Carbohyderates

BIOCHEMISTRY Carbohydrates
CHEMISTRY OF CARBOHYDRATES
DEFINITION Carbohydrates are polyhydroxy aldehydes or polyhydroxy ketones or compounds that can be hydrolyzed into these compounds. General formula is CnH2nOn.. FUNCTIONS 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Major source of energy in most organisms Serve as metabolic intermediates Constituents of nucleotides that form DNA & RNA Give structure to cell membranes & cell walls Play a role in immunity, joint lubrication & cell to cell communications Common diseases associated with carbohydrates
CARBON NUMBERING SYSTEM
include diabetes mellitus, galactosemia, glycogen storage diseases and lactose intolerance. CLASSIFICATION OF CARBOHYDRATES A. Simple Only Carbohydrate Moiety 1. Monosaccharides i. ii. 2. 3. 4. Aldoses [glucose (6C), glycerose (3C), erythrose (4C), ribose (5C)] Ketoses [fructose (6C), dihydroxyacetone (3C), erythrulose (4C), ribulose (5C)] Disaccharides (sucrose, maltose, lactose) Oligosaccharides (3-9 residues; Eg. raffinose, stachyose) Polysaccharides and (>/= 10 residues; heparin, Homopolysaccharides - starch, inulin, cellulose Heteropolysaccharides chondroitin sulphate) B. Complex Sugar + Lipid Or Protein Moiety Proteoglycan, Glycoprotein, Glycolipid HAWORTH (OPEN CHAIN) STRUCTURE OF
CARBOHYDRATES
BRIHASPATHI ACADEMY SUBSCRIBERS COPY NOT FOR SALE
PYRANOSE RING STRUCTURES Optical Isomerism
Same molecular formula but differs in their physical property of turning the plane polarized light.
d / + : dextrorotatory l / - : laevorotatory.
Stereoisomerism Same molecular formula but differs in spatial configuration of H & OH groups at penultimate carbon atoms. OH on the right side- D form. Eg- D-glucose & OH on left side- L form. Eg- L-glucose.
FRUCTOSE STRUCTURE
Asymmetric carbon atom- C atom with 4 different groups attached to it.
ISOMERISM Same molecular formula but different physical or chemical properties
No of isomers = 2n (n = no of asymmetric carbon atoms).
Epimerism Types 1. 2. 3. Optical Functional Stereoisomerism i. ii. iii. iv. Anomerism Epimerism Enantiomerism Diastereoisomerism Anomerism Differ in orientation of H & OH groups around first C atom. E.g. - OH to the right of 1st C., -glucose; - OH to the right of 1st C., glucose. GLYCOSIDES Sugar + Aglycone Phlorhizin- glucose + phloretin; renal damage
Differ in orientation of H & OH groups around single C atom. Eg- Glu & Gal at C4, Glu & Mannose at C2.
Digitoninstimulant Ouabain- Na+-K+ ATPase inhibitor glucose+ digitogenin; cardiac KEY POINTS ABOUT GALACTOSE Amino sugars Glucosamine- in hyaluronic acid, heparin & blood group substances Galactosamine- in chondroitin of cartilage, bone & tendons Mannosamine, N-acetylated glucosamine & N-acetylated galactosamine- in glycoproteins Erythromycin- Diethyl amino sugar; antibiotic KEY POINTS ABOUT MANNOSE Occurs in glycoproteins Epimer of glucose at C2 Component of lactose Epimer of glucose at C4 Constituent of glycolipids & glycoproteins
Oxidized to galactonic acid, galacturonic acid & mucic acid Reduced to dulcitol
Deoxysugars L-fucose- 6-deoxy L-galactose - in blood group antigens Deoxyribose- in nucleic acid. Feulgen staining is specific for DNA PENTOSES D-Ribose- constituent of RNA, ATP & NAD Deoxyribose- in DNA D-Ribulose- in HMP shunt D-Xylose- in proteoglycans D-Lyxose- in heart muscle
IMPORTANT POINTS ABOUT DISACCHARIDES Sucrose (1, 2) is not reducing since both anomeric carbons of glucose & fructose are involved in glycosidic linkage It is called invert sugar as sucrose being dextrorotatory (+66.50) becomes laevorotatory (- 19.50 ) on hydrolysis Maltose (1, 4) contains 2 glucose units Forms sunflower shaped crystals of maltosazone Isomaltose (1, 6) contains 2 glucose units produced by partial digestion of glycogen and starch Lactose to gluconic acid, (1, 4) is sugar present in milk. Contains glucose & galactose Hedgehog or powder puff appearance of lactosazone crystals Digested by separate enzyme, lactase Honey contains invert sugar
KEY POINTS ABOUT GLUCOSE Aldo-sugar with 6 membered pyranose ring -D glucopyranose is the most common form C1 carbon is the anomeric carbon Ring closure occurs between C1 & C5 D-glucose is dextrorotatory Forms 16 stereoisomers Glucose is oxidized glucuronic acid & glucosaccharic acid Reduced to sorbitol (mechanism in diabetic cataract) KEY POINTS ABOUT FRUCTOSE Keto-sugar with predominant furanose ring structure C2 carbon is the anomeric carbon. D-fructose is laevorotatory Forms 4 isomers It is a major constituent of honey Component of inulin
HOMOPOLYSACCHARIDES Structural Homopolysaccharides Cellulose made up of glucose residues linked by (1,4) linkages., so its not digestible in humans Inulin is a fructosan Chitin- the constituent of exoskeleton of crustaceans is made up of amino sugar Nacetyl glucosamine
Storage Homopolysaccharides Starch- 2 components- amylose, unbranched form with (1, 4) linkages [300-400 glucose units] and amylopectin, highly branched with (1, 4) along straight lines and (1, 6) along branch points [each branch at interval of 24-30 glucose units] Glycogen highly branched, formed on a protein core- glycogenin to which glucose molecules are attached with (1, 4) linkages along straight line & (1, 6) along branch points [each branch at interval of 12-18 glucose units]. Each branch has 11 residues & the whole molecule is arranged in 12 concentric circles. HETEROPOLYSACCHARIDES Mucopolysaccharides Features of glycosaminoglycans (GAG) GAG / Proteoglycans are composed of an uronic acid & amino sugar. Exception keratan sulphate doesnt have uronic acid, instead it has galactose. Normally, they prefer to have glucuronic acid & N-acetyl glucosamine. Exception- Iduronic acid in Heparin & Dermatan sulphates. Galactosamine in chondroitin & dermatan sulphate. COMPLEX POLYSACCHARIDES Proteoglycans It has a core protein, to which the GAGs (unbranched, repetitive units) are linked by O linkage. Exception is keratan sulfate type 1, which is N-linked and, hyaluronic acid is not linked to the core protein directly at all. All GAGs are sulfated so that they get a negative charge, but hyaluronic acid is not sulfated. Functions Constituents of extracellular matrix providing negative charge which is important for basement membranes charge selectivity for proteins.
Helps in morphogenesis and metastasis in cancer. Keratan sulfate is responsible for corneal transparency. Dermatan sulfate is responsible for shape of the cornea.
Glycoproteins Glycosylated protein but the side chains are branched, moietiesproteoglycans Eg- plasma proteins, Igs, hormones, enzymes, transport proteins etc It helps in maintaining receptor function, protein folding, determining protein solubility.\ Types- N-linked, O-linked & GPI anchored. GPI anchored glycoprotein- carboxy terminal of amino acid is linked to the carbohydrate chain, ethanolamine & inositol. Eg- Decay acceleration factor is a GPI anchored protein which prevents RBC lysis by complement pathway product, mutation of which causes PNH. BIOCHEMICAL TESTS 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Molisch test- for carbohydrates Benedicts test- for reducing sugars Barfoeds test- for distinguishing between monosaccharides & disaccharides Bials test- for pentoses Seliwanoffs test- for distinguishing between aldoses & ketoses. non repetitive carbohydrate less than carbohydrates
METABOLISM OF CARBOHYDRATES
DEFINITIONS Metabolism- process by which we assimilate energy from the food we intake (Catabolism) & utilize the same for building up macromolecules (Anabolism). Oxidative Phosphorylation- The energy obtained by oxidation of substrates is trapped in the form of reducing equivalents NADH or FADH2 which passes thro mitochondria to generate ATP Substrate Level Phosphorylation ATP is generated directly from the substrate. EgPhosphoglycerate kinase Pyruvate kinase Succinyl thiokinase Creatine kinase EXAMPLES OF Catabolic Pathways- Glycolysis, glycogenolysis, fatty acid oxidation, amino acid oxidation Anabolic PathwaysGlycogen synthesis, FFA
Irreversible Steps Hexokinase or glucokinase Phosphofructokinase Pyruvate kinase
Rate Limiting Step Phosphofructokinase
Substrate Level Phosphorylation Steps Phosphoglycerate kinase Pyruvate kinase
Products Pyruvate Lactate- For the regeneration of NAD- NAD is required for the G3PDH step when itll be converted to NADH. In aerobic glycolysis, NADH will enter into respiratory chain & we get back the NAD, but if its happening anerobically, LDH step converts it back to NAD to convert pyruvate to lactate. ANAEROBIC GLYCOLYSIS- occurs in RBC, white muscle fibres, lens, retina, brain, renal medulla. Only 2 ATP is produced. RBC- glycolysis is the only energy generating pathway as it lacks mitochondria & hence dependent on anaerobic pathway. RAPPAPORT LUEBERIN CYCLE- a deviation of the normal glycolysis whereby phosphoglycerate kinase step is bypassed & phosphoglycerate mutase generates 2, 3-DPG which is essential for decreasing the affinity of RBC for oxygen, thereby facilitating unloading in tissues. PASTEUR EFFECTBody attempts to prevent
synthesis, protein synthesis Amphibolic Pathways- TCA cycle KEY POINTS IN GLYCOLYSIS
anaerobic glycolysis whenever there is high ATP level, which is obtained by lipolysis & fatty acid oxidation. FATES OF PYRUVATE Aerobic Condition- forms acetyl Co A Anaerobic Condition- forms lactate Well Fed Stateforms alanine by transaminase
Starvationforms oxaloacetate for TCA CYCLE
gluconeogenesis PYRUVATE DEHYDROGENASE COMPLEX (PDH) Multi enzyme complex, mitochondrial enzyme with PDH, dihydrolipoyl tranacetylase, dihydrolipoyl DH & coenzymes: TPP, CoA, Lipoic acid, NAD, FAD Generates 3 ATP.
REGULATION Allosteric inhibition by acetyl Co A(glucose sparing effect), NADH, ATP COVALENT MODIFICATION-activated by phosphorylation & vice versa. Activated by insulin.
KEY POINTS IN GLUCONEOGENESIS Formation of glucose from non carbohydrate sources ORGANS INVOLVED- liver & kidney Conversion of pyruvate to phosphoenolpyruvate consumes CO2 & ATP generating inorganic phosphate. Enzymes Involved Pyruvate carboxylase PEPCK Fructose 1,6 bis phosphatase (rate limiting step) Glucose-6-phosphatase Glucogenic amino acids, lactates, glycerol & propionate Regulation Regulated by PFK-2 PFK-2 on phosphorylation acts like fructose 2, 6 bisphosphatase (glucagon) it & when like it gets PFK-2 dephosphorylated, behaves Regulation of TCA Cycle Depends on the type of the cell In skeletal muscle- main purpose is energy production, the cycle generates ATP. The dehydrogenases are all activated by calcium ions & the ATP/ADP ratio will be very low: inhibition on PDH is overcome. In Liver- cycle is anabolic. Citrate synthase is inhibited by high energy level, so oxaloacetate accumulates, aspartate which can be synthesis. utilized for ATP Similarly Occurs in mitochondria Only aerobic pathway Amphibolic Catabolic- generates 12 ATP from acetyl Co A Anabolicglutamate forms from various intermediates aspartate like from alpha-KG,
oxaloacetate, fatty acids from acetyl Co A.
Substrates
synthesizing fructose 2,6 bisphosphate. Fructose 2,6 bisphosphate is an allosteric activator of PFK-1 (glycolysis)
allosterically inhibits DH to help in glutamate & other synthesis. Succinyl CoA is used in heme synthesis. In adipose tissue- aconitase inhibited-citrate accumulates & helps in FA synthesis. Inhibitors of TCA cycle Fluoroacetate- inhibits aconitase Malonate- inhibits succinate dehydrogenase
ENERGY YIELD (NO OF ATP GENERATED) PER MOLECULE OF GLUCOSE THROUGH GLYCOLYSIS PLUS CITRIC ACID CYCLE, UNDER AEROBIC CONDITIONS Pathway Glycolysis Hexokinase - Minus 1 Phosphofructokinase - Minus 1 Glyceraldehyde-3-P-DH 1, 3-BPG Kinase Pyruvate kinase Pyruvate to Acetyl Co A Pyruvate dehydrogenase NADH TCA Cycle Isocitrate dehydrogenase NADH Alpha-KG DH Succinate thiokinase Succinate DH Malate DH NADH GTP FADH2 NADH 3X2=6 3X2=6 1X2=2 2X2=4 3X2=6 10 - 2 = 8 =6 = 24 3X2=6 NADH ATP ATP 3X2=6 1X2=2 1X2=2 Source No of ATPs gained KEY POINTS IN GLYCOGEN SYNTHESIS Enzymes
Hexokinase in skeletal muscle & glucokinase in liver Glucokinase has got high Km & low affinity for glucose UDP glucose pyrophosphorylase Glycogen synthase adds glucose subunits in straight chains until 11 residues are attached Branching enzyme (1->4)->(1->6) transferase
KEY POINTS IN GLYCOGENOLYSIS Enzymes involved are phosphorylase & debranching enzyme (amylo 1, 6 glucosidase) Rate limiting step is phosphorylase- pyridoxine dependent enzyme Gives rise to glucose-1-phosphate Energy from glucose obtained by glycogenolysis- 9 ATP Liver glycogen phosphorylase is activated by glucagon & epinephrine, whereas muscle GP is only by epinephrine & not glucagon
Net generation in Glycolysis Generation in PDH reaction Generation in TCA cycle = 38
Net generation of ATP from 1 molecule of glucose
KEY POINTS IN GLYCOGEN METABOLISM Occurs in 2 tissues- liver & muscle Total glycogen is higher in muscle than liver Liver glycogen gives rise to plasma glucose whereas muscle glycogen does not since glucose-6phosphatase is absent in muscle Key enzyme for glycogen synthesis- glycogen synthetase Key enzyme for glycogenolysisglycogen phosphorylase Regulation of glycogen metabolism- by cyclic AMP Total ATP utilized in glycogen synthesis- 2
HEXOSE MONO-PHOSPHATE SHUNT
KEY POINTS IN HEXOSE MONOPHOSPHATE SHUNT Occurs in cytosol of liver, mammary glands, adipose tissue & fetal heart 2 PHASESOxidativeproduction of NADPH (used for reductive synthesis of lipid derivatives) Non oxidative- production of ribose-5-phosphate (used for purine biosynthesis, nucleoside synthesis) No ATP is generated Prevents RBC hemolysis by assisting glutathione peroxidase G6PD deficiency causes drug (antimalarial) induced hemolytic anemia GALACTOSE METABOLISM FRUCTOSE METABOLISM Biochemicallydecreased increased blood
galactose,
blood
glucose,
galactosuria,
albuminuria, aminoaciduria
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GALACTOSEMIA Defect in the following enzymes Galactose-1-Pclassical type Galactokinase : minor type Epimerase : rare hypoglycemia, hepatomegaly, uridyl transferase :
Clinically manifest with failure to thrive, lethargy, cataract, mental retardation.
BIOCHEMISTRY Carbohydrates INTRODUCTION

9. Starch and glycogen are polymens of A. Alpha glucose B. C. Beta glucose Fructose
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D. Sucrose Ref: Satyanarayan 3/E, p. 20, 21 10. The only sugar absorbed against concentration gradient is A. Glucose B. C. Galactose Mennose Ref: Satyanarayan 3/E, p. 168 11. True blood sugar level measures the levels of A. Glucose 5. A carbohydrate which cannot be hydrolyzed into simple form is called ________ A. Monosaccharide B. C. Disaccharide Oligosaccharide 12. Number of asymmetric carbon atoms in glucose is A. One 6. 1 molecule of glucose forms molecules of pyruvate A. 1 B. C. 2 3 Ref: Harper 1/e p 150 13. A carbohydrate, commonly known as dextrose, is 7. The monosaccharides glucose is best described by which one of the following statements. A. It usually exists in the furanose form B. C. It is a ketose. It possesses an anomeric C-2 carbon atom. Ref: Harper 1/e p 151 14. The predominant form of glucose in solution is 8. Which of the following is not polymer of glucose? A. Glycogen B. C. Amylose Inulin Ref: Harper 1 /e 151
MONOSACCHARIDES
1. Which of the following are aldoses sugars? A. Glucose and mannose B. C. Glucose and fructose Fructose and Xylulose
D. Xylose
D. Xylulose and ribulose Ref Satyanarayan 3/E, p 10
B. C.
Fructose Glucose + fibose Ref: Satyanarayan 3/E, p. 675
D. Glucose + fructose
D. Polysaccharide Satyanarayan 3/E, p. 10
B. C.
Two Three
D. Four
D. 5 A. Dextrin B. C. D Fructose D Glucose
D. Glycogen
D. It forms part of the disaccharides sucrose. Ref: Satyanarayan 3/E, p 10
A. Acyclic form B. C. Hydrated acyclic form Glucofuranose
D. Glucopyranose
D. Cellulose Ref: Satyanarayan 3/E, p. 20 21
15. Glucose is the only source of energy for A. Mycocardium B. C. Kidneys Erythrocytes A. - Glucose B. C. - Glucose Both of above
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D. None of the above Ref Satyanarayan 3/E, p 22
D. Thrombocytes Ref: 1/e, p. 190 16. In anaerobic conditions, muscles can derive energy from A. Fatty acids B. C. Amino acids Glucose
D. All of the above Ref: 1/e, p. 208 17. Maximum capacity for tubular reabsorption of glucose is about A. 180 mg/dl B. C. 180 mg/min 350 mg/dl 2. Most lipogenic carbohydrate A. Fructose B. C. Ref: 1/e, p. 217 18. Sorbitol can be formed from A. Glucose B. C. Galactose Mannose 3. Glucose Ribose
D. 350 mg/min
D. Sucrose Ref: Harper 22/e p 193 Regarding pentose phosphate pathway all of the following are true EXCEPT A. Occurs in the cytosol B. C. No ATP is produced in the cycle It is active in adipose tissue, liver, and gonads the nonoxidative phase generates pyruvate Ref: Harper 27/E p. 177, 180 22. The cotton ball osazone crystal structure is seen when phenyl hydrazine reacts with A. Glucose B. C. Fructose Maltose
D. Ribose Ref: 1/e, p. 228 19. Close ring structure of glucose is known as A. Glucan B. C. Furan Pyran
D. The oxidative phase generates NADPH and
D. Glycan 20. Renal threshold value of glucose is A. 90 mg/dl B. C. 120 mg/dl 150 mg/dl
D. Lactose Ref Satyanarayan 3/E, p 17 23. Oligosaccharides are defined as glycosides with
D. 180 mg/dl 21. Cellulose is made up of the molecules of A. Less than 2 monosaccharides
B. C. 2 monosaccharides 2 10 monosaccharides D. Starch is galactose polysaccharide and glycogen is glucose polysaccharide Ref Satyanarayan 3/E, p21 30. Glycolysis occurs in 24. Maltose is a disaccharide of A. Glucose and galactose B. C. Glucose and fructose Glucose and glucose A. Cytoplasm B. C. Mitochondrion Both in cytoplasm and mitochondria
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D. >10 monosaccharides Ref Satyanarayan 3/E, p 10
D. Only in presence of O2 Ref Satyanarayan 3/E, p 245 31. The rate limiting step in glycolysis is catalysed
D. Fructose and fructose Ref Satyanarayan 3/E, p 11 25. The non reducing sugar is A. Galactose B. C. Sucrose Mannose
by A. Hexokinase B. C. Phosphofructokinase Enolase Ref Satyanarayan 3/E, p 247 32. The amount of ATPs generated by glycolytic pathway is A. 6 B. C. 8 10
D. Maltose Ref Satyanarayan 3/E, p 19 26. Inversion is a features of A. Glucose B. C. Maltose Sucrose
D. Pyruvatekinase
D. Mannose Ref Satyanarayan 3/E, p 19 27. Starch on hydrolysis forms A. Amylose only B. C. Amylopectin only Amylose + amylopectin
D. 12 Ref Satyanarayan 3/E, p 249 33. The major pathway for utilization of glucose in erythrocytes is A. Krebs cycle B. C. Glycolysis Hexose monophophate shunt
D. Fructose + glucose Ref Satyanarayan 3/E, p 20 28. Cellulose A. Is water insoluble B. C. Is non reducing Gives no color with I2
D. Anaerobic pathway Ref Satyanarayan 3/E, p 248 34. NaF is added to blood collected for blood glucose estimation because A. It inhibits the enzyme enolase B. C. It prevent the glucose oxidation by atomospheric O2 29. Which of the following is true? A. Starch and glycogen are polysaccharides of animal origin B. C. Starch is of plant origin and is much more branched than glycogen Starch gives blue color with I2 whereas glycogen gives red color 35. Krebs cycle operates in
D. All of the above Ref Satyanarayan 3/E, p22
It prevents conversion of pyruvic acid to acetyl coenzyme A
D. It oxidizes all double bonds and saturates the sugars Ref Satyanarayan 3/E, p 248
A. Aerobic conditions only B. C. Anaerobic conditions only Aerobic and anaerobic conditions B. C.
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Increased glycogen breakdown in liver only Increased glycogenolysis in live and muscle
D. Glycogenesis from glucose Ref Satyanarayan 3/E, p 266 42. Epinephrine causes increased blood glucose level
D. Microaerophilic conditions Ref Satyanarayan 3/E, p 254 36. The HMP shunt pathway occurs in A. Mitochondria B. C. Cytoplasm Extracellularly
due to A. Increased glycogenolysis in liver and muscle B. C. Activation of phophorylase Inhibition of glycogen synthesis in liver
D. Both mitochondira and cytoplasms Ref Satyanarayan 3/E, p 271 37. Metabolic disease (glycogen storage) associated with glucose 6- phophatase enzyme deficiency A. Coris disease B. C. Pompes disease Von Gierkes disease
D. All of the above Ref Satyanarayan 3/E, p 678 43. Sucrose is a non reducing sugar because: A. It is a disaccharide B. C. It is made up group of non of reducing constituent monosaccharides Carbonyl monosaccharides is not free, but is in glycosidic linkage D. It does not exist in ring structure Satyanarayan 3/E, p. 19 44. Why glucose and fructose form the same osazone? A. Because they are isomers B. C. Because they are anomers Because they have same molecular weight the molecule from carbon number 3 to 6 while the dissimilarity in structure at C1 and C2 disappears during the reaction with phenyl hydrazine Satyanarayan 3/E, p. 17
D. Gauchers disease Ref Satyanarayan 3/E, p 269 38. Glycogen breakdown leads to formation of A. Glucose B. C. Lactic acid Glucose and lactic acid
D. Glycoprotein Ref Satyanarayan 3/E, p 245 39. The major sites of gluconoegenesis are A. Liver and kidney B. C. Brain Skeletal muscle
D. Because they have exactly same structure of
D. Heart muscle Ref Satyanarayan 3/E, p 258 40. A patient who reports loss of weight, mental retardation and development of cataract; emission of certain substance corrects it; which is A. Galactose B. C. Glycogen Cellulose B. C.
45. Which of the following is the most appropriate statement about mucopolysaccharides A. Mucopolysaccharides are polymers of more than one sugar unit They contain glucose They are complex molecules Satyanarayan 3/E, p. 22
D. Glycine Ref Satyanarayan 3/E, p 277 41. Glucagon causes increased blood sugar level due to A. Increased glycogen breakdown in muscle only
D. They are not soluble in water
46. The reserve carbohydrate in animals is
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52. D glucose and D galactose differs at ______ A. One carbon atom B. C. Two carbon atoms Three carbon atoms Satyanarayan 3/E, p. 12 53. The ring structure of D glucose involves
__________ A. Starch B. C. Glycogen Glucose
D. None
D. Lactose Satyanarayan 3/E, p. 21 47. Cellulose is not digested by humans because A. It is insoluble in water B. C. It is present in bulk in the diet Large number of intra and inter- chain hydrogen bonds are present D. Human intestine lacks the enzyme which will split -1, 4 glucosidic bounds Satyanarayan 3/E, p. 22 48. Which of the following statement, that is NOT true for all sugars? A. All sugars are soluble in water B. C. All sugar are reducing All sugar are sweet in taste
________ A. C1 and C4 B. C. C1 and C5 C1 and C6
D. C2 ad C5 Satyanarayan 3/E, p. 14 54. Optical rotation of a compound can be measured by a A. Polaragraph B. C. Polarimeter Spectrophotometer
D. Flourimeter
D. All sugar do not give colour with iodine Satyanarayan 3/E, p. 19 49. The reducing action of sugar is due to A. Large number of hydroxylic groups B. C. Presence of free carbonyl group Presence of ring structure C. 55. Why excess carbohydrates are stored as glycogen and not glucose? A. Because glycogen is not soluble in water B. Because glucose is most abundant carbohydrate Because glycogen has more energy than glucose D. Because glycogen considerably decreases osmotic pressure in the cell thus preventing 50. Which of the following is not a disaccharide? A. Lactose B. C. Maltose Galactose 56. How epinephrine stimulates glycogenolysis simultaneously stopping glycogenesis A. By stimulating enzyme phosphorylation B. 51. The isomers whose orientation is different only at one carbon atom are known as ______ A. Anomers B. C. Epimers Both C. By converting inactive phosphorylase into active phosphorylase by phosphorylation By releasing cAMP for glycogenolysis but not for glycogenesis D. By converting the two enzymes by phosphorylase and glycogen synthase into their active forms sinactive forms phosphorylation respectively Ref: Satyanarayan 3/E, p 267
D. Their complex structure Satyanarayan 3/E, p. 16
cell lysis Ref: Satyanarayan 3/E, p. 263
D. Sucrose Satyanarayan 3/E, p. 11
D. None Satyanarayan 3/E, p. 12
D. Oxaloacetate 57. Which mammalian cell does not have aerobic pathway of glucose catabolism? A. Nerve cell B. C. Sperm cell Ovum Ref: Satyanarayan 3/E, p 257
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62. CO2 is not produced in the reaction catalyzed by the enzyme A. Pyruvate dehydrogenase B. C. Succinate dehydrogenase Isocitrate dehydrogenase
D. Red cell Ref: Satyanarayan 3/E, p 245 58. In aerobic glycolysis, glucose is first broken down to pyruvate and then to CO2 and H2O in the Krebs cycle; but in anaerobic glycolysis it does not stop at pyruvate but forms lactate. Why? A. Because B. C. pyruvate is toxic in larger concentration Because pyruvate can form amino acid by amination Because pyruvate can form glucose back from NADH2 which is formed in earlier step of glycolysis thus assuring continuation of glycolysis Ref: Satyanarayan 3/E, p 248 59. Which of the following step is not involved in substrate level phosphorylation? A. Dihydroxyacetone B. C. 1, 3 phosphate 3 Glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate diphosphoglycerate phosphoglycerate Succinyl CoA Succinate D. Phosphoenol pyruvate pyruvate Ref: Satyanarayan 3/E, p 248 60. How may ATP molecules are produced in the citric acid cycle itself? A. One B. C. Two Twelve D. Because this allows the regeneration of NAD
D. - Ketoglutarate dehydrogenase Ref: Satyanarayan 3/E, p 256 63. The three steps of _________ resembles the steps of - Oxidation of fatty acids A. Fatty acid synthesis B. C. Anaerobic glycolysis Citric acid cycle
D. HMP shunt Ref: Satyanarayan 3/E, p 255, 288
64. What is the main aim of citric acid cycle? A. To produce energy from carbohydrates B. C. To provide keto acids for synthesis of amino acids To completely oxidize acetyl CoA to CO2 and H2O with complete release of energy D. To synthesize acids to maintain pH Ref: Satyanarayan 3/E, p 254 65. Which of the following statement is not true for HMP shunt pathway? A. CO2 is not produced in it B. C. NADPH is produced Pentoses are produced
D. Does not produce ATP Ref: Satyanarayan 3/E, p 274 66. The __________ utilize fructose but not glucose A. Ovum B. C. Spermatozoa Adipose tissue
D. Fifteen Ref: Satyanarayan 3/E, p 256 61. The TCA cycle is suppressed by higher
D. Mammary gland Ref: Satyanarayan 3/E, p 280 67. Neoglucogenesis occur predominantly from the following compounds EXCEPT A. Lactate
concentrations of _____________ A. ATP B. C. NAD Citrate
B. C. Fatty acids Glycerol A. Cholesterol B. C. Glutathione NADP
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D. Amino acids Ref: Satyanarayan 3/E, p 258 68. The uronic acid pathway is unique as it provides _____to man A. Ascorbic acid B. C. Xylulose Glucuronic acid
D. Cysteine Ref: Satyanarayan 3/E, p 274 74. The G-6- PD deficiency causes hemolytic anemia due to lack of_________ A. NADPH B. C. NADP Pentoses Ref: Satyanarayan 3/E, p 274
D. All of the above Ref: Satyanarayan 3/E, p 275 69. The _________ hormone does not stimulate hepatic glycogenolysis A. Thyroxine B. C. Adrenaline Glucagon
D. Cholesterol
75. How many ATP molecules are produced on complete oxidation of acetyl CoA in the citric acid cycle? A. Six B. C. Nine Twelve
D. Cortisol Ref: Satyanarayan 3/E, p 266, 267, 439 70. Suggest a test to distinguish a case of renal glycosuria from diabetic glycosuria A. Benedicts test B. C. Blood sugar Urine sugar
D. Fifteen Ref: Satyanarayan 3/E, p 256 76. Which acid acts as a carrier molecule in citric acid cycle? A. Citric acid B. C. Oxaloacetic acid Succinic acid
D. GTT Ref: Satyanarayan 3/E, p 674 71. A male patients urine shows positive Benedicts test, which sugar is unlikely to occur in it? A. Glucose B. C. Galactose Lactose
D. Isocitric acid Ref: Satyanarayan 3/E, p 254 77. The deficiency of disaccharidase ________ is very common in humans A. Sucrose B. C. Maltase Lactase
D. Pentose Ref: Satyanarayan 3/E, p 19 72. In monkeys, L ascorbic acid is synthesized in ____ pathway A. Fatty acid synthesis B. C. Uronic acid HMP shunt
D. None of the above Ref: Satyanarayan 3/E, p 169 78. The reserve carbohydrate in plants is
_______________ A. Glycogen B. C. Starch Cellulose
D. Glycolysis Ref: Satyanarayan 3/E, p 132 73. NADPH serves to regenerate _______ in red cells to prevent their lysis
D. None of the above Ref: Satyanarayan 3/E, p 20
79. The __________ has highest rate of absorption from gut in humans A. Glucose B. C. Fructose Galactose 85. Glycolysis is inhibited by ___________ A. Chloride B. C. Fluoride Magnesium Ref: Satyanarayan 3/E, p 383
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D. Mannose Ref: Satyanarayan 3/E, p 168 80. The idiopathic pantosuria is characterized by _______ A. Excretion of L-Xylulose B. C. Excretion of glucose Excretion of arabinose
D. Cobalt Ref: Satyanarayan 3/E, p 248 86. The major fate of glucose 6 phosphate in tissues in a well fed state is ___________ A. Hydrolysis of glucose B. C. Conversion to glycogen Isomerisation to fructose 6 - phosphate Ref: Satyanarayan 3/E, p 383
D. Cataract formation Ref: Satyanarayan 3/E, p 276 81. Which of the following enzyme is not involved in gluconeogenesis? A. Pyruvate carboxylase B. C. Phosphoenol pyruvate Carboxykinase Ref: Satyanarayan 3/E, p 260 82. Which of the following compound is not a substrate for gluconeogenesis pathway? A. Glycerol B. C. Lactate Oxaloacetate
D. Conversion to ribulose 5 phosphate
87. The major fuel for the brain after prolonged starvation is ________ A. Glucose B. C. Fatty acids Ketone bodies
D. Hexokinase
D. Glycerol Ref: Satyanarayan 3/E, p 385 88. The only sugar absorbed by intestine against a concentration gradient is A. Glucose B. C. Galactose Both
D. Glycogen Ref: Satyanarayan 3/E, p 258 83. When a patient of galactosemia is placed on a galactose free diet, the galactose required for galactolipids biosynthesis is derived from. A. Fructose B. C. Glucose Fucose
D. None Ref: Satyanarayan 3/E, p 168 89. The monosaccharide most rapidly absorbed from the intestine is _________ A. Glucose B. C. Fructose Mannose
D. Sucrose Ref: Satyanarayan 3/E, p 277 84. The most important initial source of blood glucose during fasting is __________ A. Muscle glycogen B. C. Muscle protein Liver triglyceride
D. Galactose Ref: Satyanarayan 3/E, p 168 90. Which of the following is not a polymer of glucose? A. Glycogen B. C. Cellulose Amylase
D. Liver glycogen
D. Inulin
Ref: Satyanarayan 3/E, p 21 91. Fructose utilization in a diabetic patient is not interfered because A. Fructokinase activity is not affected by insulin B. C. Glucokinase also affects fructose utilization There is deficiency of fruckinase in diabetic patient D. Fructose is more rapidly utilized by liver Ref: Satyanarayan 3/E, p 278 92. Lactose intolerance is due to A. ADH deficiency B. C. Deficiency of bile Lactase deficiency A. 350 B. C. 100 180
18
D. 250 Ref: Satyanarayan 3/E, p 681 97. The largest amount of glycogen is stored in the body in A. Muscle B. C. Liver Kidney
D. Intestine Ref: Satyanarayan 3/E, p 263 98. The enzyme adenyl cyclase is activated by all EXCEPT A. Epinephrine B. C. 93. In comparison to resting state, vigorously contracting muscles show ________ A. Decreased oxidation of pyruvate to CO2 and H2O B. C. An increased conversion of pyruvate to lactate Decreased concentration of AMP D. A decreased NADH/NAD ratio Ref: Harper 28/E, p 150 94. In contrast to liver, muscle glycogen does not contribute directly to blood glucose level because A. Muscles lack glucose 6 phosphatase B. C. Muscles contain no glucokinase Muscles lack glycogen Ref: Satyanarayan 3/E, p 261 95. Essential pentosuria is characterized by 101. Which of the following statement is true regarding the - amylase? A. Breaks B. C. glucose from one end to the carbohydrate Cleaves only - 1, 4 linkages Cleaves only - 1, 6 linkages 100. The glycolytic enzyme inhibited by fluoride is ______ A. Pyruvate kinase B. C. Hexokinase Enolase 99. Number of CO2 molecules released during citric acid cycle are ______________ A. 4 B. C. 2 3 Nor epinephrine Glucagon
D. Malabsorption syndrome Ref: Satyanarayan 3/E, p 168
D. Insulin Ref: Satyanarayan 3/E, p 267
D. 0 Ref: Satyanarayan 3/E, p 254
D. Muscles contain no glycogen phosphorylase
D. Lactate dehydrogenase Ref: Satyanarayan 3/E, p 248
appearance of __________ in urine A. Glucuronate B. C. Xylitol L Xylulose
D. L gulonate Ref: Satyanarayan 3/E, p 276 96. The tubular maximum for reabsorption of glucose is about ______________ mg/ 100 ml
D. All of the above Ref: Satyanarayan 3/E, p21
102. Fructose, the major source of of energy 1, for 6 F. Amylose
19
spermatozoa in seminal fluid is formed by A. Dephosphorylation bisphophate B. C. Reduction of glucose to sorbital and oxidation of sorbital to fructose Isomerisation of glucose 6 phosphate and then its dephosphorylation D. None of the above Ref: Harper 28/E, p 178, 179 103. Oligosaccharides is A. Glucose B. C. Fructose Maltose Ref: Satyanarayan 3/E, p. 10 104. Which one of the following human tissues contains the greatest amount of body glucogen? A. Liver B. C. Kidney Skeletal muscle Ref: Satyanarayan 3/E, p. 21 fructose
G. Inulin H. Celluose Ref: Satyanarayan 3/E, p 21 108. An essential for the conversion of glucose to glycogen in liver is A. UTP B. C. GTP Pyruvate kinase Ref: Satyanarayan 3/E, p 263 109. Glycogen synthesis is increased by A. Cortisone B. C. Insulin GH Ref: Satyanarayan 3/E, p 671 110. Major A. Lactate B. C. Glycerol Ketones Ref: Satyanarayan 3/E, p 258 111. Gluconeogenesis occurs in the liver and contribution towards
D. Guanosine
D. Dextrin
D. Epinephrine
gluconeogenesis is by
D. Cardiac muscle
D. Alanine
105. The rate of absorption of sugars by the small highest for A. Pentoses B. C. Hexoses Polysaccharides Ref: Satyanarayan 3/E, p 167 B. C.
_______ A. Kidney Glycerol Ketones
D. Alanine Ref: Satyanarayan 3/E, p 258 112. The tissue with the highest glycogen content
D. Oligosaccharides
106. Which one of the following enzymes use NADP as coenzyme A. Glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate dehydrogenase B. C. Lactate dehydrogenase Glucose 6 phosphate dehydrogenase B. C.
(mg/100g) A. Liver Muscle Kidneys Ref: Satyanarayan 3/E, p 21 113. Adrenaline A. Glucokinase acts on which enzyme in
D. Testes
D. Beta hydroxy acyl CoA dehydrogenase 107. Which of the following is not polymer of glucose? E. Glycogen
glycogenolysis?
B. C. Hemokinase Phosphorylase C. Ref: Satyanarayan 3/E, p 267 114. Glucose can be synthesized from all except A. Amino acids B. C. Glycerol Acetoacetate B. C. which enzyme in B.
20
The hydrolysis of maltose yields glucose and fructose. The hydrolysis of sucrose yields only glucose
D. Glucose diphosphatase
D. All of the above statement are true. Ref: Satyanarayan 3/E, p 19 120. All of the following are substrates for gluconeogenesis EXCEPT A. Alanine Oleic acid Glycerol Ref: Satyanarayan 3/E, p 258 121. Which of them is multienzyme complex. A. Pyruvate dehydrogenase B. C. Alpha ketoglutarate dehydrogenase Succinate dehydrogenase Ref: Satyanarayan 3/E, p 252
D. Lactic acid Ref: Satyanarayan 3/E, p 258 115. Adrenaline A. Glucokinase B. C. Hemokinase Phosphorylase acts on
D. Tryptophan. glycogenolysis?
D. Glucose diphosphatase Ref: Satyanarayan 3/E, p 267 116. The first product of glycogenolysis is A. Glucose-6-phosphate B. C. Glucose 1, 6 diphosphate Glucose-1-phosphate Ref: Satyanarayan 3/E, p265 117. The compound that can give rise to glucose by gluconeogenesis is A. Acetyl CoA B. C. Lactate Palmitic acid Ref: Satyanarayan 3/E, p 258 118. During conversion of glycerol to pyruvic acid, the first glycolytic intermediate to form is A. 2-phosphoglyceric acid B. C. 3-phosphoglyceric acid 3-phosphoglyceraldehydes
D. Enolase.
122. Enzymes concerned with the citric acid cycle are found in the A. Nucleus B. C. Ribosomes Mitochondria
D. Fructose 1 phosphate
D. Non particular cytoplasm. Ref: Satyanarayan 3/E, p 253 123. Krebs cycle occurs in _______ condition A. Aerobic B. C. Anaerobic Microaerophilic Ref: Satyanarayan 3/E, p 254 124. In TCA, substrate level phosphorylation takes place in A. Alpha ketoglutarate to succinyl CoA B. C. Succinyl CoA to succinate Succinate to fumarate. Ref: Satyanarayan 3/E, p 256 125. Which acid is formed in the citric acid cycle? A. Oxaloacetic acid B. Glutamic acid
D. Fructose
D. Aerobic and anaerobic.
D. Dihydroxyacetone Ref: Satyanarayan 3/E, p 247 119. Which of the following statements is true? A. The hydrolysis of lactose yields glucose and galactose
D. Oxaloacetate to citrate.
C. Nitric acid Ref: Satyanarayan 3/E, p 254 126. Cane sugar is A. Glucose B. C. Sucrose Fructose B. C. 127. The main enzymes responsible for the activation of xenobiotics in (detoxification) A. Cytochrome P-450 B. C. Glutathione-3-transferase NADPH cytochrome P-450 reductase Ref: Satyanarayan 3/E, p 639 128. The conversion of glucose-6-P to glucose -1P is an example ofwhich of the following reactions. A. Phosphate transfer B. C. Isomerisation Dehydration Ref: Satyanarayan 3/E, p 705 129. What high energy phosphate compound is formed in the citric acid cycle through substrate level phosphorylation. A. ATP B. C. TTP ITP Ref: Satyanarayan 3/E, p 256 130. Which of the following are abnormal constituents of urine? A. Glucose B. C. Creatine Urea Ref: Satyanarayan 3/E, p 459 B. C. 134. The key enzymes of gluconeogenesis is A. Pyruvate carboxylase B. C. Fructose 1,6 diphosphatase. Glucose 6 phosphatase Ref: Satyanarayan 3/E, p 259 B. C. 133. The end product of glycolysis 132. Which A. Maltose Sucrose Fructose Ref: Satyanarayan 3/E, p 10 one of the following is A. Glucose B. C. Maltose Lactose
21
D. None of the above
D. Sucrose Ref: Satyanarayan 3/E, p 19 a
monosaccharide?
D. Maltose Ref: Satyanarayan 3/E, p 19
D. Galactose
under
anaerobic conditions is A. Lactic acid Pyruvic acid Accetoacetic acid
D. Glucuronyl transferase.
D. Oxaloacetic acid Ref: Satyanarayan 3/E, p 248
D. Aldol cleavage
D. Phosphonol pyruvate carboxykinase
135. The enzyme involved in the first committed step of glycolysis is A. Phosphofructokinase Glucose 6 phosphatase Hexokinase Ref: Satyanarayan 3/E, p 246 136. Renal threshold for glucose is A. 80 mg% B. C. 100 mg% 180 mg/dL
D. GTP
D. Enolase
D. 200 mg% Ref: Satyanarayan 3/E, p 460 137. Which one of the following is correctly
131. Which of the following is a non-reducing sugar:
matched? A. Isocitrate to oxalosuccinate 1ATP is formed
B. C. Succinyl CoA to succinate 1 ATP is formed. Succinate to furmarate 1 ATP is formed. D. Malate to oxaloacetate 1ATP is formed. Ref: Satyanarayan 3/E, p 256 138. In TCA cycle or tricarboxylic acid cycle, which is first formed? A. Isocitrate B. C. Citrate Succinate Ref: Satyanarayan 3/E, p 254 139. In TCA cycle substrate level 145. Phosphofructokinase limiting ) enzymes of A. Glycolysis B. C. Gluconeogenesis Beta oxidation is the key B. C.
22
143. Which metabolite of TCA cycle is used in detoxification of ammonia in brain? A. -ketoglutarate Ornithine Oxaloacetate Ref: Satyanarayan 3/E, p 337 144. Inhibition of glycolysis by O2 is known as A. Muni effect B. C. Pasteur effect Hill reaction
D. Glycine
D. Fumarate
D. Gluconeogenesis Ref: Satyanarayan 3/E, p 251
phophorylation occurs at: A. Succinate dehydrogenase B. C. Malonate reduction Thiokinase
(rate
D. None of the above Ref: Satyanarayan 3/E, p 256 140. Krebs cycle does not occur in A. Muscle B. C. RBC Heart Ref: Satyanarayan 3/E, p 254 141. In TCA cycle, citrate is converted into after losing a molecule of H2O A. Isocitrate B. C. Cisaconitate Oxaloacetate Ref: Satyanarayan 3/E, p 256 142. Which of the following is the correct sequential order in which the given
D. D.TCA cycle Ref: Satyanarayan 3/E, p 250 146. In glycolysis ATP is produced by the following enzyme A. Hexokinase B. C. Pyruvate kinase Enolase Ref: Satyanarayan 3/E, p 248 147. An enzyme not involved in glycolysis is A. Enolase B. C. Phosphoglycero mutase Aldolase Ref: Satyanarayan 3/E, p 247 148. The main pathways of metabolism in brain are A. Glycolysis and citric acid cycle B. C. Glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis Embden Meyerhof pathway and HMP shunt pathway D. Glycogenolysis and citric and cycle 149. McArdles disease is due to the deficiency of
D. All of the above
D. Phophohexose isomerase
D. Glutarate.
D. Glycerophosphate dehydrogenase
enzymes of krebs cycle are formed by after a molecule of acetyl CoA? A. Citrate, oxaloacetate, ketoglutarate B. C. Ketoglurate, oxaloacetate, citrate Citrate, ketoglutarate, oxaloacetate Ref: Satyanarayan 3/E, p 255
D. Oxaloacetate, ketoglutarate, citrate
A. Glucose-1-phosphatase B. C. Glucose-1,6 diphosphatase Glucose-6-phosphatase Ref: Satyanarayan 3/E, p 269 B. C. Von Gierkes disease McArdles syndrome
23
D. Downs syndrome Ref: Satyanarayan 3/E, p 269 156. All are true regarding glucose-6-phosphate
D. Myophosphorylase
150. In which type of glycogen storage disease is hyperuricemia ia feature A. I B. C. II III Ref: Satyanarayan 3/E, p 270 B. C.
deficency except A. Hyperuricaemia Hyperglycaemia Defective coricycle Ref: Satyanarayan 3/E, p 269 157. HMP shunt is of great importance in cellular
D. Increased mobilization of glycogen from liver.
D. IV
151. Step in HMP pathway requiring TPP A. G6 PD B. C. 6 phosphogluconat dehydrogenase Transketolase Ref: Satyanarayan 3/E, p 273 152. Galactosemia commonly is due to deficiency of A. Galactose-1-phosphate uridyl transferase B. C. Galactose-1-phosphate Glucose-1- phosphatase Ref: Satyanarayan 3/E, p 277 153. sites where HMP shunts can occur include A. WBC B. C. Lactating mammary glands Testes Ref: Satyanarayan 3/E, p 271 154. Blood glucose levels cannto be augmented by mobilization of muscle glycogen due to lack of A. G-6 dehydrogenase B. C. G-6-phosphatase Aldolase B. C. B. C. B. C.
metabolism because it produces. A. ATP ADP Acetyl CoA Ref: Satyanarayan 3/E, p 274 158. Which of the following is not a product ofHMP shunt; A. NADPH D-fructose 6- phosphate D-sedoheptulose 7 phosphate
D. Transaldotase
D. NADPH.
D. Glucose-6-phosphatase
D. D-glyceraldehydes-3-phosphate. Ref: Satyanarayan 3/E, p 272 159. NADPH is generated by the action of A. Glucose 6 phosphate dehydrogenase B. C. Glucose 1 phosphate dehydrogenase Glucose 1, 6 diphosphate dehydrogenase. Ref: Satyanarayan 3/E, p 271 160. All these reactions take place inside the mitochondria except A. EMF pathway Kreby cycle Urea cycle Ref: Satyanarayan 3/E, p 245 161. Number of ATP molecules generated in the conversion of glycogen to lactate in A. 2 B. 36
D. All
D. All of the above
D. Electron transfer
D. Glucokinase Ref: Satyanarayan 3/E, p 266 155. Glucose 6 phosphatase deficiency is seen in A. Pompers disease
C. 38
24
168. Type II glycogen storage disorder is due to deficiency of: A. Alpha Glucosidase B. C. Alpha Galactosidase Muscle phophorylase
D. 14 162. One molecule of acetyl CoA gives rise to ___________ ATP molecules. A. 2 B. C. 8 12
D. Acid lipase Ref: Satyanarayan 3/E, p 269 169. Which one of the folloiwng enzymes provides a link between glycolysis and the citric acid cycle A. Lactate dehydrogenase B. C. Pyruvate Kinase Citrate synthase
D. 32 Ref: Satyanarayan 3/E, p 252 163. Which is not a oligosaccharide sugar? A. Galactose B. C. Lactose Maltose Ref: Satyanarayan 3/E, p 13 164. Fructose intolerance is to A. Fructose only B. C. Fructose and glucose Sucrose only
D. Pyruvate dehydrogenase 170. Most lipogenic A. Fructose B. C. Glucose Galactose
D. Sucrose
D. Ribose 171. The uptake of gulcose by the liver increases following a carbohydrate meal because A. There is increase in phosphorylation of glucose by glucokinase B. C. GLUT 2 is stimulated by insulin Glucokinase has a low Km for glucose glucose 172. Insulin increases the following pathways in
D. Fructose and sucrose. Ref: Satyanarayan 3/E, p 280 165. Glycogen breakdown leads to formation of A. Glucose B. C. Lactic acid Glucose and lactic acid Ref: Satyanarayan 3/E, p 266 166. Dietary fibre is rich in A. Starch B. C. Cellulose Collagen Ref: Satyanarayan 3/E, p 508
D. Hexokinase in liver has a high affinity for
D. Glycoprotein.
liver EXCEPT A. Fatty acid synthesis B. C. Glycogen synthesis Protein synthesis
D. Inulin
D. Glucose synthesis 173. Which one of the following is a
167. Increase in pyruvate and lactate is seen in which of the following deficiency? A. Thiamine B. C. Pyridoxine Niacin Ref: Satyanarayan 3/E, p 135 E. F.
monosaccharide? Maltose Sucrose
G. Fructose H. Galactose Ref: Satyanarayan 3/E, p. 10
D. Vitamin C.
174. A sugar is characterised by its non-reducing property. It is also called cane sugar and table sugar. The sugar is A. Glycogen B. C. Glucose Maltose Ref: Satyanarayan 3/E, p. 21
25
180. Glucose monomers in glucogen are held by A. Alpha 1 4 bonds only B. C. Alpha 1 4 bonds, alpha 1 6 bonds Alpha 1 5 bonds, alpha 1 5 bonds Ref: Satyanarayan 3/E, p. 21 181. A diasaccharide ( cellulose) linked by bet (1,4) glycosidic linkage is A. Glycogen B. C. Cellobiose Starch Ref: Satyanarayan 3/E, p. 22
D. Sucrose Ref: Satyanarayan 3/E, p. 19 175. Which of the following is a milk sugar? A. Glucose B. C. Fructose Sucrose Ref: Satyanarayan 3/E, p. 19 176. Which of the following statements is true? E. F. The hydrolysis of lactose yields glucose and galactose The hydrolysis of maltose yields glucose and fructose. G. The hydrolysis of sucrose yields only glucose H. All of the above statement are true. Ref: Satyanarayan 3/E, p. 19 177. Which A. Galactose B. C. Sucrose Fructose Ref: Satyanarayan 3/E, p. 19 178. Which of the following surgars exhibit invesion? A. Glucose B. C. Maltoe Lactose Ref: Satyanarayan 3/E, p. 20 179. Inulin is a polysaccharide composed of units of A. Glucose B. C. Fructose Sucrose of the following cannot be
D. Alpha 1 4 bonds, beta 1 - 4 bonds
D. Lactose
182. The rate of absorption of sugars is highest for E. F. Pentoses Hexoses
G. Polysaccharides H. Oligosaccharides Ref: Satyanarayan 3/E, p. 166 183. Which of the following is a carbohydrates reserve of the body? A. Glucose B. C. Starch Glucogen Ref: Satyanarayan 3/E, p. 21 184. The tissue with the highest glycogen content (mg/100g) E. F. Liver Muscle
metabolised in the body?
D. Dextrose
D. Cellulose
G. Kidneys H. Testes Ref: Satyanarayan 3/E, p. 21 185. Muscle glycogen is mainly utilised for supplying energy to A. Liver B. C. Heart Brain
D. Maltose
D. Muscle
Ref: Satyanarayan 3/E, p. 263 186. The proteins and carbohydrates of Ref: Satyanarayan 3/E, p. 245 192. Phosphofructokinase limiting ) enzymes of E. F. Glycolysis Gluconeogenesis is the key
26
(rate
glycoproteins are held together by A. Ether bonds B. C. Peptide bonds Hydrogen bonds
G. Beta oxidation H. D.TCA cycle Ref: Satyanarayan 3/E, p. 247 193. Allosteric inhibition with ATP affects A. Phosphofructo kinase B. C. Phosphoenol pyruvase G6PD
D. Glycosidic bonds Ref: Satyanarayan 3/E, p. 17 187. Siallic acids are acetylated derivatives of A. Ethanolamine B. C. Mannose Neuraminic acid Ref: Satyanarayan 3/E, p. 18 188. Which of the following are abnormal constituents of urine? A. Creatinine and urea B. C. Glucose and urea Cratinine and glucose
D. Serine
D. pyruvate kinase Ref: Satyanarayan 3/E, p. 250 194. The enzyme involved in the first committed step of glycolysis is E. F. Phosphofructokinase Glucose 6 phosphatase
G. Hexokinase H. Enolase Ref: Satyanarayan 3/E, p. 250 195. In glycolysis ATP is produced by the following enzyme E. F. Hexokinase Pyruvate kinase
D. Ketone and glucose Ref: Satyanarayan 3/E, p. 682 189. Renal threshold for glucose is E. F. 80 mg% 100 mg%
G. 180 mg/dL H. 200 mg% Ref: Satyanarayan 3/E, p. 676 190. The oxidation of glucose or glycogen to pyruvate and lactate by EMF pathway is called as A. Glycolysis B. C. Glycogeneis Glycogenlysis
G. Enolase H. Phophohexose isomerase Ref: Satyanarayan 3/E, p. 247 196. Glycolsis enzyme inhibited by flouride is A. Phosphoglycerate mutase B. C. Enolase Pyruvate kinase
D. LDH Ref: Satyanarayan 3/E, p. 248 197. An enzyme not involved in glycolysis is
D. The hexose monophosphate shunt Ref: Satyanarayan 3/E, p. 245 191. All these reactions take place inside the mitochondria except E. F. EMF pathway Kreby cycle
E. F.
Enolase Phosphoglycero mutase
G. Aldolase H. Glycerophosphate dehydrogenase Ref: Satyanarayan 3/E, p. 247

G. Urea cycle H. Electron transfer
198. Insuin acts on which enzyme in glycolysis? A. Glucokinase B. C. Hexokinase Glucose 6 phosphatase E. F. Nucleus Ribosomes
27
G. Mitochondria H. Non particular cytoplasm Ref: Satyanarayan 3/E, p. 254 205. Krebs cycle occurs in _______ condition
D. Adenylate kinase Ref: Satyanarayan 3/E, p. 671 199. Inhibition of glycolysis in the presence of oxygen in called as [B] A. Bohr effect B. C. Pasteur effect Kerbs effect E. F.
Aerobic Anaerobic
G. Microaerophilic H. Aerobic and anaerobic. Ref: Satyanarayan 3/E, p. 256 206. Krebs cycle does not occur in E. Muscle RBC F.
D. Thomoson effect Ref: Satyanarayan 3/E, p. 251 200. The main pathways of metabolism in brain are E. F. Glycolysis and citric acid cycle Glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis shunt pathway H. Glycogenolysis and citric and cycle 201. The E. F. end product of glycolysis under
G. Heart H. All of the above Ref: Satyanarayan 3/E, p. 2 207. Which of them is multienzyme complex. E. F. Pyruvate dehydrogenase Alpha ketoglutarate dehydrogenase
G. Embden Meyerhof pathway and HMP
G. Succinate dehydrogenase H. Enolase Ref: Satyanarayan 3/E, p. 52 208. Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex contains all except A. Biotin B. NAD FAD Ref: Satyanarayan 3/E, p. 253 209. In TCA cycle or tricarboxylic acid cycle, which in first formed? E. F. Isocitrate Citrate C.
anaerobic conditions is Lactic acid Pyruvic acid
G. Accetoacetic acid H. Oxaloacetic acid Ref: Satyanarayan 3/E, p. 249 202. The ion which is important in glycolysisin A. Ca B. C. Mg Cu
D. Co-A
D. Zn 203. During conversion of glycerol to pyruvic acid, the first glycolytic intermediate to form is E. F. 2-phosphoglyceric acid 3-phosphoglyceric acid
G. Succinate H. Fumarate Ref: Satyanarayan 3/E, p.254 210. In TCA cycle, citrate is converted into after losing a molecule of H2O E. F. Isocitrate Cisaconitate
G. 3-phosphoglyceraldehydes H. Dihydroxyacetone 204. Enzymes concerned with the citric acid cycle are found in the
G. Oxaloacetate H. Glutarate Ref: Satyanarayan 3/E, p. 255 211. Which acid is formed in the citric acid cycle? E. F. Oxaloacetic acid Glutamic acid E. F.
28
216. 1 molecule of glucose forms molecules of pyruvate 1 2
G. 3 H. 5 217. Numberof ATP molecules generated in the conversion of glycogen to lactate in E. F. 2 36
G. Nitric acid H. None of the above Ref: Satyanarayan 3/E, p. 254 212. Which of the following is the correct sequential order in which the given enzymes of krebs cycle are formed by after a molecule of acetyl CoA? E. F. Citrate, oxaloacetate, ketoglutarate Ketoglurate, oxaloacetate, citrate
G. 38 H. 14 218. One molecule of acetyl CoA gives rise to ___________ ATP molecules E. F. 2 8
G. Citrate, ketoglutarate, oxaloacetate H. Oxaloacetate, ketoglutarate, citrate Ref: Satyanarayan 3/E, p. 255 213. In TCA, substrate level phosphorylation takes place in E. F. Alpha ketoglutarate to succinyl CoA Succinyl CoA to succinate
G. 12 H. 32 Ref: Satyanarayan 3/E, p. 256 219. Which metabolite of TCA cycle is used in detoxification of ammonia in brain? E. F. -ketoglutarate Ornithine
G. Succinate to fumarate H. Oxaloacetate to citrate Ref: Satyanarayan 3/E, p.256 214. What high energy phosphate compound is formed in the citric acid cycle through substrate level phosphorylation E. F. ATP TTP
G. Oxaloacetate H. Glycine Ref: Harper 8/E, p. 241 220. An essential for the conversion of glucose to glycogen in liver is E. F. UTP GTP
G. ITP H. GTP Ref: Satyanarayan 3/E, p. 256 215. Which one of the following is correctly matched? E. F. Isocitrate to oxalosuccinate 1ATP is formed Succinyl CoA to succinate 1 ATP is formed
G. Pyruvate kinase H. Guanosine Ref: Satyanarayan 3/E, p. 263 221. Glycogen synthesis is increased by E. F. Cortisone Insulin
G. GH H. Epinephrine Ref: Harper 8/E, p. 158 222. Rate limiting step of glycogenolysis is mediated by
G. Succinate to furmarate 1 ATP is formed H. Malate to oxaloacetate 1ATP is formed Ref: Satyanarayan 3/E, p. 256
A. Phosphorylase B. C. Glucan transferase Debranching enzyme Ref: Satyanarayan 3/E, p. 266 229. The key enzymes of gluconeogenesis is 223. First product of glycogenolysis is E. F. Glucose-6-phosphate Glucose 1, 6 diphosphate E. F. Pyruvate carboxylase Fructose 1,6 diphosphatase B. C. Kidney and heart Muscle and liver Ref: Satyanarayan 3/E, p. 259
29
D. Glucose-6-phosphatase
G. Glucose 6 phosphatase H. Phosphonol pyruvate carboxykinase Ref: Satyanarayan 3/E, p. 259 230. Major contributors towards gluconeogenesis
G. Glucose-1-phosphate H. Fructose 1 phosphate Ref: Satyanarayan 3/E, p. 265 224. The conversion of glucose-6-P to glucose -1P is an example ofwhich of the following reactions. E. F. Phosphate transfer Isomerisation
by A. Lactate B. C. Glycerol Ketones Ref: Harper 8/E, p. 170 231. The compound that can give rise to glucose by gluconeogenesis is
D. Alanine
G. Dehydration H. Aldol cleavage Ref: Satyanarayan 3/E, p. 86 225. Adrenaline E. F. Glucokinase Hemokinase acts on which enzyme in
E. F.
Acetyl CoA Lactate
glycogenolysis?
G. Palmitic acid H. Fructose. Ref: Satyanarayan 3/E, p. 261 232. Amino acid that enters TCA cycle for gluconeogenesis and also ketogenic in nature. A. Atenyl alanine B. C. Alanine Glycine
G. Phosphorylase H. Glucose diphosphatase Ref: Satyanarayan 3/E, p. 267 226. Glycogenolysis in muscle does not raise blood sugar due to lack of A. Lactate dehydrogenase B. C. Pyruvate kinase G-6-phosphatase Ref: Satyanarayan 3/E, p. 266
D. Arginino succinase
D. Serine. 233. Glycerol is converted to glucose is
227. Glucose can be synthesized from all except A. Tryptophan and phenylalanine B. C. Glycerol Acetoacetate and oleic acid Ref: Satyanarayan 3/E, p. 258
A. Liver B. C. Muscle Heart Ref: Satyanarayan 3/E, p. 259 234. In which type of glycogen storage disease is
D. Brain
D. Lactic acid and propionic acid
228. Gluconeogenesis mainly occurs in which of the following organs. A. Liver and kidney E. F.
hyperuricemia ia feature I II
G. III H. IV Ref: Satyanarayan 3/E, p. 270 235. McArdles disease is due to the deficiency of E. F. Glucose-1-phosphatase Glucose-1,6 diphosphatase G. NADPH cytochrome P-450 reductase H. Glucuronyl transferase. Ref: Satyanarayan 3/E, p. 639
30
241. sites where HMP shunts can occur include E. F. liver WBC
G. Glucose-6-phosphatase H. Myophosphorylase Ref: Satyanarayan 3/E, p. 269 236. Glucose-6-phosphate deficiency is seen is; A. Pompers disease B. C. Von gierkes disease Mc ardles syndrome Ref: Satyanarayan 3/E, p. 269 237. All are true regarding glucose-6-phosphate deficency EXCEPT E. F. Hyperuricaemia Hyperglycaemia dehydrogenase
G. Lactating mammary glands H. Testes I. All Ref: Satyanarayan 3/E, p. 270 242. Step in HMP pathway requiring TPP E. F. G6 PD 6 phosphogluconat dehydrogenase
G. Transketolase H. Transaldotase Ref: Satyanarayan 3/E, p. 272 243. HMP shunt is of great importance in cellular metabolism because it produces. E. F. ATP ADP
D. Downs syndrome
G. Defective coricycle H. Increased mobilization of glycogen from liver Ref: Satyanarayan 3/E, p. 269 70 238. Galactosaemia deficiency of E. F. Galactose-1-phosphate uridyl transferase Galactose-1-phosphate commonly is due to
G. Acetyl CoA H. NADPH Ref: Satyanarayan 3/E, p. 274 244. Dehydrogenases of HMP shunt are specific for A. FAD B. C. NAD NADP Ref: Satyanarayan 3/E, p. 271 is true of 245. Which of the following is not a product ofHMP shunt E. F. NADPH D-fructose 6- phosphate
G. Glucose-1- phosphatase H. Glucose-6-phosphatase. Ref: Satyanarayan 3/E, p. 277 239. Which of the following
D. FMN.
cytochromes? A. They are pyridine nucleotides B. C. They are riboflavin containing nucleotides. Metal containing flovao proteins Ref: Satyanarayan 3/E, p. 228
G. D-sedoheptulose 7 phosphate H. D-glyceraldehydes-3-phosphate. 246. Which one of the following enzymes of
D. Iron containing porphyrine.
240. The main enzymes responsible for the activation of xenobiotics in (detoxification) E. F. Cytochrome P-450 Glutathione-3-transferase B. C.
NADP as coenzyme? A. Glyceraldehyde -3-phosphate dehydrogenase Lactate dehydrogenase Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase
D. Beta hydroxy-acyl-CoA dehydrogenase. Ref: Satyanarayan 3/E, p. 274 253. Identical osazones are formed by 247. NADPH is required for A. Gluconeogenesis B. C. Glycolysis Fatty acid synthesis Ref: Satyanarayan 3/E, p. 274 248. RQ of dental pulp is A. 0.7 B. C. 0.8 0.9 A. Glucose and fructose B. C. Glucose and mannose Mannose and fructose Ref: Harper 1/e p 153
31
D. All of the above Ref: Harper 1/e p 99 254. Maltose can be formed by hydrolysis of A. Starch B. C. Dextrin Glycogen
D. HMP pathway
D. 1 249. -1, 4 Glycosidic bond is p resent in A. Maltose B. C. Lactose Sucrose
D. All of the above Ref: Harper 1/e p 150 255. -1, 6 Glycosidic bond is not present in A. Glycogen B. C. Dextrin Amylase
D. None of the above Ref: Harper 1/e p 155 250. Number of stereoisomers of glucose is A. 4 B. C. 8 16
D. Amylopectin Ref: Harper3/e p 288 256. Sulphated iduronic acid is present in A. Hyaluronic acid B. C. Chondroitin sulphate Heparin
D. None of the above Ref: Harper 1/e p 155 251. A homopolysaccharide made up of fructose is A. Glycogen B. C. Dextrin Cellulose
D. All of the above Ref: Harper1/e p 155-156 257. Monosaccharides can be separated by A. Electrophoresis B. C. Chromatography Salting out
D. Insulin Ref: Harper 1/e p 155
D. None of the above Ref: Harper 4/e p 106 252. Aglycone portion in methyl glucoside is A. Glucose B. C. Methanol Both of the above 258. Fructose is present in hydrolysate of A. Sucrose B. C. Insulin Both of the above
D. Neither of the above

B. Ref: Harper1/e p 155-156 259. N Acetylgalactosamine sulphate is present in A. Hylauronic acid B. C. Heparin Chondrotin sulphate Ref: Harper 1/e p 149 C. Aldotetrose Ketopentose
32
D. Aldopentose
265. In D glyceraldehyde, - OH group is present on the right hand side of carbon atom number A. 1 B. C. 2 3
D. None of the above Ref: Harper1/e p 158 260. Invertase catalyses the hydrolysis of A. Maltose B. C. Lactose Sucrose
D. 1, 2 and 3 Ref: Harper 1/e p 150 266. A disaccharide made up of two glucose units is A. Sucrose B. Maltose Lactose C.
D. None of the above Ref: Harper3/e p 299 261. Infructofuranose, anomeric carbon atom is A. Carbon 1 B. C. Carbon 2 Carbon 3
D. Dextrin Ref: Harper 1/e p 155 267. Amino sugars are present in
D. Carbon 4 Ref: Harper 1/e p 151 262. A carbohydrate found in DNA is A. Ribose B. C. Deoxyribose Ribulose Ref: Harper 1/e p 154 268. A carbohydrate found only in milk is Ref: Harper 1/e p 154 263. A monosaccharide not having D and L isomers is A. Ribose B. C. Deoxyribose Erythrose 269. A carbohydare, known commonly as invert sugar is Ref: Harper 3/e p 279-280 264. Ribulose is a A. Ketotetrose A. Fructose B. C. Sucrose Glucose Ref: Harper 3/e p 284 A. Glucose B. C. Galactose Lactose A. Hyaluronic acid B. C. Chondroitin sulphate Erythromycin
D. All of the above
D. All of the above
D. Maltose
D. Dihydroxyaceptone
D. Lactose
33
Ref: Harper 1/e p154 270. A homopolysaccharide among the following is A. Heparin B. C. Hyaluronic acid Dermatan sulphate
275. The following causes laevorotation A. D Fructose B. C. L Glucose L Ribose
D. All of the above Harper 1/e 150 276. In straight chain structure of D glucose, -
D. Cellulose Ref: Harper 3/e p291, 296-297 271. A heteropolysaccharide among the following is A. Insulin B. C. Cellulose Heparin Harper 1/e 150 277. In straight chain structure of D glucose, OH group is present on right hand side of carbon atom number 272. Optical isomerism is denoted by A. D- and LB. C. d- and l(+) and (-) A. 2 B. C. 3 4 OH group is present on left hand side of carbon atom number A. 2 B. C. 3 4
D. 5
D. Dextrin Ref: Harper 4 /e 102
D. All of the above Harper 3/e 280
D. Any of the above Harper 1/e 150 278. The carbon atom which becomes asymmetric when 273. An L-isomer of monosaccharide formed in human body is A. L- Frucose B. C. L Erythrose L- Xylose Harper 1/e 153 Harper 1/e 151 274. A pentose found in nucleotides is A. D Ribose B. C. L Ribose D Ribulose B. Harper 1/e 153 C. 279. In -Dglucopyranose, OH groups projecting below the plane of the ring, are attached to carbon atoms A. 1, 2 and 3 1, 2 and 4 2, 3 and 4 B. C. the straight chain form of monosaccharide changes into ring form is known as A. Anomeric carbon atom Epimeric carbon atom Isomeric carbon atom
D. L Xylulose
D. All of the above
D. 1, 2 and 5 285. The following is an epimeric pair Harper 1/e 151 280. In glucopyranose, the anomeric carbon is A. Carbon 1 B. C. Carbon 2 Carbon 5 Harper 1/e 151 286. Similar osazones are formed by Harper 1/e 151 281. The smallest monosccharide having furanose ring structure is A. Erythrose B. C. Ribose Glucose 287. Glycosidic bond is present in A. Lactose Harper 2/e 466-468 282. The specific rotation of D glucopyranose is A. +19 B. C. +52.5 +92 Harper 1/e 155 B. C. Maltose Sucrose Harper 4/e 99 A. Glucose and mannose B. C. Mannose and galactose Glucose and galactose A. Glucose and fructose B. C. Glucose and galactose Galactose and mannose
34
D. Lactose and maltose
D. Carbon 6
D. Fructose
D. All of the above
288. Branching occurs in glycogen approximately after every A. Five glucose units B. C. Ten glucose units Fifteen glucose units
D. +112 Harper 3/e 282 283. The specific rotation of D glucopyranose is A. +19 B. C. +52.5 +92
D. Twenty glucose units Harper 2/e 472 289. Mucopolysaccharides are also known as A. Mucoproteins B. Glycoproteins Glycosaminoglycans C.
D. +112 Harper 3/e 282 284. The ratio of D-glucopyranose to D glucopyranose at equilibrium is nearly A. 2:1 B. C. 1:1 1:2
D. Homopolysaccharides Harper 1/e 156 290. N Acetylglucosamine is present in A. Hyaluronic acid B. C. Harper 3/e 282 Chondroitin sulphate Glycosaminoglycans
D. 1:15
D. Homopolysacchrides
C. Harper 3/e 282 291. -Iduronic acid is present in A. hyaluronic acid B. C. Chondroitin sulphate Dermatan sulphate 297. End product of aerobic glycolysis is A. Acetyl coa B. C. Harper 3/e 703-704 292. Iodine gives a red colour with A. Starch B. C. Dextrin Glycogen Lactate Pyruvate Microsomes
35
D. Nucleus Ref: 1/e, p.191
D. Keratin sulphate
D. CO2 and H2O Ref: 1/e, p. 194 298. During fasting glucose is phosphorylated mainly by A. Hexokinase B. Glucokinase Both of the above C.
D. Insulin Harper 4/e 102 293. Amylase is a constituent of A. Starch B. C. Cellulose Glycogen
D. Neither of above Ref: 1/e, p. 191 299. The following is an inducible enzyme A. Glucokinase B. Harper 1/e 155 294. A homopolymer of glucose is A. Starch B. C. Dextrin Glycogen 300. Glucokinase is found in A. Muscles B. Harper 1/e 155 295. Synovial fluid contains A. Heparin B. C. Hyaluronic acid Chondroitin sulphate 301. Fluoride ions inhibits A. Aldolase B. C. Harper 1/e 703-704 296. Glycolytic pathway is located in A. Mitochondria B. Cytosol
Hexokinse Phosphohexose isomerase
C.
D. Aldose Ref: 1/e, p. 191
D. All of the above
Brain Liver
C.
D. All of the above Ref: 1/e, p. 191
D. Keratan sulphate
Enolase Glucokinase
D. Pyruvate kinase Ref: 1/e, p. 192
302. During aerobic glycolysis energy yield from each molecule of glucose is A. 2 ATP equivalents B. C. 8 ATP equivalents 10 ATP equivalents Ref: 1/e, p. 195 D. Erythrocytes
36
308. Phosphofructokinase is allosterically inhibited by A. Fructose 1, 6 phosphate B. C. Lactate Pyruvate
D. 30 ATP equivalents Ref: 1/e, p. 198 303. In anerobic glycolysis, energy yield from each molecule of glucose is A. 2 ATP equivalents B. C. 8 ATP equivalents 30 ATP equivalents
D. Citrate Ref: 1/e, p. 212 309. Glucose 6 phosphate is an allosteric inhibitor of A. Glucokinase B. Hexokinase Phsophohexose isomerase C.
D. 38 ATP equivalents Ref: 1/e, p. 198 304. The reaction catalysed by the following enzyme is freely reversible A. Hexokinase B. C. Phosphohexose isomerase Pyruvate kinase
D. None of the above Ref: 1/e, p. 212 310. The following is an allosteric enzymes A. Hexokinase B. C. Ref: 1/e, p. 192 305. The following is an allosteric enzyme A. Phosphohexose isomerase B. C. Phosphotriose ismomerase Lactate dehdyrogenase 311. ATP is a co-substrate as well as an allosteric inhibitor of A. Phosphofructokinase B. Ref: 1/e, p. 212 306. The following is into an allosteric enzyme A. Glucokinase B. C. Hexokinase Phosphofructokinase 312. Pyruvate kinase is inhibited by A. Enot pyruvate B. Ref: 1/e, p. 212 307. Glycolysis is always anaerobic in A. Liver B. C. Brain Kidneys
D. Phosphofructokinase
Phosphofructokinase Pyruvate kinase
D. All of the above Ref: 1/e, p. 212-213
D. Phosphofructokinase
Hexokinase Citrate
C.
D. Alanine Ref: 1/e, p. 212
D. Pyruvate kinase
Lactate Citrate
C.
D. Alanine Ref: 1/e, p. 212
313. Complete oxidation of one molecules of glucose in to CO2 and H2O yields A. 8 ATP equivalents B. C. 15 ATP equivalents 30 ATP equivalents Ref: 1/e, p. 195 319. Glycerol can enter glycolytic pathway via A. Dihydroxyacetone phosphate 314. A substrate linked phosphorylation in glycolysis is catalysed by A. Hexokinase B. C. Phosphofructokinase Phosphoglycerate kinase Ref: 1/e, p.210 B. C. 1,3 biphosphoglycerte 3-phosphoglycerate A. Liver B. C. Muscles Brain
37
D. Erythrocytes
D. 38 ATP equivalents Ref: 1/e, p. 198
D. 2-phosphoglycerate
D. Pyruvate kinase 320. Enzymes of hexose monophosphate shunt are Ref: 1/e, p. 194 315. A unique by product of glycolysis in erythrocytes is A. Lactate B. C. 1,3 biphosphate 2,3 biphosphate Ref: 1/e, p.219 321. HMP shunt is present in Ref: 1/e, p. 195 316. When glycolysis occurs in erythrocytes via 2,3biphosphoglycerate, the net energy from one molecule of glucose is A. Zero B. C. 2 ATP equivalents 4 ATP equivalents 322. In Hmp Shunt reducing equivalents are accepted by A. NAD Ref: 1/e, p. 195 317. Inorganic phosphate is incorporated in the substrate by A. Glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate dehydrogenase B. C. Phosphoglycerate kinase Pyruvate kinase 323. HMP shunt produces A. ATP B. Ref: 1/e, p. 193 318. Biphosphoglycerate mutase is present in
present in A. Mitochondria B. C. Cytosol Lysosomes
D. Microsomes
D. All of the above A. Erythrocytes B. C. Cytosol Testes
D. 8 ATP equivalents
B. C.
NADP FMN
D. FAD Ref: 1/e, p. 219
D. Enolase
NADH NADH
C.
D. All of the above
Ref: 1/e, p. 221 324. Glucose 6phosphate dehydrogenase is 329. The regulatory enzyme in HMP shunt is A. Glucose 6 phosphate dehydrogenase B. C. 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase Both of the above induced by A. 6-phosphoglyconolactose B. C. Glucose 6 phosphate Ribose-5-phosphate Ref: 1/e, p.221
38
D. Insulin Ref: 1/e, p. 221 325. The decarboxylation reaction in HMP shunt is catalysed by A. Gluconolactone hydrolase B. C. 6-phosphogluconate decarboxylase 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase Ref: 1/e, p.212 331. The coenzymes required in HMP shunt are Ref: 1/e, p. 220 326. The first pentose formed in HMP shunt is A. Ribose 5- phosphate B. C. Ribulose-5-phosphate Xylose 5- phosphate Ref: 1/e, p.220-221 332. Glycogenesis requires Ref: 1/e, p. 220 327. The coenzyme for transketolase is A. NADP B. C. NAD Thiamin pyrophosphate Ref: 1/e, p. 200 333. Substrate for glycogen synthase are glycogen the Ref: 1/e, p. 221 328. The number of NADP molecules reduced per molecule of glucose 6 phosphate converted into ribulose 5 phosphate is A. One B. C. Two Six 334. Glycogen synthetase catalyses the formation of A. A-1, 4 glycosidic bonds Ref: 1/e, p. 212 B. C. A-1, 6- glycosidic bonds Both of the above Ref: 1/e, p. 200 formation of A. Glucose B. C. UDP-glucose Glucose-1-phosphate A. GTP B. C. CTP UTP formed from A. Thiamin and pyridoxine B. C. Niacin and pyridoxine Thiamin and niacin 330. The rate of HMP shunt reactions is A. Increase by insulin B. C. Increased in diabetes mellitus Increased by glucagon
D. Increased in starvation
D. Transaldolse
D. Niacin and folic acid
D. Xylulose-5-phosphate
D. No coenzyme is required
D. Glucose 6 phosphate
D. Twelve
D. Neither of the above Ref: 1/e, p. 200 335. The energy spent for addition of each glucose units to the glycogen primer is A. One ATP equivalent B. C. Two ATP equivalents Three ATP equivalents Ref: 1/e, p. 201
39
340. Glycogen phosphorylase liberates the following from glycogen A. Glucose B. C. Glucose 6 phosphatase Glucose 1-phosphate
D. Maltose
D. Four ATP equivalents Ref: 1/e, p. 212 336. Glycogenesis is increased by A. Glucagon B. C. Insulin Epinephrine
341. After the action of phosphorylase glycogen is converted into A. Amylopectin B. C. Limit dextrin Amylase
D. Maltose Ref: 1/e, p. 206 342. A-1, 6-Glycosidic bonds of glycogen are
D. Camp Ref: 1/e, p. 212 337. Glycogen synthetase is activated by A. Phosphorylation B. C. Adenylation Dephosphorylation Ref: 1/e, p. 202 343. Amylo-1 6 glucosidase liberates the following from glycogen 338. Hepatic glycogenolysis is increased by A. Insulin B. C. Glucagon Epinephrine A. Glucose 1 phosphate B. C. Glucose 6 phosphate Maltose hydrolysed by A. Amylo 1,4 - 1,6 transgluocosidase B. C. Debranching enzyme Isomaltase
D. Amylase
D. Deadenylation Ref: 1/e, p. 204
D. Glucose Ref: 1/e, p. 200-01
D. Glucocorticoids Ref: 1/e, p. 205 344. Glucose 1 phosphate liberated from glycogen cannot be converted into free glucose in 339. Glycogen phosphorylase hydrolyses A. A-1, 6 glycosidic bonds B. C. A-1, 4 glycosidic bonds B-1,4 glycosidic bonds A. Liver B. C. Kidneys Muscles
D. Brain Ref: 1/e, p. 201
345. During glycogenesis glucose 1 phosphate and glucose A. 30:1 B. C. 24:1 10:1 are liberated in the ratio of
40
350. If glucose 1 phosphate formed by glycogenolysis in muscles is oxidized to pyruvate, the energy yield will be A. 2 ATP equivalent B. C. 3 ATP equivalent 8 ATP equivalent
approximately
D. 1:1 Ref: 2/e, p. 588
D. 9 ATP equivalent Ref: 1/e, p. 198 346. A coenzyme present in muscle phosphorylase is A. NAD B. C. Pyridoxal phosphate Thiamin pyrophosphate 351. A molecule of phosphorylation kinase is made up of A. 4 subunits B. C. Ref: 1/e, p. 202 347. Generally glycogenesis in muscles is 8 subunits 12 subunits
D. Coenzyme A
D. 16 subunits Ref: 1/e, p. 202
immediately followed by A. Glycolysis B. C. Gluconeogenesis HMP shunt 352. In the active form of phosphorylation kinases A. A and subunits are phosphorylated B. C. Ref: 1/e, p. 199 348. If glucose 1 phosphate formed by glycgenolysis in muscles is oxidized to CO2 and H2O the energy yield will be A. 38 ATP equivalent B. C. 8 ATP equivalent 39 ATP equivalent 353. The following subunits of phorylase kinase bind calcium ions A. subunits B. C. Ref: 3/e, p. 415-416, 497 subunits subunits Ref: 1/e, p. 204 A and subunits are not phosphorylated and subunits are phosphorylated
D. Lipogenesis
D. and subunits are not phosphorylated
D. 2 ATP equivalent
D. subunits Ref: 1/e, p. 204
349. If glucose 1 phosphate formed by glycogenesis in muscles is catabolised to lactate, the energy yield will be A. 2 ATP equivalent B. C. 3 ATP equivalent 4 ATP equivalent 354. The catalytic activity of phosphorylase kinase is present A. subunits B. C. subunits subunits
D. 8 ATP equivalent Ref: 1/e, p. 198
D. subunits
Ref: 1/e, p. 204 Ref: 1/e, p. 208 355. The calcium bound subunits of phosphorylase kinase are identical in structure to A. Actin B. C. Myosin Calmodulin 360. Glucose cannot be synthesized from A. Glutamate B. C. Aspirate Alanine
41
D. Prothrombin
D. Leucine Ref: 1/e, p. 324
Ref: 1/e, p. 204 361. Reactions of gluconeogenesis occur is 356. Camp dependent proteins kinase A. Cytosol only B. C. Mitochondria only Cytosol and mitochondria phosphorylation A. Glycogen synthetase a B. C. Phosphorylation kinase b] Inhibitor I Ref: 1/e, p. 208-209
D. Cytosol and microsomes
D. All of the above Ref: 1/e, p. 204-205
362. Coenyzmes carboxykinase is 357. Cyclic AMP binds to A. Myocardium B. C. Kidneys Eyrthrocytes A. ATP B. C. ADP GTP
for
phosphoenolpyruvate
D. GDP Ref: 1/e, p. 208
D. Thrombocytes Ref: 1/e, p. 202 363. Pyruvate carboxylase is present in 358. Glycerol 3 phosphate for the synthesis of triglycerides in adipose tissue is derived from A. Phosphotidic acid B. C. Diacylglycerol Glycerol Ref: 1/e, p. 208 364. Synthesis of one molecule of glucose from two Ref: 1/e, p. 279 molecules oxidation of A. One molecule of NADPH B. 359. Gluconeogenesis occurs in A. Adipose tissue B. C. Muscles Kidneys Ref: 1/e, p. 209
A. Cytosol B. C. Mitochondria Both of the above
D. Glucose
of
pyruvate
is
accompanied
by
One molecule of NADH Two molecule of NADPH
C.
D. Two molecule of NADH
D. Brain
365. Energy spent during synthesis of one molecule of glucose from two molecule of lactate is A. 2 ATP equivalent B. C. 4 ATP equivalent 6 ATP equivalent 370. Gluconeogenesis is decreased by A. Glucagon B. C. Epinephrine Glucocorticoids
42
D. Insulin Ref: 1/e, p. 212
D. 10 ATP equivalent Ref: 1/e, p. 209 366. During synthesis of one molecule of glucose from two molecules of glycerol, two molecules of A. NADPH are oxidized B. C. NADH are oxidized NADP are reduced 371. Lactate formed in muscles can be utilized throught A. Rapoport luebering cycle B. C. Glucose alanine cycle Cort cycle
D. NAD are reduced Ref: 1/e, p. 209 367. A gluconeogenic enzyme among the following is A. Phosphofructokinase B. C. Pyruvate kinase Phosphoenol pyruvate carboxykinase
D. Citric acid cycle Ref: 1/e, p. 214 372. Pyruvate formed in muscles can be used for gluconeogenesis in liver through A. Rapoport luebering cycle B. C. Glucose alanine cycle Cort cycle
D. Glucokinase
D. Citric acid cycle Ref: 1/e, p. 209 368. Glucose 6 phosphatase and PEP carboxykinase are regulated by A. Covalent modification B. C. Allosteric regulation Induction and repression 373. Glucose 6 phosphate is not present in A. Liver and kidneys B. C. Kidneys and muscles Kidneys and adipose tissue Ref: 1/e, p. 214
D. Muscles and adipose tissue
Ref: 1/e, p. 210 369. Regulation of gluconeogenesis is reciprocal to that of A. Glycogenesis B. C. Glycogenolysis Glycolysis 374. Cobamides A. Lactate B. C. Pyruvate Succinyl coa are required as coenzyme for
gluconeogenesis from
D. HMP shunt Ref: 1/e, p. 211
D. Propionyl coa Ref: 1/e, p. 210
375. Pyruvate carboxylase is regulated by A. Induction B. C. Repression Allosteric regulation 380. UDP glucuronide acid is needed to synthesis A. Hyaluronic acid B. C. Chondroth sulphate Heparin
43
D. All of the above
Ref: 1/e, p. 224 376. Fructose 1, 6 biphosphate is an allosteric regulator of A. Phosphofructokinase B. C. Fructose 1, 6 biphosphatase Both of the above 381. In the polyol pathway glucose is converted into A. Glycerol B. C. Dulcitol Sorbitol
D. Neither of above
D. Mannitol Ref: 1/e, p. 223
Ref: 1/e, p. 212 377. Fructose 2, 6 - bisphosphate is formed by the action of A. Phosphofructokinase I B. C. Phosphofructokinase 2 Fructose bisphosphate isomerase 382. In the polyol pathway glucose is converted into A. Glycerol B. C. Dulcitol Sorbitol
D. Mannitol
D. Fructose 1, 6 biphosphatase Ref: 1/e, p. 228 Ref: 1/e, p. 213 383. The highest concentration of fructose are found 378. Phosphofructokinase 2 is regulated by A. Allosteric mechanism and induction B. C. Covalent mechanism Induction and repression D. Repression and derepression Ref: 1/e, p. 226 Ref: 1/e, p. 213 384. Glucose uptake by liver cells is 379. The coenzyme for UDP glucose dehydrogenase is A. NAD B. C. NADP FAD A. Energy dependent B. C. Mediated by GLUT4 Sodium dependent modification and allosteric in A. Aqueous humor B. C. Vitreous humor Synovial fluid
D. Seminal fluid
D. Insulin independent Ref: 1/e, p. 215-216
D. Lipoic acid Ref: 1/e, p. 213

44
385. A decrease in tubular reabsorption of glucose results in A. Hypoglycaemia B. C. Hyperlgycaemia Renal glycosuria
390. Amylopectinosis occurs due to absence of deficiency of A. Phosphorylase B. C. Glycogen synthetase Branching enzyme
D. Alimentary glycosuria Ref: 1/e, p. 217
D. Debranching enzyme Ref: 1/e, p. 206 391. In congenital absence of debranching enzyme
386. Active uptake of glucose by renal tubules is inhibited by A. Ouabain B. C. Phlorrizin Digoxin
A. Amylopectin is deposited in tissues B. C. Limit dextrin is deposited in tissues Glycogen accumulates in tissues
D. Glycogen stores are decreased Ref: 1/e, p. 206
D. Alloxan Ref: 1/e, p. 217
392. Congenital 387. Insulin receptors are down regulated in A. Insulin dependent diabetes mellitus B. C. Protein deficiency Starvation causes
phosphofructokinase
deficiency
A. Hypoglycaemia B. C. Ketosis Diminished exercise tolerance
D. Obesity Ref: 1/e, p. 622
388. Glucose 6 phosphatase is absent or deficient in A. Von Gierbe s disease B. C. Pompes disease Coris disease
393. Mcardles disease is due to deficiency of A. Glucose 6 phosphate B. C. Phosphofructokinase Liver phosphorylase
D. Mcardies disease Ref: 1/e, p.208
D. Muscle phosphorylase
Ref: 1/e, p. 206 389. Debranching enzyme is absent in A. Corts disease B. C. Andersens disease Von Gierbes diseae 394. Congential galactosaemia is due to absence or deficiency of A. Lactose synthetase B. C. Galactose - 1 - phosphate uridyl transferase Hexokinase
D. Hers disease Ref: 1/e, p.206
D. Aldose reductase
Ref: 1/e, p. 229 Ref: 1/e, p. 668
45
395. Hereditary fructose intolerance occurs due to absence or deficiency of A. Fructokinase B. C. Fructose 1, 6 biphosphatase Aldolase
400. Glucose 6 phosphate and glucose 1 phosphate can be interconverted by A. Glucose phosphate isomerase B. C. Phosphohexose isomerase Glucose phosphate racemase
D. Aldolase B
D. Phosphoglucomutase Ref: 1/e, p.199
Ref: 1/e, p. 225 396. Fructokinase is congenitally absent in A. Hereditary fructose intolerance B. C. Fructosaemia Essential fructosuria 401. Congenital galactosaemia can lead to A. Mental retardation B. C. Premature cataract Death
D. Hers disease Ref: 1/e, p. 225
D. All of the above Ref: 2/e, p.493 402. Uridine diphosphate glucose (UDPG) is
397. In essential pentosuria, urine contains A. D-Ribose B. C. D-xylulose L-xylulose
A. Required for metabolism of galactose B. C. Required for synthesis of glucuronic acid A substrate for glycogen synthetase
D. All of the above
D. D-xylose Ref: 1/e, p. 224 403. 398. Huriers syndrome is due to deficiency of A. A-L-Iduronidase B. C. Iduronate sulphatase B-galactosidase B. C. Ref: 1/e, p. 199, 224, 226 Hexose monophosphate shunt provides A. Glucose 1 phosphate for glycogen synthesis Glycerol 3 phosphat for triglyceride synthesis NADPH for fatty acid synthesis
D. Glucuronic acid for mucopolyusi Ref: 1/e, p. 220-221
D. Arylsulphatase A Ref: 1/e, p. 705 404. 399. Action of salivary amylase on starch leads to the formation of A. Maltose B. C. Maltotriose Both of the above Ref: 1/e, p. 200
Glucogenesis requires A. Uridine diphosphate galacatose B. C. Glycogen synthetase Branching enzyme
D. All of the above
405. Catalytic activity of salivary amylase requires the presence of A. Chloride ions B. C. Bromide ions Iodide ions 410. GTP is required in the reaction catalysed by A. Pyruvate carboxylase B. C. PEP carboxykinase Fructose 1, 6 biphosphatase
46
D. Glucose 6 phsophatase Ref: 1/e, p. 209
D. Any of the above Ref: 1/e, p. 668 411. ATP is required in the reaction catalysed by 406. Disaccharides can be hydrolysed by enzymes presence in A. Saliva B. C. Pancreatic juice Bile Ref: 1/e, p. 209 Ref: 1/e, p. 668-9 407. The following is actively absorbed in the intestine A. Fructose B. C. Mannose Galactose Ref: 1/e, p. 228 412. For the synthesis of hexosamines amino group is provided by A. Ammonia B. C. Glutamate Glutamine A. Pyruvate carbxylase B. C. PEP carboxykinase Fructose 1 6 biphosphatase
D. Glucose 6 phsophatase
D. Succus entericus
D. Asparagus
D. None of the above Ref: 1/e, p. 667
413. Deficiency 408. An amphibotic pathway among the following is A. HMP shunt B. C. Glycolysis Citric acid cycle
of
inhibition
of
fructose
1,
biphosphatase is expected to impair A. Utilization of dietary fructose B. C. Oxidation of glucose to pyruvate Synthesis of glucose from pyruvate
D. Gluconeogenesis Ref: 1/e, p. 187
Ref: 1/e, p. 209 409. A reaction of glycolytic pathway which in spontaneous in the conversion of A. Glucose B. C. 6 phosphate into fructose 6 phosphatase 3 phosphoglycerate into phosphoglycerate 2 phosphoglycerate into enolpyruvate 414. Intestinal digestion of lactose yields A. Glucose and galactose B. C. Glucose and fructose Glucose and mannose
D. Galactose and mannose
D. Enolpyruvate into pyruvate Ref: 1/e, p. 192 Ref: 1/e, p. 669 415. The substrate for invertase is
A. Lactose B. C. Maltose Sucrose Ref: 1/e, p. 212
47
D. Dextrin 420. Insulin increases the synthesis of all of the following except Ref: 2/e, p. 471 416. Lactose intolerance can occur due to deficiency of A. Galactokinase B. C. UDP galactose 4 epimerase Galactase 1 phosphatase uridyl transferase Ref: 1/e, p. 212 421. Insulin represses the synthesis of all of the following except A. Pyruvate carboxylase 417. All the following statements about B. C. PEP carboxykinase Fructose 1, 6 biphosphatase phosphofructokinase are true following A. Its (s) versus velocity plot is hyperbolic at low ATP concentration B. C. Its (s) versus velocity plot is sigmoidal at igh ATP concentration A rise is ATP concentration lowers the Km of the enzyme for fructose 6 phosphate D. AMP is its allosteric activator 422. Glucokinase differs from hexokinase in the following respect A. It has greater substrate specificity B. Ref: 2/e, p. 493 418. All the following statements about fructose 2, 6 biphosphate are true except A. It is formed fructose 1, 6 biphosphate B. C. It is degraded to fructose 6 phosphate It activates phosphofructokinase 423. Cori cycle transfers A. Glucose from muscles to liver B. C. Ref: 1/e, p. 213 Ref: 1/e, p. 214 419. ATP decreases the activity of all of the following except A. Phosphofructokinasei B. C. Pyruvate kinase Pyruvate 1, 6 biphosphatase 424. Inorganic phosphate is required as a reactant in the reaction catalysed by A. Hexokinase B. C. Phosphofructokinase Glyceralehyde 3 phosphate dehydrogenase Lactate from muscles to liver Lactate from liver to muscles Ref: 1/e, p. 191 C. It has lower km for glucose It acts mainly in fasting state Ref: 1/e, p. 212 A. Glucose 6 phosphatase B. C. Glucose 6 phosphatase dehydrogenase 6 phosphogluconate dehydrogenase
D. ATP citrate lyase
D. Lactase Ref: 1/e, p. 669
D. Phosphofructokinase I
D. It is inhibited by glucose 6 phosphate
D. It inhibits fructose 1, 6 biphofructokinase
D. Pyruvate from liver to muscles
D. Private dehydrogenase
D. Enolase Ref: 1/e, p. 192 B. C. O-linked glycoprotein GPI linked glycoprotein
48
425. Excessive intake of ethanol increase the ratio A. NADH : NAD+ B. C. NAD+: NADH FADH2 : FAD 430. In O linked glycoproteins, oligosaccharide is attached too protein through is A. Serine of threonine residue B. C. Ref: 1/e, p. 278 426. Ethanol decreases gluconeogenesis by A. Inhibiting glucose 6 phosphatase B. C. Inhibiting PEP carboxykinase Converting NAD+ into NADH and 431. In N-linked glycoproteins, oligosaccharide is attached to protein through is A. Asparagine residue B. C. Ref: 6/e, p. 99 Ref: 1/e, p. 681 427. Glycogenin is A. Uncoupler of oxidative phosphorylation B. C. Polymer of glycogen molecules Protein primes for glycogen synthesis 432. Apart from liver,glucokinase is present is A. Intestinal mucosa B. C. Ref: 1/e, p. 199 428. Glucosylation occurs at the following residue or glycogenin A. Tyrosine B. C. Scrine Threonine B. C. Ref: 1/e, p. 682 429. Oligosaccharide pyrophoshoryl dolichol is Ref: 1/e, p. 191 433. Glycolysis in erythrocytes is anaerobic because A. NADH is used to reduce glutathione in erythrocytes Erythrocytes lack mitochondria Oxygen is bound to haemoglobin is bound in to erythrocytes D. 2,3 biphosphoglycerate haemoglobin in mitochondria required for the synthesis of A. N-linked glycoprotein
D. FAD : FADH2
Tyrosine residue Hydroxyproline residue
D. Hydroxylysine residue Ref: 1/e, p. 681
decreasing the availability of pyruvate D. Converting NAD+ into NADH and decreasing the availability of lactate
Glutamine residue Arginine residue
D. Lysine residue
D. Intermediate in glycogen breakdown
Pancreatic islet cells Renal tubular cells
D. Erythrocytes
Ref: 1/e, p. 191
D. Hydroproline
49
A. Glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate dehydrogenase is inhibited 434. ATP is converted into ADP in reactions catalysed by A. Hexokinase and pyruvate kinase B. C. Phosphofructokinase and phosphoglycerate kinase Hexokinase and phosphofructokinase 439. All Ref: 1/e, p. 192 435. ADP is converted into ATP in reactions catalysed by A. Hexokinase and pyruvate kinase B. C. Phosphofructose and phosphoglycerate kinase Hexokinase and phosphofructokinase kinase and pyruvate kinase Ref: 1/e, p. 195 Ref: 1/e, p. 192 Ref: 1/e, p. 194 the following statements and about 2, 3 D. Phosphoglycerate kinase and pyruvate kinase biphosphoglycerate mutase B. C. Phosphoglycerate kinase is inhibited 1 arseno 3 phoshoglycerate is formed
D. Energy yield remains unaffected
biphosphoglycerate kinase are correct except A. They catalyse reversible reactions B. C. They are present in erythrocytes Their sequential action bypasses phosphoglycerate kinase D. These two activities are present in the same enzyme
D. Phosphoglycerate
436. During dehydrogenation of glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate, reducing equivalence are accepted by A. NAD B. C. NADP FMN
440. Energy is spent in the following phase of glycolysis A. Glucose Fructose 1, 6 biphosphate B. C. Fructose -1, 6 biphosphate glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate + Dihydroxyacetone phosphate Glyceraldehyde pyruvate 3 phosphatase
D. FAD Ref: 1/e, p. 192
D. All of the above
437. Iodoacetate inhibits A. Aldolase B. C. Glyceraldehyde dehydrogenase Phophoglycerate mutase D. Enolase 3 phosphatase
Ref: 1/e, p. 192 441. Energy is captured in the following phase of glycolysis A. Glucose Fructose 1, 6 biphosphate B. C. Fructose -1, 6 biphosphate glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate + Dihydroxyacetone phosphate Glyceraldehyde 3 pyruvate D. All of the above phosphatase
Ref: 1/e, p. 192 438. If glycolysis occurs in the presence of arsenate
Ref: 1/e, p. 192 442. The enzyme which splits a 6 carbon compound into two 3 carbon compounds in glycolysis is A. Enolase B. C. Phosphotriose isomerase Aldolase 446. The regulatory enzyme in glycogenesis is A. Udp glucose pyrophosphorylase B. C. Glycogen synthetase Branching enzyme
50
D. Phosphoglycerate mutase Ref: 1/e, p. 192 447. The regulatory enzyme in glycogenolysis is 443. The A. 1, correct 3 sequence of intermediates in 3 A. Phosphorylase B. biphosphoglycerate C. Glucan transferase Debranching enzyme glycolysis is phosphoglycerate 2 phosphoglycerate phosphoenolpyruvate B. 1, 3 biphosphoglycerate 2 Ref: 1/e, p. 201 phosphoglycerate 2 phosphoglycerate phosphoenolpyruvate C. 1, 3 biphosphoglycerate phosphoglycerate 2 phosphoglycerate 3phosphoenolpyruvate D. Biphosphoglycerate 1.3 phosphoglycerate 2 phosphoglycerate 2phosphoenolpyruvate Ref: 1/e, p. 206 Ref: 1/e, p. 192 444. Glucose 1, 6 biphosphate is formed as an intermediate during the reaction catalysed by A. Glucokinase B. C. UDP glucose pyrophosphorylase Phosphoglucomutase Ref: 1/e, p. 201 450. A difference between phosphorylase and 449. Between meals, blood glucose level can be maintained by A. Glycogenolysis in liver B. C. Glycogenolysis in muscles Both of the above 448. Regulation of glycogenesis and glycogenolysis is A. Synchronotis B. C. Reciprocal Mediated by camp
D. Glucose 6 phosphatase
D. All of the above
D. Glucose 6 phosphatase Ref: 1/e, p. 199
debranching enzyme is A. Phosphorylase acts on 1,6 bonds while 445. Glucogen synthesase is phosphorylated by A. Camp-dependent protein kinase B. C. Calmodulin dependent protein kinase Glycogen synthesis kinase C. B. branching enzyme acts on -1,4 bonds Phosphorylase liberates free glucose while debranching enzyme liberates glucose -1 phosphate Debranching enzyme catalyses the rate limiting Ref: 1/e, p. 205 step of glycogenolysis while phosphorylation does not
D. All of the above
D. None of the above Ref: 1/e, p. 201 451. Inorganic phosphate is required as a reactant in the reaction catalysed by A. Glycogen Synthetase B. C. Branching enzymes Phosphorylase D. Lactate dehydrogenase Ref: 1/e, p. 209
51
456. All the following enzymes are required to synthesise glucose from oxaloacetate except A. Pyruvate carboxylate B. C. Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase Fructose 1, 6 biphosphatase
D. Debranching enzyme Ref: 1/e, p. 200 452. Glucagon can affect the rate of glycogenesis and glycogenolysis in A. Liver and skeletal muscle B. C. Liver and heart muscle Skeletal and heart muscles
D. Glucose 6 phosphatase Ref: 1/e, p. 208 457. All the following enzymes are required to synthesized glucose from glycerol except A. Glycerol 3 phosphate dehydrogenase B. C. Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase Fructose 1 6 biphosphatase
D. Liver only Ref: 1/e, p. 200 453. In liver A. Glycogenin is present in the centre of each glycogen molecule B. C. Glycogenin is not required for glycogenesis The number of glycogenin molecules exceeds the number of glycogen molecules D. The number of glycogen molecules exceeds the number of glycogen molecules Ref: 1/e, p. 199 454. All the following statements about pyruvat carboxylase are correct except A. It takes part in gluconeogenesis B. C. It is present in mitochondria It is activated by acetyl coa
D. Glucose 6 phosphatase Ref: 1/e, p. 209
458. Energy barriers for gluconeogenesis include all the following except A. Pyruvate to phosphoenolpyruvate B. C. 3 phosphoglycerate to 1.3 biphosglycerate Fructose 1,6 biphosphate to fructose 6 phosphatase D. Glucose 6 phosphate to glucose Ref: 1/e, p. 208 459. A simple reversal of glycolysis of synthesis glucose from pyruvate or lactate is not possible because A. Free energy is liberated in some of the glycolytic reactions B. C. Glycolysis and gluconeogenesis occur in different tissues Glycolysis and gluconeogenesis occur in different compartments of the cell
D. It is inhibited by ATP Ref: 1/e, p. 199 455. All of the following enzymes are required to convert lactate into phosphoenol pyruvate except A. Pyruvate kinase B. C. Pyruvate carboxylase Phosphoenolypyruvate carboxykinase
D. All of the above Ref: 1/e, p. 208 460. Gluconeogenic enzyme
A. Circumvent the energy barriers in glycolysis B. C. Are present in mitochondria Catalyse endergonic reactions
52
465. Fructose 1, 6 biphosphatase is present in all of the following except A. Liver B. C. Kidney Striated muscles
D. Are regulated by covalent modifications Ref: 1/e, p. 208-210 461. Energy is spent in the gluconeogenic reactions catalysed by A. Pyruvate B. C. Glucose 6 Pyruvate 6 carboxylase and fructose 1,
D. Smooth muscles Ref: 1/e, p. 210 466. A bifunctional enzyme that plays an important role in regulation of glycolysis and gluconeogenesis possesses the following catalytic activities carboxylase phosphatase and and C. A. Glucokinase and glucose 6 phosphatase B. Phosphofructokinase 1 and fructose 1 6 biphsophatase Phosphofructokinase 2 and fructose 2,6 biphosphatase
biphosphatase phosphatase and fructose 1 , 6 biphosphatase phosphoenolypyruvate carboxykinase D. Glucose phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylkinase Ref: 1/e, p. 208 462. Fructose 1, 6 biphosphatase is inhibited by all of the following except A. Fructose 1 6 biphosphate B. C. Fructose 2, 6 biphosphate ATP
D. Pyruvate kinase and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase Ref: 1/e, p. 213 467. Camp dependent protein kinase phosphorylation and A. Inactivates pyruvate kinase B. Activates fructose 2, 6 biphosphatase Inactivates phosphafructokinase 2 C.
D. AMP Ref: 1/e, p. 209 463. Glucose 6 phosphate is allosterically inhibited by A. Glucose B. C. Glucose 6 phosphate ATP
D. All of the above Ref: 1/e, p. , 211, 213 468. All the following statements about sodium dependent glucose transporter (SGLT 1) are correct except Ref: 1/e, p. 212 464. In human beings phosphoenolypruvate C. A. It is present in muscles and adipose tissue B. carboxykinase is present in A. Cytosol B. C. Mitochondria Both of the above Ref: 1/e, p. 215 469. Glucose transporter present in small intestine is Ref: 1/e, p. 210 A. SGLT 1 B. C. GLUT 2 GLUT 5 It cause achieve uptake of glucose against its concentration gradient It transports sodium down its concentration gradient D. It is insulin independent
D. All of the above Ref: 1/e, p. 215 470. Fructose is absorbed in the small intestine through A. SGLT B. C. GLUT 3 GLUT 4 Ref: 1/e, p. 215, 216 B. C. Facilitates diffusion of glucose
53
Is transferred from cytosol to the cell membrane by insulin
D. Is enchaned by insulin
475. All the following statements about GLUT 4 are correct except A. It is present in muscles and adipose muscles B. It is a trans-membrane and protein It mediates energy dependant uptake of glucose C.
D. GLUT 5 Ref: 1/e, p. 669 471. All the following statements about intestinal fructose absorption are correct except A. It is absorbed by facilitated diffusion B. C. Its absorption depends upon sodium
D. Number of GLUT 4 molecules in the cell membrane is increased by insulin Ref: 1/e, p. 215, 216 476. A coenzyme required by transketose as well as pyruvate dehydrogenase complex is A. Thiamin pyrophosphate B. Lipoic acid FAD C.
gradient It enters the mucosal cell through GLUT 5 through GLUT 2 Ref: 1/e, p. 667 472. All the following statements about intestinal glucose absorption are except A. It is B. C. absorbed against its concentration 477. Glycolysis and HMP shunt have the following similarity A. Glucose 6 phosphate is an intermediate in both B. C. Ribose 5 phosphate is an intermediate in both NAD is reduced in both gradient Rate of its absorption is proportional to sodium gradient Its active absorption is enchanced by insulin glucose to expel sodium ions Ref: 1/e, p.529, 667 Ref: 1/e, p. 221 473. Uptake of glucose by muscles A. Occurs by an active transport mechanism B. C. Is energy dependent Is linked to sodium uptake 478. Intermediates common to glycolysis and HMP shunt include all the following except A. Glucose 6 phosphate B. C. Xylulose 5 phosphate Glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate D. Energy is spent during active uptake of Ref: 1/e, p. 195, 221 D. It enters the capillaries from mucosal cells
D. NAD
D. ATP is formed in both
D. Is enchanced by insulin Ref: 1/e, p. 215, 216
D. Fructose 6 phosphate Ref: 1/e, p. 192, 222 474. GLUT 4 A. Is present in adipose tissue
479. Fructose 6 phosphate and glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate formed in the glycolytic pathway can be used to synthesise ribose 5 phosphate if the following enzymes are also present in the cell A. Transketotase and transaldolase B. C. Transketolase ketoisomerase Transaldolase ketoisomerase D. Transladolase and ribulose 5 phosphate 3 epimerase Ref: 1/e, p. 221, 223 485. A unidirectional transporter of glucose is 480. NADPH formed in HMP shunt in erythrocytes can be used to detoxity hydrogen peroxide if the following is available A. Glutathione B. C. Glutathione reductase Glutathione peroxidase Ref: 1/e, p 215 A. GLUT 2 B. C. GLUT 3 GLUT 4 Ref: 1/e, p, 869 and ribose 5 phosphate and ribose 5 phosphate 484. Normal range of fasting plasma glucose is A. 65-110 mmmol/litre B. C. 65-110 mg/dl 80-120 mmmol/litre Ref: 1/e, p, 229 D. Sorbitol
54
D. 80-120 mg/dl
D. SGLT 1
D. All of the above 486. Blood glucose level is increased by all of the Ref: 1/e, p, 223 481. All the following statements about fructokinases are correct except A. It is present in liver B. C. It has a low Km for fructose It converts fructose into fructose 6 phosphate Ref: 1/e, p 216 487. Invert sugar is Ref: 1/e, p, 225 482. Acute loading of liver with fructose may cause all of the following except A. Fructosaemia B. C. Hypertriglyceridaemia Hypercholesterolaemia 488. Which of the following is a distaccharide A. Raffinose B. C. Ref: 1/e, p, 227 483. Cataract occurs in congenital galactosaemia due to accumulation of the following in lens A. Galactose B. C. Galactose 1 phosphate Galactitol Cellobisoe Mannose A. Glucose B. C. Fructose Sucrose following except A. Glucagon B. C. Glucocorticoids Insulin
D. Epinephrine
D. Its activity is not affected by insulin
D. Lactose
D. Hyperuricaemia
D. None of the above 489. Raffinose consists of A. Glucose + glucose + glucose B. C. Galactose + glucose + fructose Glucose + fructose + glucose
D. Galactose + glucose + glucose

55
490. Which of the following is not a disaccharide A. Maltose B. C. Sucrose Pentose
497. Reaction between reducing sugar and which of the following ingredient of Benedict solution is responsible for different colour A. Cupric sulfate B. C. Sodium carbonate Sodium citrate
D. Lactose 491. Which of the following drug is an example of glycoside A. Furosemide B. C. Digiralis Heparin
D. All of the above 498. The non-reducing sugar is A. Maltose B. C. Galactose Sucrose
D. All of the above 492. Which of the following is not an end product of carbohydrate digestion A. Glucose B. C. Fructose Lactose
D. Mannose 499. Which of the following sentence is true regarding isoelectric pH A. Proteins act as a buffer on either side of isoelectric pH B. C. The net charge of an amino acid is zero at isoelectric pH 493. Raffinose is an example of A. Monosaccharide B. C. Disaccharide Trisaccharide 500. Which of the following sugar is present in immunoglobulins 494. Conversion of pyruvate to acetyl-CoA yields A. 2 ATP B. C. 6 ATP 8 ATP A. D-mannose B. C. D-glucosamine Galactose At isoelectric pH amino acids exist in Zwitter ion D. All of the above
D. Galactose
D. Polysaccharide
D. All of the above 501. Which of the following enzyme of glycolysis
D. 10 ATP 495. Total number of ATP formed when one molecule of glucose is completely oxidized to CO2 and H2O is A. 6 B. C. 8 24 502. Which of the following monosaccharide is most rapidly absorbed from the small 496. With A. Lactose B. C. Glucose Maltose phenyl hydrazine which of the B. C. intestine A. Mannose Glucose Fructose following sugar form needle shaped crystals B. C. is blocked by sodium fluoride A. Hexokinase Pyruvate kinase Phosphofructokinase
D. Enolase
D. 38
D. Trehalose
D. Fructose
503. Monosaccharide A. Galactose B. C. Glucose Mannose having fastest rate of C. Nonparenchymal cells
56
absorption from gastrointestinal tract is
D. None of the above Ref Satyanarayan 3/E, p 246 510. Which of the following enzymatic steps is absent in liver? A. Acetoacetyl CoA Acetoacetate B. Acetoacetate Acetoacetyl CoA Succinate Fumarate C.
D. Fructose Ref Satyanarayan 3/E, p 168 504. The reduced lipoate is reoxidized by A. NAD B. C.
+
D. -Ketoglutarate Succinyl CoA Ref Satyanarayan 3/E, p 295 511. Iodine solution produces no color with A. Cellulose B. Starch Dextrin C.
NADP+ FAD+
D. FMN+ Ref Satyanarayan 3/E, p 253 505. Fructokinase is present in A. Brain B. C. Heart Adipose tissue
D. Glycogen Ref Satyanarayan 3/E, p 22 512. The epimer of glucose is A. Fructose B. Galactose Ribose C.
D. Intestine Ref Satyanarayan 3/E, p 276 506. Phosphoglycerate to phosphoenol pyruvate is inhibited by A. Arsenate B. C. Fluoride Iodonacetate
D. Deoxyribose Ref Satyanarayan 3/E, p 12 513. Honey contains the hydrolytic product of A. Lactose B. C. Maltose Inulin
D. ATP Ref Satyanarayan 3/E, p 248 507. Substrate level phosphorylation occurs in A. -Ketoglutarate Succinyl COA B. C. Succinate Fumarate Succinyl CoA Succinate
D. Starch Ref Satyanarayan 3/E, p 21 514. Muscle phosphorylase is deficient in which glycogen storage disease A. Andresons disease B. Forbes disease McArdles disease C.
D. Oxalosuccinic acid ketoglutaric acid Ref Satyanarayan 3/E, p 224 508. Conversion of lactate to glucose occur in A. Muscle B. C. Kidney Liver
D. Hers disease Ref Satyanarayan 3/E, p 269 515. The carrier of citric acid cycle is A. Malic acid B. Fumaric acid Oxaloacetate C.
D. Brain Ref Satyanarayan 3/E, p 262 509. Glucokinase is formed in liver A. Parenchymal cells B. Blood vessels
D. - Ketoglutarate Ref Satyanarayan 3/E, p 254

57
522. All of the following vitamins take part in 516. Fructokinase is present in A. Liver B. C. Adipose tissue Heart B. C. Krebs cycle except A. Riboflavin Thiamin Pantothenic acid
D. Brain Ref Satyanarayan 3/E, p 278 517. Concentrate of which of the following enzymes is decreased in Wilsons disease? A. Ceruloplasmin B. C. Glucose 6 phosphatase Aldolase
D. Pyridoxine Ref Satyanarayan 3/E, p 143 523. The citric acid cycle is A. Anabolic B. C. Catbolic Amphibolic
D. Ammonophilic Ref Satyanarayan 3/E, p 254 524. Collagenase hydrolyses collagen is present
D. Alkaline phosphatases Ref Satyanarayan 3/E, p 417 518. What is the weight of storage carbohydrate in liver in postabsorptive normal adult? A. 62 grams B. C. 65 grams 52 grams
in A. Eggs B. C. Soyabeans Meat
D. Milk Ref Satyanarayan 3/E, p 407 525. Glucose 6 phosphatase is absent from which of the following organs? A. Adipose tissue B. C. Intestine Heart
D. 72 grams 519. All of the following are present in pyruvate dehydrogenase complex except A. NAD B. C. FAD TPP
D. GDP Ref Satyanarayan 3/E, p 253 520. Number of molecules of CO2 and H2O formed in the oxidation of pyruvic acid are A. 3 molecules of CO2 and 2 molecules of H2O B. C. 3 molecules of H2Oand 2 molecules of CO2 2 molecules of H2Oand 2 molecules of CO2
D. Liver Ref Satyanarayan 3/E, p 261 526. Lecithins are soluble in ordinary fat solvents except A. Benzene B. C. Ethyl alcohol Methyl alcohol
D. 3 molecules of H2O and 3 molecules of CO2 521. Which of the following events in 1st step makes the citric acid cycle go in forward direction? A. Addition of H2O B. C. Removal of CoA.SH Gain of heat
D. Acetone 527. Net ATP synthesized in glycolysis are A. 8 B. C. 10 12
D. 11 Ref Satyanarayan 3/E, p 249
D. Loss of heat
58

Carbohyderates

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BIOCHEMISTRY Carbohydrates

CARBON NUMBERING SYSTEM

BRIHASPATHI ACADEMY SUBSCRIBERS COPY NOT FOR SALE

Asymmetric carbon atom- C atom with 4 different groups attached to it.

ISOMERISM Same molecular formula but different physical or chemical properties

No of isomers = 2n (n = no of asymmetric carbon atoms).

BRIHASPATHI ACADEMY SUBSCRIBERS COPY NOT FOR SALE

Irreversible Steps Hexokinase or glucokinase Phosphofructokinase Pyruvate kinase

Rate Limiting Step Phosphofructokinase

Substrate Level Phosphorylation Steps Phosphoglycerate kinase Pyruvate kinase

oxaloacetate, fatty acids from acetyl Co A.

BRIHASPATHI ACADEMY SUBSCRIBERS COPY NOT FOR SALE

Net generation in Glycolysis Generation in PDH reaction Generation in TCA cycle = 38

Net generation of ATP from 1 molecule of glucose

BRIHASPATHI ACADEMY SUBSCRIBERS COPY NOT FOR SALE

HEXOSE MONO-PHOSPHATE SHUNT

BRIHASPATHI ACADEMY SUBSCRIBERS COPY NOT FOR SALE

Clinically manifest with failure to thrive, lethargy, cataract, mental retardation.

BRIHASPATHI ACADEMY SUBSCRIBERS COPY NOT FOR SALE

BIOCHEMISTRY Carbohydrates INTRODUCTION

D. Xylulose and ribulose Ref Satyanarayan 3/E, p 10

Fructose Glucose + fibose Ref: Satyanarayan 3/E, p. 675

D. Polysaccharide Satyanarayan 3/E, p. 10

D. 5 A. Dextrin B. C. D Fructose D Glucose

D. It forms part of the disaccharides sucrose. Ref: Satyanarayan 3/E, p 10

A. Acyclic form B. C. Hydrated acyclic form Glucofuranose

D. Cellulose Ref: Satyanarayan 3/E, p. 20 21

D. None of the above Ref Satyanarayan 3/E, p 22

D. The oxidative phase generates NADPH and

BRIHASPATHI ACADEMY SUBSCRIBERS COPY NOT FOR SALE

D. >10 monosaccharides Ref Satyanarayan 3/E, p 10

D. All of the above Ref Satyanarayan 3/E, p22

It prevents conversion of pyruvic acid to acetyl coenzyme A

D. Because they have exactly same structure of

D. They are not soluble in water

BRIHASPATHI ACADEMY SUBSCRIBERS COPY NOT FOR SALE

__________ A. Starch B. C. Glycogen Glucose

________ A. C1 and C4 B. C. C1 and C5 C1 and C6

D. Their complex structure Satyanarayan 3/E, p. 16

cell lysis Ref: Satyanarayan 3/E, p. 263

D. Sucrose Satyanarayan 3/E, p. 11

D. None Satyanarayan 3/E, p. 12

D. HMP shunt Ref: Satyanarayan 3/E, p 255, 288

concentrations of _____________ A. ATP B. C. NAD Citrate

_______________ A. Glycogen B. C. Starch Cellulose

D. None of the above Ref: Satyanarayan 3/E, p 20

BRIHASPATHI ACADEMY SUBSCRIBERS COPY NOT FOR SALE

D. Conversion to ribulose 5 phosphate

D. Malabsorption syndrome Ref: Satyanarayan 3/E, p 168

D. Insulin Ref: Satyanarayan 3/E, p 267

D. 0 Ref: Satyanarayan 3/E, p 254

D. Muscles contain no glycogen phosphorylase

D. Lactate dehydrogenase Ref: Satyanarayan 3/E, p 248

appearance of __________ in urine A. Glucuronate B. C. Xylitol L Xylulose

D. All of the above Ref: Satyanarayan 3/E, p21

BRIHASPATHI ACADEMY SUBSCRIBERS COPY NOT FOR SALE

_______ A. Kidney Glycerol Ketones

D. Aerobic and anaerobic.

BRIHASPATHI ACADEMY SUBSCRIBERS COPY NOT FOR SALE

D. None of the above

D. Sucrose Ref: Satyanarayan 3/E, p 19 a

D. Maltose Ref: Satyanarayan 3/E, p 19

anaerobic conditions is A. Lactic acid Pyruvic acid Accetoacetic acid

D. Oxaloacetic acid Ref: Satyanarayan 3/E, p 248