SPE

Sa=lJ of R?tfdaalt
Ers@wYe

SPE 15406 The Determination of Optimum Completion and Production Conditions for Sand-Free Oil Production
by J.M. Peden, Heriot Waft U., and A.A.M. Yassin, U. of Technology SPE Members Ma!aysia

Copyright 1986, LkMety of Petroleum Engineers This paper was prepared for presentation at the 61st Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition of the society of Petroleum Engineers held in NW Orfeans, LA October 6-6, 19S6. Tfsiapaper waa selected for presentation by an SPE Program Committee following review of information contained in an abslract submitted by the author(s). Contents of the paper, as presented, have not bean reviewed by the Society of Petroleum Engineers and are subject to correction by the author(a),The material, as presented, does not neceaaarily reflect any positionof the Scciety of Petroleum Engineers, its officers, or members. Papars presented at SPE meetings are subject to publication review by Editorial Committees of the Wtety of Patroleum Engineers. Permieeion to copy is reatrictad to an abstract of not more than S60 words. Illustrations may not be copied. The abstract ehould contain conspicuousacknowledgmentof where and bv whom the Daoer is Dreeented. Write Publication Manager, SPE, P.O. eox 633636, Richardson, TX 750S3-S6S6. latex, 7S0969 SPEDAL.

It iS iRlp(srttUltOIC the SeieCttsM OF Optf and the etiuat ion of conwletion condition optlsmm production oonditione to understand the factora contri3n5ting to end controlling sand production. Many factore rauqh ae the gecsm!try OE the perforation, the inherent formation strength and the effective-ratrees distribution in the vicinity of the perforation tunnel during production asuet be considered to determine the rate pomeible froas a given ~ sand free *11 . A prediction model hae been developed to predict sand ratability in friable formations from stress analyeee around a perforation tunnel. Failure or instability of the perforation tunnel wae tatudied in tenas of the conditions for failure initiation. The application of the model allossss evaluation of the optinsuttsompletion cheracterietics of c shot densaity and pattern, tunnel length and diasreter, and production condit lone, to achieve production rate. a meximum sand free The concept of a stability ratio 10 introduced +.0 predict the Legree of instability which can be anticipated under egn3cific production conditione.

potentially eerioue and ooetly protsleem uhich include I (a) production loaees cauaed by eand bridging in caeing, tubing and flcwlines~ (b) mchanical failure of caainge or linere resulting from the xwmoval of the surrounding fomtion due to ~ion and eroeion~ (c) and surfequi~nt) and ebraeion of dounhole Of the (d) the consequent handlitq and dim-l produced eand. In addition to theee proksleme, the weweotd pipe leak or eqbi~nt failure praeente aerioue eafety aml spill haaarde, es~ially in of fehore locatione. The ability to control eand production from theee friable eandstone reeervoire hae been rmaeumd by the success Oc ~ical eyeteaa and chemical proceseee which have been eaployed. However, well productivity 1ss eeverely reduced with each measure t*en to control eand production. consequent ly, there is still tremendous potential nt in for m~ eekecting the optiatum type of completion and evaluatt,sg the need remedial or for a coneoliclation trxaataumt on the bauis of a procesm Proper understanding of the wmanical of failure of the 8and atruoture around a affect the wllbore and the factore *ich astebilityof theee friable aandatone fornt lone. For a friable eandmtone reteervoir with eom degree of cementation between eand graine, the borehole will be cased, cemented and then perforated to allow coeafsunicat ion betuaen the fONtiOn the borehole. %15e perforation tunnele are stable tin the formation 18 initially perforated. a However, esQerience eta to the etebility of these tunneltaae a ~eult of the normal production of hydrocarbon fluidatfrout particular intereret in the fo-tion ie of determining eanding tendency.

Movement of naturally occurring eand particles from friable saandsteone reeervoira into the wellbore, ae the hydrocarbon fluids are produced, iu a major production problem facing the petroleum industry. Sand influx into a producing -11 can cause a variety of

CONDITIONS FOR sAND FREE oIJ-J RODUCTION P

*io
fme

paper diacuaaea the aaaemmmt of a sand in r81ation to the rate production ntabllitylinetab% lity of per foratioti tunnels in completion a friable fomation for a specific and production ccnditiona. lhe riteria whereby c the friable formation in the vicinity of the perforation tunnel wuld collapse resulting in the production of sand are established. mmc

PWWIUJS

In formations which do not strain harden such es SShdStOnSS , the failure hypctheeis cannot de~nd on the etreee since it la constant or lower than the streae at yieltllng throughout the yielded Sone . As a result the only parameter available for coneidetat ion is the strain. Failure under strain may be considered to occur ~never the otrain function reachem a critical value characteristic of the material. me Ooncept of crtt ical atrain in the plaetlc acne has been used by several investigators. In a finite meditm like the problemconsidered here, another failure criterion is soswtinms employed and that is the extent to which the plastic acne extends to one of the boundaries, i.e. the boundary repmasented by the midpoint distance lmtueen two ad@cent perforations If the plastic sones expand to reach tunnele. the aietance between adjacent midpoint perforations then instability or failure occurs by large de fomat ion or strain. ~ DESCRIPTI~

investigations have In t?e pest decade, several been made tc model production through the perforated WMbcre so that the maximum sand Vrfesen et ala free rate could be obtained. shwed axperiau?ntally that the effeotive radial load is the prfme factor governing the erosion of eimulateuf perforation tunnels whereas the erosional ef fact due to flow of gas inside the does not appreciably parforat ion tunnel using inflvence the stability of the tunnel. the findings of Vriezen et al, Anthennis et els formulated a failure criteria in terme of a limiting value of shear strain from theoretical consideration of stresm-etrain behavkur around Shiler mrk wee the perforation tunnel, per formal by Ncrdgren4 except he used the Initial yielding of the rode as a critericn to avoid sand production problem. From the foregoing literature review, the mdels proposed failed to take into consideration the effect of fluid production end related changes in the effective etrems distribution on the formation which UOU14 shift the fonmtion eventual fa.llurw toua.rds int3tabillty and mnce the subject of this paper seeke to provide en extension to previously published studies.
q

l%e geometry of the model Is as illustrated in It shows a horizontal perforation Figure 2. tunnel through a porous and ~rmable rock connected to a borehole with the ineide radius, Ri, the midpoint distance between two adjacent perforation tunnels, ~ and the perforation length, L. hxlal eynamtry around the tunnel is assumed and also the rock is assumed isotropic and homogeneous with the pores completely fIlled fluid . A plain Strain de fonbation with condit Ion 10 assumed. DSRIvATzm
Pm?mRATrON

of DQUATIONS FOR STRSSSES ~

luNNEL of

TSE

STRBILITY CCNSIDERXFKMS

FoR A ~RATED

USLL Elastic Tunnel State Stress Around a Perforation

of form fai.ura hypothesis SNst be scam postulated for the rock streeses in order to define the conditions of stress or strain at tiich instability cccure. Even though the failure procees maY very with the material, it is possible to classify the failure of solids from the macroscopic viewpoint into two broad categories, namely brittle and ductile es shown in Figure 1.

Condition for inital yielding of the rock or plastic behaviour around the the onset of perforation could tunnel be used as an of foamation stability. lhe indication criterion of initial yielding could prcvide a useful conservative first-order approximation of the actual solution against tunnel failure resulting in send production.
the mchanica of Very little is known about eleetic*lastLc failure. In elestic~leatic problems, small plastic sones are surrounded in meet cases by elastic zones. This is generally accompanied by a reduced strese concentration juzt beyond the elastic-plastic interface as corpared with the purely elastic stress state. <+

ltw production of oil, qee and/or water from en underground reeenroir results in a local change in the etrees and strain field in a porous. penaeeble material sur?xxmding the tunnel due to change in pore pressure. The general nwthod for solving the problea of etress in an elaat ic hollw cylinder equivalent to a tunnel can be found in standard textbooks. stress which define the The equations distribution for the case of elestlc de foraution are as follows:

Rzz Uv = u~ + (up - Upi) ( %2 )(1-=) - ~%2

%=

(1 - 2V) RL2 - (PO-P, M ~1-~= 2(1 - v) [Q2 F Rtz

r2

) tn%/RA 1

. . . . . . . . . . (1)

SPE 15406

J.M. PEDEN

&

ABU AZAM MD YASSIN

Ug

URO + (Upo

-ups) ( )
RoZ - R,z (1 - 2V) R22

R&z

%2 (1 + -) =Z

ae

PL + * a

(l+tn ;)++ 1

(2CN -*) a
. . ...6

(PO

Ps M

2(1 -V) [ %2 % 3 ---(an--l) r @o/RL

% (1 + -) - RL2 r=

(t+l)(::)=l] [

(4)

. . . . . . ...(2) I J

[f failure is expremed in terms of the limiting sons to the midpoi.~t extension Of the pMStiC dimtance bettmen perforatkens, the wndit ions for failure are obtained by finding R&% - 1.0 tram the equation. The equation for determining ~, the extent of the pliiatic wne is derived in Appendix 6. stress Distribution around with no Fluid Fa Perforation Tunnel

whether the material will fail or not depends on the diEEerence between the greatest and the smallest stress. TW difference between the stresses will be greatest at the tunnel surface as shown by Obe* and Duvalle. However, the sandstone can be elastic limit for a friable surpassed without actual failure7 and hence the ~pt of plasticity hae to be considered aftsr the elastic l-t is surpassed. Plastic State .-. of Stress . around a Perforation - - .Tunnel .. a plastic sons around a The phenomenon of perforation tunnel can reasonably be inferred to from occur okmemtion by a nusber of researchers inko the subject of drilled borehole etabilitya . ~is sons will have considerable influence upon the stress distribution around the tunnel, even when the aone ia small. This phenomenon frequently makes the well pressure, that leads to failure, quite different from that predicted using elastic theory only. when critical stresses are reached, the material wi11 be transforamd from an elastic to a plastic state. At the transition point, thie relation Criterion. But with will be the Whr+20ulcetb increasing deformation, the strength of the material may be reduced further, ti the constants C and N may be a function of the degree of deformation and poesihly dependenk upon the previous history of the material. Also, in the real case there will be a gradual transit ton from the elastic to the plastic state, However, for simplicity consider an ideal material which behaves elastically up to the 1 hlt gLven by the Whr-Ceulomb criterion. lfle parameter C and !4 may have different values fmm the onem used in the elastic sone but they are assumed constant for a given material. The resulting expressions for stress distribution in the plastic region are given as (see Rppendix A for detailed derivations)

IS14! CMtMtion of no fLuid flow into the perforation tunnel normally assumes that the fluid Pressure in the perfotat ion is in balance! with the pore pressure in the formation. This would correspond to the sttuation imuzdiately following the perforating operatton. Wm example used to illustrate the salution to the stress cllstribution and the failure criteria is qkven in Table 1. me tlistrlbution of stresses is governed lw -tie(3) SM (4) fOr the plWtic region and -tIon (1) and (2) for the elastic region tith @ the R1 ~, the t*iUS Of the pt=tiC =M flow tem equal to zero. ltw distribution of stresses ie shown in Figure 3a. W thick~ss of the plastic region in this case extends approxtitely 0.7 inn frca the centrc of the tunnel. As long as there Is no fluid flow, the thickness of the plastic region depends primarily on the Otiginal in-situ stress, pore pressure, the perforation conllguratlon and the formatIon paramstars. -&ress Distribution around a Perforation Tunnel ygder Plwing Condition WIis condition correspotule to flui,d production from the reservoir Into the wellbore through the perforation. * distribution of 0tMtS8SS under fltntIlng onditions is rhown in Figure 3b. c me thicltnessof the plastic aone increases when in compared with the no flow condition assmmd under flowing COAditSON, the Pigure 3a. thickness of the plaatic aone Is dependent upon ttm saam parameters es the no f Lou oondition and in addition those Par-ters associated wtth fluid tlml. g@AsIrJ?rr ANALYSIS lWJ conditions for rock failure can either tie expreaeed kn kermn of the initial yieldlng of the rock around the perforation tunnel or the under the elast k-plastic failure criteria oonditton limiting ths extension of the pl.estic to the midpoint distance betwesn the wne adjacent psmforat ions and the limltinq plastic strain.

-P+

#&
1

#~ :_i+ ~ (z~ a

- J$&-)[(;-)t a 1

_l]

. . . . . .

(3)

THE DETERMINATION OF OPTI MUM COMPLETION AND PRODUCTION

S2E 15406

@ndition for Lnitial Yielding ~nd the perforation mme~

of

the

Rock

For the oaae of failure initiated at ths oneet of plastic behaviour or inLtial YielCLiAg of the rock around the ~rforation tunnel, the initial yielding is predicted when the elastic stresses yield (1) and (2) satisfy an appropriate yield condition, i.e. the mhr+20ulcab criterion. lhe potential for failure on the surface of a perforation ia given by equation
(5)

higher flowrates through the tunnel tend to Inoreaae the SR further. ThedegreeofdeMqe oan be seen fmm the ~ed zone pameability with inoreaainq severity of d the SR ittCMaSSS
damage . Tlw

x=

- UrFTz+ (Nz-l) e P >C -n?

.,.....

(5)

effect of perforation paz-tera as represented by the perforation length, diesmter ti perforation the nwber of perforation shots per foot are shown In Figures 11, 12 and 13 respaotively. Aa the perforation diZuW3tet Lncreaaes , the SR increases drastically especially at lower flowrates. A similar treti oan be observed with inoreaainq the number of perforations per foot. A shorter perforation length has a higher SR especially at higher flowrates through the perforation. Figure 14 shows the SR for depleted and As the geopreeeured reservoir condition. reservoir is depleted the SR increases steeply production especially at higher rates of fluid from the reservoir.

The results are plotted as the variation of x flowrate per with drawdown preeisure cm perforation 6s shown in Figure 4 to @. The potential for yielding increases with increasing drawdown pressure and failure was aem!m?d when the shear strength of the foraation ie exceedti. !rhia limit is ehown as a straight dotted line in ?igures 4 to e .

~ndttione Strain . .

for

Pailure

uel.ng U.mltinq

Plastic

A zone of damage or reduced permeability will occur around the perforation 68 a result of drilling and cxwplet ion oEM?!rat ions. lhe effect of the depth of this damaged zone around the tunnel and the degree of damage, i.e. the dsmuge zone perau3ability, are shown in PQurea 4 and 5 respectively. The effect of perforation paraan5ters an the potential for failurw around the tunnel oan be seen in Figures 6 to 8. The intent ial for failure decreases with diameter and shorter length perforations uhereae increasing the shot density tends to create greater potential for failure. Conditions for Failure ueinq Idmiting EXpan aion .. z -. . PlaeticiQ Failure initiated by limiting the extension of the plastic zone to the midpoint Sistance the tunnel can be between perforations of determined using equation (BI ). ne concept of stability ratio is intrcdiwed to facilitate the Stability ratio (SR) determination of failure. is defined as the ratio of the radius of the plaet ic zone to the midpoint distance between perforations or to any specified distance from the centre of the tunnel. The effect OF the parameters on the SR are plot ted for a specified flowrate through the perforation. The SR increases with increaelnq flowrate through the perforation and failure occurs when a specified SR is exceeded. mis limit can be determined aooofiing to the range of Fomtion encountered and the operational requirements. The effect u~n the SR of both the extent the properties of the compacted zone around perforation tunnel are shown in Figures 9 10, respectively. AS the depth of cuapacted zone inoreases the sit increaaes and the and

For failure criterion using the limitinq pleatic strain in the rock at the tunnel surface, the plastic strain potential at the tunnel surface to given by equation (6)

. . . . . . . . (6)
The results are plotted as the variation in @ with preesure dmwdown as shwn in Figures 15 to 19. eatlure will happen as the smific value of plssttc strain potential whioh is the for failure of +.he forwstl.on ie *ential excee&M as sham by the straight dashed lines FiqutWl 15 16 _ I.n Figures 15 to 1.9. that the formatIon is less stable when a l-rger oompacted zone with low permeability exists. The perforation oonfiguratlon is oharacterised by the shot density, the perforation ~iameter For a constant and the perforation length. a decrease In well, fluid fMwrate per perforation length, perforation diaIa9ter and ehot density tends towarda qreater stability as ehown in Figuree 17, 10 and 19.
_QNcwsIoN

lhis theoretical analyeie of the str8ssen in the a perforation, using the formation around theories of elasticity and plasticity together with the Mohr-Couloub criteria, have lead to the following conclusions. (1) There exists a zone of plastically stressed formation around the *-rforation tunnel of the order of 0.7 inches thiokness. Although it is small, there is a reduction of the stress ooncsntration when qred to the gnmely elaat ically streesed region around the perforation.

the
and

SPE 15406

J.M.

PEDEN

&

ABU AZAM MD YASSIN

(2) For the no flow condition, the thickness of the plastic region M dependent mainly upon the original ineiku stress, pore pressure, configuration and perforation Formation properties. (3) Inittti yielding can be used as a criterion againet fozmatlon failure even though it tends to give a conservative eetl.wkte. (4) Limiting the exteneion of the plastic region h&ween mklpoint distance to the perforations or the Mnl.ting Elastic strain can E@ used as an indicator of failure. (5) TWS fozmikion damake near the surface OF the wellbore as a rzsult of drilling CUI@letiOIt operation significantly effect the stability of the formation es fluid is produced. as configuration (6) The perforation characterised hy the #hot density, the perforation dianmter and the perforation length play a significant role in defining the stability of the formation.
(7)

P.

fluid pressure at the midpoint dietance between perforation, m/Lt2 fluid preaeure at the edge of the reservoir, S@#t= fluid flowrate, &s/t radial aietance from the tunnel, L
force

P~

the centrw

of

radial volume mass, I!/t2

per unit

radius of the plaetic zone, L radius of the perforation tunnel, L midpoint ~LstW perforationta, L radius
of

Ri

betwen

the

RR t . = -

the nservoir,

t~z

=.1

Fluid flowing through the formation into the tunnel tends to induce instability ccmpamd to the m El- case. !r?lis instability also the severity of the damage depends upon around the perforation and the conf%guratlon of the perforation.

u x a D

radial displacena?nt, L yielding potential

= formation failure angle, degrees = l-c&c~ elastic strain components

plastic

~llnu!

inherent shear strength (or cohesive strength), m/Ltz rock bulk OaDpreseibility, Ltz/m

#r,#g,@Z

clp=,epg,eps% Cr = er,6g,Cz rock matrix compressibility, Lt2/81 plastic flow function shear amdulus, m/Lt2 a ecalar average permeability, L2 permeabil~ty, Lz u~ kc = permeability in the plastic zone, IF u= = permeability sons, M length
uf the
of

strain cos@onenta

= = =

total strain ~nents Lanu3sparameter, 2VM2 flui~ ViZCOSity, rq/Lt Poiaeon*m ratio bulk deneity, E@ stress ~nente in cylindrical coordinates, s#Lta stress components at the tunnel wail, @Ltz stress ~nents at the plaetic/ elastic boundary, ~t2 Stress components at the midpoint fltstancebetween perforations,

Y P v P Ur,9e,Uz

f G K % k

= = . =

k8

the damaged u~ -

perforation, L

,,~z N
P Pc

=
=

tanza @
fluid pZ4SSUrS, @& flu~d ~t
pressure

internal friction angle, degrees plaetkc strain sential

at plastic/elastic 1. Stein, N.: -Designing Gravel ChSnging Well Conditions, Wrld 1983, p. 410 Packs for Oil, ~.

-tz

Pi

fluid pressuzm in the perforation tunnel, m/Lt2

THE DETERMINATION OF OPTIMUM

COMPIJHTON

AND PRODUCTION

SPE 15406

2.

P.B., SpijkSr, h. and VZn der ViitI, Wzmaion ot! Perforation Tunnels in Ges wells, SPS Paper 5661, 50th Annual Pall Meeting, Dallas, Sept. 2s - wt. 1, 1975.
Vriezen, 1 Ac.

e~-

K-g

Suz

. . . . . . (A4)
is the plastic strain

3.

P.B., Sohipper, B.A. Antheunis, D., Vriezen, van der Vlis, Ac. 1 Perforation and Friable collapse s Failure of Perforated sandstones, sps Paper 5750, European spring 14Eeting,Aas3terdam, April 8 - 9, 1976. Strength of Nordgraen, R.P. ; leth US symposium on Completions Hechanice Proc., June 22 - 24, 1977. well Rock

Wherelr, ~P

e:,s:

cuwKMsnts

and

is a scalar

q

From (s4) Lt follows that

5.

Tiawtehenkct, S.P. ZM Goodier, J.W.: Theory of Elasticity -raw Hill Eook Co, Inc., New York, 1970. Obert, L., and Dwell, w.I.t Rook I&?ohanics and the Design of Structure in Rock. Wiley, New York (1%7). Nandin, J,, Nager, R.V. ar., Priedman, H. and Feather, J.N.: E@er~ntal DzfoNtion of sedimentary mcke unoer Conftning Preeeura: Pore Pressure Tests, Bull. Ant. Assoc. of Pat. Geohgiete, May 1363., Westerqaard, 11.M.\ vlaetic State of Strass around a Deep-ii, J. of Soeton SoCietY of Civil Eng., Jan, 1940, vol. 27 P.1-5, Jaeger, J.C,I Brittle Praoture OE I@cka Otl ROOk ~hSltiCS, 1%6. ~iual

And total strain component is aefined as

6.

. . . . . .
~ relationship relating skresS

(A6)

7.

and elAZkiC

strain is given by:

e.

ce:

Ur - V(ue + 0=) - (1 - 2v)pp

Ee:

ue-v(ar
V(Ue

+uz)-(l-Zv)~
+ Ue) -

. . . (X?)

9.

o=az-

(1 - 2V)~

Distribution of stresses arouti tunnel in the Plastic zone

mrforati.on

The

distribution of stresses around perforation tunnel is governed by the equilibrium equation in the plastic zone.

the
force

-inlng (A2) with (AS), (A6) W (A7) and substituting the resulting expression with the strain- dlsplaceumnt equation into (Al) lead to the displ.aoemsnt equatton Sy 2Gu -

At&z

+ AzraTz + Ar + Ar lnr . . . (AZ)

where t
mr

AL and Az are integration Oonstants ti 2(1 2) (1-s)+-+ H+- 1

87+
at

tsr - ue -0
r

. . . . . (Al)

F -

Nz+ 1

plastic-elastic the interface, the relationship be-n the prinoipal stresaee is governed by the Ikthr-lomb yield criterion equation

=(1-

2v)(l-f3)

m 2QL~

f-Ue

-U#+(N2-l)P-2(X=

..(A2)

Assuming a constant flow of fluid into the perforation tunnel, the Eluid pressure, p can be WXeeeedbymrcys lawee

. . . . . . (A2 )

stress distribution around a perforation tunnel can be found by Solving (AS) for the strain relationships and inserting the resulting Wh (M) end (A3). ~Se~ I*o (A7) tith -Inlng these eolutions with the bundary oondit ion

The flow rule aeeociatad with (A2) ie

ttw final solution for the etkaes ocmponents given in ~tione (3) ti (4).

are

SPE 15406

J.F!.

PEDEN

&

ABU AZAM MD YASSIN

APPENOIX B . .

cz k
c, =

- ~-~ t

c%Ro~

Extent of th~laetic . ..

~ioo~

interface, the plaetic-elaetic At the Another Mohr-lomb yield criterion hold. requirement is continuity In the radial stress when the radial stress acro8e the boundary. from the plaetic region (3) end the tangential stress froa the eleatic zone is insertad into the Mohr-coulomb yield criterion (A2), the mamulting equation in ~ ie

(l- -- ~JP(Po2(1 - v) ~1 - 2V) p_!!&- 2nLKa 2(1 - v)

PL)

c-

_@_
2nLKa

. . . . .

(B2)

Ca&k-z

En ~ + c4&z

+ Cz&t In R@iz

#n ~ + C&z

+ C,RCS in ~ +c7~n%/% . . . . (Bl)

cc--(2

- ~~~ l-v - C4ROZ

13)C,R:

+Cein~RnB#ti
+Caln~+Cg-O

C,

(2um

- (PO-P*)

B ~-mJ (1 - v)

- 2PX

where: +~
t cl (zC&a- A.-) Zma R;t C9 _ c3Rez (2cN) - ~+~ t .~ )Roz 21U.x a

TABLE 1 Parameters used

for

Calculation

At formation Pore

of 10,000

ft: = = =
. . = =

pressure

gradient gradient

0.465 0.95

psi/ft psilft

Formation Perforation

pressure diameter

0.5 ins Q for 0 phasing joo 217 psi

1.0

Perforation shotslft Formation angle

Formation strength Formation compressibility

Poissons

ratio

= . = = -

0.26 10b/ d 12 ins

0.8 100

Flowrate/perforation Perforation Fluid length

viscosity permeability zone permeability zone permeability of skin (damage)

CIY
mo

Formation Plastic Skin Extent

.70mD = =
lomo

0.35 ins from centre of tunnel

,. . ,, . ;:

: t :. .. ::
.! . ;: ., .,

5 :,:

t . ..

*J . .

.
.,5,3

:
,,~

,nt.>ls. au!r

Uw

+*.
-.-4 ..,.Sss. .. ...-

40s,

.- as.
., >.-.*

,.-.
>.

,. -.. ---. >-.

EEEd

-.

z,
..

.,
.. <J ~.. -.

.-

*,

---

..-.

.+. ..-. +. .--+

-.

2 ~ $
a
ii 1s9

....-

-Y

z t

I
e a
D

sea

Imea

15AS

am
I)

230s

W?a

{SeIl

bra

isms h

4s8s

PRESSURE DRA!iDOMN (P.S.

PRESSURE DRAWOOHN [P.S. II

FIGuRE

YIELDING

POTENTIAL

AT GIVEN PRE?SURE DRA4DOHN 0.5 INSI

FIGURE

YIELOING

POTENTIAL

AT GIVEN PRESSURE ORAWOOWN 5 NILLIOARCYS)

(EXTENT OF THE COMPACTEO ZONE -

[CONPACTEO ZONE PERMEABILITY

4as

l
a
9

.. . . .,

*I

l= 1s00 Sss PRESSURE ORAdOOWN (P. S.. I)

Zds

ka

~
F16uRE 7 YIELDING

i.
POTENTIAL (PERFORATION LENGTH -

~.
A? GIVEN 6 INS. )

isu

PRESSURE O!lAWOOWN [P.S. II

PRESSURE OFIAWJOWN

FIGURE

YIELOIN6

POTENTIAL

AT GIVEN PRESSURE ORAWOONN 0.4 INS. )

IPERFORATION

OIAHETER

~w

1540.6

,f ,/ , ...

OIIW

AI IIIEvIS

OIIVM

A11118V1S

. ~!

: !1
,/ .

.,-

/-

lVIlN310d

0131A

.,.
!,

SK
I

154045

[\ ;\ ,
,, \ \

b,

\
. . .

,.

~,
\ .

... \ . -.. ..\ ..

. .. ..

+ :.>\
... . >.
-. .\

L
Lo

OIIVB

A11119v1S

1VI1N31OJ

NIWH

.=

15406

lVIlN310d

NIVIIIS

lTIlN310d

NIWIS

.*. ,, n
1: . *

u.

lVIlN310d

NIVUIS

lVIlN3LOd

NIWJIS