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BNCE PUSAD
Ritesh Bhusari
10/4/2005
btritesh@yahoo.com
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1. INTRODUCTION:-
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Using Broad Agency Announcements (BAAs), NCI will identify to the R&D
community critical technology platform needs for cancer, such as in vivo nanotechnology
imaging systems and nanotechnology-enabled systems for rapidly assessing therapeutic
efficacy and addressing cancer biology processes. The program will fund 3-year technology
projects through a contract mechanism that is overseen by project specialists. The project will
target cancer centers, small businesses, and Federal laboratories that prepare and submit
concepts and project objectives.
Upon review of initial submissions, full solicitations will be sought from those
of highest value. Technology programs will create platforms that are aimed at deployment for
clinical application in cancer research. Applicants will be required to team with the
Comprehensive Cancer Centers or SPOREs with a plan for dissemination of the technology.
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One of the most pressing needs in clinical oncology is for imaging agents that
can identify tumors that are far smaller than is possible with today's technology, at a scale of
100,000 cells rather than 1,000,000,000 cells. Achieving this level of sensitivity requires better
targeting of imaging agents and generation of a bigger imaging signal, both of which nanoscale
devices are capable of accomplishing. When attached to a dendrimer, for example, the MRI
contrast agent gadolinium generates a 50-fold stronger signal than in its usual form, and given
that nanoscale particles can host multiple gadolinium ions, affords an opportunity to create a
powerful contrast agent. When linked to one of the increasing number of targeting agents, such
a construct would have the potential of meeting the 100,000 cell detection level.
First-generation nanoscale imaging contrast agents are already pointing the way
to new methods for spotting tumors and metastatic lesions much earlier in their development,
before they are even visible to the eye. In the future, implantable nanoscale biomolecular
sensors may enable clinicians to more carefully monitor the disease-free status of patients who
have undergone treatment or individuals susceptible to cancer because of various risk factors.
Imaging agents should also be targeted to changes that occur in the environment
surrounding a tumor, such as angiogenesis, that are now beyond our capability to detect in the
human body. Already, various nanoparticles are being targeted to integrins expressed by
growing capillaries. Given that angiogenesis occurs in distinct stages and that antiangiogenic
therapies will need to be specific for a given angiogenic state, angiogenesis imaging agents that
can distinguish among these stages will be invaluable to obtain optimal benefit from
therapeutics that target angiogenesis.
Today, clinicians and patients must often wait months for signs that a given
therapy is working. In many instances, this delay means that should the initial therapy fail,
subsequent treatments may have a reduced chance of success. This lag also adversely impacts
how new therapies undergo clinical testing, since it leaves regulatory agencies reluctant to
allow new cancer therapies to be tested on anyone but those patients who have exhausted all
other therapeutic possibilities. Unfortunately, this set of patients is far less likely to respond to
any therapy, particularly to those molecularly targeted therapies that aim to stop cancer early in
its progression, an approach that virtually all of our knowledge says is the best approach for
treating cancer.
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and whether that agent is killing malignant or support cells, such as growing blood vessels.
Targeted nanoscale devices may also enable surgeons to more readily detect the margins of a
tumor prior to resection or to detect micro metastases in lymph nodes or tissues distant from the
primary tumor, information that would inform therapeutic decisions and have a positive impact
on patient quality-of-life issues.
The greatest potential for immediate results in this area would focus on detecting
apoptosis following cancer therapy. Such systems could be constructed using nanoparticles
containing an imaging contrast agent and a targeting molecule that recognizes a biochemical
signal only seen when cells undergo apoptosis. Using the molecule annexin V as the targeting
ligand attached to nanoscale iron oxide particles.
5 DEVICES IT IMPLEMENT :-
In this diagram, nano sized sensing wires are laid down across a microfluidic
channel. These nanowires by nature have incredible properties of selectivity and specificity. As
particles flow through the microfluidic channel, the nanowire sensors pick up the molecular
signatures of these particles and can immediately relay this information through a connection of
electrodes to the outside world.
These nanodevices are man-made constructs made with carbon, silicon and
other materials that have the capability to monitor the complexity of biological phenomenon
and relay the information, as it is monitored, to the medical care provider.
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As a cancer cell secretes its molecular products, the antibodies coated on the
cantilever fingers selectively bind to these secreted proteins. These antibodies have been
designed to pick up one or more different, specific molecular expressions from a cancer cell.
The physical properties of the cantilevers change as a result of the binding event. Researchers
can read this change in real time and provide not only information about the presence and the
absence but also the concentration of different molecular expressions. Nanoscale cantilevers,
constructed as part of a larger diagnostic device, can provide rapid and sensitive detection of
cancer-related molecule.
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5.3 NANOSHELL :-
Nanoshells have a core of silica and a metallic outer layer. These nanoshells can
be injected safely, as demonstrated in animal models.
As shown in this example, scientists can then externally supply energy to these
cells. The specific properties associated with nanoshells allow for the absorption of this
directed energy, creating an intense heat that selectively kills the tumor cells. The external
energy can be mechanical, radio frequency, optical – the therapeutic action is the same.
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Liposomes, which are first generation nanoscale devices, are being used
as drug delivery vehicles in several products. For example, liposomal amphotericin B is
used to treat fungal infections often associated with aggressive anticancer treatment and
liposomal doxorubicin is used to treat some forms of cancer.
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7. PROMIISE OF NANOTECHNOLGY :-
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8. CONCLUSION :-
The application discussed here is speculative. Nanotechnology ,with all it’s challenges
and opportunities, is an unavoidable part of our future.The possibilities with nanotechnology are
immense and numerous. The researchers are filled with optimism, and products based on this
technology are beginning to make their mark. The extent to which nanotechnology will impact our
lives only depend on the limits of human ingenuinity.
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9. REFERENCES :-
2. http://www.nano.cancer.gov
3. http://www.videocast.nih.gov/PastEvents.asp.
4. http://www.google.com/applications+nanotechnology
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