Methods and Materials

Figure 1 shows a sketch of water channel setup used in performing this experiment. A thermocouple attached to the water channel was used to measure the temperature of the water which was used as a medium. The cylinder is placed one inch, from the dye injector, such that the flow of the ink touches the cylinder exactly at its chord line. The water channel speed is then set using its digital controller. The flow is turned on using the pinch valve on the dye insertion tube. The dye flow behind the cylinder is then observed and a picture that captures the wake phenomenon is taken with a camera.
Wakes Valve

Injector Tube

Thermocouple

Controller Cylinder Water Channel

Figure 1: The water channel and ink injector setup The cylinder and water channel speed are adjusted to capture the different wake structure for the cases below: Case 1 A 6.35 mm diameter Cylinder with a water speed of 1.0 in/s Case 2 A 6.35 mm diameter Cylinder with a water speed of 3.0 in/s Case 3 A 25.4 mm diameter Cylinder with a water speed of 1.0 in/s Case 4 A 25.4 mm diameter Cylinder with a water speed of 3.0 in/s The cylinder is replaced by an airfoil and its angle-of-attack is adjusted to for the 2 cases below and pictures of the wakes are taken. Case 5 - Airfoil angle-of-attack is 0C Case 6 Airfoil angle-of-attack is 20C

Experimental Results

The flow observed around the cylinders is shown in Fig 1 to Fig 6 below.

Fig 1: Flow around 6.35 mm Cylinder at 1 in/s

Fig 2: Flow around 6.35 mm Cylinder at 3 in/s

Fig 3: Flow around 25.4 mm Cylinder at 1 in/s

Fig 4: Flow around 25.4 mm Cylinder at 3 in/s

Fig 5: Flow around airfoil with angle-of-attack () of 0

Fig 6: Flow around airfoil with angle-of-attack () of 20

The water properties and Reynolds numbers calculated for pump speeds of U = 1.0 in/s & 3.0 in/s for both cylinders are shown in Table 1 and Table 2 respectively.

Table 1: Water Properties Water Temperature (C) Kinematic Viscosity (m2/s)

15.3 0.05C

Table 2: Reynolds Numbers for Small and Large Test Cylinders

Water Speed (in/s) 1.0 3.0

6.35 mm Cylinder 142.457 427.3715

25.4 mm Cylinder 569.829 1709.486

Conclusions
The wake diagrams confirm that an increase in the Reynoldss number of a flow makes the flow more turbulent. An increase in water speed or the size of the cylinder causes this to happen. Increasing the angle-of-attack of an airfoil also causes a more turbulent flow.

Appendices
A.1 Calculating the Kinematic Viscosity for water at 15.3 C The Kinematic Viscosity for water at 15C is 1.14e-06 The Kinematic Viscosity for water at 20C 1.01e-06 Let x be Kinematic Viscosity for water at 15.3C ( ( ) ) ( ( ) )

A.1 Calculating the Reynolds number for both speeds using both cylinders.
inertial forces Re viscous forces

Re D

UD

where U freestream velocity

D diameter

kinematic viscosity
6.35 mm Cylinder at 1 in/s

Re = 142.457 6.35 mm Cylinder at 3 in/s

Re = 427.3715 25.4 mm Cylinder at 1 in/s

Re = 569.829

25.4 mm Cylinder at 3 in/s

Re = 1709.486