GASEOUS EXCHANGE & ITS CONTROL

Power point@lecture Slides Are Prepared By Biology Lecturer, KMPk

TOPICS 7.1 Gaseous exchange and control in mammals

OBJECTIVES
At the end of this topic, student should be able to: Describe the basic structure of haemoglobin and its characteristics as respiratory pigments. Explain the transport of carbon dioxide by haemoglobin.

Structure of haemoglobin
Consist of four polypeptide subunits; two chain
two chain held together by hydrogen bond

Structure of haemoglobin
Each peptide contains a haem group, bind with oxygen Therefore, one hemoglobin (Hb) molecule binds up to four oxygen molecules

Characteristics of haemoglobin as respiratory pigment Hb + 4O

Hb(O )4
2

Combines reversely with O2 to form oxyhaemoglobin in areas of high O2 concentration region - releases O2 in areas of low O2 concentration region
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CO2 transportation in blood

CO2 is transported between respiring tissues and the lungs in 3 different ways:
1 dissolved in blood plasma 2 as CarbaminoHaemoglobin 3 as bicarbonate ions (HCO3-)

Gas Exchange: Transport of CO2

Capillary
Dissolves Plasma in in plasma,

Air in Lung

As HCO3-,

RBC

Tissue Fluid

3. CO2 diffuses through lung capillary wall

Bound to hemoglobin. 2. CO2 is carried 9 to the lungs 1. CO2 diffuses through tissue capillary wall

1. Dissolved in blood plasma

Only about 7% of the CO2 released by respiring cells is transported/dissolved in blood plasma In plasma,CO2 slowly combine with water to form carbonic acid

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2. As Carbaminohaemoglobin
About 23% CO2 binds to amino ends of the hemoglobin polypeptide chain to form carbaminohemoglobin the amount of CO2 that is able to combine with Hb depends on the amount of O2 already being carried by the Hb
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3. As bicarbonate ion (HCO3-)

About 70% is transported in the blood in the form of bicarbonate ions (HCO3-)

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3. As bicarbonate ion (HCO3-)

CO2 diffuses passively into bloodstream and passes into the erythrocytes.
- combines with water to form carbonic acid H2CO3 (catalysed by carbonic anhydrase) - then dissociates into H+ and HCO313

3. As bicarbonate ion (HCO3-)

Accumulation of H+ will lower the pH of its surrounding
H+ tend to displace O2 from haemoglobin and make less affinity of haemoglobin for oxygen this is called the Bohr effect

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3. As bicarbonate ion (HCO3-)

Hb accepts H+ from
carbonic acid forming haemoglobinic acid (HHb) Hb acts as a buffer molecule (to minimize the change in blood pH)

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3. As bicarbonate ion (HCO3-)

this enables large quantities of carbonic acid to be carried to the lungs without any major alteration in blood pH

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3. As bicarbonate ion (HCO3-)

most of bicarbonate ions diffuse out into the plasma, where it is carried in the bloodstream to the lungs
chloride ions (Cl-) in the plasma diffuse into erythrocytes to replace bicarbonate ions

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3. As bicarbonate ion (HCO3-)

This is to balance the loss of bicarbonate ion, and to maintain the electrical balance between blood plasma and erythrocyte this is called chloride
shift

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CONCLUSION

CO2 transportation in blood

CO2 is transported between respiring tissues and the lungs in 3 different ways:
1 dissolved in blood plasma 2 as CarbaminoHaemoglobin 3 as bicarbonate ions (HCO3-)

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NEXT LECTURE
17.1 Gaseous exchange and control in mammals c) describe the oxygen dissociation curve of haemoglobin d) compare oxygen dissociation curve of haemoglobin and myoglobin c) explain Bohr effect due to partial pressure of carbon dioxide