with black. Manual Handling of waste shall be prohibited, but if is unavoidable, it shall be carried out under proper precaution and with due care for the safety of workers. Transportation of municipal solid wastes Vehicles for the use of waste shall be coverednot visible to public. It shall be prevented their scattering. Storage facilitiesbins shall be cleaned on daily basis and should not be overflowed. Processing of municipal solid waste (Biodegradable) Suitable Technology or combination shall be used by municipal authority to minimize burden or landfill. Bio-degradable wastes shall be processed by composting, vermi composting, anaerobic digestion or any other appropriate biological processing for stabilization of wastes. Separate procedure has also been provided by Schedule IV of the Rules.
Though Delhi is witnessing these two additional Wastes to Energy plants they would not eat away Okhla Power plants input waste as the city generates enough to keep all the plants busy. Beyond this if government plans to introduce another plant in the Delhi-NCR region it would become difficult to sustain the plant at full potential.
Competitive Rivalry
As this is a Rs 3000 Crore industry with a potential growth of 40000 Crore in the future many new entrants would plan to enter this sector, but this would not affect the existing firms.
Jindal ITF is a subsidiary of Jindal SAW Ltd., a part of the US$ 15 billion O.P. Jindal Group (4th largest business house in India) with established leadership positions in steel, mining, power, energy, infrastructure, water, wastewater, solid waste management and waste to energy. Venturing into new areas of business in various sectors, Jindal ITF is making rapid progress in sectors as diverse as Water, wastewater and Solid Waste Management, Domestic Transport & Logistic and Transportation Equipment Fabrication.
Jindal ITF is the driving impetus behind development of sustainable infrastructure that matches global standards. The business interests of Jindal ITF span across a gamut of infrastructure, transport and fabrication solutions addressing the varied needs of the industry. Having been involved in laying a strong foundation for a secure and sustainable future, Jindal ITF continues to add economic and social value to the Indian as well as the global economy.
JITF Ecopolis
JITF Ecopolis was set up with the key objective of addressing the urban waste management problem. It is India's first commercial Waste-to-Energy plant in New Delhi and is the largest-of-its-kind operational in Asia.
In a short span of two years of operations, JITF Ecopolis has been recognized for its efforts and won accolades. It is the proud recipient of the 'Frost & Sullivan Indian Environment Industry Excellence Award 2010'.
Landmark Dates and Events that led to the Establishment of JITF Ecopolis
2005 Govt of Delhi and ILFS conceived the idea of developing waste to energy (WtE) project in Delhi on PPP model (in accordance with Municipal Solid waste (MSW) Rules 2000) Project developed by ILFS for Govt. of Delhi to prevent dumping of Municipal Solid waste ( MSW) at Bhati Mines and aiming for least waste concept. Existing project Site at Okhla was an Open Dump Special Purpose Vehicle Timarpur Okhla Waste Management Co Pvt Ltd formed to develop an Integrated MSW Processing Complex Public Hearing by SPCB: 20th January 2007 Agreement with MCD 29th January 2007 Environmental Clearance (EC) granted by Ministry of Environment and Forest to Special Purpose Vehicle (SPV) created for Timarpur Okhla Waste Management project: 21 March 2007 (as per EIA Notification 2006) Agreement with Delhi Jal Board 22nd June 2007
Consent to Establish granted by SPCB: 3 July 2007 Tender advertisement 20th August 2007 Issuance of Request for Proposals 18th Sep2007 Agreement With NDMC 24th Jan2008 Bid Submission Date 24th Jan2008 Bid Opening / Letter of Intent 29th Jan2008 JITF Urban Infrastructure Ltd (Formally Jindal Urban Infrastructure) won the bid to develop the project on a Built Own Operate and Transfer (BOOT) basis, in a Public private partnership with the Delhi Government as legal Entity: Timarpur Okhla Waste Management Co Pvt Ltd Share Holder Agreement Signing 22nd Feb2008 HT Line Removal Deposit to local discom BSES Oct2008 Site Clearance removal of existing MSW & Superstructure Feb2009 PPA signing with BSES 20th Jan2010 Start of Construction and Foundation Stone Laying Ceremony 27th Jun2010 Consent to operate received on 21st December 2011 Authorization under MSW Rules 2000 21st Dec20 First assignment of Municipal Solid waste received on 23rd Dec 2011 Commissioning process started 23rd Dec 2011
Mission Statement
JITF Urban Infrastructure Ltd mission is to be the countries leading Waste to Energy Company, with a complementary network of renewable energy generation and waste collection, transfer and disposal assets. The company expects to build value for its stakeholders and client communities by satisfying waste disposal and energy generation needs with safe, reliable and environmentally superior solutions. In order to accomplish this mission and create value, JITF Urban Infrastructure Ltd is committed to:
To employ people with the highest ethical standards To be environmentally and socially responsible To be an employer of choice To be a provider of choice To maintain highest standards of operational and technical expertise
PROJECT HIGHLIGHTS
a. b. c. d. e. f. g. h.
The largest integrated waste to power project in India. The 1st of its kind with a 16 MW power project. State-of- the-art technology and environment friendly. Real, measurable and long term benefits in terms of climate change and mitigation. Generate renewable power and reduce the need for landfills. Lowers the risk of groundwater contamination. Reduces dependence on fossil fuels, a major contributor to greenhouse gas emissions. Maximizes the recycling and re-use of resources (water, metals, ashes)
PROCESS
Licensed collection vehicles deliver incinerable solid waste to the plants. To prevent odors from escaping into the environment, the air in the refuse bunker is kept below atmospheric pressure.
High-capacity rotary crushers reduce the size of bulky solid waste to improve its burning efficiency. The solid waste is then fed into the incinerator by a grab crane. As the incinerator is heated to temperatures of between 800 and 1,000 degrees Celsius, a lining of silicon carbide tiles protects the incinerator walls from the extreme heat and corrosion. Each load of solid waste is reduced to about 10% of its original volume in about five hours.
SWOT Analysis
Strengths
First Mover Advantage: No other such plant in India as of now. Environment Friendly and Sustainable Model: Prevents formation of leachate that contaminates groundwater, reduce emissions of toxic pollutants from the burning of garbage, and prevent the production of two potent greenhouse gases, carbon dioxide and methane. Reduces the need for Landfill Maximizes the recycling and re-use of resources (water, metals, ashes) Comprehensive Air Pollution Control equipment (filters) The project is registered with United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) for earning carbon credits.
Weaknesses
Non Segregated Waste: Indian Waste is not segregated into wet and dry waste, due to which the plant has to generate greater heat to produce energy
"Regularisation of illegality is a peculiar Indian characteristic. First you make the law and then break the law," Jairam Ramesh
Emission levels: A special committee of the Central Pollution Control Board is at present evaluating the technology deployed in the plant.
Smoke: Smoke from the plant is entering houses, educational institutions and hospitals in the area. It is also affecting the bird sanctuary nearby.
Technology being used: plant's dependence on incineration technology would lead to emission of dioxins which was detrimental to both public health and the environment
Heavy initial Investment: Waste-to-energy projects require an investment of Rs 10.5 Crore to produce one MW of power, as against Rs 4 Crore for thermal units and between Rs 4.5 Crore and Rs 5 Crore for biomass-based projects.
Opportunities
Threats
Residents of the area and environmental activists are against the operation of this plant and have intensified their protests which were on ever since the time the project was being developed. Right from the project inception stage, opponents of the facility had been claiming that the plant's dependence on incineration technology would lead to emission of dioxins which was detrimental to both public health and the environment
Petitions against the Plant: Residents of one of the affected areas have filed a PIL against the plant in the Delhi High Court.
Issues of WTE technologies Competing technologies, particularly composting. The bids from the ULBs (Urban Local Bodies) for processing of municipal solid waste through BOT route are often open regarding choice of technology but the bids are highly competitive from the financial angle. Therefore the bidder looks for a technology which not only satisfies the applicable laws of the land but also gives them the competitive edge in the financial bid. The emphasis is on royalty rather than tipping fee. The technology with lower capital outlay and higher overall revenue accrual is preferred under the circumstances. The waste scenario in a given situation is an important determinant For example, waste characteristics, quantity generated, site characteristics (particularly, proximity of habitation), availability of land etc. Local preferences whether energy or power has felt need or demand. Financial and fiscal support available, e.g., subsidy (capital / interest), tax and duty exemptions, CDM etc.
Need of the sector: Deep deliberation is required keeping in view the need of the ULB and the BOT operator. The need of different site situations have to be thoroughly analyzed and solutions have to be accordingly designed. WTE and in-vessel composting would then be the competing technologies. Integrated facilities are gradually coming into consideration. For example a combination of aerobic windrow composting and RDF may provide a better solution depending upon the quantum of waste available so that the load on the landfill also reduces. Such attempts have been done at Rajkot and is on the anvil in Delhi
Recommendation
We would like to suggest AVG to further research into the political stability of the state they plan to enter in future. Also, since the financials of none of the functional plants is present in India it would be logical to wait for the year-end financial performance of the Okhla Plant. They would have to look for strategic partners if the project runs costing runs more than government specified limit of $4.6 billion as investment in the power Sector.
References:
1. http://business.outlookindia.com/article.aspx?281601 2. Position paper on the solid waste management sector in India, Department of Economic Affairs, Ministry of Finance, Government of India, November 2009. 3. http://www.nlsenlaw.org/waste-management/articles/solid-wastemanagement2014an-indian-legal-profile/