Evaluation of Calculation Methods and the Effect of End-Winding Inductance on the Performance of Non Overlap Winding PM Machines

J. H. J. Potgieter, M. J. Kamper
AbstractA common practice in the design and evaluation of non overlap winding PM machines is to ignore the endwinding inductance. In this paper it is shown that the endwinding inductance has a signicant effect on the short-circuit performance of the non overlap winding PM machine, which is important for amongst others, wind generator applications. A number of proposed calculation methods for the per phase end-winding inductance of the machine are evaluated and compared. Also a new simple analytical calculation method that takes the effect of the iron core into account by means of mirror-images, is proposed. This method is shown to give a relatively good prediction of the end-winding inductance compared to 3D nite element results. The study is conducted on a number of different direct drive non overlap winding PM wind generators. Index TermsInductance, Permanent Magnet, Windings, Finite Element, Electrical Machines, Calculation Techniques

I. I NTRODUCTION The correct prediction of the per phase inductance of non-overlap winding PM machines is an important design aspect. An application of the non overlap PM machines studied in this paper is for wind power generators, as for example in [1][4]. For these types of generators the shortcircuit characteristic, which can be largely inuenced by variations in the inductance, is important. It is essential that the correct short-circuit current is known as this can inuence the design of the permanent magnets (PMs) due to demagnetization concerns as mentioned in, for example, [5]. Also especially for the directly grid connected system as in [2] it is important to know the amplitude of the maximum short-circuit current during fault conditions. It is also important to know the correct short-circuit torque prole of these PM wind generators as this will determine the electromagnetic braking capabilities as explained in [6] of the generator. For the system mentioned in [2] where a short-circuited PM generator conguration is used to transfer torque from the wind turbine, knowledge of the exact shortcircuit torque prole is of extreme importance. An incorrect prediction of the inductance can also have the result of the power factor of the directly grid connected systems being signicantly different to what was expected. The focus of this paper, thus, is to investigate the effect of the end-winding on the phase inductance and performance of non-overlap winding PM wind generators. Secondly the focus is on nding a simple, but accurate calculation method for the end-winding inductance. Especially with regard to non-overlap winding PM machines, there is a lack in literature of simple and accurate calculation methods for the
J. H. J. Potgieter and M. J. Kamper are with the Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University of Stellenbosch, South Africa (email: kamper@sun.ac.za).

end-winding inductance. Some of the most relevant methods and arguments in literature are discussed below. In most cases the end-winding is assumed to be fully encapsulated in air and the end-coil shape is assumed to be circular or semi-circular. Examples are the analytical approximation used in [7] and the analytical approach in [8]. A typical analytical method, as proposed in [9] and [10], is to combine the two coil ends to form a circular or oval shaped coil in air, of which the inductance can be easily calculated from the formulas in [11]. However, in reality the shape of concentrated coil end-windings is not always circular and is in many cases much closer to the stack. Furthermore from the ndings in [9] and [12][14] it can be observed that the effects of the iron stack on the end winding inductances cannot be ignored. In [13] and [14] the method of images, as will be further explained in this paper, is proposed for the calculation of the end-winding inductance. It is also stated in [12] that care should be taken with regard to the rest of the permeable machine structure, for instance the machine casing and mounting plate. The most accurate calculation method for the end-winding inductance is 3D nite element (FE) inductance calculations as explained in [15][18]. In this calculation of the end-winding inductance the per phase 2D-FE inductance is rst calculated and subtracted from the per phase 3DFE inductance calculation. However, 3D-FE modelling is difcult and 3D-FE simulations are time consuming, which does not make this method suitable for use in design optimisation iterations and for a quick evaluation of the endwinding inductance. In [19] a 2D-FE calculation method for the end-winding inductance is proposed. With this method some of the other permeable machine structure components can also be brought into account. However, the accuracy of this calculation method compared to other end-winding inductance calculation techniques is still questionable. From the reviewed literature it is evident that the end-winding inductance cannot be ignored in non-overlap winding machines, especially for machines with a short stack length compared to the air gap diameter, which is typical for large diameter direct-drive wind generators. It is also reported that the shape of the coil, the lamination stack and other permeable construction components can inuence this parameter signicantly. In this paper two different analytical methods, of which one is a new proposal, and two FE calculation methods are compared with each other with regard to accuracy. Several different non-overlap winding PM machines are evaluated in order to obtain a valid comparison. The motivation for the specic choice of machines is due to lab test results being available for them at the time. This ensures that the results obtained from this study are realistic.

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TABLE I: Dimensions and Description of Different PM Machine Structures.

II. A NALYTICAL M ODELLING In this section the two analytical and the two FE methods used to calculate the end-winding inductance are explained. A description is also given of ve different non-overlap winding PM machine structures. A. PM Machines Investigated Table I gives some information on the ve different PM machines evaluated [1][4]. Fig. 1 shows the sections of the ve PM machines under consideration. Machines 1 to 4 are similar in size and power rating with different coil dimensions and winding congurations. For further characterisation of the different calculation methods Machine 5 which is a much larger direct-drive wind turbine generator, is also evaluated. All the machines makes use of non-overlap modular windings. Machines 1 and 2 make use of a single layer (SL) winding conguration where every alternate tooth is wound and Machines 3 to 5 use double layer (DL) windings where each tooth is wound. Also Machine 2 makes use of a solid bar winding with only one turn. Some of the coil and machine parameters given in Table I and necessary for the calculations, are the average coil radius rc , the coil width wc , the average tooth width wt and the height of the coil hc . The aspect ratio, as commonly used in electrical machine sizing and given in Table I, is the ratio of the axial stack length l to the air gap diameter Dag of the machine. From Table I and Fig. 1 it is, thus, evident that several different non-overlap winding shapes and sizes are modelled with different winding congurations. This will give a good indication on the consistency of the end-winding calculation methods investigated in this paper.

Machine rc (mm) Aspect wt (mm) wc (mm) hc (mm) Winding Nc q na

1 285.0 0.160 22.63 18.00 48.90 SL 400 8 8

2 277.1 0.102 26.97 12.00 47.28 SL 1 8 8

3 277.4 0.102 18.81 17.50 25.90 DL 230 8 8

4 293.5 0.170 21.50 8.500 27.00 DL 180 8 8

5 1150 0.107 43.77 24.90 73.38 DL 26 25 5

sides of the stack are combined to form the circular coil. Because the calculation method used is for circular coils, it needs to be assumed that the end-coil sides of all the machines in Table I are circular in shape. From the dimensions of the circular coil the per phase end-winding inductance can be expressed from [11] as Le(1) = 1.9739 n2 a 2a2 b
2 Nc qK,

(H)

(1)

with na the number of parallel circuits, Nc the number of turns per coil and q the number of coils per phase. The constant K is given by K = k1 k2 , (2) with k1 and k2 given in the Appendix as a function of the dimensional variables a, b and c. These variables are given as a = 0.5le , with the average end-length given as le = wt +wc , b = hc and c = wc .

Fig. 2: (a) Top view of coil, (b) combination of two end-coil sections into one circular coil and (c) cut through section of circular coil.

C. Second Analytical Calculation

Fig. 1: PM machine structures used in this study with (a) Machine 1 [1], (b) Machine 2 [2], (c) Machine 3 [2], (d) Machine 4 [3] and (e) Machine 5 [4].

B. First Analytical Calculation The rst analytical equation presented in this paper makes use of the elementary method of combining the two end-coil sections forming a circular coil in air, as is used in [9] and [10]. To calculate the inductance, the formula for a circular air-cored coil with rectangular cross section given in [11] is used. Fig. 2 shows how the two end-winding sides on both

In this approach the effect of the lamination stack on the end-winding inductance is taken into account by means of the theory in [13]. In this case the per length inductance is calculated of a large circular coil shown in Fig. 3(c) that has Nc turns and is placed against a laminated core as shown in the cut through section of Fig. 3(a). It is experimentally proved by [13] that the laminated core can be taken as a medium of innite permeability in the calculation of the inductance of the coil at rated frequency; the idea that the induced eddy currents in the laminations due to the axial end-winding ux prevent the end-winding ux

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from penetrating the core is found to be untrue in [13]. According to the mirror-image principle the core plane of innite permeability can be removed and replaced by the mirror-image of the circuit, i.e. by means of a second coil in air and placed as shown in Fig. 3(b). The circuits of Fig. 3(a) and (b), thus, generate the same amount of ux and have the same ux pattern. If the two coils of Fig. 3(b) are considered as one coil with Nc turns and double the current to generate the same ux, then the inductance of the coil in Fig. 3(a) will be double the inductance of the coil in Fig. 3(b), i.e. La = 2Lb . The inductance Lb of the coil in air of Fig. 3(b) can be calculated by using the formula as given by (1). To calculate the per length inductance [see Fig. 3(c)] the formula of (1) must be multiplied by the factor le /2a. Furthermore, to include the inductance of the other half of the end-winding the formula must be further multiplied by a factor two. Hence, the per phase end-winding inductance in the second analytical method is calculated by Le(2) = 2 1.9739 2a2 le 2 2a n2 b a 1.257 2a 2 = le Nc qK. (H) n2 b a
2 Nc qK

the current direction of the end-winding section wc + 2lg assumed perpendicular to the current owing in the endwinding section wt + wc it would normally be assumed that this extra end-winding section is not affected by the lamination stack. From FE observations it was , however, found that even for this end-winding section the lamination stack does have an effect. For this particular study it was found that for coils with lg < 2.5 mm the effect of the stack on this section can make a substantial contribution to the overall end-winding result. For coils with lg > 2.5 mm the observed effect of the lamination stack is not as critical for this particular end-winding section, and it is sufcient to assume that this extra section is solely inuenced by air. Thus, a third analytical approach is taken with Le(2) (le =wt +2wc +2lg ,b=2wc ) forlg < 2.5 mm, Le(3) = {Le(1) (le =wc +2lg ,b=wc ) + Le(2) (le =wt +wc ,b=2wc ) } for lg > 2.5 mm, (4) and with a = rc and c = hc . III. FE-M ODELLING To shed more light on the accuracy of the analytical methods, use is made of FE-analysis to calculate the inductances. Both 2D and 3D FE analysis are employed. A. 2D FE Modelling Fig. 4 shows the 2D-FE models for three of the machines given in Table I. In these models no end-effects are taken into account. To obtain a 2D result for the end-winding inductance a simple 2D-FE method as proposed in [19] is used. This simplied FE model is shown in Fig. 5 for Machine-1. A conductor with dimensions of wc hc and model depth le is placed next to half of the rotor and stator stack as shown in Fig 5(a). This conductor is dened as a coil and excited with the rated machine current. From this the ux linkage and inductance are determined, which requires only one static FE solution to solve.

(3)

In the case of (3), a = rc , b = 2wc and c = hc (slot height). At this point it is very important to specify the correct end-winding length as will be seen in Section IV-B. In (1) and Fig. 3(c) it is approximated as le = wt + wc . However, observing Fig. 3(d) it is seen that the actual endwinding length is closer to le = wt + 2wc + 2lg , with lg the distance of the end-winding from the lamination stack. With

Fig. 4: 2D-FE models and eld plots of (a) Machine 1, (b) Machine 2 and (c) Machine 3.

B. 3D-FE Modelling Fig. 6 shows the 3D-FE plot of Machine 1. To determine the end-winding inductance of the PM machine the 2D total per phase inductance is subtracted from the 3D total per phase inductance. To eliminate the permanent magnet endwinding leakage ux linkage and to simplify the calculation, the permanent magnets are switched of in this analysis. This will obviously change the magnetic saturation levels of the core, but it will have little effect on the end-winding

Fig. 3: (a) Cross section of coil ring with dimensions hc wc on laminations and (b) cross section of coil ring with dimensions hc 2wc in air. (c) Coil ring with radius rc used for analytical calculation number two. (d) Actual end-winding path length.

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the results from FE-analysis. In the second section the calculation results for all the discussed analytical and FE methods applied to the different PM machines topologies are explained. A. Verication of Formulas To validate the calculation method of [11], the inductance values using (1) and the inductance values using 3D-FE analysis of the end-winding circular coils in air of the ve PM machines under consideration, are given in Table II. The results seem fairly consistent with an average accuracy of 7.18% obtained for the ve cases. This veries that the formulae of [11] can be used. The next step is to validate the method of images with FE analysis. This is done by rst dening a coil with dimensions hc wc and Nc turns next to a medium of innite permeability as in Fig. 3(a). Next a second coil as in Fig. 3(b) is dened with dimensions hc 2wc and also Nc turns, with the coil in this case surrounded only by air. Both coils are excited with current and the FE calculated inductance for both coils is shown in Table III. From Table III it is clear that La = 2Lb , which validates the method of images as used in this paper. B. Inductance Calculations In Table IV the calculated end-winding inductances of the ve PM machines are given using the two analytical and two FE analysis methods. From this it is clear that the effect of the lamination core cannot be ignored, as the inductance values of the rst analytical method are far less than the values obtained from the other methods. The inductance values obtained from the 2D-FE method are also shown to be a bit on the low side. The importance of specifying the correct value for le is also clearly seen by comparing the results of Le(2) with le = wt + wc for all cases and Le(3) with le as dened in (4). It is shown that Le(3) as in (4) gives the best inductance values compared to the values of the 3D-FE method given in Table IV of the ve PM machines, especially for the single layer windings. To verify that the results obtained from the FE package, Magnet from Infolytica (3D-FE1), are realistic, a second FE package, JMAG from JSOL (3D-FE2) is also used to calculated Le for Machine 1. To shed some more light on the results of Table IV, Table V gives the percentage mutual phase cross-coupling (Mc ) inductance component for the end-windings of the ve machines. It is clearly seen that the double layer windings are much more affected by mutual phase cross-coupling, with a substantial percentage increase in Le observed. These effects are also less for Machine 3 compared to Machine 4 and Machine 5, which also use a double layer winding. The reason is that the two double layer coils of Machine 3 are stacked on top of one another instead of being adjacent as is the cases for Machine 4 and Machine 5. For a generalised approach to calculate the end-winding inductance more accurately a mutual phase cross-coupling factor KM is calculated from the average values of Mc in Table V. To take Mc into account (4) should be changed to KM Le(3) with KM 1.02 for single layer windings, which is almost negligible, and KM 1.1 for double layer windings. The new values calculated for Le are shown in Table V. A much better match is obtained between the values

Fig. 5: (a) Model and (b) eld plot of the 2D-FE end-winding calculation method.

inductance as the reluctance of the end-winding ux-path is almost entirely dominated by air. In both the 2D and 3D-FE solutions balanced instantaneous phase currents are used to include the mutual ux linkage between the phase windings. The total phase inductance is determined simply from the total phase ux linkage divided by the instantaneous phase current, i.e. for phase A, L = a /ia . In this calculation, thus, one 2D static FE solution and one 3D static FE solution are required. This is the most accurate method to calculate the end-winding inductance as the correct shape of the end-coils as well as the permeable mediums around the end-coils, are taken into account. To investigate the effect of the mutual ux coupling between the phase end-windings, the above FE calculations are repeated but with only one phase excited.

Fig. 6: 3D-FE eld plot of Machine 1. TABLE II: Verication of the calculation results in [11] with 3D-FE. Machine 1 (mH) 2 (nH) 3 (mH) 4 (mH) 5 (H) Analytical-1 [11] 0.340 2.994 0.259 0.135 21.45 3D-FE1 0.310 2.823 0.242 0.125 19.94 % Error 8.82 6.06 6.56 7.41 7.04

TABLE III: Verication of the method of images by means of FE. Coil a b Dimensions and turns hc wc , Nc turns hc 2wc , Nc turns Current Ia 2Ia La /Lb Inductance, L (mH) 1.996 0.994 2.008

IV. C ALCULATION R ESULTS The explanation of the calculated results in this section is divided into two sub-sections. In the rst section the accuracy of the formulas from literature are evaluated against

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of the analytical expression of KM Le(3) and the values from the 3D-FE analysis for the ve different non-overlap winding PM machines. From Table V an average error of only 2.3 % is observed.
TABLE IV: End-winding inductance results calculated analytically and by FE. Machine 1 (mH) 2 (nH) 3 (mH) 4 (mH) 5 (H) Le(1) 0.340 2.994 0.259 0.135 21.45 Le(2) 1.814 10.24 1.199 0.681 108.6 Le(3) 2.800 16.80 1.613 0.817 135.2 2D-FE 1.414 9.641 0.962 0.512 100.5 3D-FE1 2.904 17.76 1.773 0.922 155.5 3D-FE2 2.363 -

if the region above rated torque and current is observed with Irated = 23A for Machine 1 and Trated = 1000 Nm for both machines. Initial observations indicate that if the level of saturation of the machines are varied, by for instance slightly varying the PM strength and yoke heights, the FE predicted and measured values match much better. A different level of saturation than expected can impose signicant changes in the inductance of PM machines as reported in [20] and [21].

TABLE V: Effects of mutual phase cross-coupling on Le . Machine 1 (mH) 2 (nH) 3 (mH) 4 (mH) 5 (H) Mc 1.73% 1.65% 5.92% 16.8% 10.9% KM 1.02 1.02 1.11 1.11 1.11 Le(3)Mc =0 2.856 17.14 1.790 0.907 150.1 %Error 1.68% 3.58% 0.95% 1.65% 3.60%

Table VI shows the percentage change in Le due to all the permeable mediums, excluding the stator stack, close to the end-windings for Machine 1. The mediums given in Table VI are typical for direct-drive PM wind generators. The turbine mounting plate can have an especially large inuence if it is mounted in close proximity to the end-windings. Thus, if it is deemed necessary due to the mechanical topology of the generator, Le(3) can be multiplied by another generalised factor of Kp = 1.1, to take the approximated 10 % contribution of the permeable construction mediums into account.
TABLE VI: Effect of permeable construction mediums on Le . Permeable medium PM rotor yoke Turbine mounting plate Stator mounting %Change 4.43 9.27 0.21 in Le % % %

Fig. 7: Measured and FE predicted short-circuit current proles of Machine 1, with Le = 0 and Le = Le(3)Mc =0 versus rotor speed.

Fig. 8: Measured and FE predicted short-circuit torque proles of Machine 1, with Le = 0 and Le = Le(3)Mc =0 versus rotor speed.

V. PM M ACHINE P ERFORMANCE R ESULTS In this section some performance results of machines 1 and 3 of Table I are presented. The aim is to show the effect of Le on the short-circuit characteristics of the machines. Figs. 7 and 8 show the short-circuit torque and current proles of Machine 1 versus rotor speed with the nominal speed 150 r/min. The torque is presented here due to the importance of electromagnetic braking in PM wind generators. The maximum torque is governed by the per phase inductance of the machine, and the initial gradient of the torque curve at low speed is mostly dominated by the per phase machine resistance. The effect of ignoring Le can be seen clearly. The effect is also much more profound for Machine 3 as shown in Fig. 9. This can be explained as due to the much smaller aspect ratio for this machine as shown in Table I, with the end-winding inductance, thus, having a much larger effect in this case. Fig. 10 shows the FE calculated and measured per phase inductance of Machine 1 calculated by means of open-circuit and short-circuit tests. The contribution of Le to the overall per phase inductance is very clear. Even though the end-winding inductance is taken into account, Figs. 7-10 still indicate a slight difference between the FE predicted and measured values. This is especially clear

Fig. 9: Measured and FE predicted short-circuit torque proles of Machine 3, with Le = 0 and Le = Le(3)Mc =0 versus rotor speed.

VI. C ONCLUSIONS Due to the end-windings of non overlap winding PM machines being relatively short as opposed to those of conventional overlap windings, this inductance component is generally ignored. However, it is shown in this study that the end-winding inductance of non overlap winding PM machines cannot be ignored in the analysis. This is especially true for PM machines with low aspect ratios. It is furthermore shown that commonly-used methods that ignore the effect of the laminated core in the calculation of the end-winding inductance of non overlap winding PM

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rst three terms in (5) will yield an accuracy of 0.001. The value of k2 can be found in Table VII as a function of c/b and c/2a or in Table VIII as a function of b/c and c/2a as given in [11], with a, b and c again as used in (1), (3) and (4). If c/b 1 Table VII is to be used and if b/c 1 Table VIII is to be used. R EFERENCES
[1] J. H. J. Potgieter and M. J. Kamper, Torque and voltage quality in design optimisation of low cost non-overlap single layer winding permanent magnet wind generator, IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 59, no. 5, pp. 21472156, 2012. [2] , Design of new concept gearless direct-grid connected slipsynchronous permanent magnet wind generator, IEEE Trans. on Industrial Applications, vol. 48, no. 3, pp. 913922, 2012. [3] J. H. van Wijk, Analysis and design of a double-sided rotor ironcored radial ux permanent magnet synchronous wind turbine generator, Masters thesis, University of Stellenbosch, Stellenbosch, South Africa, 2012. [4] M. J. Kamper, Development and test results of South Africas rst 300 kW permanent magnet direct drive grid connected wind generator system, presented at the 18th Southern African Universities Power Engineering Conference, Stellenbosch, South Africa, 2009.

[5] S. Ruoho, Modelling demagnetization of sintered NdFeB magnet material in time-discretized nite element analysis, Ph.D. dissertation, Aalto University, Finland, 2011. [6] P. Yankov, A. Van den Bossche, and V. Valchev, Successive resistive braking circuit for permanent magnet wind turbine generators, in Proc. 14th International Power Electronics and Motion Control Conference, EPE-PEMC 2010, Ohrid, Republic of Macedonia, 2010. [7] M. F. Hsieh, Y. C. Hsu, D. G. Dorell, and K. H. Hu, Investigation on end winding inductance in motor stator windings, IEEE Trans. on Magnetics, vol. 43, no. 6, pp. 25132515, 2007. [8] A. El-Refaie, Z. Zhu, T. Jahns, and D. Howe, Winding inductances of fractional slot surface-mounted permanent magnet brushless machines, in Proc. Industry Applications Society Annual Meeting, 2008. IAS 08. IEEE, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, 2008. Fig. 10: Measured and FE predicted per phase inductance of Machine 1, [9] T. Cox, F. Eastham, and J. Proverbs, End turn leakage reactance of calculated by means of the open-circuit and short-circuit tests with Le = 0 concentrated modular winding stators, IEEE Trans. on Magnetics, and Le = Le(3)Mc =0 versus rotor speed. vol. 44, no. 11, pp. 40574061, 2008. [10] A. J. Rix, Design, comparison and experimental evaluation of nonoverlap winding radial ux permanent magnet hub drives for electric vehicles, Ph.D. dissertation, University of Stellenbosch, Stellenbosch, machines are not valid. In this paper a new analytical South Africa, 2011. approach in calculating the end-winding inductance of non [11] F. W. Grover, Inductance calculations: Working formulas and tables, overlap winding PM machines, is presented. This calculation 1st ed. Dover Publications, New York USA, 1946. method takes the iron core into account by means of mirror- [12] P. J. Lawrenson, Calculation of machine end-winding inductances with special reference to turbogenerators, PROC. IEE, vol. 117, no. 6, images. The effect of the distance of the end-winding from pp. 11291134, 1970. the stack is also shown and incorporated in the analytical [13] M. J. Kamper and F. S. van der Merwe, Inuence of laminations on axially directed ux in induction motors, in Proc. International expression. The calculation is furthermore adapted by means Conference on Electrical Machines (ICEM88), Pisa, Italy, 1988. of average factors to take the mutual phase cross-coupling [14] D. Zarko, D. Ban, and R. Klari , Finite element approach to c inductance component and the effect of constructional percalculation of parameters of an interior permanent magnet motor, AUTOMATIKA, vol. 46, no. 3-4, pp. 113122, 2005. meable mediums, if present, into account. This calculation formula is shown to give consistently good results compared [15] A. Tounzi, T. Henneron, Y. Le Menach, R. Askour, E. Dumetz, and P. F., 3-D Approaches to determine the end winding inductances to 3D-FE analysis for a series of non overlap winding PM of a permanent magnet linear synchronous motor, IEEE Trans. on Magnetics, vol. 40, no. 2, pp. 758761, 2004. wind generators. The advantage is that this end-winding inductance formula can be used with good accuracy in fast [16] R. Lin and A. Arkkio, Calculation and analysis of stator endwinding leakage inductance of an induction machine, IEEE Trans. 2D-FE design optimisations of non overlap winding PM on Magnetics, vol. 45, no. 4, pp. 20092014, 2009. [17] O. Chiver, L. Petrean, L. Neamt, and Z. Erdei, Study regarding end machines. winding inductance of three phase a.c. windings in a single layer, in VII. A PPENDIX Proc. Int. Conf. on ENERGY and ENVIRONMENT TECHNOLOGIES and EQUIPMENT, Bucharest, Romania, 2010. Discussed below are the procedures to obtain the values [18] T. Tudorache, O. Craiu, A. Machedon, M. Morega, and P. M., Unk1 and k2 . These procedures are to be used in conjunction certainty analysis in the evaluation of pmsm end-winding inductance, in Proc. The 7th international symposium on ADVANCED TOPICS with (1), (3) and (4). For the calculation of k1 the following IN ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING, Bucharest, Romania, 2011. series formula as given in [11] can be used with [19] R. De Weerdt and R. Belmans, Squirrel cage induction motor end effects using 2-D and 3-D nite elements, in Proc. 7th international 1 1 4 4 2 2 conference on Electrical Machines and Drives, Durham, USA, 1995. k1 = loge + loge + [20] Z. Cheng, N. Takahashi, B. Forghani, Y. Du, F. Y., and H. Wang, 2 8 8 Effect of variation of B-H properties on loss and ux inside silicon 2 109 4 4 2 2 5 6 steel lamination, IEEE Trans. on Magnetics, vol. 47, no. 5, pp. 1346 .. , (5) loge + loge 1349, 2011. 64 3 1024 120 [21] Y. Wang, J. Zhu, S. Wang, Y. Guo, and W. X., Nonlinear magnetic where = b/2a, with a and b as used in (1), (3) and (4). model of surface mounted PM machines incorporating saturation saliency, IEEE Trans. on Magnetics, vol. 45, no. 10, pp. 46844687, It is stated in [11] that for values of as large as 1/4, the 2009.

VIII. B IOGRAPHIES
Johannes H. J. Potgieter (S10) was born in Oudtshoorn, South Africa, in March 1985. He received the B.Eng. and M.Sc. (Eng.) degrees in electrical and electronic engineering from the University of Stellenbosch, Matieland, South Africa in 2008 and 2011 respectively. He is currently working towards the completion of the Ph.D. (Eng.) degree at the Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering at the University of Stellenbosch. His current research focuses on wind power generation solutions and the optimising of permanent magnet machine technologies, including computer-aided design. Maarten J. Kamper (SM2008) received the M.Sc. (Eng.) degree in 1987 and the Ph.D. (Eng.) degree in 1996 both from the University of Stellenbosch, Stellenbosch, South Africa. He has been with the academic staff of the Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University of Stellenbosch, since 1989, where he is currently a Professor of electrical machines and drives. His research interests include computer-aided design and control of reluctance, permanent magnet and induction machine drives. Prof. Kamper is a South African National Research Foundation Supported Scientist and a Registered Professional Engineer in South Africa.

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TABLE VII: Values for k2 as a function of c/b, and c/2a.

c/b 0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35 0.40 0.45 0.50 0.55 0.60 0.65 0.70 0.75 0.80 0.85 0.90 0.95 1.00 0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35 0.40 0.45 0.50 0.55 0.60 0.65 0.70 0.75 0.80 0.85 0.90 0.95 1.00 0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35 0.40 0.45 0.50 0.55 0.60 0.65 0.70 0.75 0.80 0.85 0.90 0.95 1.00 0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35 0.40 0.45 0.50 0.55 0.60 0.65 0.70 0.75 0.80 0.85 0.90 0.95 1.00 0.05 0.0325 0.0316 0.0308 0.0300 0.0293 0.0286 0.0280 0.0274 0.0269 0.0264 0.0259 0.0254 0.0250 0.0246 0.0242 0.0238 0.0234 0.0230 0.0227 0.0224 0.0221 0.30 0.1700 0.1687 0.1671 0.1651 0.1630 0.1607 0.1583 0.1558 0.1533 0.1510 0.1487 0.1464 0.1442 0.1421 0.1400 0.1380 0.1360 0.1341 0.1323 0.1305 0.1288 0.55 0.2658 0.2655 0.2648 0.2636 0.2621 0.2603 0.2582 0.2559 0.2535 0.2509 0.2483 0.2456 0.2428 0.2400 0.2373 0.2346 0.2320 0.2294 0.2268 0.2242 0.2217 0.80 0.3200 0.3213 0.3221 0.3225 0.3225 0.3221 0.3213 0.3202 0.3189 0.3173 0.3156 0.3137 0.3116 0.3093 0.3070 0.3046 0.3022 0.2998 0.2973 0.2949 0.2929 0.10 0.0633 0.0621 0.0608 0.0594 0.0581 0.0569 0.0557 0.0546 0.0535 0.0525 0.0516 0.0507 0.0498 0.0490 0.0482 0.0474 0.0467 0.0460 0.0453 0.0447 0.0441 0.35 0.1925 0.1913 0.1898 0.1879 0.1858 0.1835 0.1810 0.1785 0.1759 0.1732 0.1706 0.1682 0.1658 0.1635 0.1613 0.1591 0.1569 0.1548 0.1527 0.1507 0.1489 0.60 0.2800 0.2800 0.2795 0.2786 0.2773 0.2758 0.2739 0.2718 0.2695 0.2671 0.2645 0.2619 0.2592 0.2564 0.2536 0.2509 0.2483 0.2456 0.2430 0.2404 0.2378 0.85 0.3258 0.3275 0.3287 0.3294 0.3298 0.3298 0.3294 0.3286 0.3276 0.3263 0.3248 0.3231 0.3213 0.3192 0.3171 0.3149 0.3126 0.3103 0.3079 0.3055 0.3031 c/2a 0.15 0.0925 0.0911 0.0896 0.0879 0.0861 0.0843 0.0826 0.0810 0.0796 0.0782 0.0769 0.0755 0.0742 0.0730 0.0719 0.0708 0.0697 0.0687 0.0677 0.0667 0.0658 0.40 0.2133 0.2123 0.2109 0.2091 0.2071 0.2048 0.2024 0.1999 0.1973 0.1945 0.1916 0.1890 0.1866 0.1842 0.1818 0.1794 0.1770 0.1747 0.1725 0.1704 0.1683 0.65 0.2925 0.2928 0.2926 0.2920 0.2910 0.2897 0.2881 0.2862 0.2841 0.2818 0.2794 0.2769 0.2743 0.2716 0.2689 0.2662 0.2636 0.2609 0.2582 0.2556 0.2530 0.90 0.3300 0.3321 0.3337 0.3349 0.3356 0.3359 0.3359 0.3355 0.3347 0.3337 0.3326 0.3311 0.3295 0.3277 0.3258 0.3238 0.3217 0.3195 0.3172 0.3149 0.3126 0.20 0.1200 0.1186 0.1170 0.1151 0.1131 0.1109 0.1085 0.1069 0.1051 0.1033 0.1016 0.0999 0.0982 0.0966 0.0952 0.0937 0.0923 0.0910 0.0897 0.0884 0.0872 0.45 0.2325 0.2317 0.2304 0.2288 0.2270 0.2248 0.2224 0.2199 0.2174 0.2146 0.2118 0.2091 0.2065 0.2039 0.2014 0.1988 0.1963 0.1939 0.1915 0.1892 0.1869 0.70 0.3033 0.3040 0.3040 0.3037 0.3031 0.3021 0.3007 0.2991 0.2972 0.2951 0.2929 0.2906 0.2881 0.2856 0.2830 0.2804 0.2777 0.2750 0.2724 0.2698 0.2672 0.95 0.3325 0.3351 0.3371 0.3386 0.3397 0.3404 0.3408 0.3407 0.3403 0.3397 0.3389 0.3377 0.3363 0.3348 0.3331 0.3313 0.3294 0.3274 0.3253 0.3231 0.3209 0.25 0.1458 0.1445 0.1428 0.1409 0.1388 0.1365 0.1342 0.1319 0.1297 0.1276 0.1256 0.1236 0.1216 0.1197 0.1179 0.1161 0.1144 0.1128 0.1113 0.1097 0.1082 0.50 0.2500 0.2494 0.2484 0.2470 0.2453 0.2432 0.2410 0.2386 0.2361 0.2335 0.2308 0.2280 0.2252 0.2225 0.2199 0.2173 0.2147 0.2121 0.2096 0.2071 0.2047 0.75 0.3125 0.3135 0.3138 0.3139 0.3136 0.3129 0.3118 0.3104 0.3088 0.3070 0.3050 0.3028 0.3005 0.2981 0.2957 0.2932 0.2906 0.2880 0.2855 0.2829 0.2804 1.00 0.3333 0.3363 0.3388 0.3408 0.3423 0.3434 0.3441 0.3445 0.3445 0.3442 0.3436 0.3428 0.3417 0.3404 0.3390 0.3375 0.3358 0.3340 0.3321 0.3301 0.3281 c/b 0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35 0.40 0.45 0.50 0.55 0.60 0.65 0.70 0.75 0.80 0.85 0.90 0.95 1.00 0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35 0.40 0.45 0.50 0.55 0.60 0.65 0.70 0.75 0.80 0.85 0.90 0.95 1.00 0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35 0.40 0.45 0.50 0.55 0.60 0.65 0.70 0.75 0.80 0.85 0.90 0.95 1.00 0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35 0.40 0.45 0.50 0.55 0.60 0.65 0.70 0.75 0.80 0.85 0.90 0.95 1.00

TABLE VIII: Values for k2 as a function of b/c, and c/2a.

b/c 0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35 0.40 0.45 0.50 0.55 0.60 0.65 0.70 0.75 0.80 0.85 0.90 0.95 1.00 0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35 0.40 0.45 0.50 0.55 0.60 0.65 0.70 0.75 0.80 0.85 0.90 0.95 1.00 0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35 0.40 0.45 0.50 0.55 0.60 0.65 0.70 0.75 0.80 0.85 0.90 0.95 1.00 0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35 0.40 0.45 0.50 0.55 0.60 0.65 0.70 0.75 0.80 0.85 0.90 0.95 1.00 0.05 0.0000 0.0045 0.0077 0.0098 0.0114 0.0128 0.0140 0.0151 0.0160 0.0168 0.0175 0.0182 0.0188 0.0193 0.0198 0.0203 0.0207 0.0211 0.0215 0.0218 0.0221 0.30 0.0000 0.0269 0.0453 0.0576 0.0677 0.0759 0.0829 0.0889 0.0942 0.0988 0.1030 0.1068 0.1102 0.1132 0.1160 0.1186 0.1210 0.1232 0.1252 0.1271 0.1288 0.55 0.0000 0.0484 0.0816 0.1023 0.1208 0.1350 0.1471 0.1574 0.1663 0.1742 0.1811 0.1872 0.1927 0.1977 0.2022 0.2062 0.2098 0.2132 0.2163 0.2191 0.2217 0.80 0.0000 0.0692 0.1149 0.1447 0.1684 0.1874 0.2032 0.2166 0.2279 0.2377 0.2462 0.2536 0.2601 0.2659 0.2710 0.2755 0.2796 0.2833 0.2866 0.2896 0.2924 0.10 0.0000 0.0090 0.0153 0.0194 0.0228 0.0256 0.0280 0.0301 0.0319 0.0335 0.0349 0.0362 0.0374 0.0385 0.0395 0.0404 0.0413 0.0421 0.0428 0.0435 0.0441 0.35 0.0000 0.0314 0.0527 0.0669 0.0786 0.0881 0.0962 0.1031 0.1092 0.1146 0.1194 0.1237 0.1276 0.1311 0.1343 0.1373 0.1400 0.1424 0.1447 0.1469 0.1489 0.60 0.0000 0.0529 0.0885 0.1120 0.1308 0.1460 0.1590 0.1701 0.1796 0.1880 0.1953 0.2018 0.2076 0.2128 0.2175 0.2217 0.2255 0.2291 0.2323 0.2352 0.2378 0.85 0.0000 0.0730 0.1211 0.1523 0.1771 0.1968 0.2132 0.2269 02384 0.2484 0.2571 0.2645 0.2712 0.2770 0.2821 0.2866 0.2907 0.2943 0.2976 0.3005 0.3031 c/2a 0.15 0.0000 0.0134 0.0229 0.0291 0.0341 0.0383 0.0419 0.0451 0.0478 0.0501 0.0522 0.0541 0.0559 0.0576 0.0591 0.0605 0.0617 0.0629 0.0639 0.0649 0.0658 0.40 0.0000 0.0359 0.0601 0.0763 0.0894 0.1001 0.1093 0.1172 0.1240 0.1300 0.1354 0.1403 0.1446 0.1485 0.1521 0.1554 0.1584 0.1611 0.1637 0.1661 0.1683 0.65 0.0000 0.0572 0.0953 0.1204 0.1406 0.1568 0.1706 0.1823 0.1924 0.2012 0.2089 0.2157 0.2218 0.2272 0.2321 0.2365 0.2404 0.2440 0.2473 0.2503 0.2530 0.90 0.0000 0.0767 0.1272 0.1597 0.1854 0.2058 0.2226 0.2366 0.2484 0.2585 0.2672 0.2748 0.2814 0.2872 0.2923 0.2968 0.3007 0.3042 0.3074 0.3102 0.3126 0.20 0.0000 0.0178 0.0304 0.0387 0.0454 0.0510 0.0557 0.0598 0.0634 0.0666 0.0694 0.0720 0.0743 0.0764 0.0784 0.0802 0.0818 0.0833 0.0847 0.0860 0.0872 0.45 0.0000 0.0398 0.0674 0.0855 0.1000 0.1120 0.1221 0.1309 0.1385 0.1452 0.1511 0.1563 0.1611 0.1655 0.1694 0.1729 0.1762 0.1792 0.1820 0.1846 0.1869 0.70 0.0000 0.0613 0.1020 0.1287 0.1501 0.1673 0.1819 0.1942 0.2048 0.2140 0.2220 0.2291 0.2354 0.2409 0.2459 0.2504 0.2544 0.2581 0.2614 0.2644 0.2672 0.95 0.0000 0.0803 0.1331 0.1668 0.1933 0.2142 0.2315 0.2458 0.2577 0.2679 0.2766 0.2842 0.2907 0.2964 0.3014 0.3058 0.3096 0.3130 0.3160 0.3186 0.3209 0.25 0.0000 0.0226 0.0379 0.0482 0.0566 0.0635 0.0694 0.0745 0.0789 0.0828 0.0863 0.0895 0.0924 0.0950 0.0974 0.0996 0.1016 0.1035 0.1052 0.1068 0.1082 0.50 0.0000 0.0436 0.0745 0.0944 0.1105 0.1237 0.1347 0.1443 0.1526 0.1599 0.1663 0.1720 0.1772 0.1819 0.1861 0.1899 0.1934 0.1966 0.1995 0.2022 0.2047 0.75 0.0000 0.0653 0.1085 0.1368 0.1594 0.1775 0.1928 0.2057 0.2167 0.2262 0.2345 0.2418 0.2482 0.2539 0.2589 0.2634 0.2675 0.2712 0.2745 0.2776 0.2804 1.00 0.0000 0.0839 0.1388 0.1736 0.2009 0.2224 0.2399 0.2544 0.2664 0.2766 0.2852 0.2926 0.2990 0.3046 0.3095 0.3137 0.3174 0.3206 0.3234 0.3259 0.3281 b/c 0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35 0.40 0.45 0.50 0.55 0.60 0.65 0.70 0.75 0.80 0.85 0.90 0.95 1.00 0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35 0.40 0.45 0.50 0.55 0.60 0.65 0.70 0.75 0.80 0.85 0.90 0.95 1.00 0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35 0.40 0.45 0.50 0.55 0.60 0.65 0.70 0.75 0.80 0.85 0.90 0.95 1.00 0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35 0.40 0.45 0.50 0.55 0.60 0.65 0.70 0.75 0.80 0.85 0.90 0.95 1.00

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