BACK E.M.F.

OF DC MOTORS : When the motor armature rotates , under the influence of driving torque , the armature conductor moves through the magnetic field hence cuts the magnetic flux produced by the field poles . According to faradays laws of electromagnetic induction an emf is induced in the armature conductors of magnitude of same as that for generated emf in dc generator i.e. Eb = ZNP / 60 A volts . The direction of this induced emf (E b) as found by flemings left hand rule , its polarity acts against the net applied voltage thus it opposes the applied voltage . Because of its opposite direction it is called back emf or counter emf . The back emf goes on increasing with the speed . The power required to overcome this opposition is E b Ia watts . Significance of Back Emf : From the equivalent circuit of dc motor armature V = Eb + IaRa + Vb . Where V is applied voltage across armature , Eb is the induced emf in armature conductors , Ia is the armature current , Ra is the armature resistance and Vb is the voltage drop in brushes . The above expression may be written as Ia = V (Eb + Vb) / Ra . Since the applied voltage (V) , armature resistance (Ra) and Voltage drop across brushes (Vb) are usually fixed therefore the back emf (Eb) will determine the current drawn by the motor . If the armature speed is high back emf will be large hence the armature current drawn by motor is small . If the speed of the armature is slow then the back emf will be less therefore more armature current will be drawn by the motor resulting higher driving torque . The presence of back emf in dc motor makes the machine self regulating i.e. it draws much as current necessary to develop the required load torque . When the motor is operating on no load small torque is required to overcome the friction and windage losses therefore the back emf is nearly equal to applied voltage therefore armature current drawn by the motor is small When the motor is mechanically loaded , the driving torque of the motor is not sufficient to counter the increased retarding torque due to load and therefore the armature slows down resulting back emf falls hence the armature current drawn by the motor is large . This increased in armature current results in higher driving torque. The motor continues to slow down till developed torque matches load torque , and the steady conditions are attained. When the load on the motor falls the torque developed is excess of load requirement and therefore motor armature speed is high and therefore the back emf (Eb) increases causing armature current (Ia) to decrease . The decrease in armature current causes decrease in torque and the steady conditions are attained when the electromagnetic torque developed matches load torque . Therefore back emf acts like a governor i.e. the machine draws as much current as required .

DC MACHINES A dc machine is an electro-mechanical energy conversion device . An electro-mechanical energy conversion device is one which converts electrical energy in to mechanical energy or mechanical energy in to electrical energy . When it converts mechanical energy in to electrical energy it is called dc generator on the other hand when it converts electrical energy in to mechanical energy it is called dc motor . The mechanical construction of both the machines are same but their working principles are different . The working principle of dc generator is based on the principle of dynamically induced emf i.e. faradays laws of electromagnetic induction ; which states that whenever a conductor is rotated in a magnetic field , the conductor cuts the magnetic flux , an induced emf is induced in that conductor . The magnitude of induced emf depends upon the rate of change of flux linkages with that conductor i.e. E = BLV Sin volts per coil side . In electrical machines = 900 , so that e = Blv . Where E = Induced emf . B = Flux density of the magnetic field in Wb / m2 ( or teslas) . L = Active length of the conductor (coil side) in metres . V = Velocity at which the conductor (coil) moved in metres / second . = Angle moved between the direction of the flux density and the conductor (coil side) velocity (direction of rotation) . The direction of the induced emf is fixed by applying the Flemings right hand rule .

Flemings right hand rule :

The direction of induced emf when conductor is moving in a magnetic field such as in generators or alternators is given by Flemings right hand rule which states that : If we spread out the thumb , forefinger and middle finger mutually at right angles (90 0) i.e. perpendicular to each other . Arrange the right hand so that thumb is placed in the direction of motion of conductors w.r.t. the flux and forefinger in the direction of the magnetic flux lines (from N to S) then the middle finger will point in the direction of the induced emf (or current) .

To verify the direction of current due to induced emf through conductor in four cases is given below

The working principle of dc motor is based on the principle of magnetic drag i.e. whenever a current carrying conductor is placed in a magnetic field , a mechanical force is experienced on the conductor which shifts that conductor at right angles to the magnetic field . The magnitude of mechanical force of electromagnetic origin is given by Lorentz force i.e. F = BIL Sin newtons / coil side . Where B = magnetic field strength in Wb / m2 (or teslas) I = Current flowing through conductors in amperes . L = Length of the conductor in metres . The direction of rotation (force acting) is fixed by applying the Flemings left hand rule.

To have induced emf there must exist ; (1) A coil or conductor (b) A magnetic field (permanent magnet or electromagnet) (c) Relative motion between conductor and magnetic flux . Relative mition i.e. change in flux linkages in a coil or conductor may occur in three ways . (a) The coil remains stationary with respect to flux , but the flux through it changes with time . The emf induced is known as statically induced emf . (b) Flux density distribution remains constant and stationary but the coil moves relative to it . The emf induced is known as dynamically induced (or motional) emf. (c) Both changes (a) and (b) may occur simultaneously , i.e. the coil moves through time varying flux . Both statically and dynamically induced emfs are then present in the coil . Three basic principles for the elecromechanical energy conversion : (a) Induction pertains to the emf induced in a coil when this coil links changing flux linkages . (b) Interaction pertains to the development of force or torque when fields produced by by stator as well as rotor interact with each other . (c) Alignment pertains to the development of reluctance force or torque . This torque is present when the reluctance seen by the working flux changes with the rotor movement .

CONCEPT OF SLIP According to Lenzs law, the direction of rotor current will be such that they tend to oppose the cause producing it. The cause producing the rotor current is the relative speed between the rotating field and the stationary rotor. Hence, to reduce this relative speed, the rotor starts running in the same direction as that of stator field and tries to catch it. In practice the rotor can never reach the speed of the rotating magnetic field produced by the stator. This is because if rotor speed equals the synchronous speed, then there is no relative speed between the rotating magnetic field and the rotor. This makes the rotor current zero and hence no torque is produced and the rotor will tend to remain stationary. In practice, windage and friction losses cause the rotor to slow down. Hence, the rotor speed (N) is always less than the stator field speed (N S). Thus the induction motor cannot run with zero slip . The slip (s) of an induction motor is the difference between the synchronous speed and the rotor speed , expressed as a percentage (or per unit) of synchronous speed . The slip is given by the equation S = NS - NR NS Where S = slip NS = synchronous speed (in r.p.m) NR = rotor speed (in r.p.m)