1.

WiMAX: WiMAX, the Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access, is a telecommunications

technology aimed at providing wireless data over long distances in a variety of ways, from point-to-point
links to full mobile cellular type access.

2. 3G : 3G refers to the third generation of developments in wireless technology, especially mobile
communications. 3G includes capabilities and features such as: Enhanced multimedia (voice, data,
video, and remote control), Usability on all popular modes (cellular telephone, e-mail, paging, fax,
videoconferencing, and Web browsing) and Broad bandwidth and high speed (upwards of 2 Mbps).

3. You Tube : YouTube is a video sharing website where users can upload, view and share video clips.
YouTube was created in mid February 2005 by three former PayPal employees.

4. SIM : A Subscriber Identity Module (SIM) is a removable smart card for mobile phones. SIM cards
securely store the service-subscriber key (IMSI) used to identify a GSM subscriber. The SIM card allows
users to change phones by simply removing the SIM card from one mobile phone and inserting it into
another mobile phone.

5. GSM: GSM (Global System for Mobile communication) is a digital mobile telephony system that is
widely used in the world. GSM uses a variation of time division multiple access (TDMA) and is the most
widely used of the three digital wireless telephony technologies (TDMA, GSM, and CDMA). GSM
digitizes and compresses data, then sends it down a channel with two other streams of user data, each
in its own time slot. It operates at either the 900 MHz or 1800 MHz frequency band.

6. Anil Kakodkar: Anil Kakodkar is an eminent Indian nuclear scientist, and is the chairman of the
Atomic Energy Commission of India and the Secretary to the Government of India, Department of
Atomic Energy. Before leading India's Nuclear Programme, he was the Director of the Bhabha Atomic
Research Centre, Trombay.

7. Arvind Kejriwal: Arvind Kejriwal is an Indian social activist and crusader for greater transparency in
Government. He was awarded Ramon Magsaysay Emergent Leadership award in 2006 for activating
India's Right to Information movement at grassroots and social activities to empower the poorest
citizens to fight corruption by holding the government answerable to the people.

8. Mohammad Yunus: Mohammad Yunus is a winner of the Noble peace prize for his efforts to create
economic and social development for below. For achieving this goal, he established Grameen Bank at
Bangladesh.

9. Dr.Jayant Vishnu Narlikar: Dr. Jayant Vishnu Narlikar is an eminent Indian astrophysicist. Narlikar
is considered a leading expert and defender of the steady state cosmology. He is conferred with the
Padma Vibhushan Award. He set up IUCAA in Pune in 1988.

10. Mohammad Hamid Ansari : Mohammad Hamid Ansari is the current Vice President of India. He is
a former chairman of the National Commission for Minorities (NCM).He is also an academician, a career
diplomat, and a former Vice-Chancellor of the Aligarh Muslim University.

11. Enriched uranium: If the non-fissile U-238 is removed from natural uranium, then the U-235
concentration will go up. This is known as uranium enrichment. This is done by a series of chemical and
physical processes. Enriched uranium is a critical component for both civil nuclear power generation and
military nuclear weapons.

12. Physical Research Laboratory: it is a national Indian centre for research in space and allied
sciences, supported mainly by Department of Space. This research laboratory currently has ongoing
research programmes over astronomy and astrophysics, planetary atmosphere, earth sciences, solar
system and studies. It currently manages the Udaipur Solar Observatory and is located in Ahmedabad.
Quiz-6: Short Notes IAS General Studies (Main)

13. National Remote Sensing Agency (NRSA): National Remote Sensing Agency is an autonomous institution
supported by Department of Space of India. It is responsible for acquisition, processing and supply of data from
IRS satellites. The agency is part of efforts to harness the IRS capabilities developed by ISRO. It also manages a
satellite monitoring station at Shadnagar, near Hyderabad.
14. Carlos Slim: Carlos Slim is the world's richest man, worth an estimated US $ 59 billion, after
overtaking Microsoft founder Bill Gates. Slim has a substantial influence over the telecommunications
industry in Mexico and much of Latin America as well.

15. Ecotourism: The enterprises involved in promoting tourism of unusual or interesting ecological
sites. Environmentally, culturally, and scientifically responsible tourism that takes great efforts to ensure
tourism revenues benefit the local communities where tourism occurs, the local inhabitants benefit the
most economically (revenues are not returned to the traveler's country of origin) and native culture is not
diluted with imported tourist cultures.

16. Natural selection: One of several gradual mechanisms through which evolution occurs. Process by
which a particular beneficial gene (or set of genes) is reproduced more than other genes in succeeding
generations due to selective pressures in the environment that favor the beneficial gene. The result of
natural selection is a population that contains a greater proportion of organisms better adapted to
certain environmental conditions.

17. Carbon Credit: carbon credit represents one tonne of carbon dioxide either removed from the
atmosphere or saved from being emitted. Carbon credits were one of the outcomes of the Kyoto
Protocol. They are a measure devised by the Kyoto Protocol to reduce world Greenhouse Gas
emissions, and hence fight climate change. Carbon credits can be created in many ways but there are
two broad types: Sequestration (capturing or retaining carbon dioxide from the atmosphere) Or Carbon
Dioxide Saving Projects.

18. Coral: Simple marine animals that live symbiotically with algae. In the symbiotic relationship, the
algae provide the coral with nutrients, while the coral provide the algae with a structure to live in. Coral
animals secrete calcium carbonate to produce a hard external skeleton.

19. Sustainable Agriculture: Method of growing crops and raising livestock based on organic
fertilizers, soil conservation, water conservation, biological control of pests, and minimal use of non-
renewable fossil-fuel energy.

20. Zero population growth (ZPG): State in which the birth rate (plus immigration) equals the death
rate (plus emigration) so that the population of a geographical area is no longer increasing.

21. Palagummi Sainath: Palagummi Sainath, the 2007 winner of the Ramon Magsaysay award for
journalism, literature, and creative communications arts.

22. Kiran Desai: Kiran Desai is an Indian origin writer author who won the 2006 Man Booker Prize for
her novel The Inherent of Loss.

23. Horizon Equality : One way to keep taxation fair. Horizontal equity means that people with a similar
ability to pay taxes should pay the same amount.

24. Special Drawing Rights : Under the International Monetary Fund Mechanism, SDRs are given as
credit to the member nation. These are not paper currency but only reserved in written forms as
international currency.

25. Currency appreciation: An increase in the value of one currency relative to another currency.
Appreciation occurs when, because of a change in exchange rates; a unit of one currency buys more
units of another currency. Opposite is the case with currency depreciation.

26.Imperfect market : A market where the theoretical assumptions of perfect competition are violated
by the existence of, for example, a small number of buyers and sellers, barriers to entry,
nonhomogeneity of products, and incomplete information. The three imperfect markets commonly
analyzed in economic theory are monopoly, oligopoly, and monopolistic competition.

27. Priority Sector Lending : Some undeveloped or underdeveloped sectors can not afford to the market
rate of interest and can not compete with others. So for developent of them the RBI issues guidelines to all
commercial banks for lending. These lending are called priority sector lending ,i.e. agriculure , small scall
industries etc.

28. Multi-Fiber Arrangement (MFA) : A set of nontariff bilateral quotas established by developed countries
on imports of cotton, wool, and synthetic textiles and clothing from individual LDCs.

29. Fiscal neutrality: When the net effect of taxation and public spending is neutral, neither stimulating nor
dampening demand. The term can be used to describe the overall stance of fiscal policy: a balanced budget
is neutral, as total tax revenue equals total public spending.

30.Treasury bill: A short-term debt issued by a national government with a maximum maturity of one year.
Treasury bills are sold at discount, such that the difference between purchase price and the value at maturity
is the amount of interest.

31. Brahamagupta : An Indian mathmatician and astronomer. He was the the head of the astromomical
observatory at Ujjain and during his tenure there wrote four texts on mathematics and astronomy:
Brahmasphutasiddhanta , Cadamekela , Durkeamynarda and Khandakhadyaka.

32. Gopal Rao Deshmukh : A famous nationlist leader who actively propogated nationlist sentiments in
Maharastra. He Published the ideas of Swadesi for the first time in Maharastra in a famous Marathi Magzine
in 1849.

33. Narayan Guru : He was a famous saint philospher and social reformer of Kerala in 12
th
century. He tried
to remove untouchability and castism. He preached one caste , one religion ,one god.

34. Satyashodhak Samaj: established by Jyotiba Phule in 1873. The Main objectives of Satyashodhak
Samaj were to oppose castism , advocate equality and strongly protest against Brahamin dominance in the
society.

35. Teen Murti Bhavan The Teen Murti Bhavan housed the first Prime Minister of India, Jawaharlal Nehru. It
was designed by Robert Tor Russel, the architect of Connaught Place and of the Eastern and Western
Courts on Janpath.

36. Purushottam Das Tandon : Purushottam Das Tandon was a freedom fighter from Uttar Pradesh in India. He is
widely remembered for his efforts in achieving the Official Language of India status for Hindi. He was customarily given
the title Rajarshi.

37. Dharmapada : The Dhammapada is a Buddhist scripture, containing 423 verses in 26 categories.
According to tradition, these are verses spoken by the Buddha on various occasions, most of which deal with
ethics.

38. Shaikh Salim Chisti : Shaikh Salim Chisti was one of the famous Sufi saints of the Chishti Order in
India. Salim Chisti was the descendant of the famous Khawaja Moinuddin Chishti whose tomb is in Ajmer,
Rajasthan.Salim Chisti was greatly revered saint, and the Mughal emperor Akbar also kept him in high
regard.

39. Alluri Sita Rama Raju : Alluri Sita Rama Raju was an Indian freedom fighter from the Mogallu village in
the West Godavari district of Andhra Pradesh, India. He was the leader of the ill-fated "Rampa Rebellion" that
was fought against the British occupiers from 1922 to 1923.

40. Cripps Mission: The Cripps mission was an attempt in late March of 1942 by the British government to
secure Indian cooperation and support for their efforts in World War II. The mission was headed by Sir
Stafford Cripps, a senior left-wing politician and government minister in the War Cabinet of Prime Minister
Winston Churchill.





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