UPCSE Maths Course

Week: 2
(based on Lectures 3 and 4)

Problem Sheet 2
Topics:
Remainder Theorem, Factor Theorem, and Binomial Theorem

1. Find the quotient q(x) and the remainder r(x) that result when p(x) is divided by s(x). (i) (ii) p(x) = x4 + 3x3 5x + 10 p(x) = 6x4 + 10x2 + 5 ; ; ; ; s(x) = x2 x + 2 s(x) = 3x2 1 s(x) = x2 + x s(x) = x2 x + 1 s(x) = 2x2 x + 1 s(x) = x3 + 1.

(iii) p(x) = x5 + x3 + 1 (iv) (v) (vi) p(x) = 2x4 3x3 + 5x2 + 2x + 7

p(x) = 2x5 + 5x4 4x3 + 8x2 + 1 ; p(x) = 5x6 + 4x2 + 5 ;

2. Use the method of Synthetic Division to nd the quotient q(x) and the remainder r(x) that result when p(x) is divided by s(x). (i) (ii) p(x) = 3x3 4x 1 p(x) = x4 5x2 + 4 ; ; ; ; s(x) = x 2 s(x) = x + 5 s(x) = x 1 s(x) = x 1 s(x) = x + 4 s(x) = x 1.

(iii) p(x) = x5 1 (iv) (v) (vi) p(x) = 2x3 x2 2x + 1

p(x) = 2x4 + 3x3 17x2 27x 9 ; p(x) = x7 + 1 and ;

3. Let p1 (x) = x3 + 4x2 + x 6 such that (i) p1 (x) = (x 2) q(x) + r (ii) p1 (x) = (x + 1) q(x) + r. (iii) p2 (x) = (x + 1) q(x) + r (iv) p2 (x) = (x 1) q(x) + r.

p2 (x) = x5 1. Find a polynomial q(x) and a constant r

4. Factorize the polynomials completely. (i) p(x) = x3 2x2 x + 2 (ii) p(x) = 3x3 + x2 12x 4 (iii) p(x) = x4 + 10x3 + 36x2 + 54x + 27 (iv) p(x) = 2x4 + x3 + 3x2 + 3x 9 (v) p(x) = x5 + 4x4 4x3 34x2 45x 18.

UPCSE Core Mathematics

Problem Solving Classes Week 2

5. Find all values of k for which (x 1) is a factor of the polynomial p(x) = k 2 x3 7kx + 10. 6. Find the possible value(s) of k such that x+ k 2 and (x + 2k) are factors of x2 + 15 2 x + 9.

7. Find constants a and b such that ax3 bx2 + 45x + 54 = 0 has a root 3, and yields a remainder of 12 when divided by (x + 1). 8. Show that (x 3) is a factor of x3 5x2 + 2x2 y + xy 2 8xy 3y 2 + 6x + 6y. (1)

Further, if (1) is expressed in the form (x 3)(x + ay + b)(x + cy + d), determine the integers a, b, c, and d. 9. When the polynomial p(x) is divided by (x a)(x b) ; a = b, the quotient is q(x) and the remainder is r(x). (i) Explain why r(x) is of the form (mx + c) where m and c are constants. (ii) Given that p(b) = b2 , and the remainder is a2 , when p(x) is divided by (x a). Find r(x) when p(x) is divided by (x a)(x b). 10. Factorise the following polynomials and solve p(x) = 0 in each case. Each polynomial has at least one rational zero. (i) p(x) = x3 x2 10x 8 (ii) p(x) = x3 x2 16x 20 (iii) p(x) = x3 + 4x2 8 (iv) p(x) = x3 x2 + x 6 (v) p(x) = 2x3 3x2 11x + 6 11. Prove that 10150 > 10050 + 9950 . 12. Given that the third term in the expansion of x + xlog x 13. Show that for n Z+ : (i) n n n n + + + + 0 1 2 n = 2n . n n n +2 + + n 1 2 n
2163 5

is 106 . Find x.

(ii) Use the result in 13(i) to show that

= n2n1 .

14. Prove that the sum of coecients in the expression 1 + x 3x2

is 1.

15. Prove that the sum of coecients of the odd terms in the expansion of (1 + x)n , n Z+ is equal to the sum of coecients of the even terms. 16. Given two polynomials, p(x) = 2x4 + 13x3 + 18x2 + x 4, and g(x) = x2 + 5x + 2. (i) Write p(x) = g(x)q(x) + r(x); where q(x) and r(x) are polynomials to be determined. (ii) Show that p(x) and g(x) have no common zeros.

UPCSE Core Mathematics

Problem Solving Classes Week 2

17. Obtain the Binomial expansions of (i) (1 + x)2 (ii) (1 + x)6 . and

Use the above expansions to nd the coecient of x6 in the expansion of (1 2x + 3x2 4x3 + 5x4 6x5 + 7x6 )3 . 1 n . 18. The Eulers number e is dened by e = lim Tn ; where Tn = 1 + n n Apply Binomial Theorem to expand Tn and hence show that the constant e can be expressed as e= 1 1 1 1 + + + + . 0! 1! 2! 3!

19.

1 1/2 to derive an (i) Use the rst four terms of the Binomial expansion of 1 50 approximation for 2. (ii) Find an approximation to 3 2 using the rst four terms of the Binomial expansion of N 1/3 , for a suitable N . 1+ 125 24 A B is expressed as f (x) = + , nd constants A and B. (1 x)(2 + x) 1x 2+x

20. If f (x) =

Use this result to show that for suciently small x, f (x) 12 + 6x + 9x2 . 21. Considering i = 1 and using the identity (cos + i sin )n = cos n + i sin n, show that cos n = cosn and sin n = n n n cosn1 sin cosn3 sin3 + cosn5 sin5 . 1 3 5 (4) n n cosn2 sin2 + cosn4 sin4 . 2 4 (3) (2)

Note: Identity (2) is called De Moivres Theorem.

Use the results obtained in (3) and (4), to obtain formulae for cos 3 and sin 3 in terms of cos and sin . Hence, show that tan 3 = Use formula (3) to show that cos 5 = 16 cos5 20 cos3 + 5 cos . 3 tan tan3 . 1 3 tan2

UPCSE Core Mathematics

Problem Solving Classes Week 2

Answers (to selected problems)

1 (i) (iii) 2 (i) (iii) 3 5 6 7 9 12 17 19 20 (i) (i) (i) (i) (ii) x = 10 462. (i) A = 8, 0.9899495 B = 8. (ii) 1.259921. q(x) = x2 + 4x + 2,
3 2

r(x) = 11x + 6 r(x) = 2x + 1. (ii)

(ii)

q(x) = 2x2 + 4,

r(x) = 9.

q(x) = x x + 2x 2, q(x) = 3x2 + 6x + 8,

4 3 2

r(x) = 15

q(x) = x3 5x2 + 20x 100,

r(x) = 504.

q(x) = x + x + x + x + 1, x2 + 6x + 13, k = 2, 5. k = 3. a = 6, b = 3. r = 20 (ii)

r(x) = 0. q(x) = x2 + 3x 2, r = 4.

r(x) = (a + b) x ab or x = 105/2 .