FACTS Devices and Effect of UPFC on 500 KV Transmission System

Abstract With the advance in power system operation techniques FACT devices have come to horizon and have proven to be very effective in transmission capabilities and stability enhancement of the transmission system. In this aspect series devices are providing their service in mainly in voltage regulation and the shunt device are helping in enhancing power transfer capability of the line by providing VARs to the system. UPFC (Unified power flow controller) being the combination of both STATCOM (shunt compensator) and SSSC (Static synchronous series compensator) and also with power injection capability serve the purpose of both in the form of VAR compensation, Power Flow control, Power injection, Voltage regulation, and transient stability of the system. The nature of this research work is investigative and does not emphasize on controllability of UPFC.

With FACTs, the following benefits can be attained in AC electric power system Improve power transmission capability Improve system stability and availability Improve power quality Minimize environmental impact Minimize transmission losses FACTS controllers can be divided into four categories Series, Shunt, Series-series, and Series-shunt Some of the Series-series, series-shunt controllers are known as unified due to the fact that the DC link are connected together to provide real power transfer, for instance the interline power flow controller (IPFC) and unified power flow controller (UPFC). Usually the DC connection has a minimal storage, and can be added an extra source of energy like a battery or a super conducting magnet to replenish this link storage device. [2][3] For a voltage source converter, a unidirectional DC voltage of DC link capacitor (used as the link storage device), is presented to the AC side as AC voltage through sequential switching of devices. Throughout appropriate converter and modulation topology it is possible to vary the AC output voltage in magnitude and in any phase. The power reversal involves reversal of current, not the voltage. In our research work, the voltage source converters are used for all control strategies. II. UNIFIED POWER FLOW CONTROLLER

Index Terms UPFC, Power flow control, Voltage regulation, VAR compensation, Power injection, Static Synchronous Compensator (STATCOM), Static Synchronous Series Compensator (SSSC)

I. INTRODUCTION Flexible Ac Transmission System is the new emerging technology used by different electric utilities for using their Transmission assets fully up to their thermal limit. Following (Fig.1) is the graph which shows how the thermal limit of transmission line is related to its length for different voltage level.

Line outage, congestion, power system stability loss and cascading line tripping are the major issues where capability and utilization of FACTS are noticed. Representative of the last generation of FACTS devices is the Unified Power Flow Controller (UPFC). The UPFC is a device which can control simultaneously all three parameters of line power flow (line impedance, voltage and phase angle). Such "new" FACTS device combines together the features of two "old" FACTS devices: the Static Synchronous Compensator (STATCOM) and the Static Synchronous Series Compensator (SSSC). In practice, these two devices are two Voltage Source Inverters (VSIs) connected respectively in shunt with the transmission line through a shunt transformer and in series with the transmission line through a series transformer, connected to each other by a common dc link including a storage capacitor.
Fig. 1 Operational limits of transmission line for different voltage levels

A. Theme The shunt inverter is used for voltage regulation at the point of connection injecting an opportune reactive power flow into the line and to balance the real power flow exchanged between the series inverter and the transmission line. The series inverter can be used to control the real and reactive line power flow inserting an opportune voltage with controllable magnitude and phase in series with the transmission line. Thereby, the UPFC can fulfill functions of reactive shunt compensation, active and reactive series compensation and phase shifting. Besides, the UPFC allows a secondary but important function such as stability control to suppress power system oscillations improving the transient stability of power system. As the need for flexible and fast power flow controllers, such as the UPFC, is expected to grow in the future due to the changes in the electricity markets, there is a corresponding need for reliable and realistic models of these controllers to investigate the impact of them on the performance of the power system.[4][7][8][13] B. Structure The general structure of the UPFC contains two "back to back" voltage source converters using insulated gate bipolar transistor (IGBT) or Integrated Gate Commutated Thyrister (IGCT) with a common DC link (Fig. 2). First converter is connected as parallel and another converter as series with transmission line. The shunt converter is used to provide active power demanded by the series converter through a common DC link. The series converter provides the main function of the UPFC by injecting an AC voltage with controllable magnitude and phase angle. The transmission line current flows through series converter and therefore, it exchanges the active and reactive power with the AC system. Generally, this structure (Fig.2) enables voltage control by the shunt inverter and independent active and reactive power flow control by the series inverter.

flows in the transmission line are influenced by the amplitude as well as the phase angle of the series injected voltage. Therefore, the active power controller can significantly affects the reactive power flow and vice versa [5]. C. Phasor diagram representation Single phase circuit representation is given below with UPFC installed in the power system (Fig. 3). The voltages at the midpoint of transmission line is marked as VM, whereas the voltage injected by UPFC with controllable magnitude and phase is marked as Vc .

Fig. 3. Single phase equivalent circuit

The shunt inverter in UPFC is operating in such a way to inject a controllable current IC into the transmission line. This current consists of two components with respect to the line voltage: 1) the real or direct component Id 2) reactive or quadrature component Iq The following phasor diagram (Fig. 4) is well explaining the effect of direct and quadrature components.

Fig. 4. (a) Active/Reactive Power control

Fig. 4. (b) Voltage regulation

III. OPERATING MODES OF UPFC The UPFC has many possible operating modes. In particular, the shunt inverter is operating in such a way to inject a controllable current, into the transmission line. This current consists of two components with respect to the line voltage: the real or direct component, which is in phase or in opposite phase with the line voltage, and the reactive or quadrature component, which is in quadrature. The direct component is automatically determined by the requirement to balance the real power of the series inverter. The quadrature component, instead, can be independently set to any desired reference level (inductive or capacitive) within the capability of the inverter, to absorb or generate respectively reactive power from the line.

Fig. 2. UPFC installed in a transmission line

In the parallel branch of UPFC the active power is controlled by the phase angle of the converter output voltage. In the series branch of UPFC the active and reactive power

D. Phase Angle Shifter Emulation mode: The shunt inverter can be controlled in two different modes: A. VAR Control Mode: The reference input is an inductive or capacitive VAR request. The shunt inverter control translates the VAR reference into a corresponding shunt current request and adjusts gating of the inverter to establish the desired current. For this mode of control a feedback signal representing the dc bus voltage, Vdc, is also required. B. Automatic Voltage Control Mode: The shunt inverter reactive current is automatically regulated to maintain the transmission line voltage at the point of connection to a reference value. For this mode of control, voltage feedback signals are obtained from the sending end bus feeding the shunt coupling transformer. The series inverter controls the magnitude and angle of the voltage injected in series with the line to influence the power flow on the line. The actual value of the injected voltage can be obtained in several ways [4]. C. Direct Voltage Injection Mode: The reference inputs are directly the magnitude and phase angle of the series voltage. The reference input is phase displacement between the sending end voltage and the receiving end voltage. E. Line Impedance Emulation mode: The reference input is an impedance value to insert in series with the line impedance. F. Automatic Power Flow Control Mode: The reference inputs are values of P and Q to maintain on the transmission line despite system changes. IV. MODELING OF UPFC ON A TRANSMISSION SYSTEM Using the concept of the control system a power system is taken to implement the use of UPFC. The two modes i.e. the power flow control and the voltage injection mode are simulated in SIMULINK to see the effect of UPFC on a power system. Study is carried out to verify the utility of FACT device. The (Fig. 5) [3] below illustrates application study the steady-state and dynamic performance of a unified power flow controller (UPFC). The single line diagram simulations are done on power flow simulator. This software helps to calculate the power flow, the voltage at each bus and stability of power system. [9][12]

Fig. 5. Load flow with UPFC in the power system

V. MODEL BLOCK OF SINGLE-LINE DIAGRAM: The single line diagram illustrated in (Fig. 5) is implemented on MATLAB SIMULINK to check the validity of the UPFC controller. The Model of UPFC (Fig. 6) will generate two kinds of results. First is based upon the simulations at power flow control mode and second on voltage injection Mode. The important keys to note in the block diagram are:

1. Use of Bypass breaker Used to connect or disconnect UPFC Block from Power System 2. The reference power inputs [P Qref] Reference for power flow control 3. The reference voltage Vdref Reference for voltage injection 4. Power flow analysis at load flow indicated by arrows Comparison with & without UPFC

VI. SIMULATION FOR THE DEMONSTRATION OF ACTIVE POWER FLOW

Fig. 6. Model block of single line diagram

A. 500/230 kV Grid without UPFC: Active Power (MW) along y axis on bus no 1 to bus no 5.

B. 500/230 kV Grid with UPFC Active Power reading with UPFC in power system.

Fig. 7. Active Power flow without UPFC

Fig. 8. Active power flow with UPFC installed in system

Aftermath it is observed that the active power through bus 3 increases from 570MW to 670 MW in the interval of 5s to 6s this change in active power in bus 3 was intentional as the transformer T2 800 MVA was being overloaded with 899 MW load flowing through it (bus 4). There for active power settings of UPFC were set from 5.7 pu to 6.7 pu, which is clearly depicted in the analysis. VII. VOLTAGE REGULATION Again the same circuit is used and observed now it the voltage profile of the buses without UPFC and with UPFC switched into the system at 0 sec of the simulation The rise in voltage at start are due to charging of the transmission line. And its value depends on the length of the line.
TABLE 1 STEADY STATE B US VOLTAGES (L2 50KM)

TABLE 2 STEADY STATE B US VOLTAGES (L2 250KM)

Bus no. 1 2 3 4 5

Without UPFC V (pu) 1.006 1.019 1.011 0.9932 1.002

With UPFC V (pu) 1.01 1.028 0.9958 0.9898 0.9947

TABLE 3 STEADY STATE B US VOLTAGES (L2 500KM)

Bus no. 1 2 3 4 5

Bus no. 1 2 3 4 5

Without UPFC V (pu) 0.9966 0.9993 0.9996 0.9926 0.9978

With UPFC V (pu) 0.9967 0.9978 0.9971 0.9897 0.9958

Without UPFC V (pu) 1.022 1.053 1.027 0.9963 1.009

With UPFC V (pu) 1.03 1.071 1.018 0.9955 1.005

Aftermath as the UPFC is installed on bus 3 the voltage at bus 3 is kept at unity. The tables also shows the effect on other bus voltages.

A. Bus voltages without UPFC

B. Bus Voltages with UPFC

Fig. 10. Bus voltages with UPFC Fig. 9 Bus Voltages without UPFC

VIII. STABILITY OF 500KV TRANSMISSION SYSTEM Suppose in the above system, one 65km line gets out of service due to fault or repairing purpose. Now the system will definitely become unstable or less stable and unbalanced due to the dynamic change. As a result, voltage on all buses will be changed drastically and may cause damage which is undesirable. This problem can be settled with UPFC. UPFC maintains the voltage on all the buses and reduce the oscillations produced as a result of uneven change in power system. [15][16] This is shown in (Fig. 11). The circuit breaker trips the line after 1 second.

B. Bus Voltages of 500/230 kV Grid with UPFC

Fig. 11. Circuit breaker used of double circuit transmission line

Below are the simulation results demonstrating the stability of the 500kv transmission system with and without UPFC.
Fig. 13. Bus Voltages with UPFC

A. Bus Voltages 500/230 kV Grid without UPFC IX. CONCLUSION UPFC is an advanced configuration that combines operation of real and reactive power flow control, steady state and dynamic voltage control and stability. UPFC damps the oscillations, improves reliability and proven to be cost effective. Today, incorporation of the control capabilities provided by powerful controller UPFC into an optimal power flow opens up an unused potential for reducing power losses as well as cost for power transmission.

REFERENCES
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[4] Fig. 12. Bus Voltages without UPFC [5]

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