1/12/2012

CELLULAR RESPIRATION

TOPICS
15.1: Types of respiration: aerobic and anaerobic 15.2 : Aerobic respiration 15.3 : Anaerobic respiration : fermentation and application

Power point@lecture Slides Are Prepared By Biology Lecturer, KMPk

PREVIOUS LESSON
Electrons carried via NADH Electrons carried via NADH and FADH2

What is ATP Synthase?

A membrane-bound enzyme in chloroplast and mitochondria that uses the energy of protons
Oxidative phosphorylation: electron transport and chemiosmosis

Glycolysis Glucose Pyruvate

Pyruvate oxidation Acetyl CoA

Citric acid cycle

flowing through it to synthesize ATP.

CYTOSOL

MITOCHONDRION

ATP Substrate-level phosphorylation

ATP Substrate-level phosphorylation

ATP Oxidative phosphorylation

PREVIOUS LESSON

OBJECTIVES
a) Explain complete oxidation of one molecule of glucose in active cells. b) Explain what is meant by fermentation. c) State the importance of fermentation in industry i) Bakery ii) Wine, beverage and alcohol production Iii) Dairy industry cheese and yoghurt iv) Local examples could be introduced

1/12/2012

An Accounting of ATP Production by Cellular Respiration During cellular respiration, most energy flows in this sequence: Glucose NADH electron transport chain proton-motive force ATP About 34% of the energy in a glucose molecule is transferred to ATP during cellular respiration Making about 32 ATP.
2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

Cellular Respiration Produces ATP

ATP Production by Cellular Respiration

Malate shuttle Glycerol shuttle
2 NADH or 2 FADH2 2 NADH 6 NADH MITOCHONDRION

2 ATP/glycolysis (Substrate Level)

Glucose Malate shuttle 2 NADH x 3 ATP/NADH = 1 NADH x 3 ATP/NADH = 3 ATP Acetyl - CoA

Pyruvate
2 FADH2

Pyruvate

2 NADH

Glycolysis

Pyruvate oxidation 2 Acetyl CoA

Glucose

2 Pyruvate

Citric acid cycle

Oxidative phosphorylation: electron transport and chemiosmosis

3 NADH x 3/NADH = 9 ATP/cycle

1 ATP/cycle (Substrate level)

2 ATP Maximum per glucose: CYTOSOL

2 ATP About 30 or 32 ATP

about 26 or 28 ATP

1 FADH2 x 2/FADH = 2 ATP/cycle

Oxidation of glucose in Oxidative Phosphorylation active cells.

Substrate Level Phosphorylation

: 3 ATP : 20 ATP 23 ATP

2 ATP/glycolysis (Substrate Level)

Glucose Malate shuttle 2 NADH x 3 ATP/NADH =

Pyruvate

Pyruvate

2 NADH x 3 ATP/NADH = 6 ATP

Acetyl - CoA

6 NADH x 3/NADH = 18 ATP

2 ATP (Substrate level)

2 FADH2 x 2/FADH = 4 ATP

Complete oxidation of glucose Substrate Level Phosphorylation : 4 ATP Oxidative Phosphorylation : 34 ATP in active cells.
38 ATP

Energy Yield per Glucose Molecule

1/12/2012

ATP yield from complete oxidation of glucose

Glycolysis: Glucose into pyruvate Glycolysis: 2 NADH (Glycerol shuttle = 4 ATP) (Malate shuttle = 6 ATP) In Active Cells Pyruvate (2) to acetyl CoA yield 2 NADH Acetyl CoA (2) via Kreb cycle (2 GTP = 2 ATP) (6 NADH = 18 ATP) (2 FADH2 = 4 ATP) TOTAL 36 or 38 ATP 4 ATP or 6 ATP 6 ATP 24 ATP 2 ATP

Summary of cellular respiration

C6H12O6 + 6O2

6CO2 + 6H2O + ~36 ATP

Where did the glucose come from? Where did the O2 come from? Where did the CO2 come from? Where did the H2O come from? Where did the ATP come from? What else is produced that is not listed in this equation? Why do we breathe?

Any Questions??

Taking it beyond
What is the final electron acceptor in electron transport chain?

Fermentation and Anaerobic Respiration Most cellular respiration requires O2 to produce ATP. Without O2, the electron transport chain will cease to operate. In that case, glycolysis couples with fermentation or anaerobic respiration to produce ATP. Less efficient than aerobic respiration. Only produce 2 ATP per glucose molecule.

O2
So what happens if O2 unavailable? ETC backs up ATP production ceases cells run out of energy and you die!

2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

Glucose Glycolysis Pyruvate No O2 present: Fermentation O2 present: Aerobic cellular respiration

CYTOSOL

Anaerobic Respiration
A catabolic pathway in which inorganic molecules (Sulfate) other than oxygen accept electrons at the 'down hill' end of electron transport chains. (Campbell, 9th edition)
MITOCHONDRION

Ethanol, lactate, or other products

Acetyl CoA Citric acid cycle

other than O2, for example sulfate

1/12/2012

Fermentation
A catabolic process that makes a limited amount of ATP from glucose (or other organic molecules) without an electron transport chain and that produces a characteristic end product, such as ethyl alcohol or lactic acid.
(Campbell, 9th edition)

Types of Fermentation

Lactate/Lactic acid Alcoholic Fermentation Fermentation

Alcoholic Fermentation
CO2 is released from the pyruvate, converting pyruvate into acetaldehyde. acetaldehyde reduced by NADH to Ethanol.
Animation: Fermentation Overview
Right-click slide / select Play
2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

2 ADP 2 P i

2 ATP

Alcoholic Fermentation
Fermentation by yeast
(a fungus) is used in
2 Pyruvate

Glucose

Glycolysis

2 NAD 2 H

brewing, wine making

2 CO2

2 NADH

and bakery.

2 Ethanol (a) Alcohol fermentation

2 Acetaldehyde

1/12/2012

Lactate Fermentation
Pyruvate is reduced to NADH, forming lactate as an end product, with no release of CO2.

Lactate Fermentation
By some fungi and bacteria is used to make cheese and yogurt Human muscle cells use

lactic acid fermentation

to generate ATP when O2 is scarce.

2 ADP 2 P i

2 ATP

Comparison Alcohol & Lactic acid Fermentation

2 ADP 2 P 2 ATP 2 ADP 2 P
i

Glucose

Glycolysis
Glucose

2 ATP

Glycolysis 2 Pyruvate 2NAD

Glucose

Glycolysis

2 NAD

2 NADH 2H

2 Pyruvate

2 NADH 2 H

2 CO2

2 NAD

2 NADH 2 H

2 Pyruvate

2 Ethanol

2 Acetaldehyde

2 Lactate

2 Lactate
(a) Alcohol fermentation (b) Lactic acid fermentation

(b) Lactic acid fermentation

Important of Fermentation in Industry

Important of Fermentation in Industry

Wine

Bakery

1/12/2012

Differences between aerobic & anaerobic

Aerobic Need the O2 as a last electron accepter Complete glucose oxidation Produce energy, CO2,and H2O not complete Fermentation No need O2 Aerobic More energy per glucose released. Phosphorylation oxidative occurs, produce many ATP (38 @36 ATP) Fermentation Less Energy released No Phosphorylation oxidative. Only 2 ATP produce

Involve glycolysis and Krebs cycle

Produce energy, lactic acid (animal), ethanol + CO2 in Reduced products formed : Water

Only glycolysis, no Krebs cycle

Reduced products formed: Reduced organic compounds (alcohol and lactate)

yeast.

Aerobic Mechanism of ATP Synthesis: Substrate level phosphorylation Oxidative /Chemiosmosis Immediate fate of electron in NADH : Transferred to electron transport chain Terminal electron acceptor of electron transport chain is oxygen.

Fermentation Mechanism of ATP Synthesis: Substrate level phosphorylation

NEXT LECTURE

Immediate fate of electron in NADH : Transferred to organic molecules

Photosynthesis

No electron transport chain