IMPULSUL ELECTROMAGNETIC I BOMBA-E ELECTROMAGNETIC PULSE AND E-BOMB

Radojka PRASTALO Silvana SUKALO Faculty of Electrical Engineering Banjaluka Bosnia and Herzegovina e-mail: prastalo@etfbl.net

Rezumat: n multe cazuri, n zilele noastre rzboaiele sunt purtate cu ajutorul tehnologiei, i nu de ctre soldai. Cea mai recent realizare n acest domeniu sunt armele rezultate ca aplicaii ale microundelor. Aceste arme se bazeaz pe impulsul electromagnetic (EMP). Impulsurile electromagnetice i alte tipuri de arme bazate pe EMP distrug aparatele electrice, i nu cldirile sau oamenii. O caracteristic a acestor arme cu EMP este critic: ele sunt foarte precise i sunt imposibil de detectat precis. Cuvinte cheie: EMP (impuls electromagnetic), bomba-E (bombaelectromagnetic).

Abstract: In many instances todays wars are guided by electronic technology not by soldiers. The latest achievement in this field is application of the microwave weapons. These weapons are based on electromagnetic pulse (EMP). EMPs and other types of weapons based on EMP destroy the devices based on electronic technology not buildings and people. Still one feature of these EMP weapons is critical: these weapons are very precise and it is impossible to identify their location. Keywords: EMP (electromagnetic pulse), E-bomb (electromagneticbomb)

1. Introducere Pe parcursul ultimilor 20 de ani, Don Schellhardt (1), un avocat n Relaii Guvernamentale din SUA, avnd 25 de ani de experien n avocatur public, legislaie i reglementri n legtur cu energia i mediul, mpreun cu numeroase alte autoriti ncercau s conving guvernul SUA de necesitatea protejrii echipamentelor civile vitale mpotriva atacurilor cu impuls electromagnetic (EMP), deoarece scopurile rzboaielor din zilele noastre este s distrug uzine importante, i nu oameni. Aceste rzboaie non-letale sunt mai puin periculoase pentru instalaiile i echipamentele militare deoarece ele sunt protejate n acest sens, dar niciodat destul (2). Lista instalaiilor i echipamentelor electronice civile vitale include: echipamente de comunicare de urgen folosite de departamentele de poliie, departamentele de pompieri, echipamente medicale de urgen, echipamente de radio pentru amatori i computere n general. Echipamentele puse n pericol cuprind de asemenea i echipamentele electronice necesare pentru meninerea vieii i sntii i siguranei publicului, de exemplu: generatoare de siguran (i conexiunile corespunztoare) n spitale, turnuri de control al traficului aerian, echipamente de control i ghidare a avioanelor, contacte electrice folosite la pornirea mainilor de poliie i de pompieri, pompe, reele de for, centrale energetice, controale de siguran ale reactoarelor etc. Undele de energie electromagnetic nu fac ru oamenilor sau altor fiine. Prerea acestor savani este c majoritatea echipamentelor electronice civile pot fi aprate printr-un simplu nveli etan de cupru n jurul sau dedesubtul suprafeei respective. Aceast protecie nu este extrem de costisitoare. Petiia de reglementare, susinut de ctre autoritile EMP, ce doreau o aciune guvernamental n vederea

1. Introduction During the past 20 years, Don Schellhardt (1.), a Government Relations attorney from the US, with 25 years of experience in public advocacy, legislation and regulations affected energy and the environment, along with numerous other authorities have been trying to convince the US government of the necessity of protecting vital civilian electronics equipment against an Electro-Magnetic Pulse (EMP) attack, because the goals of todays wars is to destroy important plants, not people. These non-lethal wars are less dangerous for military plants and equipment because they are protected in that sense, but never enough (2). The list of vital civilian electronic plants and equipment includes: emergency communications equipment used by police departments, fire departments, emergency medical equipment, amateur radio service equipment and computers in general. Endangered equipment is also likely to include electronics equipment which is necessary for maintenance of life and public heath and safety, for example: backup generators (and related connections) in hospitals, air traffic control towers, aircraft control and guidance equipment, electronic ignitions used to start up police cars and fire trucks, pumps, pipelines power lines, power plants, reactor safety controls, etc. Waves of electromagnetic energy do not harm human beings or other living things. According to these scientists most of this civilian electronics equipment can be shielded with simple, airtight sheaths of copper around or below the equipments surface area. This protection is not prohibitively expensive. The Petition for Rulemaking, advocated by the EMP authorities, seeking government action to guard vital civilian electronics equipment against the harmful effects of an EMP has finally been accepted.

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aprrii echipamentelor electronice civile vitale mpotriva efectelor duntoare ale EMP, a fost n sfrit acceptat. 2. Mecanismele de acionare Bomba-E (Bomba electromagnetic) sau efectele bombei-E, EMP, poate fi generat n 3 moduri diferite: 1. Prin explozia unei arme nucleare sau termonucleare (bomba-A sau bomba-H) la mare altitudine, n care caz majoritatea energie nucleare sau termonucleare se transform ntr-o intens energie electromagnetic care poate cauza daune la scar regional sau chiar naional. Efectele duntoare sunt cunoscute ca EMP impuls electromagnetic i pot fi o consecin a unei explozii nucleare. Pentru a face fa unui atac EMP care implic multiple explozii nucleare i/sau cu un atac EMP non-nuclear la raz mic, este prudent ca echipamentele electronice civile vitale s fie protejate mpotriva supratensiunilor de pn la 100.000 V/m. 2. Cu ajutorul unei bombe-E, proiectate s explodeze ntr-o rafal electromagnetic non-nuclear, dar totui imobilizatoare. n acest caz, daunele sunt limitate la o zon-int destul de limitat teritorial, cum ar fi un complex de birouri sau un cartier. 3. Cu ajutorul unui generator EMP aproape de sol, care poate fi fix sau mobil, proiectat s distrug ine mici dar vitale, cum ar fi un turn de control al traficului aerian sau Bursa de Valori. 3. Cine poate produce o bomb-E Carlo Kopp (3), un analist n aprare din Australia, a estimat c pentru producerea unei bombe-E primitive n-ar fi nevoie dect de tehnologia anilor 1940 i de cteva mii de dolari. Dac aceste estimri sunt corecte, bombe-E nesofisticate par s fie la ndemna multor naiuni i chiar a gruprilor teroriste! Anders Kallenaas de la Institutul de Cercetare al Aprrii Naionale Suedeze (FOA) susine c Rusia este printre primele n lume n materie de construire a acestui tip de arme electronice i bombe cu microune de nalt putere (cutii de bere), care pot fi achiziionate pe piaa rus pentru mai puin de 150.000$. Bombele pot fi transportate ntr-o valiz i emit impulsuri scurte de nalt energie, atingnd 10 GW, care ar putea distruge sisteme electronice complexe. Ar putea de asemenea s distrug sistemele electronice ale centralelor electrice sau nucleare, bncilor, trenurilor sau chiar un simplu tablou de distribuie la telefoane. Carlo Kopp a concluzionat n articolul su din 1996 c designul i desfurarea focoaselor electromagnetice pentru bombe i rachete ar fi realizabile n viitorul deceniu. A mai spus c: Dac vor fi gsite soluii satisfctoare pentru aceste probe, muniiile electromagnetice pentru bombe i rachete vor reprezenta o arm puternic i importan att n operaiile strategice, ct i de tactic, oferind daune colaterale semnificative reduse i pierderi omeneti mult reduse n comparaie cu armele clasice. Tehnicile de impuls electromagnetic de nalt putere i tehnologiile cu microunde de nalt putere s-au dezvoltat pn la punctual unde bombele-E practice sunt realizabile din punct de vedere ethnic, cu noi aplicaii att n rzboiul de informaie strategic, ct i n cele tactic.

2. Mechanism of Acting E-bomb (Electromagnetic bomb) or the effects of the E-bomb, an EMP, can be generated in at least three different ways: 1. Through the explosion of a nuclear or thermonuclear weapon (A-bomb or H-bomb) at a high altitude, in which case much of the nuclear or thermonuclear energy is converted into intense electromagnetic energy that can cause damage on regional or even nation wide scale. The dangerous effects referred as an EMP- Electromagnetic Pulse, which can be a consequence of a nuclear burst. To deal with an EMP attack that involves multiple nuclear bursts and / or with a more focused non-nuclear EMP attacks at much closer range, it seems prudent to require enough shielding to protect vital civilian electronics equipment from an electromagnetic surge of up to 100 000 V / m. 2. Through an E-bomb, designed to explode in a nonnuclear but still disabling electromagnetic burst, with damage limited to a fairly contained target area, such as an office complex or a city block. 3. Through a ground-based EMP generator, which can be either stationary or mobile, designed to knock out small but vital targets, such as an air traffic control tower or the Stock Exchange. 3. Who Can Produce an E-bomb Carlo Kopp (3.), a defense analyst in Australia, has estimated that producing a crude e-bomb would require only 1940s technology and cost only a few thousand dollars. If these estimates are true, unsophisticated E-bombs would appear to be well within the reach of many nations and even terrorist groups ! Anders Kallenaas of the Swedish National Defenses Research Institute (FOA) said that RUSSIA is among the best in the world when it comes to manufacturing this type of electronic weapon and the high-power microwave bombs (bear cans) which can be purchased on the Russian market for less than $150, 000. The bomb can be stored in a briefcase and emit short, high-energy pulses reaching 10 giga watts, which could destroy complex electronic systems. It can also knock out electronic systems of nuclear or electric power plants, banks, trains, or even a simple telephone switchboard. Carlo Kopp concluded in his article in 1996 that the design and deployment of electromagnetic warheads for bombs and missiles was technically feasible in the next decade. He also stated, Providing that satisfactory solutions can be found for these problems, electromagnetic munitions for bomb and missile applications promise to be an important and robust weapon in both strategic and tactical operation, offering significantly reduced collateral damage and lower human causalities than established weapons. High power electromagnetic pulse generation techniques and high power microwave technology have matured to the point where practical E-bombs are becoming technically feasible, with new applications in both strategic and tactical information warfare. The development of conventional E-bomb devices allows their use in non-nuclear confrontations. Special Forces teams who infiltrate the enemy and detonate a device near their

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Dezvoltarea dispozitivelor cu bombe-E convenionale permite ca acestea s fie folosite n confruntri non-nucleare. Echipe de Fore Speciale care se infiltreaz la inamic i detoneaz un dispozitiv n apropierea echipamentelor lor electronice, se pot folosi de acestea. Ele pot distruge sistemele electronice de comunicare i de computere pe o vast regiune (1). intele bombelor-E sunt de obicei : sistemele de telecomunicare, reeaua de energie naional, sistemele bancare i de finane, reelele naionale de transport i mass media. Datorit rezultatele unei bombe-E, este din ce n ce mai important s se caute contramsurile necesare pentru a proteja echipamentele electronice civile vitale i s se adopte legislaia care s reglementeze protejarea echipamentelor de comunicare de urgen civile. 4. Efecte electromagnetice Temperatura nalt i radiaia energetic produse de exploziile nucleare produs multe materie ncrcat electric. Aceste condiii produc de asemenea cureni inteni i cmpuri electromagnetice, numite n general EMP Fig.1, pe zone largi. Acestea pot bloca temporar sau permanent echipamentele electrice i electronice. Gazele ionizate pot de asemenea bloca undele radio scurte i smenalele radio pentru lungi perioade de timp. Efectele EMP depind de altitudinea exploziei. Rezultatele pot fi semnificative pentru exploziile la nivelul solului sau de mic altitudine (sub 4.000 m). Rezultatele pot fi foarte semnificative pentru explozii la mare altitudine (peste 30.000 m), dar nu sunt semnificative pentru altitudini ntre aceste extreme. Absorbia asimetric a razelor gamma produse de explozii sunt absorbite n aer i nu pot genera perturbaii electromagnetice de raz lung la altitudini intermediare (3). La exploziile de mic altitudine, electronii, fiind mai uori i mai rapizi dect atomii ionizai, sunt smuli i difuzeaz din regiunile n care sunt formai. Aceasta creeaz un cmp electric foarte puternic, care atinge valoarea de vrf timp de 10 nanosecunde. Pmntul absoarbe razele gamma emise n jos.

electronic devices can use them. They destroy the electronics of all computer and communication systems in a large area, (1). The targets of the E-bomb are usually: the telecommunication systems, the national power grid, finance and banking systems, the national transporting systems and the mass media. Because of results from n E-bomb it becomes very important to consider the countermeasures necessary to protect vital civilian electronics equipment and adopt legislation which mandates repair for emergency civilian communications equipment. 4. Electromagnetic effects The high temperatures and energetic radiation produced by nuclear explosions causes much electrically charged matter. These conditions can also produce intense currents and electromagnetic fields, generally called EMP Fig. 1, over large areas. They can temporarily or permanently disable electrical and electronic equipment. Ionized gases can also block short wavelength radio and radar signals for extended periods. Affects of EMP depends on the altitude of burst. Results can be significant for surface or low altitude bursts (below 4,000 m). Results can be very significant for high altitude bursts (above 30,000 m), but they are not significant for altitudes between these extremes. The asymmetric absorption of the instantaneous gamma rays produced by the explosion are absorbed by the air and do not generate long-range electromagnetic disturbances at intermediate altitudes (3). In low altitude explosions the electrons, being lighter and quicker than the ionized atoms they are removed from and diffuse away from the region where they are formed. This creates a very strong electric field, which peaks in intensity to 10 nanoseconds. The ground absorbs the gamma rays emitted downward.

Fig. 1. Impulsul electromagnetic tipic (EMP) [3] Fig. 1. Typical electromagnetic pulse (EMP) [3]

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Efectele n acele domenii ale electronicii sunt greu de prezis. Curenii electrici enormi indui sunt generai n fire, antene i obiecte metalice (cum ar fi torpile, schelete de avioane i cldiri). Chip-urile VLSI moderne sunt extrem de sensibile la supratensiuni, i s-ar arde chiar datorit celor mai mici cureni de dispersie. Echipamentele militare sunt n general proiectate ca s reziste la EMP, dar testele sunt greu de executat n mod realist, iar protecia EMP se bazeaz pe atenia acordat detaliilor. Modificri minore ale designului, proceduri de ntreinere, pri care nu se potrivesc perfect, reziduuri, umezeala sau, pur i simplu, murdria, oricare dintre acestea ar putea opri complet protecia EMP. 5. Categoriile de arme non-nucleare i tehnologiile pentru realizarea lor Au fost dezvoltate dou tipuri de dispozitive EMP: arma cu microunde de nalt putere (HPM) i arma pentru bande ultra-largi (UB). HPM folosete explozivi convenionali pentru a induce EMP, UWB folosete un generator de microunde de nalt putere, de unic folosin. Aceste arme folosesc impulsuri intense de energie RF/MW pentru a distruge sau degrada dispozitivele electronice ale intei. Ele pot fi utilizate pentru a genera o raz ngust pe o distan mare pn la punctul-int. Aceste arme pot fi de asemenea construite ca bombe sau tunuri EMP. Tehnologiile folosite pentru a construi aceste arme includ generatorul prin comprimare a fluxului (FCG), dispozitivul magneto-hidrodinamic (MHD) i dispozitivul de microunde de nalt putere (HPM). A. Generatoare prin comprimare a fluxului (FCG) Ideea central ce a dus la construirea FCG este folosirea unui exploziv rapid pentru comprimarea brusc a cmpului magnetic, transferndu-i astfel o mare parte din energia exploziei. Cmpul magnetic iniial n FCG, naintea exploziei, este produs de un curent produs de o surs extern, cum ar fi o baterie de condensatoare de nalt tensiune (baterie de condensatoare Marx), un FCG mai mic sau un dispozitiv MHD. B. Generatoare magneto-hidrodinamic (MHD) Principiul fundamental pe care se bazeaz proiectarea dispozitivelor MHD este c un conductor ce se deplaseaz printr-un cmp magneti produce un curent electric transversal la direcia cmpului i la direcia de micare a conductorului. ntr-un dispozitiv MHD controlat prin explozie sau propulsare, conductorul este plasma explozibilului sau gazului de propulsare ionizat, care se deplaseaz prin cmpul magnetic. Electrozii care sunt n contact cu jetul de plasm colecteaz curent. Dac explozibilului sau gazului de propulsare i se adaug aditivi potrivii, care ionizeaz n timpul arderii, se ajunge la optimizarea proprietilor electrice ale plasmei. C. Sursa de microunde de nalt putere (HPM) Ideea fundamental pe care se bazeaz HPM este aceea a accelerrii unei raze de curent electronic de mare intensitate ctre un anod un ochiuri. O mare parte din electronii vor trece prin anod, formnd o zon de sarcin dup anod. Dac sunt ndeplinite condiiile potrivite, zona de sarcin va oscila la frecvene de microunde. Dac zona

The effects of these fields on electronics is difficult to predict. Enormously induced electric currents are generated in wires, antennas, and metal objects (like missiles, airplane and building frames). Modern VLSI chips are extremely sensitive to voltage surges, and would be burned out by even small leakage currents. Military equipment is usually designed to resist EMP, but realistic tests are very difficult to perform and EMP protection rests on attention to detail. Minor changes in design, incorrect maintenance procedures, poorly fitting parts, loose debris, moisture and ordinary dirt can all cause elaborate EMP protections to be totally circumvented. 5. Categorization of the Non-nuclear ( RF/MW) Weapons and Technologies for Their Realization Two types of non-nuclear EMP devices have been developed, the High Power Microwave Weapon (HPM) and the Ultra Wide Band Weapon (UWB). The HMP uses conventional explosives to induce the EMP, the UWB uses a singleuse, high-power microwave generator. These weapons use intense pulses of RF / MW energy to destroy or degrade the electronics in a target. They can be employed in a narrow beam over a long distance to a point target. These weapons can be made as the bombs or as the EMP cannons. Technologies used to make these weapons include the Flux Compression Generator (FCG), Magneto-Hydro-dynamic device (MHD) and High Power Microwave (HPM) device. A. Flux Compression Generators (FCG) The central idea behind the construction of FCG is that of using a fast explosive to rapidly compress a magnetic field, transferring much energy from the explosive into the magnetic field. The initial magnetic field in the FCG prior to explosive initiation is produced by a start current, supplied by an external source, such as a high voltage capacitor bank (Marx bank), the smaller FCG or the MHD device. B. Magneto-Hydrodynamic generators (MHD) The fundamental principle behind the design of MHD devices is that of a conductor moving through a magnetic field to produce an electrical current transverse to the direction of the field and the conductor motion. In an explosive or propellant driven MHD device, the conductor is a plasma of ionized explosive or propellant gas, which travels through the magnetic field. Electrodes that are in contact with the plasma jet collect current. Seeding the explosive or propellant with suitable additives, which ionize during the burn, optimizes the electrical properties of the plasma.

C. High Power Microwave Source (HPM) The fundamental idea behind the HPM is that of accelerating a high current electron beam against a mesh anode. Many electrons pass through the anode, forming a bubble of charge space behind the anode. Under the proper conditions, the space charged region would oscillate at microwave frequencies. If the space charge region is placed in a resonant cavity, which is appropriately tuned, very high peak powers

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de sarcin este situat ntr-o cavitate rezonant, reglat corespunztor, se pot obine energii electrice ale cror valori de vrf vor fi foarte nalte. Printre avantajele HPM, se numr posibilitatea de utilizare pe orice vreme, costurile mici, posibilitatea de a viza mai multe inte, faptul c e neletal pentru oameni, imposibilitatea de detectare a atacurilor. Printre dispozitivele HPM se numr: tuburile cu modulaie de vitez (clistron), tuburile electronice cu cmp magnetic (magnetron), componente cu interval de descrcare i vircatoare. Vircatorul este cel mai eficient HPM, indiferent dac este vorba de tipul axial sau transversal. 6. Moduri de cuplaj i intire ale bombei-E Cea mai mare problem se refer la eficiena cuplajului. Aceasta msoar ct anume din putere este transferat n int, din cmpul produs de arm. Cuplajul poate fi: - cuplaj principal, care are loc cnd energia de la o arm electromagnetic se transmite ntr-o anten legat la un radar sau echipament de comunicare; - cuplaj secundar, care are loc n trei cazuri: cnd cmpul electromagnetic de la o arm produce cureni tranzitorii de mare intensitate sau cnd undele electrice staionare de pe firele i cablurile electrice interconecteaz echipamentele sau cnd exist conexiuni la sursele principale de energie sau la reeaua telefonic. 7. Aprarea mpotriva bombelor-E Cea mai eficient aprare mpotriva bombelor-E este de a preveni livrarea sau prezena lor. Aceasta nu va fi ntotdeauna posibil, i de aceea sistemele care ar putea fi expuse armelor electromagntice trebuie s fie protejate electromagnetic. ntrirea echipamentelor i sistemelor nou construite vor mri preul acestora. n ceea ce privete echipamentul vechi, acesta ar putea fi imposibil de ntrit i atunci ar fi necesar nlocuirea total a acestora. Cea mai eficient metod este plasarea ntregului echipament ntr-o incint conductoare din punct de vedere electric (cuc Faraday). Totui, majoritatea acestor echipamente trebuie s comunice i s fie alimentate din afar. Aceste puncte de intrare electric ar putea ns permite energiei de trecere s intre incint i s provoace daune. Comunicrile i transferurile de date necesare pot avea loc prin fibre optice. ns, problema alimentrii la reeaua electric rmne un risc. Pentru a face fa atacurilor, ntrirea nu se justific, ci ar trebui folosite exclusiv tehnici de dispersie a spectrului. Reelele de comunicare pentru voce, date i servicii trebuie s foloseasc topologii cu redundan suficient i mecanisme protejate, pentru a permite operarea chiar i n cazul cnd multiple noduri i linii ar fi scoase din funciune. Aceasta nu ar permite utilizatorilor de bombe-E s distrug largi poriuni, sau chiar a ntregii reele, distrugnd una sau mai multe astfel de legturi printr-un singur sau mai multe atacuri. 8. Concluzii Bombele-E sunt arme de distrugere electronic n mas, putnd viza o mare varietate de inte. Aplicaiile acestor arme se vor produce blocarea substanial a oricrui

can be achieved. Advantages of the HPM include all weather, low cost per engagement, the potential to engage multiple targets, it is non-lethal to humans, not able to detect attacks. The variety of HPM devices include: klystrons, magnetrons, spark gap components and vircators. The vircator is the most effective HPM, despite the fact that if it is the axial or transversal type.

6. Coupling Modes and Targeting E-Bomb The major problem is that of coupling efficiency. This is a measure of how much power is transferred from the field produces by the weapon into the target. Coupling can be: - front door coupling, which can occur when power from an electromagnetic weapon is coupled into an antenna associated with radar or communications equipment; - back door coupling which can occur under one of three conditions, when the electromagnetic field from a weapon produces large transient currents or when electrical standing waves on fixed electrical wiring and cables interconnect equipment or by providing connections to main power sources or the telephone network. 7. Defense Against E Bomb The most effective defense against E bombs is to prevent their delivery or presence. This may not always be possible, and therefore systems which could suffer exposure to the electromagnetic weapons must be electromagnetically hardened. Hardening newly build equipment and systems will add a substantial cost burden. It may be impossible to properly harden old equipment and may require the better option of complete replacement. The most effective method is to wholly contain the equipment in an electrically conductive enclosure (Faraday cage). However, most of such equipment must communicate with and be fed from the outside. These electrical entry points might allow transit energy to enter the enclosure and cause damage. The necessary communication and transfering data can occur through optical fibers. But, the power supply issue remains an ongoing vulnerability. Instead of hardening against attack using the spread spectrum techniques should be employed exclusively. Communications networks for voice, data and services should employ topologies with sufficient redundancy and fail over mechanisms to allow operation with multiple nodes and links inoperative. This will deny a user of E-bombs the option of disabling large portions, if not the whole network, by taking down one or more key or links with a single or small of attacks.

8. Conclusion E-bombs are weapons of electronic mass destruction with applications across a broad spectrum of targets. The massed application of these weapons will produce substantial paralysis

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sistem vizat. Deoarece bombele-E pot cauza distrugeri pe zone mai mari dect armele eplozive de aceeai mrime, ele duc la economii substaniale n ceea ce privete raportul for-mrime la un anumit nivel de daune produse. Natura neletal a armelor electromagnetice face ca utilizarea lor s fie mult mai puin distrugtoare din punct de vedere politic dect muniiile convenionale (4). Evoluia tehnologic continu a acestei familii de arme va clarifica relaia dintre mrimea armei i letalitatea acesteia, ducnd astfel la alte aplicaii i domenii de studiu. References

in any target system.Because E -bomb can cause hard kills over larger areas than conventional explosive weapons of similar mass, they offer substantial economies in force size for a given level of inflicted damage. The nonlethal nature of electromagnetic weapons makes their use far less politically damaging than that of conventional munition (4). The ongoing technological evolution of this family of weapons will clarify the relationship between weapon size and lethality, thus producing further applications and areas for study.

[1] Schellhardt, Don: An Agenda For Real National Security, PRIORITY ONE, The 21. Century POPULIST, 17. July 2003. [2] National Security Agency (NSA) Specification No.73/2A: Specification for Foil RF Shielded Enclosure, NSA, 15 Nov. 1972. [3] Kopp, Carlo: The Electromagnetic Bomb, Weapon of Electronic Mass Destruction, RAAF Air Power Studies Center, USA, 1996. [4] Frank Morales: The war at home, Covert Action Quarterly, spring /summer 2000. US Army Field Manual 19.