COMPONENT STUDY

MELODY GENERATOR IC UM66

UM66T is a melody integrated circuit. It is designed for use in bells, telephones, toys etc. It has an inbuilt tone and a beat generator. The tone generator is a programmed divider which produces certain frequencies. These frequencies are a factor of the oscillator frequency. The beat generator is also a programmed divider which contains 15 available beats. Four beats of these can be selected. There is an inbuilt oscillator circuit that serves as a time base for beat and tone generator. It has a 62 notes ROM to play music. A set of 4 bits controls the scale code while 2 bits control the rhythm code. When power is turned on, the melody generator is reset and melody begins from the first note. The speaker can be driven by an external npn transistor connected to the output of UM66. Many versions of UM66T are available which generate tone of different songs. For example, UM66T01 generates tone for songs Jingle bells, Santa Claus is coming to town and We wish you a merry Xmas.

PIN CONFIGURATION:

PIN DESCRIPTION:
Pin No 1 2 3 Melody output Supply voltage (1.5V - 4.5V) Ground (0V) Output Vcc Ground Function Name

FEATURES:
62 note ROM memory 1.3 to 3.3 operating voltage and low power consumption Dynamic speaker can be driven with an external npn transistor OSC, resistor is built in Power on reset, melody begins from first note

PIN DIAGRAM:

BLOCK DIAGRAM:

CMOS NAND GATES IC CD4011

CD 4011 consists of four two input NAND gates. This IC provides the system designer with direct implementation of the NAND function and supplement the existing family of CMOS gate. All inputs and outputs are buffered. It is provided in 14- lead dual in line ceramic packages.

FEATURES
Propagation delay time = 60 ns Buffered inputs and outputs Standardized symmetrical output characteristics

PIN DIAGRAM

CD 4011

NAND GATE:

TOUCH PLATES
Resistance is measured in ohms and when something is a good conductor it has a low resistance. In other words it has only a few ohms resistance. When something is a bad conductor it has a high resistance. In other words it has a resistance of many ohms, sometimes thousands of ohms or even millions of ohms. The resistance between the two tracks on the touch plates (when not being touched) is many millions of ohms. When you touch the plate, the resistance reduces to about 100,000 ohms. When you press harder, this decreases to 50,000 or 30,000 ohms. When the plate is connected to a circuit, the change in resistance is detected by the circuit and a certain amount of current flows. This current is very small and the circuit amplifies this current. In this circuit touch plates act as ON and OFF switch. In one of the projects the touch pad is used to turn on a LED. In another project it is used to alter the flash rate of a LED. When you press harder on the plate, resistance decreases. Because more of your finger touches the tracks and more moisture comes out of the pores of your finger. It is the MOISTURE IN YOUR FINGER (the salts in the moisture) that causes the resistance to

reduce. The touch plate can also be used as a rain detector. When a drop of water falls on the grid, it touches the two tracks and reduces the resistance between the terminals. Pure rain water is non conductive however as the droplets fall through the air they pick up small amounts of carbon-dioxide and other impurities and this makes the water slightly conductive. This type of pad was one of the earliest forms of touch switch and was used in a number of electronic devices in place of a push button. It was one of the first attempts at a vandal-proof switch or trouble-free switch, however it suffered from one major problem. If residue was left on the pad, such as jam, butter or oil from the skin, it became less effective. In addition, it did not work successfully for all type of users. The effectiveness of the pad depends on the amount of moisture in the finger and it will not work very effectively with a very dry finger. If your pad does not work as described in any of the experiments, try moistening your finger slightly and see the results improve. Touch plates have now been replaced with membrane switches in most electronic devices. Membranes require only very slight pressure for their operation and no dirt can enter the sealed switch, but a touch pad is a very good way to show how the resistance of your skin changes with pressure and moisture content.

TRANSISTOR (SL 100)

In this circuit touch sensitive musical bell we use two SL 100 transistors. One of them act as a switch while the other acts as an amplifier. SL100 is a general purpose, medium power NPN transistor. It is mostly used as switch in common emitter configuration. The transistor terminals require a fixed DC voltage to operate in the desired region of its characteristic curves. This is known as the biasing. For switching applications, SL100 is biased in such a way that it remains fully on if there is a signal at its base. In the absence of base signal, it gets turned off completely.

The emitter leg of SL100 is indicated by a protruding edge in the transistor case. The base is nearest to the emitter while collector lies at other extreme of the casing.

RESISTOR
A resistor is a passive two-terminal electrical component that implements electrical resistance as a circuit element . The current through a resistor is in direct proportion to the voltage across the resistor's terminals. This relationship is represented by Ohm's law:

where I is the current through the conductor in units of amperes, V is the potential difference measured across the conductor in units of volts, and R is the resistance of the conductor in units of ohms. The ratio of the voltage applied across a resistor's terminals to the intensity of current in the circuit is called its resistance, and this can be assumed to be a constant (independent of the voltage) for ordinary resistors working within their ratings. Resistors are common elements of electrical networks and electronic circuits. Practical resistors can be made of various compounds and films, as well as wire made of a highresistivity alloy, such as nickel-chrome. Resistors are also implemented within integrated circuits, particularly analog devices, and can also be integrated into hybrid and printed circuits. The electrical functionality of a resistor is specified by its resistance: common commercial resistors are manufactured over a range of more than nine orders of magnitude. When specifying that resistance in an electronic design, the required precision of the resistance may require attention to the manufacturing tolerance of the chosen resistor, according to its specific application. The temperature coefficient of the resistance may also be of concern in some precision applications. Practical resistors are also specified as having a maximum power rating which must exceed the anticipated power dissipation of that resistor in a particular circuit: this is mainly of concern in power electronics applications. Resistors with higher power ratings are physically larger and may require heat sinks. In a high-voltage circuit, attention must sometimes be paid to the rated maximum working voltage of the resistor.

Practical resistors have a series inductance and a small parallel capacitance; these specifications can be important in high-frequency applications. In a low-noise

amplifier or pre-amp, the noise characteristics of a resistor may be an issue. The unwanted inductance, excess noise, and temperature coefficient are mainly dependent on the technology used in manufacturing the resistor. They are not normally specified individually for a particular family of resistors manufactured using a particular technology. A family of discrete resistors is also characterized according to its form factor, that is, the size of the device and the position of its leads (or terminals) which is relevant in the practical manufacturing of circuits using them

CAPACITOR
A capacitor (originally known as condenser) is a passive two-terminal electrical component used to store energy in an electric field. The forms of practical capacitors vary widely, but all contain at least two electrical conductors separated by a dielectric (insulator); for example, one common construction consists of metal foils separated by a thin layer of insulating film. Capacitors are widely used as parts of electrical circuits in many common electrical devices. When there is a potential difference (voltage) across the conductors, a static electric field develops across the dielectric, causing positive charge to collect on one plate and

negative charge on the other plate. Energy is stored in the electrostatic field. An ideal capacitor is characterized by a single constant value, capacitance, measured in farads. This is the ratio of the electric charge on each conductor to the potential difference between them. The capacitance is greatest when there is a narrow separation between large areas of conductor, hence capacitor conductors are often called plates, referring to an early means of construction. In practice, the dielectric between the plates passes a small amount of leakage current and also has an electric field strength limit, resulting in a breakdown voltage, while the conductors and leads introduce an undesired inductance and resistance. Capacitors are widely used in electronic circuits for blocking direct current while allowing alternating current to pass, in filter networks, for smoothing the output of power supplies, in the resonant circuits that tune radios to particular frequencies, in electric power transmission systems for stabilizing voltage and power flow, and for many other purposes.

LOUD SPEAKER
A loudspeaker (or "speaker") is an electro acoustic transducer that produces sound in response to an electrical audio signal input. The most common form of loudspeaker uses a paper cone supporting a voice coil electromagnet acting on a permanent magnet, but many

other types exist. Where accurate reproduction of sound is required, multiple loudspeakers may be used, each reproducing a part of the audible frequency range. Miniature loudspeakers are found in devices such as radio and TV receivers, and many forms of music players. Larger loudspeaker systems are used for music, sound reinforcement in theatres and concerts, and in public address systems

FEATURES: Small size Power rating : 0.5 W Impedance : 8 ohm