FACULTY OF ENGINEERING LAB SHEET

ANALOG AND DIGITAL COMMUNICATIONS ETM 2046 TRIMESTER 1 (2010-2011)

ADC 1 Amplitude Modulation ADC 2 Digital Carrier Modulation with MATLAB and SIMULINK
*Note: On-the-spot evaluation may be carried out during or at the end of the experiment. Students are advised to read through this lab sheet before doing experiment. Your performance, teamwork effort, and learning attitude will count towards the marks.

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ADC 1: AMPLITUDE MODULATION

1. Objectives Experiment Part 1: AM Modulation To recognize a message signal, a carrier signal and an AM modulated waveform. To measure the modulation index of an AM signal. To study the frequency spectrum of an AM signal. Experiment Part 2: AM Demodulation To demonstrate AM demodulation. 2. Introduction a) Modulation To communicate over long distances, we can send a radio frequency (RF) signal between two antennas, one at the transmitting end and the other at the receiving end. Frequencies used by AM transmissions are typically between 200 kHz and 25 MHz. A typical radio frequency of say, 1 MHz, is much higher than the audio frequencies present in the human voice. We appear to have two incompatible requirements. A radio system uses frequencies like 1 MHz to transmit over long distances, but we wish to send typical voice frequencies of between 300 Hz and 3.4 kHz which are quite impossible to transmit by radio signals. This problem can be overcome by using a process called modulation. A radio system can easily send high frequency signals between a transmitter and a receiver but this, on its own, conveys no information. Now, if we were to alter the high frequency signals (in amplitude or frequency or phase or any combination of them) in correspondence with the variation of the amplitude of the message signal, we could use it to send information. Modulation is a process where a carrier wave is systematically altered (in amplitude or frequency or phase or any combination of them) in correspondence with the variation of a modulating signal, the message signal. The resulting modulated signal will carry the message information in its amplitude or frequency or phase or any combination of them. b) Amplitude Modulation (AM) In Amplitude Modulation, the carrier signal sc (t ) = Ac cos c t is modulated in amplitude by m(t) to produce : s AM (t ) = Ac [ 1 + m( t )] cos c t

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Figure 1: AM Ac Carrier (amplitude versus time)

1 0 8

8 0 2 0 4 0 6 0 8 0 1 0 0 1 2 0

Message signal or modulating waveform (amplitude versus time)

20 15 10 5 0 -5 -10 -15 -20 0 20 40 60 80 100 120

Ac

Modulated AM waveform (amplitude versus time) c) Depth of modulation Let us consider the following signals: sc (t ) = Ac cos c t Carrier : m(t ) = m cos m t Modulating signal: s AM (t ) = Ac [ 1 + m cos m t ] cos c t Modulated signal : The amount by which the amplitude of the carrier wave increases or decreases depends on the amplitude of the information signal and is called the modulation index. Modulation index, m = Amax Ac Amax Amin Amax Amin A B = = = Ac 2 Ac Amax + Amin A + B

Percentage of modulation = m 100%

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i) Undermodulation, m < 1 Figure 2: AM with m < 1

1 . 5

A B Ac(min) Ac Ac(max)

0 . 5

-. 0 5

-. 1 5 0 5 1 0 1 5 2 0 2 5 3 0 3 5 4 0 4 5

Under this modulation condition, a simple noncoherent demodulation technique such as envelope detector can be used to recover the original message signal without distortion. ii) Overmodulation, m > 1 Figure 3: AM with m > 1
2 . 5 2 1 . 5

0 . 5

0 . 5

1 . 5

2 . 5 0 5 1 0 1 5 2 0 2 5 3 0 3 5 4 0 4 5

Under this modulation condition, noncoherent demodulation will not be able to recover the original message signal without distortion. When the message signal is constantly changing, as in a voice or music signal, the frequency of the modulating envelope and the percentage of modulation are constantly changing. This constant change makes it practically impossible to determine the modulation index from the waveform displayed on an oscilloscope. A solution to the above problem is to set the oscilloscope display to X-Y mode. In this method, the X input is channel 1 (the message signal) and the Y input is channel 2 (the modulated signal).

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Figure 4: XY mode oscilloscope display The modulation index is given by m = d) Frequency spectrum Figure 5: Amplitude of spectral components of AM signal (1-sided plot) m2Ac m1Ac mA
3

A B . A+ B

AM modulation

lower sideband

carrier Ac

upper sideband

m2Ac/2 m3Ac/2 m1Ac/2 fc-f3 fc-f2 fc-f1 fc

m2Ac/2 m1Ac/2 m3Ac/2 f +f fc+f1 c 2fc+f3 f

f1

f2 f3

The amplitude spectrum of the following signal m(t) m(t ) = Ac m1 cos 1t + m2 cos 2 t + m3 cos 3 t and the corresponding AM signal are shown in Figure 5.

Note that each modulating frequency component produces its own upper and lower side frequencies around the carrier frequency. All the upper side frequencies are grouped together and referred to as the upper sideband (USB) and all the lower side frequencies form the lower sideband (LSB). If the frequency range of the message signal is from 0 to f3, then, the bandwidth of the message signal, BWm (t ) = f 3 . The corresponding AM modulated signal will occupy a frequency range from f c f 3 to f c + f 3 , and the bandwidth of the corresponding AM modulated signal is given by BW AM = ( f c + f 3 ) ( f c f 3 ) = 2 f 3 = 2 BWm ( t ) .

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3. Glossary Amplitude modulation (AM) the process of combining a message signal with a carrier signal that causes the message signal to vary the amplitude of the carrier signal AM signal an amplitude modulated signal that contains carrier signal and two sidebands: the lower sideband and the upper sideband Audio frequency (AF) frequencies that a person can hear, typically ranging from 20 Hz to 20 kHz Balanced modulator an amplitude modulator that can be adjusted to control the amount of modulation Bandwidth the frequency range, in hertz, between an upper and a lower frequency limits Carrier signal a single, high-frequency signal that can be modulated by a message signal and transmitted Demodulation the process of recovering or detecting an intelligent/message signal from a modulated carrier signal Double sideband (DSB) an amplitude modulated signal in which the carrier is suppressed, leaving only the two sidebands: the lower sideband and the upper sideband Envelopes the waveform of the amplitude variations of a high frequency signal Harmonics signals with frequencies that are integral multiples of the fundamental frequency Message signal any signal that contains information Mixer an electronic circuit that combines two frequencies Modulation the process of combining a message signal with a carrier signal that causes the message signal to vary a characteristic (such as amplitude, frequency, phase, etc) of the carrier signal Radio frequency (RF) the transmission frequency of electromagnetic signals. RF frequencies range from about 300 kHz to 1 GHz range Sidebands the frequency bands on each side of the carrier frequency that are formed during modulation; the sideband frequencies contain the intelligence of the message signal 4. Material & Equipment Required i) ANACOM 1/1, ANACOM 1/2 ii) Power Supply : +12 V at 1 A, -12 V at 1 A (LJ PS2 IC Power 60 or PS4 System Power 90) iii) Set of 4 mm patching leads iv) Dual Trace Oscilloscope v) Function Generator vi) Spectrum Analyzer

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5. Precautions i) All ground terminals at the power supply must be shorted. ii) The negative terminal of the oscilloscope probe must be connected to the 0 V reference on the circuit board during all measurements. iii) Remember to switch off the power supply at the end of each subsection, this is to reduce interference to other experiment. 6. References i) LJ Technical System, An Introduction to Analog Communications Curriculum Manual AT02. ii) LJ Technical System, An Introduction to Analog Communications Student Workbook AT02. iii) IFR, Spectrum Analyzer 2399A Operation Manual. iv) Taub and Schilling, Principles of Communication Systems, McGraw-Hill, 1986, Chapter 3. 7. Experiment Procedures 7.1 Experiment Part 1: AM Modulation 7.1.1 Message Signal, Carrier Signal and AM Signal i) Connect the ANACOM 1/1 board to the power supply as shown below: Figure 6: Power supply connection
+12V 12V +5V GND Power Supply PU2

+12V

0V

-12V ANACOM 1/1 Board

ii)

ANACOM 1/1 board set-up AUDIO INPUT SELECT is switched to INT position. MODE is switched to DSB. SPEAKER is switched to OFF. In the AUDIO OSCILLATOR both the AMPLITUDE preset and the FREQUENCY preset should be set to maximum (fully clockwise). In the BALANCED MODULATOR & BANDPASS FILTER CIRCUIT 1, the BALANCE preset should be set to maximum (fully clockwise).

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iii) iv)

v)

vi)

vii)

In the OUTPUT AMPLIFIER, decrease the GAIN to its minimum value (fully counter clockwise). Switch on the power supply. Connect the oscilloscope channel 1 probe to tp1 (test point 1), the message signal input of the MODULATOR and trigger on channel 1. Set timebase to 50 s/div. This is an audio signal which is going to be used to amplitude modulate a carrier signal. Record the frequency and peak-to-peak voltage of the audio signal. Set the oscilloscope to DUAL display mode. Connect the oscilloscope channel 2 probe to tp9, the carrier signal input of the MODULATOR and trigger on channel 2. Set the channel coupling to AC. Set the oscilloscope timebase to 0.2 s/div. This is a high frequency signal that is going to be used to carry the message signal. Adjust the vertical scale if necessary. Record the frequency and peak-to-peak voltage of the carrier. Connect the channel 2 probe to tp3, the modulated AM signal at the output of the MODULATOR. Set the oscilloscope vertical mode to DUAL, trigger on channel 1 (the message signal), and timebase to 50 s. Adjust the vertical scale if necessary. Record the two waveforms displayed. Adjust the AMPLITUDE preset and the FREQUENCY preset in the AUDIO OSCILLATOR. Does the envelope of the AM signal (channel 2) change in correspondence to changes in the amplitude and frequency of the message signal (channel 1)?

7.1.2 Modulation Index and Percentage of Modulation i) Continue with the previous setting. Ensure that in the AUDIO OSCILLATOR, both the AMPLITUDE preset and the FREQUENCY preset are set to maximum (fully clockwise). ii) Connect oscilloscope channel 1 probe to tp1, the message signal. Set the oscilloscope to trigger on channel 1. iii) Connect channel 2 probe to tp3, the modulated AM signal. iv) Use the oscilloscope channel 2 to measure the vertical height, A (in V) between the upper and lower peaks. v) Measure the vertical height, B (in V) between the upper and lower valleys. A B vi) Calculate the modulation index, m = , and percentage of modulation. A+ B vii) Set the oscilloscope to XY mode. (For GOS-652 oscilloscope, set VERT mode to XY, set TRIGGER source to X-Y, and set timebase to X-Y.) viii) Measure A and B, and calculate m. Are the results similar that obtained in steps (iv) to (vi)? 7.1.3 Frequency Spectrum i) Connect the ANACOM 1/1 board to the power supply. ii) ANACOM 1/1 board set-up AUDIO INPUT SELECT is switched to EXT position. MODE is switched to DSB. SPEAKER is switched to OFF.
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iii)

iv)

v) vi)

vii)

In the BALANCED MODULATOR & BANDPASS FILTER CIRCUIT 1, the BALANCE PRESET should be set to maximum (fully clockwise). In the OUTPUT AMPLIFIER, decrease the gain to its minimum value (fully counter clockwise). Switch on the power of the function generator and set it up as follows: Sine wave 10 kHz 2 V peak-to-peak Connect the output of a function generator (positive terminal) to the EXTERNAL AUDIO INPUT, tp16 of the ANACOM 1/1 board. The ground terminal of the function generator must be connected to the 0 V reference of the ANACOM 1/1 board. Switch on the power supply of ANACOM 1/1. Power on and set the spectrum analyzer as follows (refer to the IFR 2399B Spectrum Analyzer quick guide in the Appendix if necessary): FREQ, Center: 10 kHz SPAN, Widthspan: 10 kHz AMPL, Atten.: AUTO AMPL: Log AMPL, Scale..: 10 dB/DIV, Prev.. AMPL, Unit..: VOLTS, Prev.. AMPL, Ref. Level: 200 mV CPL: All Auto CPL, RBW, MNL, CPL, RBW: 300 Hz For Agilent N9320B Spectrum Analyzer: Frequency, Center Freq: 10 kHz SPAN, Span: 10 kHz Amplitude, Attenuation: Auto Amplitude, Scale Type: Log Amplitude, Scale/Div: 10 Amplitude, More, Y Axis: Volts Amplitude, Ref. Level: 200 mV BW/Avg, Res BW: 300 Hz BW/Avg, Video BW: Auto BW/Avg, VBW/RBW: Auto Use the spectrum analyzer probe to monitor the message signal at tp1. Record the amplitude spectrum (frequency in kHz & amplitude in V) of the message signal. Use the MKR key to activate the marker and use Scroll Key to move the marker around. The frequency and amplitude level corresponding to the marker location are displayed on the upper right hand corner of the display screen. Set the spectrum analyzer as follows (refer to the IFR 2399B Spectrum Analyzer quick guide in the Appendix if necessary): FREQ, Center: 1 MHz SPAN, Widthspan: 40 kHz
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viii)

ix)

Other settings are the same as before. For Agilent N9320B Spectrum Analyzer: Frequency, Center Freq: 1 MHz SPAN, Span: 40 kHz Other settings are the same as before. Use the spectrum analyzer probe to monitor the carrier signal at tp9. Record the amplitude spectrum (frequency in kHz & amplitude in V) of the carrier signal. Set the spectrum analyzer as follows (refer to the IFR 2399B Spectrum Analyzer quick guide in the Appendix if necessary): The settings are the same as before. Use the spectrum analyzer probe to monitor the AM modulated signal at tp3. Record the amplitude spectrum (frequency in kHz & amplitude in V) of the AM modulated signal. Set the spectrum analyzer as follows (refer to the IFR 2399B Spectrum Analyzer quick guide in the Appendix if necessary): The settings are the same as before. Use the spectrum analyzer probe to monitor the transmitted AM modulated signal at the output of the RF amplifier at tp13. Record the amplitude spectrum (frequency in kHz & amplitude in V) of the amplified AM modulated signal. Compare with the spectrum of the signal before amplification. In the OUTPUT AMPLIFIER, try to increase the GAIN by turning the knob clockwise. Observe the effect on the amplitude spectrum.

Questions: 1. Describe the characteristics of a message signal, a carrier signal and an AM modulated signal. 2. Explain your understanding on modulation with reference to AM modulation that you have experienced in this experiment. 3. Compare the amplitude spectrums obtained from measurements in 7.1.3 with the theoretical amplitude spectrums. Comment on the differences. 4. State the main function(s) of the RF amplifier stage. 5. Consider a message signal with frequency content ranging from 0 Hz to 10 kHz. Determine the bandwidth of the message signal and the corresponding AM modulated signal.

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7.2 Experiment Part 2: AM Demodulation 7.2.1 Noncoherent AM Demodulation i) In this session, we directly connect the transmitter output to the receiver input instead of using the pair of antennas. Connect the ANACOM 1/1 and ANACOM 1/2 boards to the power supply as shown below: Figure 7: Power supply connection
+12V 12V +5V GND Power Supply

+12V

0V

-12V

+12V

0V

ANACOM 1/1 Board

ANACOM 1/2 Board

ii)

iii)

iv) v)

ANACOM 1/1 board set-up AUDIO INPUT SELECT is switched to INT position. MODE is switched to DSB. SPEAKER is switched to OFF. In the AUDIO OSCILLATOR both the AMPLITUDE preset and the FREQUENCY preset should be set to maximum (fully clockwise). In the BALANCED MODULATOR & BANDPASS FILTER CIRCUIT 1, the BALANCE preset should be set to maximum (fully clockwise). In the OUTPUT AMPLIFIER, increase the GAIN to its maximum value (fully clockwise). The TX OUTPUT SELECT of ANACOM 1/1 should be set to SKT. Use jumper wire to connect the TX OUTPUT socket of ANACOM 1/1 to the RX INPUT socket of the receiver. ANACOM 1/2 board set-up In the AUDIO AMPLIFIER, switch the SPEAKER to ON and decrease the VOLUME preset to its minimum value (fully counter-clockwise). The RX INPUT SELECT of ANACOM 1/2 is switched to SKT. In the RF AMPLIFIER, switch the TUNED CIRCUIT SELECT to INT (internal) position and increase the RF AMPLIFIER GAIN control to maximum (fully clockwise). Set the AGC switch to the IN position. Set the DETECTOR switch to the DIODE position. Switch the BEAT FREQUENCY OSCILLATOR to the OFF position. Switch on the power supply. AUDIO AMPLIFIER VOLUME preset is increased until sound is audible from the loudspeaker.
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vi) vii) viii) ix)

x)

xi)

Adjust the receiver's Tuning Control until the audio signal from ANACOM 1/1 can be clearly heard. This should occur between 55 and 65 on the tuning scale. (Fine tuning for the strongest possible signal may be required.) On your dual trace oscilloscope, set both the inputs to AC. On the ANACOM 1/2, the received signal is passed through a series of circuits including the RF amplifier, mixer, IF amplifiers, diode detector and AF amplifier. The demodulated signal can be seen at tp39 by using channel 2. Use and trigger on channel 1 to monitor the transmitted AM signal at tp3 of ANACOM 1/1. Use channel 2 to monitor the transmitted AM signal at tp13 of ANACOM 1/1. The AM signal should be undermodulation, else ensure that the BALANCE PRESET in the BALANCED MODULATOR & BANDPASS FILTER CIRCUIT 1 is tuned to fully clockwise. Use and trigger on channel 1 to monitor the message signal at tp1 of ANACOM 1/1. Use channel 2 to monitor the demodulated signal at tp39 of ANACOM 1/2. Is there any distortion on the received signal as compared to the transmitted signal? Is there any delay between the transmitted signal and the received signal? Repeat the step (x) above by tuning the BALANCE preset in the BALANCED MODULATOR & BANDPASS FILTER CIRCUIT 1 slowly counter clockwise. Record your observation for the cases of 100% modulation and overmodulation.

Question: 1. What is the maximum value of percentage of modulation of AM signal that enables the noncoherent receiver above to recover the original message signal without distortion?

Guidelines for Report Writing A written report should be prepared based on the above experiment using the following guidelines: 1. Lab Experiment Overview Introduction to the experiment Summary of the lab experiment Maximum 1 page 2. Results and Observation Explain the results gathered from the experiment Answer all questions listed in the experiment 3. Conclusion and Discussion Conclusive remarks on the experiment 4. Appendices Any attachment if available Note: The report should be submitted within 7 days from the experiment date to the
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Telecommunication lab staff (Ms Norizan Mohamed).

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Appendix: A Quick Guide on Using IFR 2399B Spectrum Analyzer Introduction A spectrum analyzer is measurement equipment that provides information about frequency content of an input signal. In brief, it provides amplitude spectrum (amplitude versus frequency) of an input signal. Operating Procedure In order to operate a spectrum analyzer to obtain useful information, we must specify the required display formats: i) The observation frequency range to be displayed (X-axis setting), i.e., the start and the stop frequency. The frequency difference between the start and the stop frequencies is called the frequency span. ii) Amplitude display units, reference level, scale, and detector mode (log or linear), i.e., Y-axis setting. iii) Signal coupling options: RBW, sweep time, VBW, input attenuation. 1. Power on procedure i) Connect the spectrum analyzer to the AC main power supply. ii) Power on the spectrum analyzer with switch labeled 22 and continue by depressing toggle switch at 16. 2. Frequency setting The observation frequency range can be set in either of the following two modes: i) Center Span Mode a) To set the center frequency of measurement range: depress FREQ 3, select CENTER of the soft function key 2, key in the numerical value by using Numeric Key 4, or use Step key 9, or Scroll key 8. b) To set the span depress SPAN 3, select WIDTHSPAN of the soft function key 2, key in the numerical value by using Numeric Key 4, or use Step key 9 or Scroll key 8. ii) Start Stop Mode a) To set the start frequency of measurement range depress FREQ 3, select START of the soft function key 2, key in the numerical value by using Numeric Key 4, or use Step key 9 or Scroll key 8. b) To set the stop frequency depress FREQ 3, select STOP of the soft function key 2, key in the numerical value by using Numeric Key 4, or use Step key 9 or Scroll key 8. 3. Amplitude/ Power measurement
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i) To set the amplitude scale to linear scale or log scale a) set to log detector depress AMPL 3, select LOG of the soft function key 2. b) set to linear detector depress AMPL 3, select LINEAR of the soft function key 2. ii) To set the amplitude units to dBm/dBmV/dBuV/volts/watts depress AMPL 3, select UNITS of the soft function key 2, select dBm/dBmV/dBuV/volts/watts of the soft function key 2, select PREV. iii) To set the reference level (top graticule) depress AMPL 3, select REF LEVEL of the soft function key 2, key in the numerical value by using Numeric Key 4, or use Step key 9 or Scroll key 8. iv) To set the division of the amplitude scale a) in log detector mode depress AMPL 3, select SCALE of the soft function key 2, select 10dB/DIV or 5dB/DIV or 2dB/DIV or 1dB/DIV, select PREV. b) in linear detector mode no need to set, only full scale is available. v) To set the input attenuation depress AMPL 3, select ATTEN [AUTO/MNL] of the soft function key 2, key in the numerical value by using Numeric Key 4, or use Step key 9 or Scroll key 8. Note that the ATTEN mode (AUTO or MNL) is changed by pressing the ATTEN key. In ATTEN MNL (manual) mode, the step size can be set by numeric keys, step key and scroll key. If ATTEN AUTO mode is selected, the input attenuator will be coupled by the current reference level automatically. vi) To set the coupled function to Auto or Manual a) select AUTO mode depress CPL 5, select ALL AUTO of the soft function key 2. b) select MANUAL mode of operation of RBW/sweep time/VBW depress CPL 5, select RBW[MNL]/SWP TIME[MNL]/VBW[MNL] of the soft function key 2, depress CPL 5, select RBW/SWEEP TIME/VBW of the soft function key 2. Figure 8: Spectrum analyzer
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7 8 9 10

16

15

14

13

12

11

17 18 19 20

21

28 27

26

25

24

23 22

No

Panel Marking

Explanation of Function

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1 2 3

(LCD) F1 ~ F7 FUNCTION FREQ SPAN AMPL MEAS MARKER MKR OFF MKR > PEAK CONTROL TRIG CPL DISP TRACE SYSTEM SAVE FILE LIMIT SYSTEM PRESET AUX TG PRINT (FDD) (SCROLL KNOB) (STEP KEY) RF INPUT PROBE RF OUTPUT

This is liquid crystal display. It displays the trace waveforms, the parameter settings, the value of marker, and the soft menu keys, etc. These are the soft keys for selecting the soft key menus linked to the panel key operation. This is the frequency parameter data input section. This is the span parameter data input section. This is the amplitude parameter data input section. This sets the measurement functions. This key sets marker. This keys function is to switch off the marker. This key is the marker shift function. This key is related to the peak search function. This sets the trigger functions. This sets the RBW, VBW, sweep time. This key sets the display functions. This section is for selection of the trace waveform, detection mode and video average mode. This key is used for saving the waveforms status and limit lines. This key is used for recalling the waveforms, status and limit lines. This key sets the limit line functions. This key sets the configuration of the system. This sets the measurement parameters to default values. Calibration menus are also included under this key. This key sets the auxiliary functions, such as FM/AM demodulation, audio control and squelch control. This key is used for tracking generator function. This key is used for printing. This is the slot to set floppy disk. This key is used for scrolling the parameters. These keys are used for shift up/down the parameters. This is the RF input connector. This is for RF probe power (2399A only). This is the tracking generator output connector. (If option is not attached, this is not provided.)

7 8 9 10 11 12

13

DATA ENTRY ,

These keys set the numeric data, units and special functions. Increment and decrement input data.
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14 15 16

0 9, +/-, BS, ENTER PHONE KEYBOARD STBY/ON

Numeric data setting keys. This is the output connector for earphone. This key is used for keyboard, but reserved for other functions (only for system calibration and maintenance). This is the power switch. It can be used when the back panel power switch is on. The power on condition is fetched from the STBY condition when the key is pressed momentarily. The equipment is returned to the STBY condition from the power on condition when the key is pressed again for about 1 second. This is the IF output connector. This signal is bandwidthcontrolled by the RBW setting. This is an output connector. This is an input connector for the external trigger. This is the RS-232C connector. Connect it to system controller. This is VGA output for external monitor. This is the fused AC power switch. This is the fused AC power inlet to which the supply power cord is connected. It contains two lag fuses. This is for use with printer. This is an output connector for sweep gate signal. This is the input/output connector for an external reference crystal oscillator. When the external reference signal is input to this connector, the user turns this port on from the front panel. An indication is supplied at the bottom of the screen. This is for use with the GPIB interface. It is the connector to an external system controller. (If option is not attached, this is not provided.) This is the cooling fan ventilating internally generated heat. This is the frame ground terminal.

17 18 19 20 21 22

IF OUT VIDEO EXT TRIG RS-232C EXT VGA (OFF/ON) (inlet) (Fuse Holder) PRINTER SWP GATE REF I/O 10.0MHz

23 24 25

26 27 28

GPIB (FAN) (FG)

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FACULTY OF ENGINEERING LAB REPORT SUBMISSION ETM2046 ANALOG AND DIGITAL COMMUNICATIONS
TRIMESTER 1 SESSION 2010/2011

Student Name: Student ID: Degree Major:

.. EE / LE / CE / TE / ME / OPE / MCE / NANO / BMM

Declaration of originality: I declare that all sentences, results and data mentioned in this report are from my own work. All work derived from other authors have been listed in the references. I understand that failure to do this is considered plagiarism and will be penalized. Note that collaboration and discussions in conducting the experiments are allowed but copying and any act of cheating in the report, results and data are strictly prohibited Student signature:

Experiment title: Experiment Date: Table/PC No.: Date Submitted:

ADC 1 Amplitude Modulation ................

Lab Instructor Name: Verified:. (Please get your lab instructor signature after they have verified your result)
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