TMA 01 Question : Introduction: Language of any text whether spoken or written is characterized by several ways.

One way is to look at the relationship between language forms and the features of the context. The primary construct for explaining linguistic variation is a familiar one "register". Register is important in systemic linguistics because it is seen as the linguistic consequence of interacting aspects of context. The descriptive categories we use are Field, Tenor, and Mode based on Halliday's theory of language variation. Accordingly, I am going to explain the criticl discours analysis of two articles that I am going to quote from two different journals (native and non-native). In order to display the findings of my analysis in a meaningful way, I will carry out three tasks. The first task involves the sources of the two articles. The second task involves analysis of field, tenor and mode of the two texts. The final task is to show the critical discourse analysis for the two texts.

Task one
Throughout this essay I have decided to show the ideological discourse of the two media texts about the new selected Egyptian president and contexts where they were published. The two articles

that I have chosen to be presented and discussed in my research are drawn from different journals, one is a native English Journal is called New York Times and the other is a journal called Al-Ahram Weekly. It is published in Egypt state in English.
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Article One:
Opponents of Egypts Leader Call for Boycott of Charter Vote The political crisis over Egypts draft constitution hardened on both sides on Sunday, as the opposition signaled that it had given up hope that it could defeat the draft charter at the polls to safeguard balloting in a planned referendum on the new charter and his opponents called for more protests and a boycott to undermine the vote. Thousands of demonstrators streamed toward the presidential palace for a fifth night of protests against Mr. Morsi and the proposed charter, and the president, a former leader of the Muslim Brotherhood, formally issued an order asking the military to protect such vital institutions and to secure the vote. With the decision to boycott the referendum, the opposition signaled that it had given up hope that it could defeat the draft charter at the polls, and had opted instead to try to undermine the referendums legitimacy. The call for new protests with major demonstrations expected at the presidential palace again on Tuesday and Friday ensures that questions about Egypts national unity and stability will continue to overshadow debate about the specific contents of the charter. Although international experts who have studied the draft say it is hardly more religious than Egypts old constitution, opponents say it fails to adequately protect individual rights from being constricted by a future Islamist majority in Parliament. Over the past two weeks, hundreds of thousands of people have poured into the streets to oppose the charter, crowds have attacked 28 Muslim Brotherhood offices and the groups headquarters, and at least seven people have died in clashes between Islamist and secular political factions. The opposition rejects lending legitimacy to a referendum that will definitely lead to more sedition and division, said Sameh Ashour, a spokesman for a coalition that calls itself the National Salvation Front. Holding a referendum in a state of seething and chaos, Mr. Ashour said, amounted to a reckless and flagrant absence of responsibility, risking driving the country into violent confrontations that endanger its national security.

Article Two:
Presidential trials and errors
Mohamed Morsi started this year as head of the Freedom and Justice Party (FJP), the political arm of the long-persecuted-but-popular Muslim Brotherhood. By the spring he was the backup presidential candidate for the FJP and the Brotherhood. On 30 June, he was sworn in as the first-ever freely elected president in Egypts history. This week, as 2012 comes to an end, he is occupying a barricaded presidential palace whose back door is being kept ready for a possibly speedy exit. I really feel very sorry that I voted for him. It was a big mistake. He cheated us, said May, a doctor in her late 20s. Queuing up to participate in the referendum over the controversial draft constitution at one of the Heliopolis polling stations last Saturday, this veiled but carefully manicured lady said that it had been three hours since she had taken up her place in a long queue to vote no to the constitution.This is the least I could do to make up for the mistake of voting for anyone from the Muslim Brotherhood, she said. As she shared her frustration with other voters in-waiting, May received a call on her IPhone4. After a brief conversation marked with big smiles, contained laughter and a quick recitation of the Quranic verse in which the Almighty promises to defeat those who dont keep their promises, May hung up and announced the great news that her sister had said on behalf of her husband who had just come home. They got [Brotherhood leader] Khairat AlShater. They really gave him what he deserves [in terms of insults], she said to the queries of other voters..

Task Two:
Through this task, tenor, field and mode of the articles will be discussed. As I have shown up that field is the subject matter. Its function is identified as experiential. While tenor is identified as an element to explore the social distance between the speakers, the writer/speaker's persona, and the degree of familiarity.

Both of the two writers used different types of conjunctions as a cohesive tool to help the reader to understand information through the two articles easily. Both of the two writers used different types of nominal group. Some of them are modified nominal group as a cohesive tool to help the reader to understand information through the two articles easily.

The Tenor
A.1 Writer Persona power expertise or authority

Tenor relate to the roles and relationships of those involved in communication. The text is non interactive text as there is only one communicator. The writer presents himself as more authorities as the author present himself as having some degree of knowledge in a topic area which is of broad interest to society in general. The writer presents himself as the provider of information to an audience which presumably is interested but lucks knowledge. It is of course a vary generalized expertise, which would be possessed by virtually all mass media news agencies. The first text considers a factual news report about the struggle inside Egypt and the calling for Boycott to guard the process of vote. We observe that there are only two instance of evaluating language The political crisis over Egypts draft constitution hardened on both sides,. Even such evaluation can be classed as factual as after more meeting as
President Mohamed Morsi prepared to deploy the army to safeguard balloting

. The view

contained in the text is being very publicity communicated to the society as a whole. The text considers reporting more than commentating which associated with demarcated journalist roles. Now we arrived to understand the social distance inside text which lies beyond the relation between giver and receiver. The text show relatively and formal relation between the writer and audience as there are some grammatical structure show it such the opposition
signaled that it had given up hope that it could defeat the draft charter at the polls "

such

dialectical forms are also suggestive of informality and some degree of closeness.
In Text (1) the writer presenting himself as having some degree of

knowledge in the topic area, he is a an information provider to an audience whose presumably interested in the topic. The writer usage of meaning relating to obligation or necessity in sentences like" Mohamed Morsi started this year as head of the Freedom and Justice Party (FJP)". It indicates that the writer has given himself the some level of authorities to describe the anti government in Egypt. On the other hand, we may find that the writer In Text (2) presents himself as having some degree of knowledge in the topic area; he presents himself as an information provider to an audience which presumably is interested and gives sufficient knowledge. This is very clear from the first article where he says " sentence in the

Mohamed Morsi started this year as head of the Freedom and

Justice Party (FJP), On 30 June, he was sworn in as the first-ever freely elected president in Egypts history. This week, as 2012 comes to an end, he is occupying a barricaded presidential palace whose back door is being kept ready for a possibly speedy exit.

" The writer provided new " ", "

information to his audience. However, the writer usage of evaluating language likes "
Khairat Al-Shater Egypts history

",

Muslim Brotherhood

Brotherhood leader]

". The writer usage of words like "civilian" gives clear

indication that he is giving an opinion along with he is giving the chance for readers of his article to make their own statements. Both the two articles are same but the main different is that the writer in text 1 gives himself the authority to make statements and give directions.
A.2 Social distance (degree of familiarity or connection)

It's clear that both writers are using the impersonal style, since both writers are writing a mass audience. Both texts clearly show that there is no real relationship between the writer and his
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audience, since both texts were written to a mass, essentially unknown. The common occurrences between the two texts were the using of noun phrases. The two articles full with classifiers noun rather than describer or epithets noun. The two articles vary in structure of information in their clauses.

A.The Filed
B.1 Semitic Domain

The subject matter (or matters) with which the text is concerned, known often as the semantic domain, can usually be identified by the relatively simple means of organizing the text's nouns and verbs (and sometimes adjectives and adverbs) into the different topic and subtopic areas from which they are drawn. (Course Book 2 , P31). Since both texts talk about the same subject matters (Egypt Presidential trials and errors), we can therefore say that the filed of the two texts is same.
B.2 Specialization and assumptions of expert knowledge

Since both texts were released in newspapers for a mass of audience, both texts have little or no assumption of special expertise language. Both writers tried to use terms of everyday language which they assume that they share with the audience.

B.The Mode
C.1 Interactivity

Both texts didn't use the interactivity style of language. Even though the writers could have used an interactive style in their text for example in the sentence "
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After a brief conversation marked with big smiles, contained

laughter and a quick recitation of the Quranic verse in which the Almighty promises

" the writer of text 2

could placed the phrase clothes by " Quranic verse in which the Almighty promises " to create more interactivity. But both writers have preferred to use non-interactive style.

C.2 Spontaneity

Since lexical density is one primary determiner of density of informational packaging, therefore we will calculate the lexical densities of an approximately 70 words of each text and then determine whether the text is spontaneity or not. Because the first article which is written by native English writer, so it seem to be high density 86% because the thickness of information occurred which mean that this text is equal tense for the form of academic registure, while as the second text written by non native "Arabic" writer, so it less density because uses many quotes which seem to be conversation register , the article less density 75%. and text is less dense than the academic register as the writer is writing to mass audience rather than experts in the field of political.

References:
Book 2 (Getting Inside English: Interpreting Texts).

Section 18 on page 41 in the course guides booklet. Longman Article one from Kuwait newspaper: (http://kuwaittimesnewspaperkw.com) Article two from British newspaper :: (http://THEINDEPENDENTuk.com) E-Library; Lynne Young and Claire Harrison , 2003, Systemic functional linguistics and critical discourse analysis [electronic resource] : studies in social change, http://search.lib.virginia.edu/catalog/u4807013, accessed 2010 December 22.

Word count: (1,500).

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