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= (3)
Where e
s
is the vapor pressure of saturated air and can
be calculated using the Tetens equation [7]:
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
=
) 3 . 237 (
) 5 . 7 (
10 10 . 6
a
a
T
T
s
e (4)
The table 1 shows the classification of the degree of
thermal confort in the ICH function of the values
obtained.
Table 1: Human Comfort Index (ICH) Classes
Degrees of Comfort Degrees of Humidity
(C)
Comfortable 20 29
Varying Comfort 30 39
Bearable Discomfort 40 45
Unbearable Discomfort 46 OR MORE
Human Thermal Discomfort Index: The Human
Discomfort Index (IDH) was calculated using [9]:
5 . 41 36 . 0 99 . 0 + + =
d a
T T IDH (5)
Where Td is the dew point of the air temperature and
can be estimated according to the equations:
) , (
) , (
RH T a
RH T b
T
a
a
d
o
o
= (6)
) ln( ) , ( RH
T b
T a
RH T
a
a
a
+
+
= o (7)
Where a=17.27, b=237.7 (C) and RH is the relative
humidity divided by 100 (one hundred). The values
ranges of the discomfort index (IDH) concerning
thermal comfort experienced by people are described in
table 2 [8]:
Table 2: Ranges relating to conditions of discomfort thermal comfort
experienced by people (IDH)
Effect IDH Range
Stress due to heat IDH > 80
Uncomfortable due to the heat 75 > IDH < 80
Comfortable 60 > IDH < 75
Uncomfortable due to cold 55 > IDH < 60
Stress due to cold IDH < 55
Experimental Results
The data acquisition was made on May 20, 2012 under
Lagoa da Princesa. The sampling time of acquisition
was set to 1 minute. More than 300 samples (minutes)
were recorded in the database BRASSEN and
understand the minutes range from 11:00AM to
16:00PM, it is during this time interval in which the
diagnostic behavior of environmental variables in
tropical areas should be made to assess levels of risk
and thermal comfort [5][8].
The fig. 5 shows the evolution of temperature e relative
humidity respectively.
0 50 100 150 200 250 300
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
65
70
Temperature and Relative Humidity Evolution 11:00AM to 16:00PM
Time (min)
T
e
m
p
e
r
a
t
u
r
e
(
C
)
/
R
H
(
%
)
Temperature
Relative Humidity
Fig. 5 Temperature and Relative Humidity Evolutions.
In fig. 5 it is notable that since the beginning of the data
acquisition at 11:00AM occurs the increasing
temperature and decreasing the relative humidity. This
information is important to generate intuitively
behavioral tendencies of environmental variables.
For example, the data acquisition of this trend
characterizes the climate behavior as a hot and dry day,
as this increases the potential risk of fire or thermal
discomfort. However, if the temperature is decreasing
and humidity increasing, this trend leads to possibility
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of rain or thermal comfort. The figures 6 and 7 shows
the evolutions of ICH and IDH respectively.
0 50 100 150 200 250 300
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
Human Comfort Index, ICH Evolution 11:00AM to 16:00PM
Time (min)
I
C
H
(
C
)
ICH Index at "Lagoa da Princesa", Maiandeua
Fig. 6 ICH Index Evolution.
0 50 100 150 200 250 300
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
Human Discomfort Index, IDH Evolution 11:00AM to 16:00PM
Time (min)
I
D
H
(
%
)
IDH Index at "Lagoa da Princesa", Maiandeua
Fig. 7 IDH Index Evolution.
It is notable in figures 6 and 7 that from 13:00PM there
is an evolution of the indexes of comfort and
discomfort, reaching the effect Stress due to Heat and
the degree Unbearable Discomfort respectively.
On this day at 11:30AM the population was advised to
wear sunscreen and to drink much liquid to avoid
dehydration. The fireman brigade was on alert for risk
of fire, especially between 13:00PM and 14:00PM as
show in fig. 8.
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.9
2
Angstron Index, B Evolution 13:00PM to 14:00PM
Time (min)
A
N
G
S
T
R
O
N
ANGSTRON INDEXAT "Lagoa da Princesa", Maiandeua
Fig. 8 ANGSTRON Index Evolution.
The procedure to detect a risk of fire at 13:00 at interval
of one hour is a standard condition of the atmosphere of
all terrestrial ecosystems [5][8].
Conclusion
The analysis of forest ecosystems (physical
environment) by qualitative knowledge (intelligent
agents) obtained reliable results when compared to
quantitative model of Angstron index. This is due to
this index is not designed for the climate conditions in
antropized areas. When the mathematical model of
climate behavior is unknown, then use indexes models
that are commonly based on empirical knowledge. The
use of indexes for environmental characterization
becomes a reliable and safe solution.
The BRASSEN is distinguished from other solutions in
data acquisition because it contains the knowledge to
analysis of the environment, this is justified by the
interaction that exists between the electronic and
physical layers. The next additions to the sensory
platform are actuators for control of irrigation and soil,
in order to increase the level of interaction with the
environment may act directly in a physical way.
References
[1] O.A. Chase, M.H.K. Sampaio, J.R. Brito-de-Souza, J. Felipe
Almeida., Sensory Platform Architecture Based on
Cyberphysical Systems for Climate Behaviors Detecting in
Urban Forest Environments, IEEE Sensors Conference, p.
1567-1570, ISBN: 978-1424492909, Limerick, Ireland, UK,
2011.
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13 al 15 de marzo de 2013, Cuernavaca Morelos, Mxico
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[2] O.A. Chase, M.H.K. Sampaio, J.R. Brito-de-Souza, J. Felipe
Almeida., Data Acquisition System: An Approach to the
Amazonian Environment, IEEE Latin America Transactions,
Vol 10, No. 2, March 2012, ISSN: 1548-0992, BRA, 2012.
[3] N. Wiener, Cybernetics or Control and Communications in the
Animal and Machine, 1nd ed., MIT Press, ISBN: 978-
0262730099, USA, 1948.
[4] E. A. LEE, Cyber Physical Systems: Design Challenges.
International Symposium on Object / Component / Service-
Oriented Real-Time Distributed Computing (ISORC), May 6,
2008 Orlando, FL, USA, 2008.
[5] INTERGOVERNMENTAL PANEL ON CLIMATE CHANGE
IPCC. Climate Change 2001: the scientific basis IPCC WG I
TAR. Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press. 881p., GBR, 2001.
[6] U. MELO, Climate Change: Defense and Intelligence,
Brazilian Intelligence Magazine, n. 5, ISSN: 1809-2632,
Braslia-DF, ABIN, BRA, 2009.
[7] V.L. Barradas, Air temperature and humidity and human
comfort index of some city parks of Mexico City International
Journal of Biometeorology, Jun; 35(1):24-8, MEX, 1991.
[8] H.S.P. ONO, T. Kawamura, Sensible Climates in Monsoon
Asia, International Journal of Biometeorology, Vol. 35, n.XX,
pp. 39-47, JPN, 1991.
Authors
Almir Tavares Lima Neto received the B.Eng. degree
in computer systems engineering from the Amazonian
Superior Studies Institute, IESAM, Brazil, in 2009 and
the M.Sc. candidate degree in Electrical Engineering &
Energy Systems from the Federal University of Par,
UFPA, Brazil, in 2012. His research interests lie in
Data Base Management and Embedded Systems.
Marcos Henrique Kumagai Sampaio received the
B.Eng. degree in computer systems engineering from
the Amazonian Superior Studies Institute, IESAM,
Brazil, in 2008 and the M.Sc. candidate degree in
Electrical Engineering from the Federal University of
Par, UFPA, Brazil, in 2012.
His research interests lie in Robotics, Embedded
Electronical Systems, and Artificial Intelligence.
Otavio Andre Chase (S10, M12) received the B.Eng.
degree in computer systems engineering from the
Amazonian Superior Studies Institute, IESAM, Brazil,
in 2007, and the M.Sc. degree in Electrical Engineering
& Energy Systems and the D.Sc. candidate degree from
the Federal University of Par, UFPA, Brazil, in 2009
and 2012 respectively.
He has been Professor of Systems Engineering at
the Amazonian Federal Rural University, UFRA,
Brazil, since 2010. His research interests lie in
Robotics, Cybernetics and Environmental Complexity.
He was a member of the teams that developed projects
in computer systems, robotics, and forecast sensory
platforms from IESAM, UFPA, UNB, FURG and
UFRA respectively.
He is on the founding member and researcher for
the Centre for Environmental Complexity Synthesis,
CENOSYS, Brazil, since 2011.
Jos Felipe Souza de Almeida (M98) Degree in
physics from the Federal University of Par (UFPA),
Belm, Par, Brazil (1996). Is a member of the
Academy of Sciences of Par (ACP). His master's in
physics (UFPA/1999) and Ph.D. in Electrical
Engineering (UFPA/2004) and participated in the
National Program Postdoctored (PNPD-UFPA/2008).
Link Current: Adjunct Professor II of the
Amazonian Federal Rural University (UFRA),
researcher at the Laboratory of Cyberphysical Systems
(LASIC-UFRA) and founding member of Centre for
Environmental Complexity Synthesis (CENOSYS)
located at the Federal University of Rio Grande
(FURG), Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, 2011.
He works in the Theory and Applications in
Telecommunications, Electrodynamics, Electrical
Systems Protection, and Engineering Education.
Carlos Tavares da Costa Junior (M92) degree in
Electrical Engineering from Federal University of Par
(1987), MS in Electrical Engineering from Federal
University of Rio de Janeiro (1991), Brazil. The Master
of the Productique et Automatique Institut National
Polytechnique de Grenoble (1996) and doctorate in
Automatique Et Productique by Institut National
Polytechnique de Grenoble (1999), France.
He is currently Associate Professor at the Federal
University of Par has experience in Electrical
Engineering with emphasis on Industrial Electronics,
Systems and Electronic Controls.
Acting on the following topics: Power Systems,
Turbogenerators, Adaptive Systems, Supervised
Systems and Fuzzy Control.