ASSIGNMENT OF DATA COMMUNICATION

Nov. 25

ASSIGNMENT # 4 DATA communication and networks

Submitted To: Mr. SALMAN MANSOOR Submitted By: MUHAMMAD Zubair Yaseen Roll # (6003) Msc (CS) 3RD Semester

COLLAGE OF COMPUTER SCIENCE AND INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY GOVERNMENT COLLAGE UNIVERSITY FAISLAABAD

ASSIGNMENT OF DATA COMMUNICATION

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Table of Contents
Page no

1. QUALITY OF SERVICES IN COMPUTER NETWORKS

2. WIFI(WIRELESS FEDALITY) ITS STANDARDS AND APPLICATION

3. CASE STUDTY (CH # 13 BOOK NETWORK PROTOCOLS AND STANDEREDS)

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4. DESIGN ISSUES IN (LAN) LOCAL AREA NETWORKS

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1: QUALITY OF SERVICES IN COMPUTER NETWORKS: What is QoS?

Quality of

Service (QoS) for networks is an industry-wide set of standards and mechanisms for ensuring high-quality performance for critical applications. By using QoS mechanisms, network administrators can use existing resources efficiently and ensure the required level of service without reactively expanding or over-provisioning their networks.

Uses and Benefits of QoS

Network administrators can use QoS to guarantee throughput for mission-critical applications so that their transactions can be processed in an acceptable amount of time. Network administrators can also use QoS to manage User Data Protocol (UDP) traffic. Unlike Transmission Control Protocol (TCP), UDP is an inherently unreliable protocol that does not receive feedback from the network and, therefore, cannot detect network congestion. Network administrators can use QoS to manage the priority of applications that rely on UDP, such as multimedia applications, so that they have the required bandwidth even in times of network congestion, but do not overwhelm the network.

QoS provides the following benefits:

Gives administrators control over network resources and allows them to manage the network from a business, rather than a technical, perspective. Ensures that time-sensitive and mission-critical applications have the resources they require, while allowing other applications access to the network. Improves user experience. Reduces costs by using existing resources efficiently, thereby delaying or reducing the need for expansion or upgrades.

What type of parameters using to measure QoS?

Bandwidth Delay Jitter Error rate Reliability

Bandwidth:
Bandwidth or throughput is a network QoS parameter that refers to the data rate supported by a network connection or interface. The most common term for bandwidth is bits per second (bps)

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i.e. effective number of data units transported per unit time. Multimedia applications usually require high bandwidth as compared to other general applications. For example, MPEG2 video requires around 4Mbps, while MPEG1 video requires about 1-2 Mbps. Network technologies that do not support such high bandwidth cannot play multimedia contents. For instance, Bluetooth technology version 1 only supports a maximum bandwidth of 746 kbps and thus, devices relying on Bluetooth for connectivity cannot play MPEG1 videos. Better throughput means better QoS received by the end-user.

Delay:
Delay is defined as the time interval elapsed between the departures of data from the source to its arrival at the destination. In the case of a communication system, delay refers to the time lag between the departure of signal from the source and its arrival at the destination. This can range from a few nanoseconds or microseconds in local area networks (LANs) to about 0.25 s in satellite communications systems. Greater delays can occur as a result of the time required for packets to make their way through land-based cables and nodes of the Internet. Because of the clock synchronization problem, it is difficult to measure one-way delays; therefore, round-trip (i.e. forward and return paths on the Internet) delays are used.

Jitter:
Jitter refers to the variation in time between packets arriving at the destination. It is caused by network congestion, timing drift, or route changes. Depending on the multimedia application type, jitter may or may not be significant. For example, audio or video conference applications are not tolerable to jitter due to the very limited buffering in live presentations, whereas prerecorded multimedia playback is usually tolerable to jitter, as modern players buffer around 5 seconds to alleviate the affect of jitter. In jitter, the deviation can be in terms of amplitude, phase timing or the width of the signal pulse.

Error Rate/Loss:
Loss mainly denotes the amount of data that did not make it to the destination in a specified time period. Loss is directly proportional to the QoS applicable. Different methods can be used to reduce the chances of loss; either by providing individual channels/guaranteed bandwidth for specific data transmissions, or by retransmission of data for loss recovery.

Reliability:
Reliability some multimedia applications require real-time processing, which makes packet retransmission impossible. Multimedia applications usually employ recovery mechanisms, such as Forward Error Correction (FEC), to deal with packet loss. Most Multimedia applications are error tolerant to a certain extent. However, few multimedia applications, like distance learning examination or Tele-Surgery are sensitive to packet loss. The successful delivery of all packets of the Multimedia content in such applications is vital. System reliability depends on many factors in the network. Reliability is inversely proportional to failure rate, meaning that reliability will be deteriorating as the failure rate rises.

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Realization of QoS:
To realize and implement QoS parameters in a network, the following characteristics of network traffic need to be explained: packet classification, congestion management, congestion avoidance, traffic-shaping and policing and Link efficiency management. Packet or traffic classification identifies and splits traffic into different classes and marks them accordingly. Packet classification allows for different treatments of transmitted data, therefore giving audio packets higher priority if, e.g., the underlying network supports it. Figural is an example of classification. Traffic classifications can be determined in several ways, including physical ingress interface, ISO/OSI Layer 2 or Layer 3 address or Layer 4 Port number, or the Universal Resource Locator (URL).

Application of QoS:
A defined quality of service may be desired or required for certain types of network traffic, for example:

Streaming media specifically

Internet protocol television (IPTV) Audio over Ethernet

Audio over IP IP telephony also known as Voice over IP (VoIP) Videoconferencing Telepresence Storage applications such as ISCSI and FCOE Circuit Emulation Service Safety-critical applications such as remote surgery where availability issues can be hazardous Network operations support systems either for the network itself, or for customers' business critical needs Online games where real-time lag can be a factor Industrial control systems protocols such as Ethernet/IP which are used for real-time control of machinery

These types of service are called inelastic, meaning that they require a certain minimum level of bandwidth and a certain maximum latency to function. By contrast, elastic applications can take advantage of however much or little bandwidth is available. Bulk file transfer applications that rely on TCP are generally elastic.

Quality of services in ATM: PROVIDING DESIRED QoS:

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QoS desires are specified at connection setup time and one never altered for the connection duration. Switches along the path must reserve resources to guarantee the QoS. If a switch cannot provide the resources, it rejects the connection requests and an appropriate error message is returned.

ATM QoS SPECIFICATIONS:

There are three types of QoS specifications, which are given as follows: 1. CONSTANT BIT RATE (CBR): It is used for audio and video, since these have predefined maximum data rates. 2. VARIABLE BIT RATE (VBR): It is used for compressed audio and video where the data rate depends on the level of compression that can be achieved. 3. AVAILABLE BIT RATE (ABR): It is used for typical data applications (where the data rate may be unknown and burst-y) and allows use of whatever bandwidth is available at a given time.

Reference web links: http://www.unm.edu/~network/presentations/course/appendix/appendix_b/sld032.htm http://encyclopedia.jrank.org/articles/pages/6874/Quality-of-Service-in-Multimedia

Networks.html http://www.windowsnetworking.com/articles_tutorials/Throttling-Bandwidth-QoS-Part2.html http://zeroshell.org/qos/ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quality_of_service http://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/network/bb530836.aspx http://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/cc757120(v=ws.10).aspx

Reference books: Data communication (CS-601 by virtual university) Computer networks (CS-610 by virtual university) Data and computer communication by ( William stalling) Data communication and networks by (B.A ferozan)

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2: What is Wi-Fi?
Wi-Fi stands for Wireless Fidelity. Wi-Fi is based on the IEEE 802.11 family of standards and is primarily a local area networking (LAN) technology designed to provide in-building broadband coverage. Current Wi-Fi systems based on IEEE 802.11a/g support a peak physical-layer data rate of 54Mbps and typically provide indoor coverage over a distance of 100 feet. Wi-Fi has become the defacto standard for last feet broadband connectivity in homes, offices, and public hotspot locations. Systems can typically provide a coverage range of only about 1,000 feet from the access point. Wi-Fi offers remarkably higher peak data rates than do 3G systems, primarily since it operates over a larger 20MHz bandwidth but Wi-Fi systems are not designed to support high-speed mobility. One significant advantage of Wi-Fi over WiMAX and 3G is the wide availability of terminal devices. A vast majority of laptops shipped today have a built-in Wi-Fi interface. Wi-Fi interfaces are now also being built into a variety of devices, including personal data assistants (PDAs), cordless phones, and cellular phones, cameras, and media players.

Wi-Fi is half duplex:

All Wi-Fi networks are contention-based TDD systems where the access point and the mobile stations all vie for use of the same channel. Because of the shared media operation, all Wi-Fi networks are half duplex. There are equipment vendors who market Wi-Fi mesh configurations, but those implementations incorporate technologies that are not defined in the standards.

Channel Bandwidth:
The Wi-Fi standards define a fixed channel bandwidth of 25 MHz for 802.11b and 20 MHz for either 802.11a or g networks.

Working concept with Wi-Fi:

There are three most important items which makes Wi-Fi working in your laptop or desktop. These are:

Radio Signals Wi-Fi Card which fits in your laptop or computer. Hotspots which create Wi-Fi Network.

Radio Signals:

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Radio Signals are the keys which make Wi-Fi networking possible. These radio signals transmitted from Wi-Fi antennas are picked up by Wi-Fi receivers such as computers and cell phones that are equipped with Wi-Fi cards. Whenever a computer receives any of the signals within the range of a Wi-Fi network which is usually 300 - 500 feet for antennas, the Wi-Fi card will read the signals and thus create an internet connection between the user and the network without the use of a cord. Access points which consist of antennas and routers are the main source which transmit and receive radio waves. Antennas work stronger and have a longer radio transmission with a radius of 300-500 feet which are used in public areas while the weaker yet effective router is more suitable for homes with a radio transmission of 100-150 feet.

Wi-Fi Cards:
You can think Wi-Fi card as being an invisible cord that connects your computer to the antenna for a direct connection to the internet. Wi-Fi cards can be external or internal, meaning that if a Wi-Fi card is not installed in your computer, you may purchase a USB antenna attachment and have it externally connect to your USB port, or have an antenna-equipped expansion card installed directly to the computer. For laptops, this card will be a PCMCIA card in which you insert to the PCMCIA slot on the laptop.

Wi-Fi Hotspots:
A Wi-Fi hotspot is created by installing an access point to an internet connection. The access point transmits a wireless signal over a short distance. Typically covering around 300 feet. When a Wi-Fi .enabled device, such as a Pocket PC, encounters a hotspot, the device can then connect to that network wirelessly. Most hotspots are located in places that are readily accessible to the public, like airports, coffee shops, hotels, book stores and campus environments. 802.11b is the most common specification for hotspots worldwide. The 802.11g standard is backwards compatible with .11b but .11a uses a different frequency range and requires separate hardware such as an a, a/g, or a/b/g adapter. The largest public Wi-Fi networks are provided by private internet service providers (ISPs) that charge a fee for users to connect to the internet.

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Types of Wi-Fi standards:

802.11-1997 (802.11 legacy) 802.11a 802.11b 802.11g 802.11n 802.11ac 802.11ad

A Brief Comparison between different standards:

802.11: 802.11 This pertains to wireless LANs and provides 1- or 2-Mbps transmission in the 2.4-GHz band using either frequency-hopping spread spectrum (FHSS) or direct-sequence spread spectrum (DSSS). 802.11b (2.4GHz - Use for internet access only): For most applications, 802.11b, which operates at 2.4GHz, is sufficient. It is the most widely accepted standard of the three, and is most deployed. The price of 802.11b equipment is also the cheapest, due to the demand of 802.11g. The distance of 802.11b will rely mostly on whether or not the communicating devices have line of site or not. The fewer obstacles in between the transmitting and receiving devices, the better the wireless connection will be which translates to better web surfing. If you are using your wireless router/access point only for internet connectivity then this wireless standard is good for you. This is because your connection to the internet through your broadband modem is only operating at best about 2Mbps (depending on your service area), which is still very fast. Your 802.11b devices can transfer data up to 11Mbps, which is therefore sufficient for internet use. So, if you are using wireless for internet only, stick to 802.11b. It will save you money on equipment, give you great speed on the web, but is being phased out by 802.11g 802.11g (2.4GHz - Use for internet access and file sharing): This standard is replacing the widely accepted 802.11b standard, due to the fact that the frequency on which it operates is the same, and price has dramatically gone down on products. Like the 802.11b devices, products using this standard will usually need line of site, to function at optimal performance. 802.11b and 802.11g both work under the 2.4GHz frequency range. This means that they are inter-operable with each other. All 802.11g devices can communicate with 802.11b devices. The advantage of 802.11g is that you will be able to transfer files between computers or networks at much faster speeds.

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If you are using your wireless connection to transfer files around the home or office, whether it be data files, music, video, or voice, you want to go with the 802.11g. With the home audio and theater moving to wireless networks, you want to be sure to have an 802.11g network setup in your home. This standard also allows for some manufactures to have devices working at speeds up to 108Mbps, which is recommended if you plan to transfer large data or audio files within your LAN. 802.11a (5GHz - Use for crowded 2.4GHz area): With this standard having a different frequency then 802.11b and 802.11g, it is used mainly in backhaul applications, such as long distance building to building links, and Wireless Bridge Connections. It has a higher frequency, so line of site is not depended on as much as 2.4GHz, but it also does not travel as far without high gain antennas. GNS Communications offers complete 5GHz Wireless Bridge Kits for backhaul, and long range wireless applications. Click here for a Complete 5GHz Wireless Bridge, or Contact us for more information. This standard can transmit at speeds up to 54Mbps, but the equipment will cost more then 802.11b and 802.11g equipment. One of the benefits is that you can use 802.11a in conjunction with 802.11b/g. This is because the frequencies are different therefore allowing 802.11a (5GHz) to operate in a crowded 2.4GHz range.
802.11n:

802.11n is an amendment which improves upon the previous 802.11 standards by adding multiple input multiple-output antennas (MIMO). 802.11n operates on both the 2.4 GHz and the lesser used 5 GHz bands. It operates at a maximum net data rate from 54 Mbit/s to 600 Mbit/s. The IEEE has approved the amendment and it was published in October 2009. Prior to the final ratification, enterprises was already migrating to 802.11n networks based on the Wi-Fi Alliance's certification of products conforming to a 2007 draft of the 802.11n proposal. 802.11ac: IEEE 802.11ac is a standard under development which will provide high throughput in the 5 GHz band. This specification will enable multi-station WLAN throughput of at least 1 gigabits per second and a maximum single link throughput of at least 500 megabits per second, by using wider RF bandwidth (80 or 160 MHz), more streams (up to 8), and high-density modulation 802.11ad: IEEE 802.11ad "WiGig" is a new proposed standard that is already seeing a major push from hardware manufacturers. On 24 July 2012 Marvell and Wilocity announced a new partnership to bring a new tri-band Wi-Fi solution to market. Using 2.4 GHz, 5 GHz and 60 GHz, the new standard can achieve a theoretical maximum throughput of up to 7Gbit/s. This standard is expected to reach the market sometime in early 2014.

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A Short Comparison between Standards:

802.11a Frequency- 5 GHz Typical Data Rate - 23 Mbit/s Max Data rate 54 Mbit/s Range 115 feet 802.11b Frequency - 2.4 GHz Typical Data Rate - 4.5 Mbit/s Max Data rate 11 Mbit/s Range - 115 feet 802.11g Frequency - 2.4 GHz Typical Data Rate 19 Mbit/s Max Data rate - 54 Mbit/s Range 125 feet 802.11n Frequency - 5GHz and/or 2.4GHz Typical Data Rate - 74 Mbit/s Max Data rate - 300 Mbit/s (2 streams) Range 230 feet Reference web links: http://standards.ieee.org/about/get/802/802.11.html http://www.tutorialspoint.com/wi-fi/index.htm http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_802.11#802.11n http://glassonionblog.wordpress.com/2008/08/04/wireless-protocols-ieee-80211-a-b-g-n Reference books: IEEE Standard for Information Technology Telecommunications and information exchange between systems by (IEEE) Comparison of the IEEE 802.11, 802.15.1 and 802.15.6 wireless standards by (Jan Magne Tjensvold)
compared/ http://www.gnswireless.com/avsbvsg.htm http://kl2217.wordpress.com/2009/07/31/ieee-802-11-standards-comparison/

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3: CASE STUDTY (CH # 13 BOOK NETWORK PROTOCOLS AND STANDEREDS)

We use LAN technology for this network because we need a secure and high speed data networks. 1. Using star topology for deigning that network. 2. Using twisted pair cable inside the silicon tower. 3. Using fiber optics to connect buildings with each other. 4. Using wireless network as backup connectivity between buildings. 5. A web centralized web server, mail server, DNS and proxy server placed in genesis building. 6. Centralized switch placed in genesis. 7. Every building have centralize switch which further connect to genesis building. 8. A web server has firewall hardware device. 9. Have backup servers

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4: DESIGN ISSUES IN (LAN) LOCAL AREA NETWORKS

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Collapsed backbone Capacity of backbone Trunk capacity Trunk fault tolerance Routing strategy Redundancy Filtering Physical diversity

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