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TRANSFORMER FAULTS
EARTH FAULTS PHASE FAULTS INTER TURN FAULTS CORE FAULTS TANK FAULTS AND COOLING FAILURE TAP CHANGER FAULTS
TRANSFORMER ABNORMAL
OVERLOAD
Increase copper loss & Temperature rise
TYPES OF EARTHING
EFFECTIVE EARTHING Solid and low impedance earthed systems During Earth fault healthy phase voltage is below 80% of nominal Used in higher voltage level
TYPES OF EARTHING
NON - EFFECTIVE EARTHING
High resistance and Reactance earthed systems Systems are subjected to high over voltage Suitable for Lower voltage distribution networks
Degradation of winding insulation due to lightning or switching 70 to 80% of the Transformer failures
Inter-turn Faults
Core Faults
Breakdown in the insulation b/w silicon steel core lamination Breakdown in the core bolt insulation Causes excessive eddy currents to flow and hot spots formed in Transformer core
Due to
Flashovers Selector or Divertor failure Contact failure Burn out of divertor resistors
Transformer Reactance
4 5 6 7
Fault Current
25 20 16.6 14.2
Over Voltages
Transient Surge Voltage Arise from switching & Lightning disturbances Cause interturn faults Power frequency Voltage Load throw off condition Increase stress on the insulation Damage the core bolt and coil insulation
TYPES OF PROTECTION
OVER CURRENT AND EARTH FAULT HIGH IMPEDANCE DIFFERENTIAL BIASED DIFFERENTIAL RESTRICTED EARTH FAULT WINDING / OIL TEMPERATURE BUCHOLZ GAS
Biased Differential
CT error Tap Changer variation Magnetizing Inrush Through fault stability Through fault stability - CT saturated condition Overfluxing Stability
4.5 4.0
3.5
OPERATE
| I1 + I2 | / 2
(A)
R Y
R Y Supply
B
SETTING RESISTOR REF RELAY
IP IF
SETTING RESISTOR REF RELAY
METROSIL
EARTHING RESISTOR
METROSIL
Figure 8.
100
15
60 DIFFERENTIAL RELAY 40
20
Primary Current - I P
10
15
20
25
30
Protection against Earth Faults Variation of Earth Fault Current with position (solidly earthed)
Protection Overview
Current amplitude correction (0.25 - 3.0) Vector group compensation Proven biased differential protection Low or high impedance REF/SEF Backup IDMTL and DTL overcurrent and earth fault Overfluxing protection DTL Overvoltage
Protection Overview
4-stage Undervoltage / under-frequency load shedding Neutral voltage displacement Trip circuit supervision
Differential, Initial setting (10 - 200% xIn) Differential, Bias Slope (0 - 70%) Setting > maximum percentage unbalance (tap mismatch, CT mismatch) Differential, Bias Slope Limit (1-20 xIn) Aids stability for heavy external faults accompanied by CT saturation Setting > transformer maximum 3phase through fault current/2
Differential, Highset (1-30 xIn) Setting > max through fault, and Setting > max magnetizing inrush Mag. Inrush Restraint Level (10-50% x Id) Determines level of even harmonic that will cause relay to be inhibited
Phase inhibit
+ -
Inhibit enable
I1
I1-12 I1+12
RMS converter I1 + 12 2
Trip
Restraint
I2
+-
0.5
RMS converter
6 OPERATE 4
RESTRAIN
0
Initial Setting
2
Bias Slope Setting
10
Transformer Details:
7.5 MVA; 66 / 11 KV; Dyn11; HVCT ratio = 100/1; LVCT ratio = 450/1; HV full load current HV CT secondary current LV full load current LV CT secondary current Tap changer range = 7.5MVA / (1.732 x 66KV) = 65.61A = (65.61 x 1) / 100 = 0.656A = 7.5MVA / (1.732 x 11KV) = 393.65A = (393.65 x 1) / 450 = 0.875A = -10% to +10%
DUOBIAS - M Relay SETTINGS: Initial setting Bias setting Bias slope High set over current HV ICT vector connection HV ICT multiplier LV ICT vector connection LV ICT multiplier = 20% = 20% = 4 x In = 8 x In = Ydy0, 0 = 1.52 = Yd1, 30 = 1.14.