ENERGY

"Energetic" redirects here. For other uses, see Energetic (disambiguation).

This article is about the scalar physical quantity. For an overview of and topical guide to energy, see Outline of energy. For other uses, see Energy (disambiguation).
In a typical lightning strike, 500 megajoules of electric potential energy are converted into 500 megajoules (total) oflight energy, sound energy, thermal energy, and so on. In physics, energy (Ancient Greek: energeia "activity, operation"[1]) is an indirectly observed quantity that is often understood as the ability of aphysical system to do work on other physical systems.[2][3] However, this must be understood as an overly simplified definition, as the laws ofthermodynamics demonstrate that not all energy can perform work. Depending on the boundaries of the physical system in question, energy as understood in the above definition may sometimes be better described by concepts such asexergy, emergy and thermodynamic free energy. Therefore, in the words ofRichard Feynman, "It is important to realize that in

Energy may be stored in systems without being present as matter, or as kinetic or electromagnetic energy. Stored energy is created whenever a particle has been moved through a field it interacts with (requiring a force to do so), but the energy to accomplish this is stored as a new position of the particles in the fielda configuration that must be "held" or fixed by a different type of force (otherwise, the new configuration would resolve itself by the field pushing or pulling the particle back toward its previous position). This type of energy "stored" by forcefields and particles that have been forced into a new physical configuration in the field by doing work on them by another system, is referred to as potential energy. A simple example of potential energy is the work needed to lift an object in a gravity field, up to a support. Each of the basic forces of nature is associated with a different type of potential energy, and all types of potential energy (like all other types of energy) appears as system mass, whenever present. For example, a compressed spring will be slightly more massive than before it was compressed. Likewise, whenever energy is transferred between systems by any mechanism, an associated mass is transferred with it. Any form of energy may be transformed into another form. For example, all types of potential energy are converted into kinetic energy when the objects are given freedom to move to different position (as for example, when an object falls off a support). When energy is in a form other than thermal energy, it is theoretically possible to transform it with very high efficiency to any other type of energy, includingelectricity or production of new particles of matter. (Exactly 100% efficiency is impossible only because of friction and similar losses.) By contrast, there are strict limits to how efficiently thermal energy can be converted into other forms of energy, as described byCarnot's theorem and the second law of thermodynamics. In all such energy transformation processes, the total energy remains the same, and a transfer of energy from one system to another, results in a loss to compensate for any gain. This principle, the conservation of energy, was first postulated in the early 19th century, and applies to any isolated system. According to Noether's theorem, the conservation of energy is a consequence of the fact that the laws of physics do not change over time.[5] Although the total energy of a system does not change with time, its value may depend on the frame of reference. For example, a seated passenger in a moving airplane has zero kinetic energy relative to the airplane, but non-zero kinetic energy (and higher total energy) relative to the Earth. According to the law of conservation of energy : "Energy can neither be created nor it is destroyed, however energy can be converted from one form energy to any other form of energy" SHOW THAT THE MOTION OF A SIMPLE PENDULUM IS ACCORDING TO THE LAW OF CONSERVATION ENERGY. OR PROVE THE LAW OF CONSERVATION WITH THE HELP OF A SUITABLE EXAMPLE. We know that the motion of the bob of a simple pendulum is simple harmonic motion. Here we have to prove that the energy is conversed during the motion of pendulum. Proof: Consider a simple pendulum as shown in the diagram.

physics today, we have no knowledge what energy is. We do not have a picture that energy comes in little blobs of a definite amount." However, it is clear that energy
is always an indispensable prerequisite for performing work, and the concept has great importance in natural science. Since work is defined as a force acting through a distance (a length of space), energy is always equivalent to the ability to exert pulls or pushes against the basic forces of nature, along a path of a certain length.[dubious discuss] The total energy contained in an object is identified with itsmass, and energy cannot be created or destroyed (thermodynamic free energy, however, can be destroyed). When matter (ordinary material particles) is changed into energy (such as energy of motion, or into radiation), the mass of the system does not change through the transformation process. However, there may be mechanistic limits as to how much of the matter in an object may be changed into other types of energy and thus into work, on other systems. Energy, like mass, is a scalar physical quantity. In theInternational System of Units (SI), energy is measured in joules, but in many fields other units, such as kilowatt-hours and kilocalories, are customary. All of these units translate to units of work, which is always defined in terms of forces and the distances that the forces act through. A system can transfer energy to another system by simply transferring matter to it (since matter is equivalent to energy, in accordance with its mass). However, when energy is transferred by means other than matter-transfer, the transfer produces changes in the second system, as a result of work done on it. This work manifests itself as the effect of force(s) applied through distances within the target system. For example, a system can emit energy to another by transferring (radiating) electromagnetic energy, but this creates forces upon the particles that absorb the radiation. Similarly, a system may transfer energy to another by physically impacting it, but in that case the energy of motion in an object, called kinetic energy, results in forces acting over distances (new energy) to appear in another object that is struck. Transfer of thermal energy by heat occurs by both of these mechanisms: heat can be transferred by electromagnetic radiation, or by physical contact in which direct particle-particle impacts transfer kinetic energy.
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Pressure calculation.

Energy Conservation At Point A At point A velocity of the bob of simple pendulum is zero. Therefore, K.E. at point A = 0. Since the bob is at a height (h), Therefore, P.E. of the bob will be maximum. i.e. P.E. = mgh. Energy total = K.E. + P.E Energy total = 0 + mgh Energy total = mgh This shows that at point A total energy is potential energy. Energy Conservation At Point M If we release the bob of pendulum from point A, velocity of bob gradually increases, but the height of bob will decreases from point to the point. At point M velocity will become maximum and the height will be nearly equal to zero. Thus , K.E. = maximum = 1/2mV2 but P.E. = 0. Energy total = K.E. + P.E Energy total = 1/2mV2 + 0 Energy total = 1/2mV2 This shows that the P.E. at point is completely converted into K.E. at point M. Energy Conservation At Point B At point M the bob of Pendulum will not stop but due to inertia, the bob will moves toward the point B. As the bob moves from M to B, its velocity gradually decreases but the height increases. At point B velocity of the bob will become zero. Thus K.E. at point B = 0 but P.E. = max. P.E. = mgh. Energy total = K.E. + P.E. Energy total = 0 + mgh Energy total = mgh This shows that at point B total energy is again potential energy. CONCLUSION Above analysis indicates that the total energy during the motion does not change. I.e. the motion of the bob of simple pendulum is according to the law of conservation of energy.

There are many physical situations where pressure is the most important variable. If you are peeling an apple, then pressure is the key variable: if the knife is sharp, then the area of contact is small and you can peel with less force exerted on the blade. If you must get an injection, then pressure is the most important variable in getting the needle through your skin: it is better to have a sharp needle than a dull one since the smaller area of contact implies that less force is required to push the needle through the skin. When you deal with the pressure of a liquid at rest, the medium is treated as a continuous distribution of matter. But when you deal with a gas pressure, it must be approached as an average pressure from molecular collisions with the walls. Pressure in a fluid can be seen to be a measure of energy per unit volume by means of the definition of work. This energy is related to other forms of fluid energy by theBernoulli equation.

Pressure Pressure is defined as force per unit area. It is usually more convenient to use pressure rather than force to describe the influences upon fluid behavior. The standard unit for pressure is the Pascal, which is a Newton per square meter. For an object sitting on a surface, the force pressing on the surface is the weight of the object, but in different orientations it might have a different area in contact with the surface and therefore exert a different pressure.

Pressure as Energy Density Pressure in a fluid may be considered to be a measure of energy per unit volume or energy density. For a force exerted on a fluid, this can be seen from the definition of pressure:

The most obvious application is to the hydrostatic pressure of a fluid, where pressure can be used as energy density alongside kinetic energy density andpotential energy density in the Bernoulli equation. The other side of the coin is that energy densities from other causes can be conveniently expressed as an

effective "pressure". For example, the energy density of solvent molecules which leads to osmosis is expressed as osmotic pressure. The energy density which keeps a star from collapsing is expressed as radiation pressure. Fluid Kinetic Energy The kinetic energy of a moving fluid is more useful in applications like the Bernoulli equation when it is expressed as kinetic energy per unit volume

When the kinetic energy is that of fluid under conditions of laminar flow through a tube, one must take into account the velocity profile to evaluate the kinetic energy. Across the cross-section of flow, the kinetic energy must be calculated using the average of the velocity squared , which is not the same as squaring the average velocity. Expressed in terms of the maximum velocity vm at the center of the flow, the kinetic energy is

Fluid Potential Energy The potential energy of a moving fluid is more useful in applications like theBernoulli equation when is expressed as potential energy per unit volume

The energy density of a fluid can be expressed in terms of this potential energy density along with kinetic energy density and fluid pressure.