Chap 5: EMC Regulations and Measurements

Agenda
Civilian Regulations. Measurement of Radiated Emissions. Test-site Calibration. Measurement of Conducted Emissions. Measurement of Radiated EMI Susceptibility. Measurement of Conducted EMI Susceptibility. Electrostatic Discharge Test.

Civilian Regulations
EMC: ability of two or more electrical devices to operate simultaneously without mutual interference. EMC Regulations: established absolute limits for radiated and conducted emission. Requirements on susceptibility to EMI emissions are specified in E-Norms. Civilian equipment to be marketed within EEA must satisfy EEC Directive on EMC. Enforcement and penalties are matters for national government. Civilian equipment to be marketed in US must conform to FCC Regulations on EMC before it can be advertised or sold commercially.
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Standards and Standard Making Bodies

International
IEC ACEC TC77
IEC1000 IEC801 IEC555

European
ETSI CENELEC

United States
FCC DOD

TC110
ETS 300XXX EN50XXX EN55XXX EN60XXX

CISPR
CISPR-16 CISPR-23

CFR 47 Part 15

MIL-STD-461B MIL-STD-462

FCC - Federal Communication Commission Dod - Department of Defense.

IEC - International Electrotechnical Commission, operates closely with ISO. CISPR - International Special Committee on Radio Interference (title in French), founded 1934. CENELEC - European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardization. ETSI - European Telecommunication Standards Institute. ACEC - Advisory Committee on EMC

European EMC Directive

Introduced in 1989 (89/336/EEC), fully enforced Jan 1996. Requires each EEA member state to introduce legislation (Competent Authority) by transposing the EMC Directive in its own style. The technical requirements are contained in harmonised standards, ie. The European Norms (EN) by CENELEC and European Telecommunications Standards (ETS) by ETSI. The IEC1000 documents and CISPR publications form a set of Basic Standards which are reference by documents from CENELEC.
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European EMC Directive

European Economic Area (EEA) European Union (EU)
Austria Belgium Denmark Finland France Germany Greece Ireland Italy Luxembourg Netherlands Portugal Spain Sweden United Kingdom Iceland Liechtenstein Norway

European EMC Directive

Products complying with all relevant directives carry a CE mark. All products to be marketed in EEA must bear the CE mark. Products with CE mark cannot be stopped at the borders of member states without positive evidence of a problem. EMC requirements include both emission and susceptibility, from 150kHz to 30MHz for conducted interference and 30MHz to 1GHz for radiated interference.

European EMC Directive

Exclusions:
Second-hand apparatus, electromagnetically benign apparatus, apparatus for export to 3rd country outside EEA. Apparatus covered by other directives, eg. Medical devices, motor vehicles, equipment in aircraft, marine equipment. Apparatus partially covered - Telecommunication Terminal Equipment (TTE Directive) and others. Spare parts/components performing no direct function (Resistors, capacitors, transistors, integrated circuits, cables, connectors, batteries, CRT, LCD, LED display screen. PC cards, modem cards, controller modules, disc drive, battery chargers, DIY kits
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Included:

EMC Certification
Self certification - manufacturer/authorised representative issues a Declaration of Conformity to declare that the apparatus conforms to relevant harmonized standards, no specific requirement to perform test. However relevant authorities in member countries may conduct random sampling checks. Technical construction file - for cases where no harmonised standards or incomplete standards. Manufacturer creates a file, describes how compliance with protection objectives was achieved. A Competent Body will review results and issues certificate. EC Type Examination - applies only to radio transmitters or combined transmitters and receivers. Testing must be performed, and a Type Examination Certificate from a Notified Body is required.
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ENFORCEMENT & PENALTIES

The Responsible Person (manufacturer / authorised representative / importer) must be established within the EEA. The obligation is to retain the necessary documentation at the disposal of the Competent Authorities for 10 years after the last apparatus has been placed on the market. Enforcement and penalties are matters of national governments and varies for one country to another. Withdrawal of product from the market will be ordered. Fines in most EEA countries. Fines/Imprisonment: Belgium, Finland, UK.

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Federal Communications Commission

Technical requirements are detailed in Code of Federal Regulation (CFR) 47, part 15. Only covers emission. Susceptibility is self-regulated by manufacturers. Distinguishes between intentional (subpart C) and unintentional radiation (subpart B) - 23 June 1992. Limits apply to conducted interference on mains lead for frequencies from 450kHz to 30MHz. Radiated interference covers from 30MHz to 40GHz.

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Federal Communications Commission

Devices exempted from specific technical standards of Part 15...
Apparatus used exclusively in motor vehicles, aircraft. Apparatus used exclusively in electronic control or power system utilized by public utility or in an industrial plant. Apparatus used exclusively in industrial, commercial or medical test equipment.

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FCC Certifications
Self certification - through Declaration of Conformity (DoC) for digital devices (using clock signal exceeding 9 kHz). For all other types of equipment, manufacturer must obtain FCC certification. Otherwise, he must verify the compliance and keep the test results on file, subject to inspection by FCC. FCC regulations also require unintentional radiating devices to provide user instructions which contain suggested remedies in the case of interference to sensitive devices such as radio receivers. Upper frequency of measurement : 1000 MHz for devices operated below 108 MHz 5th harmonic of highest frequency if operated above 1000 MHz
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Type of Devices
Class-A devices are those intended for commercial/industrial use. Class-B devices are those intended for residential use. Since Class-B devices are more likely to be places near television receiving antenna (and other household appliances), the rules governing Class-B devices are more stringent.
frequency 30 - 88 MHz 88 - 216 MHz 216-960 MHz Above 960 MHz Class-A limits at 10 m 90 V/m 150 V/m 210 V/m 300 V/m Class-B limits at 3 m 100 V/m 150 V/m 200 V/m 500 V/m Class-B limits at 10 m 30 V/m 45 V/m 60 V/m 150 V/m

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Measurement of Radiated Emissions

Open Area Test Site (OATS)... Measurement distance L = 3m or 10m EUT
Height varied over 1m to 4m at each test frequency

Antennas...
Typically broadband Biconical - 30-300MHz Log Periodic - 0.2-2 GHz Bilog - 30-2000 MHz

To Test Receiver

0.8m

Turntable

Ground Plane

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Open Area Test Site

Large outdoor area with a ground screen (steel mesh wire) and free of obstacles and interfering ambient fields. Repeatability depends on ground (soil) conductivity and ambient conditions (noise, temperature, humidity). EUT must be away from conductive, dielectric, or magnetic materials. Site may be enclosed with non-conductive materials such as canvas or air-supported plastic for protection against weather. Half-wave dipole is specified. Impedance mismatch between antenna and receiver will affect accuracy of measurements. Antenna length must be adjusted for each frequency.
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Semi-Anechoic Chamber
Shielded room covered with EM wave absorbers over the entire inner surfaces except the floor. Controlled environment, with all-weather capability and minimum ambient electromagnetic interference, offers a much more flexible and repeatable facility than OATS. For high-speed scanning over a band of frequencies, use wideband antennas - Biconical (30 - 300 MHz), Log-periodic (200 to 2000 MHz), Bilog (30 - 2000 MHz). Both vertical polarisation and horizontal polarisation components of radiated fields must be measured. In case of dispute, measurement using OATS and half-wave dipole shall take precedence.
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Measurement Procedure
Source Receiver

Conductive floor causes emission to double at certain angles. Radiated emissions must be measured in all directions from the radiating device - Accomplished by slowly rotating the EUT and, at the same time move the receiving antenna upward (or downward) to record the worst-case radiation. The EUT shall be in its typical complete configuration and operated in its normal manner, with all interconnect peripheral equipment connected such that the emissions are maximised.
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Image

Detection Techniques
IF Filter

Rc C
Electric Field (V/m) = Received Voltage (V) Antenna Factor (m-1 )

Rd
Antenna Factor(dB)=Electric Field (dBV/m) - Received Voltage(dBV)

Peak detection: received voltage at each frequency is measured over a period to find the peak value (CRd = ). Quasi-peak detection (QP): the detector has a certain discharging time-constant (CRd) such that any voltage spike will be suppressed. Voltage reading always less than or equal to peak detection. Measurement time 2 to 3 times longer than peak detection. Regulatory limits are based on QP values.
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Test-site Calibration
Before any test-site can be used, it must be checked with a known source. Use half-wave dipole as transmitter, placed 2 m above the conductive floor (in place of EUT). Measure received voltage using another half-wave dipole. Vary its height (1 m - 4 m) and record the highest field intensity. Site Attenuation: ratio of the transmitted voltage to the received voltage. Test-site is acceptable if the measured site attenuation is within 4 dB compared to theoretical value at each frequency.

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Conducted Emissions
Electronic device can emit high-frequency noise through its AC power cord and affect other appliances that share the same power source. Impedance looking into the wall outlets affects the amount of noise that is conducted. The impedance varies over the measurement frequency range, and from outlet to outlet. Line Impedance Stabilisation Network (LISN) present a constant impedance (50 ohms) between the Phase wire and Earth wire, and between the Neutral wire and Earth wire. LISN also acts as filter to prevent external conducted noise on the power line from contaminating the measurement.
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Line-Impedance Stabilization Network

50 Power outlet 50 Phase Neutral EUT 0.1 F 1 F 1 F 1 k 50 VN VP Spectrum Analyzer
Transient Suppressor

0.1 F

1 k Earth

Frequency 0.45 - 1.705 MHz 1.705 - 30 MHz

Class-A limits 60 dBV 69.5 dBV

Class-B limits 48 dBV 48 dBV

The frequency range for EN conducted emission is 150 kHz to 30 MHz - different LISN should be used.
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Measurement of Conducted Emissions

Vertical Ground Plane (wall of screened enclosure) 0.4m

Non-conducting table 0.8m Ground Plane 2mX2m (min)

EUT
Line Impedance Stabilization Network (LISN) To Receiver

0.8m

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Severity level V/m 1 1 2 3 3 10

Measurement of Radiated EMI Susceptibility

Multiplexer Log periodic Power Amp. Biconical Anechoic Chamber Absorber Screen Room

Signal Source

AGC & Modulation

Field Strength Monitor

EUT

Power supply & ancillary equipment

Control & Data Capture

IEEE-488 Control Bus

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Test Procedure
(EN 61000-4-3)

80 - 1000 MHz sweep, 80% modulation depth with 1 kHz sinewave, 4 faces 2 polarisation. Additional test at 900 MHz with 200-Hz pulse modulation. Field Uniformity of Anechoic Chamber -0/+6 dB over 12 out of 16 points within 1.5m 1.5m square, 0.8m above the floor. TEM Cell can be used. Applicable severity level depends on the expected operating EMR environment.
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Performance Criteria
Only the EMI effects should be recorded, no specific definition for performance degradation. Grade A: Normal performance within specification limits. Grade B: Temporary degradation or loss of function which is self recoverable. Grade C: Temporary degradation or loss of function which requires operator intervention or system reset. Grade D: Degradation or loss of function which is not recoverable.
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Conducted EMI Susceptibility

(EN 6100-4-4)

Current Injection

Current source

Level Monitor

Decoupling/Impedance Stabilizer Network on all untested cables 150 Ohm

Ancillary Units

Coupling/Decoupling Network (CDN)

EUT
Insulation
150 Ohm

150 Ohm

Ground reference

Voltage Injection

50 Ohm HV source

Surge 0.5,1,2, or 4 kV line-to-line, and line-to-earth, different source impedance

Electrical Fast Transient/Burst (EFT/B) Signal, data & control line: 0.25, 0.5,1,2 kV, 5/50ns pulses, repetition rate 5 kHz. Both polarities (btw. terminal and ground) Power supply lines: 0.5,1,2 or 4 kV
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Voltage Dips/Interruptions/Variations
Dips and Short Interruptions: 0%, 40%, and 70% of nominal 50/60-Hz voltage for a duration of 0.5 to 50 periods. Short term variation taking 2 seconds to reach 40% and 0% of nominal voltage, 1 second in the test level, and then 2 seconds to recover to nominal voltage.
1s 2s 2s

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Electrostatic Discharge Test

(EN 61000-4-2) Direct application Insulation EUT Supply Ground connection Conducting plane High Voltage Supply Ground Reference plane

Indirect application

EUT

10 positive / negative zaps to each accessible point, 2 - 15 kV (8 kV contact discharge)

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Good Luck !!