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CONTENTS

ABSTRACT CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS NOTATION

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CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 Main advantages of steel structures Problems associated with the analysis and design of steel frame structures The need for design optimization Main features of a design optimization problem Literature review of steelwork design optimization 1.5.1 Mathematical programming 1.5.2 Optimality criteria method 1.5.3 Evolutionary algorithms 1.6 Goals of research 1.7 Organisation of the thesis 1 2 4 5 9 10 14 18 21 22

CHAPTER II: DESIGN PROCEDURE FOR STEEL FRAME STRUCTURES ACCORDING TO BS 5950 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Limit state concept and partial safety factors 2.3 Loads and load combinations 2.3.1 Dead load 2.3.2 Live load 2.3.3 Wind load 2.3.4 Load combinations 2.4 Serviceability limit states 2.4.1 Deflection limits 26 27 30 30 31 31 39 40 40

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2.5

2.6

2.7 2.8

2.9

2.4.2 Durability limits Strength requirements 2.5.1 Shear strength 2.5.2 Tension members with moments 2.5.2.1 Local capacity check 2.5.2.2 Lateral torsional buckling check 2.5.3 Compression members with moments 2.5.3.1 Local capacity check 2.5.3.2 Overall buckling check Stability limits 2.6.1 Stability against overturning 2.6.2 Stability against sway 2.6.2.1 Classification into sway /non-sway frame 2.6.2.2 Determination of the effective length factor Flowchart of design procedure Computer based techniques for the determination of the effective length factor 2.8.1 Technique 1: Digitizing the charts 2.8.2 Technique 2: Analytical descriptions of the charts 2.8.2.1 Regression analysis 2.8.2.2 Genetic programming (GP) Concluding remarks

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CHAPTER III: THEORY AND METHODS FOR EVALUATING OF CRITICAL BUCKLING LOAD 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 Introduction Stability concept The concept of buckling in idealized framework models Historical background Methods for evaluation of elastic critical load 3.5.1 Differential equation method 3.5.2 Energy method 3.5.3 Modified slope deflection method 3.5.4 Direct method 3.5.5 Finite element method 3.6 Verification of the developed code for stability analysis 3.7 Concluding remarks 72 74 75 78 83 83 84 86 87 92 94 99

CHAPTER IV: EFFECTIVE BUCKLING LENGTH OF COLUMNS IN SWAY FRAMEWORKS: COMPARISONS 4.1 Objectives 4.2 Comparisons between the factors Leff,nCode mem X, c Lnmem and
c

Leff,nDM mem X, c

Lnmem
c

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4.2.1 Example 1: Singlebay singlestorey framework 4.2.2 Example 2: Twobay singlestorey framework 4.2.3 Example 3: Threebay singlestorey framework 4.2.4 Example 4: Fourbay singlestorey framework 4.2.5 Example 5: Fivebay singlestorey framework 4.3 Concluding remarks

101 108 113 117 121 126

CHAPTER V: OPTIMIZATION PROBLEM FORMULATION AND SOLUTION TECHNIQUES 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Minimum weight via optimization techniques 5.3 Why minimum weight design for steel structures? 5.3.1 Client brief 5.3.2 Cost considerations 5.4 Optimization problem formulation 5.4.1 Design variables 5.4.2 Objective function 5.4.3 Constraint 5.4.4 Standard formulation 5.5 Features of design optimization problem 5.6 Discrete optimization techniques review 5.6.1 Branch and bound method 5.6.2 Simulated annealing 5.6.3 Genetic algorithms 5.6.3.1 Background 5.6.3.2 Survival of the fittest 5.6.3.3 Encoding the design variables 5.6.3.4 Why bit string encoding? 5.6.3.5 The anatomy of a simple GA 5.6.3.6 Constraints management 5.6.3.7 Convergence criteria and termination conditions 128 129 129 129 130 131 132 133 134 134 135 136 137 139 140 140 143 143 146 146 152 153

CHAPTER VI: MODIFICATIONS, TUNING OF GA PARAMETERS AND TESTING OF THE ALGORITHM 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 Introduction Description of the development GA Modifications Example 1: Tuning of GA parameters and testing of crossover operators 6.4.1 Formulation of the problem 6.4.2 Domain of each parameter and operator tested 6.4.3 Description of the test 6.4.4 Results of testing 155 156 158 160 161 162 163 165

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6.4.5 Discussion of the results of testing 6.4.5.1 Setting of GA parameters and crossover operators 6.4.5.2 Convergence history 6.5 Example 2: Comparisons of the obtained results 6.5.1 Definition and formulation of the problem 6.5.2 Discussion of results 6.6 Example 3: A comparison of different development techniques 6.6.1 Optimization methods and tools within ANSYS 6.6.2 Problem definition and obtained results 6.7 Concluding remarks

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CHAPTER VII: MAXIMIZATION OF THE DIFFERENCE IN THE EFFECTIVE BUCKLING LENGTHS EVALUATED BY FEM AND BS 5950 7.1 Objectives 7.2 Maximization of
Leff, FE mem X , nc Leff, Code mem X , nc

196 197 197 203 208 213 213 221 225 230 230 230 232 235

7.2.1 Problem definition and solution technique 7.2.2 Example 1: Twobay twostorey framework 7.2.3 Example 2: Fivebay fivestorey framework 7.3 Maximization of Leff, FE Leff, Code subject to design criteria mem mem
X , nc X , nc

7.3.1 Formulation of the problem 7.3.2 Example 1: Twobay twostorey framework 7.3.3 Example 2: Fivebay fivestorey framework 7.4 Maximization of Leff, Code Leff, FE subject to design criteria mem mem
X , nc X , nc

7.4.1 Formulation of the problem 7.4.2 Example 1: Twobay twostorey framework 7.4.3 Example 2: Fivebay fivestorey framework 7.5 Discussion of results and concluding remarks

CHAPTER VIII: DESIGN OPTIMIZATION OF 2D STEEL FRAME STRUCTURES 8.1 8.2 8.3 8.4 Objectives Design procedure to bs 5950 Problem formulation and solution technique Benchmark examples 8.4.1 Example 1: Twobay twostorey framework 8.4.2 Example 2: Fivebay fivestorey framework 8.4.3 Example 3: Fourbay tenstorey framework 8.5 Validation of the optimum design 8.6 Concluding remarks 238 239 247 250 250 255 260 267 271

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CHAPTER IX: DESIGN OPTIMIZATION OF 3D STEEL FRAME STRUCTURES 9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4 Objectives Design procedure to BS 5950 Problem formulation and solution technique Benchmark examples 9.4.1 Example 1: Twobay by twobay by twostorey structure 9.4.2 Example 2: Threebay by fourbay by fourstorey structure 9.5 Validation of the optimum design 9.6 Concluding remarks 273 274 284 287 289 295 302 306

CHAPTER X: CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER WORK 10.1 10.2 10.3 10.4 Introduction Main achievements Conclusions Suggestions for further work 308 308 310 312

Appendix A. Stability functions Appendix B. Sample of a data file for the stability analysis Appendix C. Description of the developed program for the design optimization of steel frame structures

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REFRENCES

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