Chapter 1 Transport List of PEKA experiments: 1.

. Correlating the different sizes of cubes with the total surface area to volume (TSA/V) ratio and studying how the TSA/V ratio affects the movement of solutes to the interior of cubes. 2. Studying educational courseware and charts about the circulatory systems in humans, fish and amphibians. 3. Examining prepared slides of blood smear, mammalian artery and mammalian vein. 4. Observing live specimens of the heart 5. Showing the presence of xylem as a continuous tube system to transport water and minerals 6. Preparing and examining slides of the cross section and longitudinal section of a dicotyledonous stem 7. Observing prepared slides of the cross section of the stem, root and leaf of a dicotyledonous plant 8. Carrying out bark ringing to show the role of phloem in the continuous transport of organic substances 9. Studying the effect of air movement on the rate of transpiration by using a potometer 10. Determining the effect of temperature, light intensity and relative humidity on the rate of transpiration 11. Investigating whether transpiration occurs mainly through the stomata of leaves 12. Observing the phenomenon of root pressure 13. Observing the phenomenon of cohesion and adhesion of water 14. Investigating the effect of light intensity on the rate of transpiration Number Pg. Title Activity 1.1 (Observation) 2 Correlating the different sizes of cubes with the total surface area to volume (TSA/V) ratio and studying how the TSA/V ratio affects the movement of solutes to the interior of cubes Aim / Objective of the Study To correlate different sizes of cubes to total surface area/volume (TSA/V) ratio and to study on how the TSA/V ratio affects the movement of solutes to the interior of cubes. Problem Statement How the TSA/V ratio does affect the movement of solutes to the interior of cubes? Hypothesis A cube with a larger TSA/V ratio allows solutes to move faster into its interior. Variables Manipulated variable: TSA/V ratio Responding variable: Rate of penetration of solutes (iodine solution / phenolphthalein) into the cubes Fixed variable: Concentration of iodine solution / phnolphthalein, time Material

1.0% phenolphthalein 0.2M sodium hydroxide solution A sheet of plain plastic for example transparency

Filter paper Petri dish A ruler A pair of scissors A razor blade A stopwatch

Apparatus

Technique used

Measure the rate of penetration of solutes into the cubes by using cube-shaped moulds (on plain plastic).

=============================================== Number Pg. Title Activity 1.2 (Observation) 4 Studying educational courseware and charts about the circulatory systems in humans, fish and amphibians. Aim / Objective of the Study To study the circulatory systems in humans, fish and amphibians Problem Statement How is the circulatory system in humans, fish and amphibians? Material Educational software Videos Charts The Internet

=============================================== Number Pg. Title Exploring Further (Experiment) 5 Examining prepared slides of blood smear, mammalian artery and mammalian vein Aim / Objective of the Study To exam prepared slides of blood smear, mammalian artery and mammalian vein Material Prepared slides of human blood smear Prepared slides of mammalian artery (cross section) Prepared slides of a mammalian vein (cross section) Apparatus Technique used

Microscope

Observe and examine prepared slides with a microscope

=============================================== Number Pg. Title Activity 1.3 (Observation) 6 Observing live specimens of the heart

Aim / Objective of the Study To observe live specimens of the heart.A. Observing a live specimen of the goats heartB. Observing a live specimen of the chickens heartC. Observing a live specimen of the fishs heart Material Fish heart Chicken heart Goat heart Apparatus

Dissecting tray A sharp knife A blunt metal probe A pair of scissors A scalpel Safety goggles Laboratory aprons Gloves

Technique used

Observe live specimens of the heart and compare the circulatory systems

============================================== Number Pg. Title Activity 1.4 (Observation) 13 Showing the presence of xylem as a continuous tube system to transport water and minerals Aim / Objective of the Study To observe the presence of xylem as a continuous tube system to transport water and minerals Problem statement Does xylem form a continuous tube system? Hypothesis Xylem tissues form a continuous tube system from the roots to the shoots Material A balsam plant (pokok keembung) 100 ml of dilute eosin solution Apparatus

A beaker A razor blade A clean glass slide A microscope A forceps A white tile A Petri dish A paint brush Prepare cross section of stem and root Identify the vascular tissue in stem, root and leaf by using microscope

Technique used

=============================================== Number Pg. Title Activity 1.5 (Observation) 14 Preparing and examining slides of the cross section and longitudinal section of a dicotyledonous stem Aim / Objective of the Study To prepare and exam slides of the cross section and longitudinal section of a dicotyledonous stem Material A stem Dilute glycerine Toluidine blue Apparatus

A razor blade A Petri dish A microscope A slide A small paint brush

Technique used

Identify the vascular tissue in stem, root and leaf by using microscope

=============================================== Number Pg. Title Activity 1.6 (Observation) 16 Observing prepared slides of the cross section of the stem, root and leaf of a dicotyledonous plant Aim / Objective of the Study To observe prepared slides of the cross section of the stem, root and leaf of a dicotyledonous plant Material Prepared slides of the cross section of the stem, root and leaf of a dicotyledonous plant (Example: Helianthus sp.) Apparatus Technique used

A microscope

Observe and identify the vascular tissue in stem, root and leaf by using microscope

=============================================== Number Pg. Title Activity 1.7 (Experiment) 17 Observing prepared slides of the cross section of the stem, root and leaf of a monocotyledonous plant Aim / Objective of the Study To observe prepared slides of the cross section of the stem, root and leaf of a monocotyledonous plant Problem statement What is the effect of removing a ring of phloem tissue from the stem of a tree?

Hypothesis Variables

The tissue just above the ring swells, whereas that below the ring tends to wither. Manipulated variable: a stem that is not ringed Responding variable: The condition of the stems above and below the ring after one month Fixed variable: The environmental factors affecting the growth of the tree

Material

A healthy tree with small stems Vaseline A sharp knife

Apparatus Technique used

Bark ringing (removal of a ring of phloem tissue, external to the xylem, from around the trunk of a woody plant).

=============================================== Number Pg. Title Activity 1.8 (Experiment) 19 Studying the effect of air movement on the rate of transpiration by using a potometer Aim / Objective of the Study To study the effect of air movement on the rate of transpiration by using a potometer Problem statement How does the movement of air affect the rate of transpiration? Hypothesis The faster the movement of air, the greater the rate of transpiration Variables Manipulated variable: Air movement Responding variable: The distance travelled by the air bubble in 5 minutes Fixed variable: Surrounding temperature, light intensity, relative humidity, type of plant used Material

A leafy shoot Vaseline Dry cloth Coloured water (dilute eosin solution, optional) A photometer A beaker Secateurs A basin of water A stopwatch

Apparatus

Technique used

Measuring the distance travelled by an air bubble in a photometer in 5 minutes

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Number Pg. Title

Activity 1.9 (Experiment) 25 Determining the effect of temperature, light intensity and relative humidity on the rate of transpiration. Aim / Objective of the Study To determining the effect of temperature, light intensity and relative humidity on the rate of transpiration.

Effect of light Effect of temperature Effect of relative humidity How does light intensity affect the rate of transpiration? How does temperature affect the rate of transpiration? How does humidity affect the rate of transpiration? The higher the light intensity, the higher the rate of transpiration. The higher the temperature, the higher the rate of transpiration. The higher the relative humidity, the lower the rate of transpiration. Manipulated variable: Light intensity. Responding variable: Time taken by the air bubble to travel a distance of 2 cm. Fixed variable: Surrounding temperature, relative humidity, type of plant used and air movement. Manipulated variable: Temperature. Responding variable: Time taken by the air bubble to travel a distance of 2 cm. Fixed variable: Light intensity, relative humidity, type of plant used and air movement. Manipulated variable: Relative humidity. Responding variable: Time taken by the air bubble to travel a distance of 2 cm. Fixed variable: Surrounding temperature, light intensity, type of plant used and air movement. A leafy shoot Vaseline Dry cloth Coloured water (dilute eosin solution, optional) A potometer A beaker Secateurs A basin of water

Problem statement

Hypothesis

Variables (light intensity)

Variables (temperature)

Variables (relative humidity)

Material

Apparatus

A stopwatch A large transparent polythene bag A large black polythene bag Two strings Two covers to cover the shoot A thermometer

Technique used

Measuring and recording the time taken for the air bubble to move a distance of 2 cm by using a stopwatch.

=============================================== Number Pg. Title Material Exploring Further (Experiment) 26 Investigating whether transpiration occurs mainly through the stomata of leaves. Leaves from a dicotyledonous plant such as Hibiscus sp. Vaseline

Apparatus

Thread An electronic balance An applicator

=============================================== Number Pg. Title Material Activity 1.10 (Observation) 27 Observing the phenomenon of root pressure A healthy potted plant with plane underneath Coloured water

Apparatus

A glass tube (20 cm long) A rubber tubing Threads A ruler

=============================================== Number Pg. Title Material Activity 1.11 (Observation) 28 Observing the phenomenon of cohesion and adhesion (capillary action) of water Water Paraffin oil Sponge

Apparatus

Capillary tube Retort stand

A beaker

=============================================== Number Pg. Title Material Practical Assessment 1 (Experiment) 29 Investigating the effect of light intensity on the rate of transpiration / Investigating the transpiration rate of a leafty shoot Water Paraffin oil

Apparatus

Calibrated pipette Retort stand Potometer Airtight seal Water tube