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Course Presentation
Objectives of the course
This course covers tools for surface design included in the Generative Shape Design Workbench that are not present in the Wireframe and Surface Design Workbench. At the end of the course, the student will be able to model complex fillets and analyze surface quality.
Targeted audience
Mechanical Designers
1 day
Prerequisites
Wireframe and Surface Design
Table of Contents
Introduction to Generative Shape Design Creating Wireframe Geometry
Creating an Extremum Creating a Polar Extremum Creating a Reflect Line Methodology Creating a Spine Creating a Parallel Curve onto a Support within GSD Extracting Multiple Edges from a Sketch Tools for Wireframe Geometry Creation
p.6 p.12
p.13 p.21 p.29 p.39 p. p. p.
Creating Surfaces
Creating Swept Surfaces Creating an Adaptative Swept Surface
p.67
p.68 p.72
Table of Contents
1. Performing Operations
Joining Elements Healing Elements Smoothing Curves Extracting Elements Federating Elements Creating Fillets Inverting Orientation Creating Laws
p.67
p. p. p. p. p. p. p. p.
Using Analysis Tools Managing Features and Open Bodies Hybrid Design (Working with Hybrid Parts)
p. p. p.
Generative Shape Design Workbench Generative Shape Design Interface Generative Shape Design Terminology
1 hour
By clicking on the current Workbench icon (top right) to access the Favourite Workbenches window.
Sketcher access...
Part Tree
All Non-Solids (i.e. Points, Curves, Surfaces) grouped under Open Body
Standard tools
Terminology
A Part is a combination of one or more Bodies and Open Bodies
The PartBody is the default Body for a Part where Solids are stored The Open Body is where non-solids (points, curves, surfaces) are stored
Wireframe features
Surface features
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General Process
From Assembly > create a new part (Top-down approach) or Create a new part > insert in assembly (Bottom-up approach)
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Go into the Sketcher to create the planar Wireframe Geometry
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Create Surfaces on the Wireframe
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Use GSD to create all required 3D Wireframe Geometry
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Optional : Join Multiple Surfaces then Offset a solid
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Functionality common to both workbenches but with more capabilities within GSD.
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Creating an Extremum
In this Skillet you learn what is an Extremum and how to create it.
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Maximum Extremum on a Curve along the Z Axis Minimum Extremum on a Surface along the X Axis
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Creating an Extremum
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Select the Extremum Icon. Select Max or Min according to your requirement.
Select a line or a plane (normal direction) to specify the direction to evaluate the Extremum
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If the Element is a surface, according to the chosen direction you can obtain a curve or a line as Extremum.
If the element is a surface, you may specify two others optional directions.
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Select the planar contour on which you want to create the polar extremum and its supporting plane.
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Select the origin point from the polar extremum will be calculated.
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Thanks to the Reflect Line curve, we can cut the part in two extractible parts.
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Support
You can define one of the X,Y or Z axis by opening a contextual menu in the Direction field.
Key in an angle representing the value between the selected direction and the normal to the surface. Reflect lines
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Creating a Spine
You will learn what is a Spine and how create it.
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What is a Spine ?
For the Swept and Lofted surface, there is a default spine (the guide or a computation from the guides). If you want to fix an orientation for your surface sections you will have to define a Spine. The swept sections may be oriented by another Spine (not the default one). For instance you want to get the swept sections perpendicular to the green spine: Spine Swept sections are perpendicular to the guide curve Swept sections are perpendicular to the Spine.
Guide Curve
Profile
In this Swept surface, the Spine is, by default, the guide curve. Each section of the swept surface is perpendicular to this Guide Curve The Spine icon will allow you to create a curve that will be use later as a spine There are two ways to build a spine :
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Use these three buttons to replace, delete or add a plane or a profile. Copyright DASSAULT SYSTEMES 2002
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Parallel Curve
Euclidean
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Support
Reference curve
Check here to create two parallel curves symmetrically in relation to the reference curve.
Specify the Offset by entering a value or using the graphic manipulator (green arrows).
If you have chosen the euclidean parallel type, you can choose to offset the curve at a constant distance or according to a law.
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If you want to create several parallel curves separated by the same offset check the option Repeat object after OK
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Click OK to continue The created curve is defined as an Object, i.e. the reference for creating the other 31 curves
You can choose to create or not the instances in a new Open Body.
As many parallel curves as indicated in the Object Repetition dialog box are created, including the object parallel curve. The parallel curves are separated from the object line by a multiple of the offset value. The curve instances are grouped in a new Open Body if you have checked the option.
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Select the geometry of the multi profile sketch that you want to extract
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Stacking Commands
You will learn how to stack commands while creating wireframe elements.
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Using mouse button 3 you display a contextual menu listing all the elements you can create using the stacking commands capability.
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Stacking Commands
While creating an element you may need a construction element that you will create on the fly.
The construction element is created and selected at the same time. When using the stacking command capability you can check the status of the stack in the Running Commands window.
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field and select the Create Point option. The Point Definition window is displayed.
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The status of the stacking commands is also displayed in the Running Commands window.
The Plane Definition window is displayed again with Point.1 in the Point field.
The Point button next to the Point field allows you to edit the point parameters.
field and select the Create Line option. The Line Definition window is displayed.
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The status of the stacking commands is also displayed in the Running Commands window.
line you can also use the stacking commands. In that case the Running Commands window will look like this:
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to accept the line creation. The Plane Definition window is displayed again with Line.1 in the Line field.
The Line button next to the Line field allows you to edit the Line parameters.
Point.3 If you want to modify a parameter of the plane you can also double-click on its identifier in the specification tree. Point.1 Plane.1
Line.1
Point.2
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Working on a Support
You will learn how to define a planar or non-planar support, work on it with or without a grid and snap to a point.
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Support plane = YZ With the Snap to Point capability the created points are located at the nearest intersection of the grid.
Support surface = Extrude.1 When you create a point after selecting the surface as a support the Point Definition window automatically displays the option On surface.
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Select the plane you want to define as a support, here the YZ plane.
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Define the total length of the grid subdivision Define which axis is taken as H direction in the 2D plane Check this option if you want a different primary spacing in the second direction
If you want your cursor to move directly to an intersection point of the grid click on the Snap to If you enter coordinates when the Snap to point icon is Point icon. active, the system does not take the grid into account.
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Here you are creating a point. Note that : - the point type is automatically set to On plane, - the cursor points only on the grid intersection points.
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Select the surface you want to define as a support, here the extruded surface.
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Here you are creating a point. Note that the point type is automatically set to On surface.
Creating Surfaces
In this lesson, you will review all the Surface creation tools that were covered in WFS and that are also available in the GSD Workbench
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For each type of surface you will also define its limits or the angle of revolution
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WFS Functionality common to both workbenches but with more capabilities within GSD.
GSD
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By default, the swept profile is constant in each section along the guide curve. If no spine is selected the guide curve is used as spine.
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You can define a reference surface to control the position of the profile along the sweep.
You can define a law to drive the angle evolution between the profile and the reference surface
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Or
These coordinates (or the selected point) define the position of the origin of the positioning axis system (green) in the first sweep plane.
45 deg
You can rotate the positioning axis system around the guide curve with respect to initial axis system of the profile.
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You may want to invert the orientation of the X or Y axes of the positioning axis system. You can select a point defining the origin of the axis system linked to the profile.
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You can create a spine if you want to obtain a more regular surface :
If you check the Profile extremities inverted option, the profile extremities connected to the guides are inverted. If you check the Vertical orientation inverted option, the vertical orientation of the profile is inverted.
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Guide curves
Profile
While creating the swept surface, the anchor points are remaining on the guide curves all the sweep long.
Anchor points
So, the profile is positioned regarding to the initial geometrical conditions between the profile and the anchor points.
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2 Click on the Line icon, then select the Two limits subtype and the two guide curves.
If no spine is selected the first guide curve is used as spine. Guide curve 1
You can select the second guide curve as middle curve instead of entering length values (same as Limit and middle subtype)
Length 1
Guide curve 2
Length 2
2 Click on the Line icon, then select the With reference surface subtype, the guide curve
and the reference surface. Key in an angle value and define the length of the surface. If no spine is selected the first guide curve is used as spine.
Length 2
Length 1
Guide curve 1
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Line type :
Click on the Line icon, then select the With tangent surface subtype, the guide curve and the tangency surface. If no spine is selected the first guide curve is used as spine.
Guide curve 1
Tangency surface
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Click on the Circle icon, then select the Two guides and radius subtype, the two guide
Radius
In case of several solutions you can check them all and then select one of them (green color = active solution)
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2 Click on the Circle icon, then select the Center and radius subtype, a center curve
and a radius. If no spine is selected the center curve is used as spine.
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2 Select the guide curve, the tangency surface, and key in a radius sufficient to link
the guide curve and the tangency surface.
Click on the Circle icon, then select the one guide and tangency surface as subtype.
In case of several solutions you can check them all and then select one of them (orange color = active solution)
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Click on the Conic icon, then select Two guide curves and their tangency supports.
Define an angle between the swept surface and the tangency surface
Set the parameter value (ranges from 0 to 1) indicating the sweep proximity to the spine.
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Click on the Conic icon, then select Four guide curves and a tangency support.
Five Guide Curves You can specify a Spine curve. The default spine is always the first guide curve.
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Guiding Curve The Sketch has been designed in context directly from the dialog box and represent a connex profile
Sketch
By giving some points, you will define automatically intermediate sections on the spine.
You can modify the constraints defined in the original sketch independently for each section.
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In the Explicit sweep the surface does not inherit of the constraints defined in the sketch.
If we analyse the connections between the surfaces, there is a few acceptable tangency discontinuity areas.
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If we analyse the connections between the surfaces, there are important tangency discontinuities.
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Sketch
Select predefined points or vertices on the guide curve to add intermediate sections.
Intermediate sections
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75 mm radius
22 mm radius
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The Discretization scroll bar allows you to define the precision of the surface. The step value define the number of virtual intermediate sections used to create the surface.
In many cases, you will meet some difficulties to build associative elements from existing geometry.
To avoid this problem, it is better to build its sketch directly from the Adaptative sweep dialog box.
Here we want that the sketch keeps its tangency with the surfaces (the intersection between the surface and the sketch plane) in each section of the sweep.
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Open a contextual menu in the Sketch field then choose Edit Sketch.
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Review of WFS Operations Joining Surfaces Healing Surfaces Smoothing Curves Extracting Elements Federating Elements Creating Fillets Inverting Orientation Creating Laws
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GSD
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Restoring Surfaces Disassembling Surfaces Splitting Elements Trimming Elements Transforming Elements
Translating an Element Rotating an Element Applying a Symmetry to an Element Scaling an Element Creating an Affinity Performing an Axis-to-Axis transformation
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Joining Elements
Element 2
Element 1
Join result
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Join result
Join result
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Element 2
Element 1
CATIA will: - reduce the number of resulting elements - ignore the elements that do not allow the join to be created.
You can define a merging distance, i.e. the maximum distance below which two elements are considered as only one element.
Face to be removed You can also select subelements to exclude from the joined surfaces.
You can create another join surface with the excluded sub-elements. Copyright DASSAULT SYSTEMES 2002 89
CATIA refuses to create the join surface because the tangency discontinuity between the surfaces is greater than the specified angle tolerance:
Healing Surfaces
You will learn about the Healing operation
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Why Healing?
While Join is a topological integration of surfaces into one logical surface, HEALING will mathematically deform the shape of surfaces at boundary areas so they smoothly blend into one another. When physical parts are manufactured from CAD models, the machining is guided by the exact representation of the individual surfaces. Hence, Healing is important to ensure that each one of these surfaces transitions smoothly between one another.
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Select the Join where you know there is a gap that you would like to Heal. You can also select directly the surfaces to heal.
Choose if you want to heal the point discontinuities or the tangency discontinuities.
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Key in parameters : Note : a quick violation analysis can help to choose these parameters :
Not healed
Healed
These parameters are thresholds that allows you to: - define the discontinuities to be healed (Merging distance and Tangency angle). - define the discontinuities you consider it is not necessary to heal (Distance Objective and Tangency Objective). Copyright DASSAULT SYSTEMES 2002
Healed Tangency angle Tangency discontinuity value Not healed Tangency Objective
Not healed
Healed 94
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Smoothing Curves
In this Skillet you will learn how smoothing curves.
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We can see the discontinuity points and their values to correct the curve.
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Using the displayed values, set the tangency and curvature thresholds up to the value you want to repair.
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Select the support surface (the curve to smooth must lie on this surface).
A yellow box means that the discontinuity has been partially corrected. Reason : the discontinuity in tangency is within the tangency threshold, but the curvature discontinuity is not within the curvature threshold.
A green box means that the discontinuity has been completely corrected. Reason : both tangency and curvature discontinuity are within the curvature and tangency threshold.
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You can choose to visualize the discontinuities interactively, placing the mouse on the discontinuity to make the text box appear :
Extracting Elements
You will learn how to extract edges and faces from a surface.
Edge extraction
Face extraction
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1- No propagation
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2- Tangent continuity
3- Point continuity
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Click OK to confirm face extraction. The complementary mode : Switching on this button, you can de-select the elements to extract, and select the non-selected elements :
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Federating Elements
You will learn how to federate elements while joining surfaces and extracting faces
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The pad has been created with the option Up to surface, using the blue surface. A fillet have been added to the top edge of this pad. This edge depends on a face of the blue surface.
2- A modification of the part geometry may lead to a change of the supporting face.
The sketch supporting the pad have been modified so that the filleted edge does not lie anymore on the same face
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During the update of the part, an update error occurred : the filleted edge is not recognized :
4- Federating the faces of the surfaces, this kind of update error does not occur anymore.
To solve the problem, you just have to federate the faces of the blue surface. Then the part is updated without any problem :
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Select one face of the join surface and choose a propagation type.
5 joined surface.
5 extracted surface.
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Creating Fillets
Filleting is an operation that is used to smoothly connect surfaces. You will learn how to create Shape, Edge, Variable, Face-To-Face, and TriTangent Fillets
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Why Fillets?
Fillets were originally used in industry to remove sharp edges on parts. More and more, people having been using Fillets as a general modelling tool for surface creation.
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Select the Shape Fillet Icon
Select two surfaces and put in the required radius value. Make sure the red arrows point towards the concave side of the fillet. Decide which supporting surface you want to trim.
Choose one of the Extremities conditions (Switch between the four types - and Apply - to see the difference)
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The second support is left unchanged. Only the first support is trimmed.
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The first support is left unchanged. Only the second support is trimmed.
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Select the Edge Fillet Icon
You can control the Extremities of the Fillet the same way as for the Shape Fillet
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If Tangency, all edges tangent to the selected edges will also be filleted.
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Select the Variable Fillet Icon Select one or more internal edges of a surface Double-Click on any of the shown radius values to change it
You can specify a Zero radius value at limit points of a Variable Fillet
Select inside this box then select anywhere along the edge to put in an additional radius value along the edge. (You can also create a point on the edge and select this point if accuracy is required)
You can control the Extremities of the Fillet the same way as for the Shape Fillet and the Propagation type the same way as for the Edge Fillet
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1
Select the Face-To-Face Fillet Icon
Select the two faces (belonging to the same surface) between which you want to create the Face-ToFace Fillet
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Put in the desired radius Click OK to confirm. The Face-To-Face Fillet is added to the specification tree
You can control the Extremities of the Fillet the same way as for the Shape Fillet
The shape of the Face-To-Face Fillet is basically generated by lying a Cylinder with a specific radius into the gap between two faces. If the radius is too small, the Cylinder will not be able to touch both faces at once. If the radius is two big, we will not be able to achieve a Cylinder tangent to the faces.
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1
Select the Tri-Tangent Fillet Icon
must same
The Tri-Tangent Fillet is a variable radius Fillet tangent to all three faces selected.
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Select a hold curve lying on one support to drive the fillet radius, And a spine curve.
Note : the result is a variable radius fillet whose radius is driven by the hold curve.
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Edge to fillet
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Limiting element
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Overlapping fillets
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Click on the more button to expand the dialog box, then select the edge you wish to keep.
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You just have to expand the edge fillet dialog box clicking on the more button, then select the edge on which the fillet will roll in the Edge to keep field.
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Inverting Orientation
You will learn how to invert the orientation of Curves and Surfaces
Inverting a Surface
Inverting a Curve
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The results of most surface creation and trimming operations depend on the orientations of the elements involved. Most menu interfaces allow the user to change these orientations on the fly. The Invert Orientation operation exists solely for the users convenience.
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Select the curve or surface to invert its orientation. The initial display of the red arrow is the already inverted direction.
Clicking on the red arrow or on the Reset Initial button displays the initial (uninverted) orientation of the element
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Laws
You will learn how to create evolution laws, to be used later on when creating Generative Shape Design elements, such as swept surfaces, or parallel curves.
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Definition Curve
d
The law define the variations of d along L. L The law is defined on the common length between both entities. Reference Line
The interest to define laws is to reuse them in others tools. You can reuse this variable distance only to create parallel curves or sweeps. Instead having a constant distance for a parallel curve you will be able to make vary this distance with a predefined law.
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Creating Laws
Create an evolution function from existing geometry.
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Reference
Select the line you want as reference line. Select the line or curve you want as definition curve for the evolution law.
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Definition curve
4
When the reference line and definition curve do not present the same length, only the common area is used to compute the law.
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Reuse these law combinations in Parallel curves or classic sweeps creation like the other laws.
To reuse the graphic law, check Select Feature then use the Evaluate object as written above.
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The Connect Checker The Curve Connect Checker Draft Analysis Curvature Analysis Porcupine Curvature Analysis
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Tangency analysis
Distance analysis
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Note the Minimum and Maximum values between the two surfaces.
Adjust the color ranges taking account your Minimum and Maximum values
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The number of selected elements and the number of detected connections are displayed.
Select the Quick button to obtain a simplified analysis taking into account tolerances (distance, tangency and curvature).
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Building a circle sweep on it, you get a surface that is not continuous in tangency.
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Select the Curve Connect Checker icon and the curve to analyse. Select the Analyse Type you want to process.
Distance analysis
Curvature analysis
Tangency analysis
Click OK to confirm. The Curve Connect Checker Analysis is added to the specification tree :
Draft Analysis
You will learn how to use the Draft Analysis tool to analyze the draft values of surfaces or solids
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Select the customized view render style. Select the surface(s) or solid where you want to examine Draft
Adjust the color range fields - here Red is negative draft, Dark Blue is 0-3 Degrees (probably vertical), Light Blue is 3-15 Degrees, and Green is 15-20 Degrees
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Activate the fly analysis checkbox and navigate with the pointer over the surface
Arrows are displayed under the pointer. Green arrow is the normal to the surface, red represent draft direction.
The displayed value indicates the angle between the draft direction and the normal to the surface at the current point. Copyright DASSAULT SYSTEMES 2002
Curvature Analysis
You will learn how to use the Mapping Analysis tool to analyze surface curvature
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Curvature analysis of surfaces in generally used to help model high quality surfaces. Abrupt change of curvature on a surface (for example on a car exterior body) can be readily seen by the naked eye and must be smoothed.
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Curvature (C)
of the with a
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On these intersection curves we can measure an infinity of curvature values in this point.
In each point we will have a maximum curvature value CM and a minimum curvature value Cm. The Mapping analysis tool allows you to measure these minimum and maximum values, the mean value (Gaussian analysis) and to see the inflection areas.
Gaussian : C =
CM.Cm
Minimum
Maximum
Inflection area
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Pass the mouse over the surfaces and read the curvature values shown in order to get a general idea of curvature variation on the part
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Adjust the color range fields taking into account your observation in Step 3 : drag and drop the arrows or key in directly the right values in the fields.
Pass the mouse over the surfaces and read the curvature values shown in order to get a general idea of curvature variation on the part. Notice that the minimum curvature is always in the perpendicular plane to the maximum curvature . Copyright DASSAULT SYSTEMES 2002
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In the green area, the defined tool could not mill the part.
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Fix the 3D Accuracy to the minimum value to have a better analysis rendering.
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The displayed curvature information values are the values of the last selected surface
The displayed curvature information values are kept on the set of surfaces
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You can choose between a curvature type and a radius type analysis. - Curvature : you visualize the curvature evolution on the curve. - Radius : you visualize the radius evolution along the curve.
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You can choose to visualize the curvature evolution using the diagram: -Each curve analysis posses its own color for a clearer visualization. - The extremum values are displayed in the diagram window. - You can slide the pointer over the diagram to display the amplitude at a given point of the curve.
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Adjusting these parameters, you can optimize the analysis visualization. It has no effect on the curvature values along the curves.
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Managing OpenBodies
Creating a Group Creating a New OpenBody Changing the Father Node of an OpenBody Selecting Bodies using the Body Selector Duplicating an OpenBody
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Manipulating Elements Editing Wireframe and Surface Definition Creating Datum Features Updating a Part Managing OpenBodies
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Using the Historical Graph Quick Edition of Geometry Deleting Useless Elements Auto-Sorting an OpenBody
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Select the feature from which you want to know the hierarchy.
4b 4a
Select the Parameter Filter button.
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Select the geometry You identify the generating elements. Informations are displayed on the whole geometry : Green : the last element generated in the selected geometry Red : the direct parent of the last generated element Purple (with G letter) : the first element that generate the final one
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CATIA gives you a list of elements to delete and ask you to confirm before delete
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Auto-Sorting OpenBodies
This command allows you to sort hierarchically the wireframe features under the selected OpenBody.
Select the OpenBody node in the Specification tree. Open a contextual menu, then select Auto-Sort OpenBody.
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Creating a Group Creating a new Open Body Changing the Father node of an Open Body Duplicating an Open Body
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Creating a Group
Hides all the nodes of an Open Body except for specific nodes the user chooses to see.
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Creating a Group
Hide all the nodes of an OpenBody except for specific nodes the user chooses to show. Activate Create Group in the Contextual Menu for the Open Body you would like to group.
Select nodes in the Open Body that you would like to remain displayed in the specification tree.
Click OK to confirm. The Open Body is replaced by a group of hidden nodes + the nodes in the Open Body that the user specified to remain displayed.
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Activate Collapse Group in the Contextual Menu for the Group you would like to close.
Activate Expand Group in the Contextual Menu for the Group you would like to open.
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Activate Insert/Open Body from the Menubar. Specify the node under which the new Open Body will be inserted. Select nodes from existing Open Bodies that you want to move to the new Open Body. 4 Click OK to confirm. The new Open Body is added to the specification tree.
If Part.1 was selected as the Father, the new Open Body will be created under this node
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Click OK to confirm.
Select the destination node (new Father node) for your Open Body (or your feature)
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You can also rename directly the body in the combo box.
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Click on the green arrow to reverse the extrude direction Click on Use identical name to just create an identical second instance of the selected Openbody.
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Hybrid Design
In this lesson, you will learn tools to build Hybrid Part using surfacic and solid features. You will also learn how to work in a Multi-Model environment.
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In this illustration, the Extrude.1 surface is used to create the ThickSurface.1 solid. Later, the Offset.1 surface was defined from the opposite face of the ThickSurface.1 solid.
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Create a surface offset from a solid face Create a Fill Surface from solid edges JOIN solid edges into section curves then LOFT between these section curves Create a Blend Surface between two solid faces Extract a surface from a solid face
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Split Body
Thicken Surface
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Lets see now the different ways to create surface-based features ...
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2 Select the surface used as splitting element and orient the arrow
towards the material to be kept.
Material to be kept Splitting surface
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Thickening a Surface
1
Offset direction
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2 Select the surface to be sewn onto the body and orient the arrow
towards the material to be kept.
Surface to be sewn
Material to be kept
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The passive element selected is shown as an External Reference within the specification tree of the Active Model
In this case, the Offset.1 surface has the Surface.1 External Reference as its parent. As usual, changes in the parent will propagate downstream.
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