Fundamentals of Compressible Flow

Table of Contents

Chapter 1 - Introduction to Fluid Flow

1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Conservation of mass 1 1.3 Particle paths, streamlines and streaklines in 2-D steady flow 5 1.4 Particle paths in three dimensions 18 1.5 The substantial derivative 18 1.6 Momentum transport due to convection 21 1.7 Momentum transport due to molecular motion at microscopic scales 26 1.8 Conservation of energy 33 1.9 Summary - the equations of motion 38 1.10 Problems 39

Chapter 2 - Thermodynamics of Dilute Gases

2.1 Introduction 1 2.2 Thermodynamics 1 2.3 The Carnot Cycle 5 2.4 Enthalpy 9 2.5 Heat capacities 12 2.6 Ideal gases 13 2.7 Constant specific heat 16 2.8 The entropy of mixing 18 2.9 Isentropic expansion 25 2.10 Some results from statistical mechanics 31 2.11 Enthalpy - diatomic gases 33 2.12 Speed of sound 33 2.13 Atmospheric models 34 2.14 The third law of thermodynamics 36 2.15 Problems 38

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Chapter 3 - Control Volumes, Vector Calculus

3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 Control volume definition 1 Vector calculus 2 Gauss theorem 6 Stokes theorem 8 Problems 9

Chapter 4 - Kinematics of Fluid Motion

4.1 Elementary flow patterns 1 4.2 Rate-of-strain and rate-of-rotation tensors 8 4.3 Problems 9

Chapter 5 - The Conservation Equations

5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6 5.7 5.8 5.9 Leibniz rule for differentiation of integrals 1 Conservation of mass 5 Conservation of momentum 6 Conservation of energy 9 Summary - differential form of the equations of motion 11 Integral form of the equations of motion 12 Applications of control volume analysis 15 Stagnation enthalpy, temperature and pressure 21 Problems 29

Chapter 6 - Several Forms of the Equations of Motion

6.1 The Navier-Stokes equations 1 6.2 The momentum equation in terms of vorticity 2 6.3 The momentum equation in terms of the entropy and vorticity 4 6.4 Inviscid, irrotational, homentropic flow 6 6.5 The velocity potential 8 6.6 The vorticity equation 11 6.7 Fluid flow in three dimensions, the dual stream function 13 6.8 The vector potential 14 6.9 Incompressible flow with mass and vorticity sources 16 6.10 Turbulent flow 17 6.11 Problems 20

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Chapter 7 - Entropy Generation and Transport

7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 7.5 7.6 Convective form of the Gibbs equation 1 The kinetic energy equation 1 Internal energy 3 Viscous dissipation of kinetic energy 4 Entropy 5 Problems 8

Chapter 8 - Viscous Flow Along a Wall

8.1 The no-slip condition 1 8.2 Equations of motion 3 8.3 Plane, compressible Couette flow 4 8.4 The viscous boundary layer on a wall 12 2 8.5 The laminar boundary layer in the limit M ! 0 19 8.6 Compressible laminar boundary layers 24 8.7 Mapping a compressible to an incompressible boundary layer 27 8.8 Turbulent boundary layers 41 8.9 Transformation between flat plate and curved wall boundary layers 47 8.10 Problems 50

Chapter 9 - Quasi-One-Dimensional Flow

9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4 9.5 Control volume and integral conservation equations 1 Area averaged flow 5 Normal shock waves 12 Shock wave thickness 25 Problems 32

Chapter 10 - Gasdynamics of Nozzle Flow

10.1 10.2 10.3 10.4 10.5 Area-Mach number function 1 A simple convergent nozzle 6 Converging-diverging nozzle 9 Examples 15 Problems 22

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Chapter 11 - Area Change, Wall Friction and Heat Transfer

11.1 11.2 11.3 11.4 11.5 11.6 11.7 11.8 Control volume 1 Stagnation pressure and entropy 2 Velocity, density, temperature, pressure 4 The Mach number 5 Mass flow, area-mach-number function 6 Integrated relations 7 Detonations and deflagrations 17 Problems 24

Chapter 12 - Steady Waves in Compressible Flow

12.1 12.2 12.3 12.5 Oblique shock waves 1 Weak oblique waves 7 The Prandtl-Meyer expansion 11 Problems 14

Chapter 13 - Unsteady Waves in Compressible Flow

13.1 13.2 13.3 13.4 13.5 13.6 13.7 13.8 Governing equations 1 The acoustic equations 1 Propagation of acoustic waves in one space dimension 4 Isentropic, finite amplitude waves 7 Centered expansion wave 10 Compression wave 12 The shock tube 13 Problems 20

Chapter 14 - Thin Airfoil Theory

14.1 Compressible potential flow 1 14.2 Similarity rules for high speed flight 16 14.3 Problems 25

Appendix 1 - Some Results From the Kinetic Theory of Gases

A1.1 Distribution of molecular velocities in a gas 1 A1.2 Mean molecular velocity 7 A1.3 Distribution of molecular speeds 9

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A1.4 Pressure 10 A1.5 The mean free path 13 A1.6 Viscosity 14 A1.7 Heat conductivity 15 A1.8 Specific Heats, the law of equipartition 16 A1.9 Diatomic gases 17 A1.10 Energy levels in a box 25

Appendix 2 - Equations in cylindrical and spherical coordinates

A2.1 A2.2 A2.3 A2.4 A2.5 A2.6 A2.7 A2.8 Coordinate systems 1 Transformation of vector components 2 Summary of differential operations 2 Continuity 6 Momentum 7 Energy equation 9 Components of the stress tensor 11 Energy dissipation function 12

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