Chapter 7 Acids and Bases

Most of materials are from the textbook Chemistry for Changing Times 10th edition Hill/Kolb, unless otherwise stated.

Ionization
When a compound breaks apart in aqueous solution HCl(aq) H+(aq) + Cl(aq) NaOH(aq) Common property of both acids and bases Also occurs with some salts NaCl (s)

Acid Causes litmus indicator dye to turn red Tastes sour Dissolves active metals to produce H2 Reacts with bases to produce water and salt

Base Causes litmus indicator dye to turn blue Tastes bitter Feels slippery on skin Reacts with acids to form water and salt

Common Acids and Common Bases

Acids

Bases

Arrhenius Theory of Acids and Bases Acid: molecular substance that breaks up in aqueous solution into H+ and anions H+ : hydrogen ions or protons (Ex) -HNO3(aq) H+(aq) + NO3(aq) -

Arrhenius Theory of Bases

Base: releases OH ions in aqueous solution OH : hydroxide (Ex) -NaOH(aq) Na+(aq) + OH(aq) -

Limitations of Arrhenius Theory

H+ does not exist in solution More likely to find H+ attached to H2O H3O+ NH3 is a base Does not contain OH

BrnstedLowry AcidBase Theory

Acid: proton (H+) donor HCl + NH3 NH4+ + Cl HCl donates a H+ to NH3 H+ does not exist by itself (ex)

BrnstedLowry AcidBase Theory

Bases: accept a proton H2O + NH3 NH4+ + OH NH3 accepts a H+ from HCl (ex) -

Acidic Anhydrides
React with water to form acids Typically are nonmetal oxides CO2 + H2O SO2 + H2O

Basic Anhydrides
React with water to form bases (ex) O2- +H2O OH- +OH Typically are metal oxides CaO + H2O MgO + H2O

Strong and Weak Acids

Strong acid: acid completely reacts with water Completely ionizes in water Weak acid: acid reacts only slightly with water Partially ionizes in water Common strong acids: HCl, HNO3, H2SO4 Most other acids are weak acids

Strong and Weak Bases

Strong base: base completely ionizes in water Weak base: only slightly ionizes in water Common strong bases: NaOH and KOH True for most Group 1A and 2A hydroxides Common weak base: NH3

Amphiprotic
A substance that can either donate or accept a proton H2O most common amphiprotic substance Reacts with base: H2O + NH3 Reacts with acid: H2O + HCl

Neutralization
Reaction of an acid and a base Acid + base water + salt

(ex) - KOH(aq) + HNO3(aq) - NaOH(aq) + HCl(aq) - NH3(aq) + HCl(aq) - NH3(aq) + H2SO4(aq)

pH Scale
Typical values range from 0 to 14 pH = 7 : pH > 7 : pH < 7 :

pH in Common Solutions

pH Calculations
pH means to represent the concentration of H+ in solution pH = log [H+] Need to learn to convert an exponential value into a log value! pH: about [H+] pOH:about [OH]*In pure water at 25oC [H+] = [OH]- =1 x 10-7 moles/liter.

pH Calculations
Concentration of Acid (Molarity) = H+ moles/liter = [H+] 1 0.1 0.01 0.001 0.0001 0.00001 0.000001 2 0.2 0.02 100

pH = -log[H+]

2x100

Case studies
1. What is the pH of a solution that has a hydrogen ion Concentration of 1.0 x 10-5 M? 2. What is the hydrogen ion concentration of a solution That has a pH of 4?

Acid Rain
Normal rain: pH 5.66.5 Acid rain: pH < 5.6 Caused by acidic anhydrides released from burning fossil fuels Involves both air and water pollution

Stomach Acids
Stomach excretes HCl Aids digestion of food Hyperacidity: too much HCl Caused by emotional stress or overindulgence Remove excess acid using a base Principle behind antacids Too much base may give alkalosis

Antacids
1. May contain one or combination of the following bases NaHCO3 Baking soda Safe and effective Not recommended for people with high blood pressure 2. CaCO3 Effective Should not be used for long periods of time 3. Al(OH)3 Similar behavior to CaCO3 4. Mg(OH)2 milk of magnesia

Acids in Industry
H2SO4 Leading chemical product in U.S. Used to make fertilizers Found in car batteries HCl Muriatic acid Removes rust from metal Removes lime from fixtures

Bases in Industry
NaOH lye Found in household cleaners CaO Lime Used to make mortar and cement

Acids, Bases, and Health

Concentrated acids and bases are corrosive poisons May break down fabric or skin May release heat Strong acids break down proteins True for dilute solutions

Acids and Bases in the Body

Stomach acid Aids digestion Neutralized before entering rest of digestive system Blood Maintains narrow pH range Required for normal functioning of body