Trang 1

Chng 3: NH X TUYN TNH

3.1. Khi nim
3.1.1. nh ngha
1. nh ngha. Cho V,W l hai khng gian vect ty . nh x f:V W
c gi l nh x tuyn tnh nu tha hai tnh cht sau y:
(i) f(x+y) = f(x) + f(y) , x,y e V
(ii) f(kx) = kf(x) , x e V , k e R
2. V d. Cho nh x f : R
3
R
2
xc nh bi
f(x
1
,x
2
,x
3
) = (2x
1
,x
2
-x
3
), (x
1
,x
2
,x
3
) e R
3
Chng t f l nh x tuyn tnh
3. Php ng cu, ng cu
Php ng cu
nh x tuyn tnh f : V W gi l php ng cu ca V ln W
Nu W V th gi l t ng cu
Nu f l n nh th f c gi l n cu.
Nu f l ton nh th gi l ton cu.
Php ng cu
nh x tuyn tnh f : V W gi l php ng cu ca V trn W nu f l 1
song nh
3.1.2. Tnh cht
Cho nh x tuyn tnh : f : V W
a/ f(O
v
) = O
w

b/ f(-x) = -f(x)
c/ f(x-y) = f(x) f(y)
d/ f(o
1
x
1
, o
2
x
2++
o
n
x
n
) = o
1
f(x
1
) + o
2
f(x
2
) + + o
n
f(x
n
)
Cho V, W l cc khng gian vct v f,g l cc nh x tuyn tnh:

Ta nh ngha:
a) (f+g)(x) = f(x) +g(x)
b) (kf) (x) = kf(x)
W V g W V f : , :
Trang 2


Cc nh x f+g, kf cng l nh x tuyn tnh
Cho nh x tuyn tnh : W; : W Z f V g
+ nh x hp: g.f : V W xc nh bi:
(g.f)(x) = g[f(x)], cng l nh x tuyn tnh t V vo Z.
3.2. nh v ht nhn ca nh x tuyn tnh
3.2.1. nh ngha
nh ca f
+ Cho nh x tuyn tnh f: V W
+ nh ca f, k hiu Imf l tp hp:
Imf = { y e W / x e V, y =f(x) }
Ta thy Imf =f(V)
Ht nhn ca f
+ Cho nh x tuyn tnh f : V W
+ Ht nhn ca f , k hiu Kerf l tp hp :
Kerf = { x e V / f(x) = O
w
}
Vi d: Cho f l nh x khng : V W
+ Ta thy x e V , f(x) = O
w,
nn:
Kerf = V v Imf = { O
w
}
3.2.2. Tnh cht
+ Cho nh x tuyn tnh f : V W
- Kerf l khng gian con ca V
- Imf l khng gian con ca W
3.3. Ma trn ca nh x tuyn tnh
Cho 2 khng gian vc t hu hn chiu V v W vi dim V = n, dim W = m.
+ Gi s (u) v (v) l c s ca V v W:
(u) = { u
1
,u
2
,,u
n
} , (v) = { v
1
,v
2
,,v
m
}
+ Cho nh x tuyn tnh f: V W
x y =f(x)
+ Ta ca x i vi c s (u) trong V:
x/
(u)
= (x
1
,x
2
,,x
n
)
-

Trang 3



+ Ta ca y = f(x) vi c s (v) trong W
f(x)/
(v)
= (y
1
,y
2
,,y
m
)
+ Tn ti ma trn A cp mxn lin h gia cc to trn :
[f(x)/
(v)
] = A. [x/
(u)
]

nh ngha. Ma trn A tha ng thc trn gi l ma trn ca nh x
tuyn tnh f : V W i vi c s (u) trong V v c s (v) trong W.
+ Ma trn ny c xc nh nh sau:
A = [[f(u
1
)/
(v)
], [f(u
2
)/
(v)
]

[f(u
3
)/
(v)
]

]
Trng hp ring
V = R
n
, W=R
m
c cc c s chnh tc tng ng l : (e) ={e
1
, e
2
,,e
n
},
(e)={e
1
, e
2
,,e
m
}. Ma trn ca nh x tuyn tnh : f: R
n
R
m
c gi l
ma trn chnh tc.
A = [[f(e
1
)] [f(e
2
)]

[f(e
n
)]

]

V d 1 Cho nh x tuyn tnh f: R
2
R
2
xc nh bi
f(x
1
,x
2
) = (x
1
+2x
2
, x
1
-x
2
). Tm ma trn chnh tc .
Ghi ch. Ma trn A c cc hng tng ng l cc h s ca cc ta
vct f(x
1,
x
2
) .
V d 2 Cho nh x tuyn tnh f : R
4
R
3
xc nh bi
f(x
1
,x
2,
x
3
,x
4
) = (x
1
- x
2
+x
3
+x
4
, x
1
+2x
3
-x
4
, x
1
+x
2
+3x
3
-3x
4
)
R
4
c cc c s (u) = {u
1
, u
2
, u
3
, u
4
} vi u
1
= (1,0,0,0) , u
2
= (1,1,0,0) ,
u
3
= (1,1,1,0) , u
4
= (1,1,1,1) v R
3
c c s chnh tc.
Tm ma trn ca nh x tuyn tnh .
V d 3 Cho nh x tuyn tnh f : R
2
R
3
xc nh bi
f(x
1
,x
2
) = (2x
1,
x
1+
x
2
, x
1
-2x
2
)
R
2
c c s chnh tc (e) = { e
1
, e
2
}
R
3
c c s (u) ={ u
1
, u
2
, u
3
} vi u
1
=(1,1,1) ,u
2
=(1,1,0) , u
3
=(1,0,0) . Tm
ma trn ca nh x tuyn tnh .
V d 4 Cho nh x tuyn tnh f : R
3
R
2
xc nh bi
f(x
1
,x
2
,x
3
) = (x
1+
2x
2
+x
3
,x
1+
5x
2
+ x
3
).
Trang 4
Tm ma trn ca nh x tuyn tnh i vi c s (u) ={ u
1
, u
2
, u
3
} trong
R
3
v (v) ={v
1
,v
2
} trong R
2
. Bit rng :
u
1
=(1,1,1) ,u
2
=(1,1,0) , u
3
=(1,0,0)
v
1
=(1,3) , v
2
=(-1,2)
3.4. S ng dng
3.4.1. Ma trn ng dng
+ Cho A v B l 2 ma trn vung cng cp n.
+ A v B ng dng -P kh o cp n : B=P
-1
AP
3.4.2. Ma trn ca nh x tuyn tnh qua php i c s
Ma trn chuyn c s
Cho khng gian vc t V c 2 c s l (u) = {u
1
,,u
n
}
v (v) ={ v
1
, v
2
, v
3
} . Ma trn chuyn c s t (u) sang (v) l:
P= [[v
1
/
(u)
][v
2
/
(u)
][v
n
/
(u)
]]
nh l. Cho nh x tuyn tnh f : V V (ton t tuyn tnh) , V l
khng gian vc t dim V = n. Gi s V c 2 c s l (u) v (v). Nu A l ma trn
ca f i vi c s (u) v A l ma trn ca f i vi c s (v) th ta c :
A=P
-1
AP trong P l ma trn chuyn c s t (u) sang (v) ( Ta thy A ng
dng vi A)
V d. Cho nh x tuyn tnh f : R
2
R
2
xc nh bi
f(x
1
,x
2
) = (x
1+
x
2
,-2x
1+
4x
2
)
a. Tm ma trn chnh tc ca f
b. Tm ma trn ca f i vi c s (u) ={ u
1
, u
2
} vi u
1
=(1,1) v
u
2
=(1,2)
3.5. Gi tr ring Vect ring
3.5.1. nh ngha
Cho V l khng gian vct c n chiu v f: V V l ton t tuyn tnh.
+ S c gi l tr ring ca f nu tn ti vect x e V , x = 0 sao
cho f(x) = x.
+ Vect x e V , x = 0 tha f(x) = x c gi l vect ring ca f
tng ng vi tr ring .
+ Nu A l ma trn ca nh x tuyn tnh th s thc c gi l
gi tr ring ca A nu tn ti vector n chiu 0 x = sao cho:
| | | |
. . A x x = .
Trang 5
Nhn xt. T phng trnh
| | | | | |
. . ( ) 0 A x x A I x = = c nghim 0 x =
suy ra 0 A I = . Khi
| |
A I c gi l ma trn c trng,
0 A I = c gi l phng trnh c trng ca ma trn A.
3.5.2. Cch tm gi tr ring v vector ring
Bc 1: Lp ma trn c trng
| |
A I .
Bc 2: Gii phng trnh c trng 0 A I = . Ta c cc gi tr ring:
1 2
, , .
Bc 3: Thay tng gi tr ring
k
= vo phng trnh
| | | |
. 0 A I x = .
Nghim ca h phng trnh l vector ring ca A ng vi GTR
k
.
V d 1 Tm gi tr ring v vector ring ca ma trn
1 3
0 2
A
(
=
(


Ma trn c trng:
1 3
0 2
A

(
=
(

.
Phng trnh c trng:
1 3 1
0 0 ( 1 )(2 ) 0
0 2 2
A I



= (
= = =
(
=


Vi
1
1 = , gii h phng trnh
| | | |
1 1
1
2 2
0 3
. 0 . 0 ; \ {0}
0 3 0
x x
A I x R
x x
o
o
= ( (
= = e

( (
=


Vy vector ring ng vi GTR 1 = l: ( , 0); \ {0} x R o o = e
Vi
1
2 = , gii h phng trnh
| | | |
1 1
2
2 2
3 3
. 0 . 0 ; \ {0}
0 0
x x
A I x R
x x
|
|
|
= ( (
= = e

( (
=

.
V d 2 Tm gi tr ring v vector ring ca cc ma trn
a.
2 0 0
0 2 2
0 2 2
A
(
(
=
(
(

b.
1 3 1
3 5 1
3 3 1
B
(
(
=
(
(

c.
1 2 5
0 2 4
1 0 1
C
(
(
=
(
(

d.
0 1 0
4 4 0
2 1 2
D
(
(
=
(
(


Gii
a. Ma trn A
Trang 6
Ma trn c trng:
2 0 0
0 2 2
0 2 2
A I

(
(
=
(
(

.
Phng trnh c trng:
2
2 0 0
0 0 2 2 0 (2 ) (2 ) 4 0
0 2 2
A I

( = = =

0
(2 )( )(4 ) 0 2
4

= =

.
Vi
1
0 = , gii h phng trnh
| | | |
1 1
1 2 2
3 3
0 2 0 0
. 0 0 2 2 . 0 ; \ {0}
0 2 2
x x
A I x x x R
x x
o o
o
= ( (

( (
= = = e

( (

( ( =


Vy vector ring ng vi GTR 0 = l: (0; ; ), \ {0} x R o o o = e
Vi
2
2 = , gii h phng trnh
| | | |
1 1
2 2 2
3 3
0 0 0
. 0 0 0 2 . 0 0 ; \ {0}
0 2 0 0
x x
A I x x x R
x x
|
|
= ( (

( (
= = = e

( (

( ( =

.
Vy vector ring ng vi GTR
2
2 = l: ( ; 0; 0), \ {0} x R | | = e
Vi
3
4 = , gii h phng trnh
| | | |
1 1
3 2 2
3 3
0 2 0 0
. 0 0 2 2 . 0 ; \ {0}
0 2 2
x x
A I x x x R
x x

= ( (

( (
= = = e

( (

( ( =

.
Vy vector ring ng vi GTR
3
4 = l: (0; ; ), \ {0} x R = e .
b. Ma trn B
Ma trn c trng:
3 2 0
2 3 0
0 0 5
B I

(
(
=
(
(

.
Trang 7
Phng trnh c trng:
3 2 0
0 2 3 0 0 (3 )(3 )(5 ) 4(5 ) 0
0 0 5
B I

= = =

2
1
(5 ) (1 ) 0
5 (bi 2)

=
=

=

.
Vi
1
1 = , gii h phng trnh
| | | |
1 1
1 2 2
3 3
2 2 0
. 0 2 2 0 . 0 ; \ {0}
0 0 3 0
x x
B I x x x R
x x
o
o o
= ( (

( (
= = = e

( (

( ( =


Vy vector ring ng vi GTR 1 = l: ( ; ; 0), \ {0} x R o o o = e
Vi
2
5 = , gii h phng trnh
| | | |
1 1
2 2 2
3 3
2 2 0
. 0 2 2 0 . 0
0 0 0
x x
B I x x x
x x
|
|

= ( (

( (
= = =

( (

( ( =

.
2 2
( , \ { 0}) R | | e + =
Vy vector ring ng vi GTR
2
5 = l:
2 2
( ; ; ), ( , \ { 0}) x R | | | | = e + = .
c. Ma trn C
Ma trn c trng:
1 2 5
0 2 4
1 0 1
C I

(
(
=
(
(

.
Phng trnh c trng:
2
1 2 5
0 (bi 2)
0 0 2 4 0 ( 4) 0
4
1 0 1
C I

=
= = =

=

Vi
1
0 = , gii h phng trnh
| | | |
1 1
1 2 2
3 3
1 2 5
. 0 0 2 4 . 0 2 ; \ {0}
1 0 1
x x
C I x x x R
x x
o
o o
o
= ( (

( (
= = = e

( (

( ( =


Vy vector ring ng vi GTR
1
0 = l: ( ; 2 ; ), \ {0} x R o o o o = e
Trang 8
Vi
2
4 = , gii h phng trnh
| | | |
1 1
2 2 2
3 3
3 3 2 5
. 0 0 2 4 . 0 2 ; \ {0}
1 0 3
x x
C I x x x R
x x
|
| |
|
= ( (

( (
= = = e

( (

( ( =

.
Vy vector ring ng vi GTR
2
2 = l: (3 ; 2 ; ), \ {0} x R | | | | = e
d. Ma trn D
Ma trn c trng:
1 0
4 4 0
2 1 2
D I

(
(
=
(
(

.
Phng trnh c trng:
1 0
0 4 4 0 0 ( )(4 )(2 ) 4(2 ) 0
2 1 2
D I

= = + =


2 3
(2 )( 4 4) 0 (2 ) 0 2 + = = = (bi ba).
Vi 2 = , gii h phng trnh
| | | |
1 1
2 2
2 2
3 3
2 1 0
. 0 4 2 0 . 0 2 ; ( , \ { + 0})
2 1 0
x x
D I x x x R
x x
o
o o | o |
|
= ( (

( (
= = = e =

( (

( ( =


Vy vector ring ng vi GTR 2 = l:
2 2
( ; 2 ; ); , \ { + 0} x R o o | o | o | = e =
3.6. Cho ha ma trn
Nhn xt. Nu A l ma trn cho th vic tnh
k
A , k N e rt d dng.
V d. Nu
1 0 0
0 2 0
0 0 3
A
(
(
=
(
(

th
1 0 0
0 2 0
0 0 3
k
k k
k
A
(
(
=
(
(

.
Vn . a mt ma trn vung bt k v dng ng cho nh th no?
1. nh ngha
Ma trn vung cp n A c gi l cho ha c nu tn ti ma trn
vung cp n khng suy bin T v ma trn ng cho D

sao cho
1
T AT D

= .
Khi ta ni T l ma trn lm cho ha A hay A c cho ha bi ma trn T v
D

l ma trn ng dng vi A.
Trang 9
V d Ma trn
8 5
10 7
A
(
=
(

cho ha c. Tht vy vi
1 1
2 1
T
(
=
(

v
2 0
0 3
D

(
=
(

th
1
T AT D

= v
1
1 1
2 1
T

(
=
(


.
2. iu kin cho ha ma trn
Nu ma trn A c n gi tr ring phn bit th A cho ha c.
Ngc li A cho ha c khi v ch khi A c n gi tr ring k c bi v
s chiu ca tt c cc khng gian con ring bng s bi ca gi tr ring tng
ng.
3. Cch cho ha ma trn
Bc 1: Gii phng trnh c trng tm cc gi tr ring
i
.
Bc 2: ng vi mi
i
, gii h phng trnh
| || |
0
i
A I x = . Lp khng
gian nghim W( )
i
ca phng trnh.
Bc 3: Lp ma trn T vi ct th i l ta ca vector c s ca W( )
i

v ma trn ng cho D

, trong phn t nm trn ng cho v ct i l

i
.
V d. Hy cho ha cc ma trn A, B, C, D trong v d phn 3.5.2
a. Ma trn A
Vi
1
0 = , ta c: W(0) {(0; ;- )| R} o o o = e .
Khi : W(0) (0; ; ) (0;1; 1) x x o o o e = = . Ta chn mt c s ca W(0)
l:
1
(0;1; 1) u = .
Vi
2
2 = , ta c: W(2) {( ;0;0)| R} | | = e .
Khi : W(2) ( ; 0; 0) (1; 0; 0) x x | | e = = . Ta chn mt c s ca W(2) l:
2
(1; 0; 0) u = .
Vi
3
4 = , ta c: W(4) {(0; ; )| R} = e .
Khi : W(4) (0; ; ) (0;1;1) x x e = = . Ta chn mt c s ca W(4) l:
3
(0;1;1) u = .
Vy ma trn A cho ha c vi:
0 1 0
1 0 1
1 0 1
T
(
(
=
(
(

v
0 0 0
0 2 0
0 0 4
D

(
(
=
(
(


b. Ma trn B
Vi
1
1 = , ta c: W(1) {( ; ;0)| R} o o o = e .
Trang 10
Khi : W(1) ( ; ; 0) (1;1; 0) x x o o o e = = . Ta chn mt c s ca W(1) l:
1
(1;1; 0) u = .
Vi
2
5 = (bi 2), ta c: W(5) {(- ; ; )| , R} | | | = e .
Khi : W(5) ( ; ; ) ( ; ; 0) (0; 0; ) x x | | | | e = = + . Ta chn hai c s
ca W(5) l:
2
( 1;1; 0) u = v
3
(0; 0;1) u = .
Vy ma trn B cho ha c vi:
1 1 0
1 1 0
0 0 1
T
(
(
=
(
(

v
1 0 0
0 5 0
0 0 5
D

(
(
=
(
(


c. Ma trn C
Vi
1
0 = (bi 2), ta c: W(0) {( ; 2 ; ) | } R o o o o = e .
Ta chn mt c s ca W(1) l:
1
(1; 2; 1) u = .
Vi
2
2 = (bi 2), ta c: W(2) {(3 ; 2 ; ) | } R | | | | = e .
Ta chn mt c s ca W(2) l:
2
(3; 2;1) u =
V dim (0) dim (2) 2 3 W W n + = < = nn C khng cho ha c.
d. Tng t ma trn D khng cho ha c v dim (2) 2 3 W n = < = .
BI TP CHNG 3

1. Cho nh x f : R
2
R
2
xc nh bi f(x
1
,x
2
) = (x
1
+2x
2
,x
1
-x
2
)
a. Chng t f l nh x tuyn tnh .
b. Tm ma trn chnh tc ca nh x f .
c. Tm ma trn ca nh x f i vi c s (u) = {u
1
,u
2
} vi u
1
=(1,1) ,
u
2
=(1,0)

2. Cho nh x f : R
3
R
2
xc nh bi f(x
1
,x
2
,x
3
) = (2x
1
+x
2
-x
3
,x
1
+x
2
-3x
3
)
a. Chng t f l nh x tuyn tnh .
b. Tm ma trn chnh tc ca f .
c. Tm ma trn ca nh x f i vi c s (u) = {u
1
,u
2
, u
3
} vi
u
1
=(1,1,1) , u
2
=(1,1,0), u
3
=(1,0,0) trong R
3
v (v) = {v
1
,v
2
} vi
v
1
=(1,2) ,v
2
=(0,2) trong R
2


3. Cho nh x tuyn tnh f : R
3
R
2
xc nh bi f(x
1
,x
2
,x
3
) =
(x
1
+2x
2
+x
3
,x
1
+5x
2
+x
3
)
a. Tm ma trn chnh tc ca f .
Trang 11
b. Tm ma trn ca nh x f i vi c s (u) = {u
1
,u
2
, u
3
} vi
u
1
=(1,1,1) , u
2
=(1,1,0), u
3
=(1,0,0) trong R
3
v (v) ={v
1
,v
2
} vi
v
1
=(1,3) ,v
2
=(-1,2) trong R
2


4. Tm gi tr ring v vect ring ca cc ma trn :
a. A =
2 1
0 3
(
(

b. B =
3 4
2 1
(
(

c. C =
1 2
2 4
(
(



5. Tm gi tr ring v vect ring ca cc ma trn :
a. A =
3 3 2
1 1 2
3 1 0
(
(

(
(

b. B =
2 1 0
0 1 1
0 2 4
(
(

(
(

c. C =
2 2 1
1 3 1
1 2 2
(
(
(
(


6. Tm gi tr ring, vect ring v c s khng gian ring ca cc ma trn sau
:
a. A =
2 1 3
0 3 0
1 0 2
(
(

(
(

b. B =
5 0 0
1 5 0
0 1 5
(
(
(
(

c. C =
0 1 0
4 4 0
1 1 2
(
(

(
(


7. Cc ma trn sau y c cho ha c hay khng ?
a. A =
0 1 1
0 0 2
0 0 1
(
(
(
(

b. B =
2 2 2
2 3 2
4 2 4
(
(
(
(

c. C =
2 1 1
1 2 1
1 1 2
(
(
(
(



8. Cho nh x tuyn tnh f : R
3
R
3
vi f(x
1
,x
2
,x
3
) = (x
1
+x
2
+x
3
, x
1
+x
2
+x
3
,x
1
+x
2
+x
3
)
a. Tm ma trn chnh tc A ca nh x f .
b. Ma trn A c cho ha c hay khng ? Nu c hy lm cho A .