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EE 3010

USE OF SERIES AND SHUNT CAPACITORS IN TRANSMISSION LINES

Instructed by: Miss. Selvarasa.A Name Index No Group Field Date of Per Date of Sub : S.R.Adikaram : 070010T : 01 : Electrical : 12/11/2009 : 26/11/2009

Calculation
1)Series Capacitance For the capacitance of 6 F ; Series Capacitive Reactance = 1/ jc = 1/ (j 2 50 6 106 ) = -530.52j Inductive Reactance = jL = j 2 50 0.15 = 47.12 j = Series Capacitive Reactance / Inductive Reactance = 530.52 j / 47.12 j = 11.26

Per unit compensation of the Line

Similarly series capacitive reactance and per unit compensation values for the other capacitances can be calculated and that values are given below. Capacitance(F) 6 12 18 24 30 Power(W) 10 15 25 30 45 Capacitive Reactance() -530.52 j -265.26 j -176.84 j -132.63 j -106.10 j Per unit compensation 11.26 5.63 3.75 2.81 2.25

Power recieved Vs. Series Capacitive Reactance


50 45 40 Power received (W) 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 0 100 200 300 400 Series Capacitive Reactance() 500 600

Power recieved Vs. Per unit compensation


50 45 40 Power received (W) 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 0 2 4 6 Per unit compensation 8 10 12

2) Shunt Capacitance

Power recieved Vs. Shunt Capacitance


120

100

Power recieved(W)

80

60

40

20

0 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 Shunt Capacitance(F)

Discussion
Effect of the power factor on the power systems. The ratio between the real power and the apparent power is defined as the power factor of an AC electric power system. The real power is the capacity of the circuit for performing work in a particular time. The apparent power is the product of the voltage and the current in the circuit. Also the low power factor causes for the loss of the system and it will increase the cost for energy. Energy losses in transmission lines increase with increasing current. Where a load has a power factor lower than 1, more current is required to deliver the same amount of useful energy. A power factor of unity is the goal of any electric utility company because if the power factor is less than one, they have to supply more current to the user for a given amount of power use. To do so, there can be more line losses. They also must have larger capacity equipment in place than would be otherwise necessary. As a result, an industrial facility will be charged a penalty if its power factor is much different from 1.

Usefulness of shunt capacitors in improving power factor of load. Inductive components of a power system draw a leading reactive power from the supply. It lags by 90 degrees to the active power. As well as the capacitive component of the power system leads by 90 degrees to the active power. The directions of the above two components are in opposite to each other. When the current lags the voltage because of having a lot of electric induction motors, it will cause for a lagging reactive power. To reduce this effect, we should consume either leading reactive power at the receiving end or supply lagging reactive power from the system. The leading reactive power can be achieved by adding shunt capacitors to the receiving end. Some industrial sites, this would consist of a capacitor bank in the form of several parallel capacitors at the power input to the device.

Effect of series and shunt capacitance. Series Capacitance This method is not a common method to connect capacitors as well as it has some disadvantages. In a short circuit condition the capacitor should be able to withstand the high current. Also since there is an inductive part in the circuit, it may have occurred resonance condition for some capacitance values. This cause for very low impedance and a high current will go through the circuit. Shunt Capacitance This method is the most common method to connect the capacitors to power factor correction. The voltage rating of the capacitor is same as the system voltage.

Other methods available to improve the power factor Filters If there are harmonics in the waveform caused by switched mode power supplies, the capacitors are not connected directly to the supply lines. The simplest way to control the harmonic current is to use a filter. It is possible to design a filter that passes current only at line frequency (e.g. 50 or 60 Hz). This filter removes the harmonic current, which means that the non-linear device now looks like a linear load. At this point the power factor can be brought to near unity, using capacitors or inductors as required. This filter requires large-value high-current inductors, however, which are bulky and expensive.

Synchronous Motor An unloaded synchronous motor can be used to improve the power factor. It is started and connects to the electrical network. It operates at full leading power factor and puts apparent power onto the network as required to support a systems voltage or to maintain the system power factor at a specified level. The condensers installation and operation are identical to large electric motors. Its principal advantage is the ease with which the amount of correction can be adjusted; it behaves like an electrically variable capacitor.

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