Você está na página 1de 5

The Fock space is an algebraic construction used in quantum mechanics to construct the quantum states space of a variable or unknown

number of identical particles from a single particle Hilbert space . It is named after V. A. Fock who first introduced it in his paper Konfigurationsraum und zweite Quantelung.[1][2] Informally, a Fock space consists of a set of Hilbert spaces representing a zero particle state, a one particle state, a two particle state, and so on. If the identical particles are bosons, the particle state is a symmetrized tensor product of single particle Hilbert spaces . If the identical particles are fermions, the -particle state is an antisymmetrized tensor product of single particle Hilbert spaces . A state in Fock space is a linear combination of states, where each state has a definite number of particles. Technically, the Fock space is (the Hilbert space completion of) the direct sum of the symmetric or antisymmetric tensors in the tensor powers of a single-particle Hilbert space H:

Here

is the operator which symmetrizes or antisymmetrizes a tensor, depending on whether

the Hilbert space describes particles obeying bosonic or fermionic statistics, and the overline represents the completion of the space. The bosonic (resp. fermionic) Fock space can alternatively be constructed as (the Hilbert space completion of) the symmetric tensors (resp. alternating tensors a natural basis of the Fock space, the Fock states. ). For every basis for there is

Definition
Fock space is the (Hilbert) direct sum of tensor products of copies of a single-particle Hilbert space

Here

, a complex scalar, represents the states of no particles, the states of two identical particles etc.

the state of one particle,

A typical state in

is given by

where

is a vector of length 1, called the vacuum state and is a state in the single particle Hilbert space,

is a complex coefficient,

, and etc.

is a complex coefficient

The convergence of this infinite sum is important if we require all infinite tuples inner product is finite

is to be a Hilbert space. Technically such that the norm, defined by the

to be the Hilbert space completion of the algebraic direct sum. It consists of

where the

particle norm is defined by

i.e. the restriction of the norm on the tensor product For two states

, and

the inner product on

is then defined as

where we use the inner products on each of the -particle Hilbert spaces. Note that, in particular the particle subspaces are orthogonal for different .

Example
An example of a pure state of the Fock space is

which describes a collection of particles, one of which has quantum state , another and so on up to the th particle, where each is any state from the single particle Hilbert space . Here juxtaposition is symmetric respectively antisymmetric multiplication in the symmetric and antisymmetric tensor algebra. The general state in a Fock space is a linear combination of pure states. A Fock state that cannot be written as a pure state is called an entangled state. When we speak of one particle in state , it must be borne in mind that in quantum mechanics identical particles are indistinguishable. In the same Fock space all particles are identical (to describe many species of particles, take the tensor product of as many different Fock spaces as there are species of particles under consideration). It is one of the most powerful features of this formalism that states are implicitly properly symmetrized. For instance, if the above state is fermionic, it will be 0 if two (or more) of the are equal because the anti symmetric (exterior) product . This is a mathematical formulation of the Pauli exclusion principle that no two (or more) fermions can be in the same quantum state. Also, the product of orthonormal states is properly orthonormal by construction (although possibly 0 in the Fermi case when two states are equal). A useful and convenient basis for a Fock space is the occupancy number basis. Given the choice of a basis particles in state of , we can denote the state with , ..., particles in state by particles in state ,

where each takes the value 0 or 1 for fermionic particles and 0, 1, 2, ... for bosonic particles. Such a state is called a Fock state. When the are understood as the steady states of a free field, the Fock states describes an assembly of non-interacting particles in definite numbers. The most general pure state is the linear superposition of Fock states. Two operators of great importance are the creation and annihilation operators, which upon acting on a Fock state add respectively remove a particle in the ascribed quantum state. They are denoted and multiplication with respectively, with the quantum state the particle which is "added" by respectively "removed" by (even or odd) interior product with which

is the adjoint of . It is often convenient to work with states of the basis of so that these operators remove and add exactly one particle in the given basis state. These operators also serve as a basis for more general operators acting on the Fock space, for instance the number operator giving the number of particles in a specific state is .

Wave Function Interpretation

Often the one particle space is given as , the space of square-integrable functions on a space with measure (strictly speaking, the equivalence classes of square integrable functions where functions are equivalent if they differ on a set of measure zero). The typical example is the free particle with the space of square integrable functions on three dimensional space. The Fock spaces then have a natural interpretation as symmetric or antisymmetric square integrable functions as follows. Let and , , etc. Consider the space of tuples of points which is the disjoint union . It has a natural measure even Fock space such that and the restriction of to is . The

can then be identified with the space of symmetric functions

in whereas odd Fock space can be identified with the space of anti-symmetric functions. The identification follows directly from the isometric mapping

. Given wave functions , the Slater determinant

is an antisymmetric function on . It can thus be naturally interpreted as an element of particle section of the odd Fock space. The normalisation is chosen such that if the functions are orthonormal. There is a similar "Slater permanent" with the determinant replaced with the permanent which gives elements of -sector of the even Fock space.

Relation to Bargmann-Fock space


Define a space measure:
[3]

of complex holomorphic functions convergent with respect to a Gaussian

, where

Then defining a space as the amalgamation of spaces over the integers [4] [5] Bargmann in 1961 showed that is isomorphic to a bosonic Fock space.

Você também pode gostar