CONTENTS

Introduction Basic Concepts of Digital to analog modulation PSK QAM

Introduction
What is Signal Constellation diagram ? . Representation of signal modulated by a digital modulation. . They also help you visually understand how a particular modulation mechanism works. . Bit rate

. Baud rate

Digital toofAnalog Modulation Is the process changing one of the

characteristics of an analog signal based on information in a digital signal(0s and 1s).
Example data from computer to another across

a public access phone line.

Amplitude , frequency and phase.

Types of digital/analog modulation

Phase Shift keying(PSK)

Phase of the carrier is varied to represent

binary 1 or 0.
Phase of 0 degrees to represent binary 0. Phase to 180 degrees to send binary 1.

Conceptual view of PSK

PSK Constellation

4PSK- Conceptual view

4-PSK Constellation diagram

8 PSK
When we have eight possible phases ,we can

send three bits at a time. 8-PSK is three times faster than 2-PSK
Three bit represents by each phase is called a

tribit.

8-PSK Constellation diagram

Quadrature Amplitude Modulation

PSK is limited by the ability of the equipment . This factors limits its potential bit rate. Combine ASK and PSK. Then we have maximum contrast between

each bit

QAM Constellations
4- QAM 8-QAM

Time domain for an 8QAM

16- QAM Constellation

Bit and Baud comparison

Why are constellation maps or diagrams useful?

They help you design a transmission system

that is less prone to errors and can possibly recover from transmission problems without relying on higher level protocols. The analysis of a transmission system's constellation map allows the development of error detection and error correction schemes that can detect transmission problems.

Thanks Indian Elango