Chemistry Application Questions 2010

Additional Science
Chemistry
Module Review
C2 - Structures and Bonding
C2 - Ammonia
Name: .
Science Group: ..
Form: ..
Science Revision
Chemistry C2
Before you start make sure you have things organised.

Your Revision some basics for success !
Understand what the examiners will be looking for from your performance.
GCSE
Grade
A*
Skill required
Evaluate
(judge the use / accuracy)
(compare two methods )
Synthesise
Apply
Analyse
Explain
Remember
(put ideas together)

(what would happen if ..?)
(solve unfamiliar problems)
(predict what will happen next.)
(make sense of information)
(explain the pattern in this data)
(use facts to answer questions)
(rephrase this information.)
(learn facts)
(list the factors that affect.)
How do you test this ?
Balance
Synthesis ;
Mindmapthetopics
Linkthedifferenttopics
Usesynthesisstyleexam
questions
20%
ApplicationandProblemSolving;
Usingproblemsolvingstyleexam
questions
(Inthisbooklet)
Questionsfromthetextbook
Testeachother
40%
KnowledgeandUnderstanding;
Usetextbooks
Usethelearningoutcomesheet
UseExamquestions
(Inthisbooklet)
40%
5 Steps to Revision Heaven !

Step 1 Make sure you know what you have to learn / know / understand (Use the Outcomes)
Step 2 Plan your time carefully to make sure you cover everything (and still have a life !)
Step 3 Divide your Revision time into short time slots (perhaps 60 mins)
Step 4 Have a quiet, organised place in which to revise
Step 5 Organise your Revision time ;
20 mins to review the facts on your selected section
20 mins to test yourself against real exam questions (look at the table above)
20 mins to review what you found difficult and work on that particular section / skill
Do NOT stop at learning facts practice the higher skills and you will
get better at them !
Practice the Application questions, and not simply the Knowledge
and Understanding questions.
2
Structures and Bonding C2A
Your Learning Outcomes
Topic
1.I can recall that atoms contain protons, neutrons and electrons
2.I can recall the relative charge and mass of protons, neutrons and electrons
3.I can work out how many protons, neutrons and electrons there are in atoms using mass and
atomic numbers
4.I can explain what isotopes are
5.I can work out the electronic structure of an atom from the Atomic Number
6.I can recall that atoms are arranged in order of atomic number in the Periodic Table
7.I can explain the difference between elements and compounds
8.I know what an ion is and how metals and non metal atoms form ions with opposite charges
9.I can describe how ions can be formed when metals react with non-metals
10.I can describe how Group 1 elements react with non-metals
11.I can describe how Group 7 elements react with metals
12.I can describe the structure and explain the properties of ionic compounds
13.I can write the formula of an ionic compound
14.I can explain what a covalent bond is
15.I can describe the structure and explain the properties of simple molecular substances
16.I can draw the structure of molecules using stick diagrams and dot-cross diagrams
17.I can describe the structure and explain the properties of giant covalent compounds
18.I can describe the structure and explain the properties of diamond and graphite
19.I can describe and explain some properties of metals
20. H I can describe the structure of metallic substances
21. H I can represent the bonding in metals in a diagram
22.I can name the three types of bonding: ionic, covalent and metallic
23.I can name the five types of structure: ionic, simple molecular, giant covalent, metallic and
monatomic
24.I can identify which type of structure a substance has from its physical properties
25.I can explain what smart materials are and can give some of their uses
26.I can explain what nanomaterials are and can give some of their uses
27.I can evaluate developments and applications of smart materials and nanoscience
28. H I can recall what relative atomic and formula masses are
29.I can calculate relative formula mass given the formula of a molecule or compound
30.I can calculate the percentage by mass of an element in a compound
31.I can recall what a mole is
32. H I can use the formula mass = Mr x moles
33. H I can calculate the mass of substances involved in chemical reactions
34. H I can explain what an empirical formula is
35. H I can explain what a molecular formula is
36. H I can work out empirical and molecular formulas
37. H I can calculate the yield for a reaction
38. H I can balance equations
39. H I can calculate the atom economy for a reaction
40.I can explain why reactions do not give a 100 % yield
41.I can explain what atom economy is and why reactions with a high atom economy are
important for sustainable development and economic reasons
42.I can explain the energy changes that can take place in reactions
43.I can describe what happens in electrolysis
44. H I can write half equations to represent what happens in electrolysis
45.I can define what oxidation and reduction are in terms of the transfer of electrons
Structures and Bonding C2A
Topic - contd
46.I understand what happens in the electrolysis of solutions
47.I can predict the products of electrolysis of solutions
48.I can describe what happens in the electrolysis of sodium chloride solution
49.I can recall what the products and uses of the electrolysis of sodium chloride solution
50.I can explain how copper can be purified by electrolysis
Why is ammonia important C2B
Topic
1.I can explain how energy transfers are linked with chemical reactions
2.I can describe the differences between exothermic reactions and endothermic reactions
3.I can describe what happens in a reversible reaction
4.I can describe how to test for the presence of water using white anhydrous copper sulphate
5. H I can explain what an equilibrium reaction is
6. H I can explain that the relative amounts of the reacting substances depend on the reaction
conditions
7.I can describe how the Haber Process is used to make ammonia
8.I can explain the processes that occur during the Haber process and how to control them
9.I can explain how to measure the rate of a reaction
10.I can interpret graphs showing how amounts of substance involved in a reaction change
11.I can explain the collision theory and activation energy
12.I can describe how increasing the temperature increases the rate of a reaction
13.I can explain that the rate of a reaction increases if the solid reactants have a greater surface
area
14.I can explain how rate of reaction is affected using the collision theory
15.I can explain how increasing the concentration of reactants increases the rate of a reaction
16.I can explain how increasing the pressure of gases increases the rate of a reaction
17.I can describe what a catalyst is and how it increases the rate of a reaction
18.I can evaluate the advantages and disadvantages of using a catalyst in an industrial process
19. H I can explain how changing the temperature can alter the position of an equilibrium
20. H I can explain how changing the pressure affects the position of an equilibrium
21. H I can explain that equal volumes of gases have the same numbers of molecules
22. H I can explain how the concentration of a solution is measured
23.I can describe how insoluble salts are made by precipitation reactions
24.I can give examples of useful precipitation reactions
25.I can describe how to make a soluble salt from an acid and either a metal or an insoluble base
26.I can explain that the salt formed depends on the acid and base used
27.I can explain the difference between bases and alkalis
28.I can describe how acids contain hydrogen ions and alkalis contain hydroxide ions and can
use the pH scale
29.I can describe how to carry out a titration
30.I can describe how neutralisation can be followed using an indicator
31.I can describe how ammonia dissolves in water to form an alkaline solution
32.I can give an example of the use of ammonium salts
Layout of this booklet.

This table shows where you can find questions for you to check your understanding and skill level
for each section.
Structure and Bonding ;

Section
1.Atom structure and the Periodic Table
2.Bonding and properties
3.Quantitative chemistry and calculations
4. Electrolysis
Learning
Questions for this section
outcome numbers
1 to 11
Pages 5 to 17
(Answers pages 17 to 20)
12 to 27
Pages 21 to 30
28 to 42
Pages 35 to 37
(Answers page 38)
43 to 50
Pages 39 to 42
(Answers pages 43 & 44)
Why is Ammonia important ?

Section
1.Different types of chemical reactions
2.Reversible reactions / the Haber Process
3.Rates of reaction measure and explain
4.Soluble and insoluble salts
Learning
Questions for this section
outcome numbers
1 to 4
Pages 45 to 50
27 to 30
(Answers pages 51 & 52)
5 to 8
Pages 53 to 58
9 to 22
Pages 62 to 66
23 to 26
Pages 69 to 72
31 to 32
Structure and Bonding

Atom Structure and the Periodic Table self test questions.
1.
This is a Knowledge and Understanding question.

The diagram represents an atom. Choose words from the list to label the diagram.
electron
ion
neutron
nucleus
proton
(Total 3 marks)
2.

There are millions of different substances that make up our world. All these substances are
made from chemical elements.
(a)
What is an element?
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(1)
(b)
Many substances are compounds. What is a compound?

.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 3 marks)
3.

The two carbon atoms represented below are isotopes.
ISOTOPE 1.
14
6
(a)
ISOTOPE 2.
mass number
12
proton number
Describe two ways in which the isotopes are similar.

.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(2)
(b)
Describe as fully as you can one way in which they are different.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 4 marks)
4.

The diagram shows the structure of a lithium atom.
KEY
+
= proton
= electron
+
+
+
(a)
.................................................................................
(i)
What is represented by
(ii)
+
+
What is represented by + ...........................................................................
(2)
(b)
What is the symbol for lithium? ................................................................................

(1)
(Total 3 marks)
5.

The diagram represents the electronic structure of an atom of an element.
Nucleus
The periodic table on the Data Sheet may help you with this question.
(a)
Name this element.

.....................................................................................................................................
(1)
(b)
Complete this sentence.

The nucleus of an atom contains neutrons and ..........................................................
(1)
(Total 2 marks)
6.
This is an Application question.

Electrons, neutrons and protons are sub-atomic particles.
(a)
Complete the six spaces in the following table.

Name of sub-atomic
particle
Relative mass
Relative charge
.......................................
........................................
.......................................
........................................
.......................................
1
1840
.........................................
(3)
(b)
An aluminium atom has 13 electrons. How are these arranged in shells around the
nucleus?
....................................................................................................................................
(1)
(c)
Chromium atoms have 24 protons and 28 neutrons.

(i)
How many electrons does each neutral chromium atom have?

...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(ii)
What is the mass number of chromium?

...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(d)
What change occurs to an atom which undergoes the process of reduction in a chemical
reaction?
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
(1)
(e)
The diagram shows part of the ionic lattice of a sodium chloride crystal.
Sodium ion
Chloride ion
Explain why the ions in this lattice stay in place.
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
(3)
(Total 10 marks)
7.

The diagram shows a light bulb.
Argon gas
Metal
filament
(a)
(i)
An argon atom has the structure shown. Use the words in the box to label the
particles in the atom. Each word should only be used once.
electron
neutron
proton
8
8
2
18
22
(2)
(ii)
Argon is unreactive. Why?

.....................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................
(1)
(b)
Oxygen would not be a suitable gas to use in a light bulb. Explain why.
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 5 marks)
8.
10
Use a Periodic Table to help you to answer this question.

(a)
Describe, in as much detail as you can, the structure of a fluorine atom.

.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(3)
(b)
Complete the diagram to show the electronic structure of a magnesium atom.
Mg
(1)
(Total 4 marks)
11
9.

The diagram shows an atom.
....................................A
...................................D
....................................B
....................................C
(a)
On the diagram, write the names of structures A, B, C and D.

(4)
(b)
To which Group of the periodic table does this atom belong?

.....................................................................................................................................
Give one reason for your answer.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(2)
(c)
Name the element which is made up of this type of atom.

.....................................................................................................................................
(1)
(Total 7 marks)
12
10.

The diagrams show three isotopes of potassium.
19
20
19
21
19
22
Key
Proton
(i)
Neutron
Electron
In what way does the atomic structure show you that they are all atoms?
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(1)
(ii)
Explain why these three atoms are called isotopes of potassium.

.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(3)
(Total 4 marks)
13
11.
This is an Application / Synthesis question.

About 100 years ago a scientist called J. J. Thomson thought that an atom was a ball of positive
charge with negative particles stuck inside. Today a different model is used. The diagram shows
how an atom of carbon is represented by this model.
(a)
The negative particles

(i)
+
+
+ +
+
are called electrons.
What is the name of the positive particles ?

...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(ii)
What particle is represented by ?

...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(iii)
What is the central part of the atom called that contains both and ?
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(b)
Use the model to explain why the six electrons are arranged as shown.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 5 marks)
14
12.

(a)
The diagram shows the atomic structure of an atom of lithium.
(i)
Label the diagram to show an electron, a neutron and a proton.

(2)
(ii)
What is the atomic number of lithium?

..........................................................................................................................
(1)
(b)
The diagrams show the electron arrangement of the atoms of two elements.
(i)
Name the part of the atoms labelled X.

..........................................................................................................................
(1)
(ii)
Why are these two elements in the same group of the Periodic Table?
..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
(1)
(Total 5 marks)
15
13.
This is an Application / Synthesis question.

John Dalton wrote these statements in 1808.
All substances are made of a vast number of extremely small particles called atoms.
Every particle of water is like every other particle of water, every particle of hydrogen is
like every other particle of hydrogen, etc.
(a)
Every particle of water is like every other particle of water. Use Daltons ideas and
your knowledge of water to explain why.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(2)
(b)
Dalton thought that all atoms of an element are exactly the same. We now know that it is
possible to have atoms of the same element but with different mass numbers.
The diagrams represent two atoms of hydrogen.
+
Atom A
(i)
+
Atom B
State, in terms of particles, how these two atoms are different.

..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
(1)
(ii)
Complete this sentence by choosing the correct word from the box.
ions
isotopes
molecules
protons
Atoms of the same element which have different mass numbers are called
......................................................................... .
(1)
(Total 4 marks)
16
14.

Caesium is an element in Group 1 of the periodic table.
(a)
Which of the electronic structures represented by A to D is correct for a caesium atom?

The periodic table on the Data Sheet may help you to answer this question.
Electronic structure
A
2, 8, 18, 18, 8, 1
2, 8, 18, 18, 9
2, 8, 18, 27
2, 8, 18, 18, 6, 3
The electronic structure for a caesium atom is represented by letter .........................

(1)
(b)
When a small piece of lithium is added to cold water it fizzes around on the surface of the
water. A small piece of caesium explodes when added to water.
Explain in terms of electronic structure why a caesium atom is more reactive than a
lithium atom.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 3 marks)
17
Structure and Bonding

Atom Structure and the Periodic Table answers.
1.
electron
nucleus
neutron
each for 1 mark
[3]
2.
(a)
a substance which contains one type of atom

or
a substance that cannot be broken down
into anything simpler
for 1 mark
(b)
more than one element/more than one type of atom

combined/join together/bonded
for 1 mark each
[3]
3.
(a)
same number/six electrons;

same number/six protons;
react in same way
not same element or both carbon
any two for 1 mark each
(b)
different number of neutrons

gains 1 mark
but
2
or
14
6
different mass number
has two more neutrons

gains 1 mark
or
but two mass units bigger
gains 2 marks
14
6
has 8 neutrons while
12
6
C has 6 neutrons
gains 2 marks
[4]
4.
(a)
(b)
(i)
(ii)
neutron (name only)

nucleus / protons and neutrons
each for 1 mark
(do not allow mass number)
Li (correct cases of letters required)
for 1 mark
1
[3]
5.
(a)
carbon
1
accept C
(b)
protons
1
[2]
18
6.
(a)
proton
+ (1)
neutron
both required
1
both required
(1)
electron
both required
(b)
2.8.3
1
accept words or diagram to this effect
(c)
(i)
(ii)
24
52
1
1
(d)
any one of
gains one or more electrons
accept gains an electron
becomes an anion
do not credit becomes an ion
becomes a negative ion
(e)
sodium ions have a (single) positive

charge and chloride ions have a
(single) negative charge
do not credit chlorine ions but
allow this error to be carried forward
ions with opposite charge are

attracted (to each other)
or the positive ions and the negative ions are attracted (to each other)
or the sodium ions and the chloride ions are attracted (to each other)
(positive and negative) ions are

arranged alternatively (in each
direction or dimension)
or ions with the same charge are repelled (by each other) no mark for
just ionic bonds
[10]
7.
(a)
(b)
(i)
all correct two marks

one or two correct one mark
electron
proton
neutron
(ii)
(argon has) a full outer shell (of electrons)

accept energy level for shell
accept does not lose or gain electrons
do not accept does not form bonds
or react or is a noble or inert gas
oxygen would react (with metal)

accept oxygen is reactive
do not accept metal would react (neutral)
metal would burn

accept metal would be destroyed
or metal oxide formed or metal is oxidised
do not accept it would explode or
would not last long
accept filament for metal
[5]
19
8.
(a)
9 protons /Proton Number 9

mass / atomic number is neutral
10 neutrons
electron arrangement 2,7 / 9 electrons
incorrect configurations neutral
if no points scored, allow 1 mark for nucleus surrounded by electrons
or nucleus contains neutrons and protons
1
1
1
(b)
Mark is for 2,8,2 arrangements.

accept electrons anywhere in correct orbit
[4]
9.
(a)
A electron
B nucleus
C proton
D neutron
1
1
1
1
(b)
Group 1 / alkali metals

has one electron in outer shell
accept 3 protons / 3 electrons / atomic number 3
therefore lithium (so Group 1 / alkali metals)
1
1
(c)
lithium
1
accept Li
[7]
10.
(i)
same number of protons and electrons

accept equal numbers of protons and electrons
do not accept they are neutral
(ii)
same element
accept all atoms are potassium

same number of protons
accept same atomic number
accept they all have 19+
different number of neutrons
accept different mass numbers
do not accept different atomic masses
1
1
[4]
11.
(a)
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
proton
neutron
nucleus
(b)
there are shells or energy levels or orbitals

do not accept ring
the maximum number of electrons
found in the first shell or energy level is 2
accept first shell is full with 2 electrons
1
1
1
1
1
[5]
20
12.
(a)
(i)
(ii)
(b)
(i)
(ii)
electron or e
proton or p
neutron or n
all correct 2 marks one correct 1 mark
three / 3
accept 3 Li not Li3
nucleus
they both have seven electrons in the outer shell
accept they both have the same number of electrons in the outer shell
or
both need one electron to make fill outer shell
1
1
[5]
13.
(a)
(b)
water (molecules) contain two hydrogen

atoms and one oxygen atom
all water molecules have the formula H2O for 2 marks
water molecules contain hydrogen and
oxygen (atoms) for 1 mark
water is H2O for 1 mark
(i)
(ii)
atom A has no neutrons / atom B has one neutron

allow different numbers of neutrons
isotopes
1
1
[4]
14.
(a)
(b)
A
accept a or 2, 8, 18, 18, 8, 1
outer shell further from nucleus or
outer shell electron less strongly attracted to nucleus or
outer shell more shielded
do not accept more shells or larger / bigger atoms alone
so outer shell electron lost more easily (owtte)
accept correct converse linked to lithium
it must be linked to caesium
outer must be used once at least for both marks
1
1
[3]
21
Bonding self test questions

1.
This is a Knowledge and Understanding & Application question.

Electrons, neutrons and protons are sub-atomic particles.
(a)
Complete the six spaces in the following table.
Name of sub-atomic
particle
Relative mass
Relative charge
.......................................
........................................
.......................................
........................................
.......................................
1
1840
.........................................
(3)
(b)
An aluminium atom has 13 electrons. How are these arranged in shells around the
nucleus?
....................................................................................................................................
(1)
(c)
Chromium atoms have 24 protons and 28 neutrons.

(i)
How many electrons does each neutral chromium atom have?

...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(ii)
What is the mass number of chromium?

...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(d)
What change occurs to an atom which undergoes the process of reduction in a chemical
reaction?
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
(1)
22
(e)
The diagram shows part of the ionic lattice of a sodium chloride crystal.
Sodium ion
Chloride ion
Explain why the ions in this lattice stay in place.

....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
(3)
(Total 10 marks)
2.

This question is about the structure of atoms.
(a)
Choose words from the list to complete the sentences below.

electrons
ions
neutrons
protons
In an atom, the particles with a negative charge are called .....................................

Particles in the nucleus with no charge are called .....................................................
An atom has no overall charge because is has the same number of electrons and
....................................................................................................................................
(3)
(b)
Two isotopes of the element carbon are:

12
6
and
14
6
Complete the table of information for these two isotopes.
Isotope
Isotope
12
6
14
6
ATOMIC
NUMBER
MASS
NUMBER
NUMBER OF
PROTONS
NUMBER OF
NEUTRONS
12
(2)
(Total 5 marks)
23
This is a Knowledge and Understanding and Application question.

(a)
The diagrams represent the atomic structures of two gases, hydrogen and helium.
x = an electron
p = a proton
n = a neutron
2p
2n
hydrogen
helium
Hydrogen gas is made up of diatomic molecules (molecules with two atoms).

Helium gas exists as single atoms.
(i)
How is a molecule of hydrogen formed from two hydrogen atoms?

(You may use a diagram as part of your answer)
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
(ii)
Why does helium exist only as single atoms?

...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
Hydrogen combines with carbon to form methane.

Each molecule contains four hydrogen atoms strongly bonded to a carbon atom.
methane molecules
HH
HH
structural formula
of methane CH 4
HH
HH
(b)
3.
Explain why methane has a low boiling point.

.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 6 marks)
24
4.
Choose words from this list to complete the sentences below.

carbonate
(a)
chloride
compound
mixture
oxide
solution
When two elements react, the new substance formed is called a .............................. .
(1)
(b)
The white powder formed when zinc reacts with oxygen is called zinc .......................... .
(1)
(Total 2 marks)
5.
This is a Knowledge and Understanding and Application question.

Atoms of calcium, phosphorus and fluorine are represented below, each with its mass
number and proton number.
40
31
Ca
20
(a)
19
P
15
mass numbers
F
proton numbers
Use this information to complete the table.
CALCIUM
Number of protons in the nucleus
20
Number of neutrons in the nucleus
20
Number of electrons
PHOSPHORUS
FLUORINE
9
16
15
9
(3)
(b)
Calcium and fluorine atoms can combine to form the compound calcium fluoride, CaF2.
The fluoride ion is represented by F.
(i)
Explain how the fluorine atom forms a fluoride ion.

..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
(2)
(ii)
How is the calcium ion represented?

..........................................................................................................................
(2)
25
(c)
Phosphorus and fluorine form a covalent compound, phosphorus trifluoride.

Complete the sentences below which are about this compound.
Phosphorus trifluoride is made up of phosphorus and fluorine ................................
These are joined together by sharing pairs of ............................................... to form
phosphorus trifluoride ........................................................ .
(3)
(d)
(i)
Sodium chloride, an ionic compound, has a high melting point whereas paraffin
wax, a molecular compound, melts easily.
Explain why.
..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
(2)
(ii)
Molten ionic compounds conduct electricity but molecular compounds are nonconductors, even when liquid.
Explain why.
..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 14 marks)
6.
This is an Application and Synthesis question.

The diagrams show the giant structures of sodium chloride and diamond.
sodium chloride (melting point 801C)
diamond (melting point 4800C)
26
(a)
The equation shows how sodium choride could be formed.

Balance the equation.
Na
Cl2
Na Cl
(1)
(b)
By reference to the detailed structure of sodium chloride explain fully why:

(i)
sodium chloride has a quite high melting point,

...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(ii)
solid sodium chloride melts when it is heated strongly,

...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
(iii)
molten sodium chloride will conduct electricity.

...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(c)
By reference to the detailed structure of diamond, explain why the melting point of
diamond, is higher than that of sodium chloride.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 7 marks)
27
7.
This is an Application and Synthesis question.

(a)
By reference to their structure, explain how the particles in a piece of metal are held
together and how the shape of the metal can be changed without it breaking.
(You may use a diagram in your answer.)
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(5)
(b)
Explain why metals are good conductors of electricity and suggest why this conductivity
increases across the periodic table from sodium to magnesium to aluminium.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(4)
(Total 9 marks)
28
8.

Magnesium oxide is a compound, made up of magnesium ions and oxide ions.
Mg O Mg
O Mg O
Mg O Mg
(a)
What is the charge on each magnesium ion? .............................................................

(1)
(b)
Explain how the magnesium ions get this charge.

.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 3 marks)
9.

Diesel oil is obtained from crude oil. It can be used as a fuel for car engines. The diagram
below represents a compound found in diesel oil.
H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H
H C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C H
H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H
(a)
What is the formula of this compound?

.....................................................................................................................................
(1)
(b)
Each of the lines on the diagram above represents a covalent bond.

What is a covalent bond?
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 3 marks)
29
10.
This is a Knowledge and Understanding question

The hydrogen halides (hydrogen fluoride, hydrogen chloride, hydrogen bromide and hydrogen
iodide) are important chemicals.
The diagram below represents a molecule of hydrogen chloride.
xx
xx
x
Cl
x
xx
xx
x x
H x x
(i)
x x
x x
What type of particles are represented by the crosses (X)?

.....................................................................................................................................
(1)
(ii)
What type of chemical bond holds the atoms in this molecule together?
.....................................................................................................................................
(1)
(iii)
Would you expect hydrogen chloride to be a gas, a liquid or a solid, at room temperature
and pressure? Explain your answer.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(3)
(Total 5 marks)
11.

Chlorine will combine with the non-metal element, carbon, to form this molecular compound.
Cl
Cl
Cl
Cl
(a)
What is the type of bond in this molecule?

.....................................................................................................................................
(1)
30
(b)
Explain how these bonds are formed. (You may use a diagram).
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 3 marks)
12.
This is an Application question

The diagram shows one molecule of the compound ammonia.
H
N
H
Write down everything that the diagram tells you about each molecule of ammonia.
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
(Total 4 marks)
31
Bonding Self test questions ANSWERS

1.
(a)
proton
neutron
electron
(b)
+ (1)
both required
1
both required
(1)
both required
2.8.3
1
accept words or diagram to this effect
(c)
(i)
(ii)
24
52
1
1
(d)
any one of
gains one or more electrons
accept gains an electron
becomes an anion
do not credit becomes an ion
becomes a negative ion
(e)
sodium ions have a (single) positive

charge and chloride ions have a
(single) negative charge
do not credit chlorine ions but
allow this error to be carried forward
ions with opposite charge are

attracted (to each other)
or the positive ions and the negative ions are attracted (to each
other)
or the sodium ions and the chloride ions are attracted (to each
other)
(positive and negative) ions are

arranged alternatively (in each
direction or dimension)
or ions with the same charge are repelled (by each other) no
mark for just ionic bonds
electrons
neutrons
protons
[10]
2.
(a)
for 1 mark each

(b)
mass number
no. of neutrons
14
8
for 1 mark each
[5]
3.
(a)
(i)
idea that
2
two hydrogen atoms share one pair of electrons
linked by a covalent bond
each then has two outer electrons / a full outer shell / two
electrons in the highest (occupied) energy level
(2 marks may be awarded for a correct electron diagram i.e. with electrons on
boundary of or within marked area).
32
(ii)
(b)
idea that
2
helium atoms do not give / take / share electrons / react
because the (outer) shell / orbit is full
or
highest (occupied) energy level is full
(but not just contains two electrons)
for 1 mark each
idea that
2
the (attractive) forces between molecules are weak
(not bonds between atoms)
so little energy is required / it is easy for molecules to escape from the liquid*
/ escape from other molecules*
(allow evaporate / change into a gas)
for 1 mark each
[6]
4.
(a)
(b)
compound
oxide
1
1
[2]
5.
(a)
3
Calcium
Phosphorus
No of protons
Fluorine
15
No of neutrons
No of electrons
10
20
for 1 mark each

(b)
(i)
gain of electron(s)
from (atoms) (of) calcium
for 1 mark
(ii)
Ca+
gains 1 mark
but
superscript only
Ca2+ / Ca ++
gains 2 marks
(c)
(d)
atoms
electrons
molecule(s)
3
not compound
each for 1 mark
(i)
ideas that
ionic - strong forces between ions
molecular - weak forces between molecules
each for 1 mark
(ii)
ideas that
ionic - ions/charged particles are free to move
molecular -molecules do not carry a charge
each for 1 mark
[14]
33
6.
(a)
2 Na + Cl2 2 NaCl allow 2 Na+ Cl

for 1 mark
(allow Na + Cl2 Na Cl)
(b)
(i)
idea that
it has strong (attractive) forces/bonds between ions / charged
particles
for 1 mark
(not ..it has a rigid structure- this defines a solid or ...particles
close together - they are in a liquid)
(ii)
ideas that
there is increased vibration of ions / particles on heating
ions have sufficient energy to overcome attractive forces / to
break out of the
rigid structure / to move about
(must be in terms of increased energy of particles lions)
each for 1 mark
(iii)
ions can go to electrodes / ions are free to move

for 1 mark
[do not credit ions carry charges]
(c)
ideas that
it has stronger attractive forces between atoms/particles (not ions)
each carbon atom forms covalent bonds with neighbouring atoms
each for 1 mark
[7]
7.
(a)
(b)
Idea that
5
the electrons do not belong to specific atoms/delocalised electrons
[credit if done on appropriate diagram]
metal atoms form positive ions
the attraction which exists between particles with opposite charges, holds the metal together
no specific bonds exist between adjacent atoms/ions
atoms/ions can slide over each other so allowing metals to bend
each for 1 mark
some electrons in the structure are delocalised/free to move
4
for 1 mark
these free electrons carry the electric current
for 1 mark
from left to right across the period, atoms of elements have
more free electrons
gains 1 mark
but
from left to right across the period, atoms of elements have more free
electrons because they have more electrons in the outer shells
gains 2 marks
[9]
8.
(a)
(b)
positive
for 1 mark
any reference to loss of electrons
for 1 mark
reference to charge being +2 (in (a))
or to loss of 2 electrons (in (b))
for 1 mark
1
2
[3]
34
9.
(a)
C16 H34
1
for 1 mark
(b)
electron
2
gains 1 mark
but
shared electrons
gains 2 marks
[3]
10.
(i)
electrons
1
for 1 mark
(ii)
(iii)
covalent
for 1 mark
made of small molecules:
usually gas or liquid
) dependent on
have low melting points ) having first
have low boiling points ) point above
forces between molecules are weak
any 1 for 1 mark
[5]
11.
(a)
covalent bonds
for 1 mark
(b)
any reference to shared electrons

gains 1 mark
but
idea that bond is shared pair of electrons
gains 2 marks
[3]
12.
idea that
contains nitrogen atoms
contains hydrogen atoms
atoms are chemically bonded
ratio of one nitrogen to three hydrogen (atoms)
formula of ammonia is NH3
for 1 mark each
NOT linked/joined
[4]
35
Quantitative chemistry self test questions

1.

Calculate the formula mass (Mr), of the compound
calcium hydroxide, Ca (OH)2.
(Show your working)
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
(Total 3 marks)
2.

The symbol equation below shows the reduction of iron (III) oxide by carbon monoxide.
Fe2O3
(a)
3CO
2Fe
3CO2
Calculate the formula mass of iron (III) oxide.

....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
(3)
(b)
What percentage (%) of iron (III) oxide is iron?

.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
Answer ........................................ %
(2)
(Total 5 marks)
36
3.
This is a Knowledge and Understanding / Application question.

(a)
Calculate the formula mass (Mr) of the compound iron (III) oxide, Fe2O3.
(Show your working.)
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(3)
(b)
Calculate the mass of iron produced when 32g of iron (III) oxide is completely reduced
by aluminium.
The reaction is shown in the symbol equation:
Fe2O3
2Al
2Fe
Al2O3
(Show your working.)

.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
Answer = ..................................... grams
(3)
(Total 6 marks)
4.
This is a Knowledge and Understanding / Application question.

Calcium carbonate tablets are used to treat people with calcium deficiency.
Calcifull Tablets
Ca
Active ingredient:
Calcium carbonate
CaCO 3
(Each tablet contains 1.25g CaCO3)
37
(a)
Calculate the relative formula mass (Mr)of calcium carbonate.

Relative atomic masses: C = 12; O = 16; Ca = 40.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
Relative formula mass = ..............................
(2)
(b)
Calculate the percentage of calcium in calcium carbonate, CaCO3.

.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
Percentage of calcium = .......................... %
(2)
(c)
Calculate the mass of calcium in each tablet.

.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
Mass of calcium = .................................... g
(2)
(d)
An unwanted side effect of this medicine is that it can cause the patient to have wind
(too much gas in the intestine).
The equation below represents the reaction between calcium carbonate and hydrochloric
acid (the acid present in the stomach).
CaCO3 (s) + 2HCl (aq) CaCl2 (aq) + H2O (l) + CO2 (g)
Suggest why the patient may suffer from wind.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(1)
(Total 7 marks)
38
Quantitative Chemistry Answers to self test questions.

1.
Ca = 40
gain 1 mark each
(OH)2 = (16 + 1)2 or 34
gains 3 marks
but Mr = 74
[3]
2.
(a)
evidence of Fe = 56, O = 16
gains 1 mark
but (56 2) + (16 3) gains 2 marks
but 160
gains 3 marks
(b)
evidence of 112*/160
2
gains 1 mark
but 70*
gains 2 marks
* (credit answers consistent with part (a))
[5]
3.
(a)
Fe2 [56 2] or 112

O3 [16 3] or 48
3
each gain 1 mark
but Mr = 160
(b)
gains 3 marks
[Fe2 O3 + 2A1 2Fe + A12 O3]
160
112
(NB Credit if unworked
(or value
(or value
but should be totalled)
from (a))
from (a))
gains 1 mark
but
32 g. of Fe2 O3 32/160 112
gains 2 marks
but
=
22.4
gains 3 marks
[6]
4.
(a)
100
2
ignore units
40 + 12 + (3 16) for 1 mark
(b)
40
2
(ecf from part (a) can get 2 marks)
40
100 for 1 mark
their (a )
(c)
0.5
(d)
(ecf from part (b) can get 2 marks)

their (b)
1.25
or other correct working for 1 mark
100
gas produced or carbon dioxide / CO2 produced
1
[7]
39
Electrolysis self test questions

1.

Copper metal can be extracted from a solution of copper(II) chloride.
positive
electrode
negative
electrode
solution of
copper (II)
chloride
Copper chloride is an ionic compound.

State where the copper would collect and explain your answer fully.
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
(Total 2 marks)
2.
This is mainly a Knowledge and Understanding question (with Application at the end !)
Chlorine, hydrogen and sodium hydroxide are produced by the electrolysis of sodium chloride
solution.
A student passed electricity through sodium chloride solution using the apparatus shown in the
diagram.
40
(a)
Name:
Gas A .............................................................
Gas B .............................................................
(1)
(b)
Describe and give the result of a test you could do in a school laboratory to find out
which gas is chlorine.
Test ............................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
Result (what you would see) .....................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
(2)
(c)
Chlorine is used for treating water for drinking and in swimming pools. Why?
....................................................................................................................................
(1)
(d)
(i)
Balance the half equation for the production of hydrogen at the electrode.
................ H+ + .............. e H2
(1)
(ii)
Which word, from the list, best describes the reaction in part (d)(i)?
Put a ring around the correct word.
decomposition
oxidation
cracking
neutralisation
reduction
(1)
(e)
In an experiment the student collected 24 cm of chlorine gas, Cl2 , at room temperature

and pressure. Calculate the mass of this volume of gas.
(Relative atomic mass of Cl = 35.5.
The volume of the relative formula mass (Mr ) of any gas at room temperature and
pressure is 24 litres).
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(3)
(Total 9 marks)
41
3.
The diagram below shows the electrolysis of sodium chloride solution, in the laboratory.
Positive
electrode
(chlorine formed
here)
Power supply
Negative
electrode
sodium chloride
solution
(a)
Which gas forms at the negative electrode? ..............................................................

(1)
(b)
Explain why chlorine gas forms at the positive electrode.

.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(2)
(c)
State one use of chlorine gas.

.....................................................................................................................................
(1)
(Total 4 marks)
42
4.
This is mainly an Application question.
The diagram shows electrolysis of sodium chloride solution.
chlorine gas
hydrogen gas
sodium chloride
solution
positive
electrode (carbon)
negative
electrode (carbon)
power supply
(a)
Complete and balance these equations to show the reactions during electrolysis.
At the positive electrode
Cl
Cl2
At the negative electrode

Na
Na
(2)
(b)
Silver halides such as silver chloride and silver bromide are used in photography.
The equation shows a reaction to prepare a silver halide.
reactants
NaBr(aq)
+ AgNO 3(aq)
product 1
product 2
AgBr(s) + NaNO 3(aq)
Name and describe the products of this reaction, in words, as fully as you can.
product 1
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
product 2
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(4)
(Total 6 marks)
43
Electrolysis answers to self test questions
1.
copper collects at the negative electrode

copper positive ions
each for 1 mark
[2]
2.
(a)
Gas A = chlorine / Cl2 (not Cl)

Gas B = hydrogen / H2 (not H)
both correct for 1 mark
(b)
universal indicator paper / litmus paper (red or blue) / pH paper /

starch iodide paper/or solutions / a named suitable indicator
bleached (owtte) (not discoloured) / starch iodide turns blue
(a reasoned answer based on the test for hydrogen can gain one mark for
example: test both tubes with a burning splint - the one containing
hydrogen will pop and the one containing chlorine will not)
for 1 mark each
(c)
kills germs (owtte)

both correct for 1 mark
(d)
(i)
2H+ +
2e
H2
2
1
1
multiples accepted such as

4 H+ + 4e 2H2
or
H+ + e
1/2 H2
for one mark
(ii)
(e)
reduction / need not be circled if it is clearly marked

e.g. underlined
for one mark
(moles of Cl2) = 24 / 24000 = 0.001 (24 / 24000 gains one mark or

0.001/ 1/1000) (1 mole of chlorine) = 2 35.5 = 71(g)
(mass of chlorine) = 0.001 71 = 0.071g (correct answer = 3)
(if they give no units or g this is acceptable but other units -1 mark)
(if they do not get the correct answer we then look for working marks general principle is one mark lost for each mistake)
giving the equation volume / 24000 = mass of gas / Mr (one mark)
answer 0.0355 = 2 marks (without working)
answers based on Mr of chlorine as 35.5 are worth a maximum of 2 marks
for 1 mark each
[9]
44
3.
(a)
hydrogen
1
for 1 mark
(b)
chloride ions are negative;

negative ions move to positive electrode
each for 1 mark
(c)
any one use of chlorine e.g.

sterilisation;
bleaching;
making plastics
any one for 1 mark
[4]
4.
(a)
2Cl 2e Cl2
Na+ + e Na
(allow unaltered LHS to produce Cl2)

(allow x 2 for all terms)
(credit candidates who point out that hydrogen / H2 is in fact produced)

for 1 mark each
(b)
for product 1*, idea of

a solid / precipitate or silver bromide
gains 1 mark
but
solid / a precipitate of silver bromide
gains 2 marks
for product 2*, idea of

aqueous / a solution / dissolved (in water) / or sodium nitrate
gains 1 mark
(do not allow liquid)
but
aqueous / a solution / dissolved (in water) of sodium nitrate
(*do not credit formulae)

gains 2 marks
[6]
45
Why is Ammonia important ?

Types of reactions self test questions
1.
This label has been taken from a packet of indigestion tablets.

The back of the packet tells you that the tablets work by neutralising some of the acid in
your stomach.
FAST EFFECTIVE RELIEF FROM
3 KINDS OF INDIGESTION
HEARTBURN
ACID INDIGESTION
TRAPPED WIND
DISPERSE IN THE MOUTH
(a)
What happens to the pH inside your stomach as the tablets neutralise some of the acid?
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(2)
(b)
Some students decide to find out how many tablets are needed to neutralise some acid in
a beaker.
The diagrams show what they did. How would the students know when the acid had been
neutralised?
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 4 marks)
46
2.
The diagrams show what happens when an acid is added to an alkali.
STAGE 1
STAGE 2
Dilute hydrochloric
acid added and
mixed
More dilute hydrochloric

acid added and
mixed
Flask contains
dilute sodium
hydroxide solution
+ universal indicator.
Indicator is purple
(a)
STAGE 3
Indicator
is red
Indicator
is green
What is present in the solution at stages 2 and 3 apart from universal indicator and water?
(i)
At stage 2 .........................................................................................................
(ii)
At stage 3..........................................................................................................
(3)
(b)
Write an ionic equation to show how water is formed in this reaction and state the
sources of the ions.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(3)
(Total 6 marks)
3.
Some students slowly add solution Y to solution X.

The graph shows what happens to the pH of the solution in the beaker as they do this.
pH
13
14
C
Solution Y
B
A
10
15
20
volume of Y added
(cm 3 )
Solution X
47
(a)
Choose words from this list to complete the sentences below.

acidic
alkaline
neutral
At point A on the graph the solution in the beaker is ...............................................

At point B on the graph the solution in the beaker is ...............................................
At point C on the graph the solution in the beaker is ...............................................
(2)
(b)
Describe, as fully as you can, what happens to the pH of the mixture as solution Y is
slowly added.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(5)
(Total 7 marks)
4.
Some drain cleaners contain a mixture of sodium hydroxide and powdered aluminium. When
the mixture is poured into a drain it mixes with water and a chemical reaction takes place. The
heat from the reaction helps to melt grease in the drain. Hydrogen gas is produced which stirs
up the particles and helps to unclog the drain.
(a)
Balance the equation for the reaction.

2Al(s) + ........ NaOH(aq) + ......... H2O .........NaAl(OH)4(aq) + 3H2
(2)
(b)
Why do the solid sodium hydroxide and aluminium powder not react when stored in a
sealed container?
.....................................................................................................................................
(1)
(c)
Sodium hydroxide is a strong alkali and would react with any acids in the drain.
(i)
Name the ion produced when any alkali is dissolved in water.

...........................................................................................................................
(1)
48
(ii)
Name the ion produced when any acid is dissolved in water.

...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(iii)
Name the compound formed when these ions react with each other.
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(Total 6 marks)
5.
The symbol equation below shows the reaction when methane burns in oxygen.
CH4 + 2O2 CO2 + 2H2O
An energy level diagram for this reaction is shown below.
Energy
level
methane +
oxygen
(reactants)
y
z
carbon dioxide +
(products)
water
(a)
Which chemical bonds are broken and which are formed during this reaction?
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(4)
49
(b)
Explain the significance of x, y and z on the energy level diagram in terms of the energy
transfers which occur when these chemical bonds are broken and formed.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(5)
(Total 9 marks)
6.
Methane and oxygen react together to produce carbon dioxide and water.
CH 4 + 2O 2
CO 2 + 2H 2 O
818 kJ of energy is given out

to the surroundings for each
formula mass (mole) of
methane that reacts.
The methane gas will not burn in oxygen until a flame is applied, but once lit it continues to
burn.
(a)
Explain why energy must be supplied to start the reaction but it continues by itself once
started.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(4)
50
(b)
Sketch an energy level diagram for the reaction and indicate on the diagram the nett
energy released.
Energy
Time
(3)
(Total 7 marks)
51
Types of Reaction answers to self test questions

1.
(a)
rises
reference to figures in correct range
(1 to just less than 7)
for 1 mark each
(b)
any reference to indicator

gains 1 mark
but
indicator green
gains 2 marks
[4]
2.
(a)
(b)
(i)
sodium ions and chloride ions

(allow sodium chloride/salt)
[not chlorine]
for 1 mark
(ii)
sodium ions and chloride ions

(allow sodium chloride/salt)
for 1 mark
H + ions (allow hydrochloric acid)
for 1 mark
[N.B Na+ and Cl may also be present]

H+ + OH H2O
H+ ions from acid
OH ions from alkali
each for 1 mark
[N.B First mark lost if changes on ions not shown]
[6]
3.
(a)
acidic }
neutral }
alkaline}
2
in this order
all correct 2 marks
one correct 1 mark
(b)
ideas that
nothing happens at first (to pH) / pH stays the same
then (rapidly) changes / increases
then stays at same (higher) level
(c)
reference to
change being from pH1 to pH13 / pH goes up
change commencing with 10 cm3 (of Y)
change ceasing with 11cm3 (of y)
neutral / ph7 with 10.5 cm3 / at B
any five for 1 mark each
[7]
52
4.
(a)
(2) : (6) : (2)
2
All 3 correct gains 2 marks
2 correct gains 1 mark
(b)
no water present/moist air cannot enter/do not thoroughly mix/

must be in solution etc.
for 1 mark
(c)
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
hydroxide (ion) / OH
for 1 mark
hydrogen (ion) / H+
for 1 mark
water/H2O/hydrogen oxide
for 1 mark
1
1
[6]
5.
(a)
breaking of C-H bonds

breaking of O-O bonds
making of C-O bonds
for 1 mark each
making of H-O bonds
(b)
Y
Z
energy needed to break bonds

has to be supplied/activation energy
energy released when bonds form
= Y-X
overall, energy is released/reaction is exothermic
each for 1 mark
[9]
6.
(a)
idea that
(ma
x 4)
existing bonds must first be broken
for 1 mark
(credit molecules / atoms more likely to react when they collide)
energy is released when new bonds form
gains 1 mark
but
more energy is released when new bonds form
gains 2 marks
or
overall reaction exothermic
this breaks more bonds so the reaction continues
for 1 mark
(b)
reactant level higher than product level (names of reactants and

products not required)
indication that activation energy required (i.e. the hump)
any correct indication of nett energy change
(i.e. between product and reactant levels even if other marks
not gained)
for 1 mark each
[7]
53
Reversible reactions self test questions

1.
A student heated some blue copper sulphate crystals. The crystals turned into white copper
sulphate.
Steam
Copper
sulphate
crystals
Heat
(a)
The blue copper sulphate had to be heated to change it into white copper sulphate.
State whether the reaction was exothermic or endothermic. ....................................
Explain your answer.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(1)
(b)
The word equation for this reaction is shown below.
hydrated
copper sulphate
(blue)
(i)
[+ heat energy]
What does the symbol
anhydrous
copper sulphate
(white)
water
tell you about this reaction?
..........................................................................................................................
(1)
(ii)
How could the student turn the white powder back to blue?
..........................................................................................................................
(1)
(Total 3 marks)
54
2.
The diagram shows the final stages in the manufacture of ammonia.
Nitrogen and Hydrogen

450C and 200 atmospheres
Converter
Iron
Cooler
Ammonia
(a)
Why is iron used in the converter?

....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
(1)
(b)
Write the word equation for the reaction in the converter.

....................................... + .......................................
..................................
(1)
(c)
The yield of ammonia is only about 15%.

(i)
Why can the yield not be 100%?

..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
(1)
(ii)
Describe what happens to the mixture of gases after it leaves the converter.
..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 5 marks)
55
3.
Ammonia is manufactured by the Haber Process, where nitrogen and hydrogen react
together as follows:
N2
3H2
2NH3
The reaction is reversible. A balance is eventually reached when ammonia is being formed
at the same rate at which it is decomposing.
This point is called equilibrium.
PERCENTAGE OF AMMONIA AT EQUILIBRIUM
PRESSURE (ATM)
100C
300C
500C
25
100
400
91.7
96.7
99.4
27.4
52.5
79.7
2.9
10.6
31.9
(a)
(i)
What is meant by a reversible reaction?

.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
(1)
(ii)
Which substances are present in the mixture at equilibrium?

.........................................................................................................................
(1)
(b)
(i)
Under what conditions shown in the table is the maximum yield of

ammonia obtained?
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
(2)
(ii)
The Haber Process is usually carried out at a higher temperature than that
which would produce the maximum yield. Suggest why.
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
(2)
56
(c)
Ammonia can be converted into nitric acid in three stages:

Stage 1
Ammonia reacts with oxygen from the air to form nitrogen monoxide and
water
4NH3
5O2
4NO
6H2O
Stage 2
On cooling, nitrogen monoxide reacts with oxygen from the air to form
nitrogen dioxide.
Stage 3
Nitrogen dioxide reacts with water to form nitric acid and nitrogen
monoxide.
(i)
Describe the conditions under which the reaction in Stage 1 takes place.
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
(3)
(ii)
Balance the equation for the reaction at Stage 2.

NO
NO2
O2
(1)
(iii)
Balance the equation for the reaction at Stage 3.

NO2
H2O
HNO3
NO
(1)
(d)
The chemical plant for manufacturing ammonia is often on the same site as plants
manufacturing nitric acid and fertilisers.
(i)
What advantages will this have for the manufacturing company?

.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
(2)
(ii)
Briefly describe two important ways in which it is possible to reduce the

environmental impact of such plants on the surrounding area.
1 ......................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
2 ......................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 15 marks)
57
4.
The reaction of methane with steam is used in industry to make hydrogen.

(a)
One of the reactions in this process is represented by this equation.

CH4 (g)
H2O
CO (g)
3H2 (g)
The forward reaction is endothermic.

State the conditions of temperature and pressure that would give the maximum yield of
hydrogen.
Explain your answers.
(i)
Temperature
..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
(2)
(ii)
Pressure
..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
(2)
(iii)
Which one of the following metals is most likely to be a catalyst for this process?
Draw a ring around your answer.
aluminium
lead
magnesium
nickel
sodium
Give a reason for your choice.

..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
(1)
58
(b)
A second stage in this process is represented by this equation.
C
(i)
O
H
Use the bond energies given in the table to help you to calculate the nett energy
transfer (energy change) for this reaction.
Bond
Bond energy in kJ/mol
CO
1077
C=O
805
HH
436
OH
464
..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
Nett energy transfer = ...................................... kJ/mol
(3)
(ii)
State whether this reaction is exothermic or endothermic. .............................

Explain, by reference to your calculation, how you know.
..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 10 marks)
59
Reversible reactions answers to self test questions

1.
(a)
endothermic and because it takes in heat / energy

both for one mark
(b)
(i)
(ii)
1
1
(a)
as a catalyst
reversible reaction (or explanation)

add water
do not accept cooling or reverse the reaction
[3]
2.
1
accept to speed up the reaction
(equilibrium)
(b)
nitrogen + hydrogen ammonia

N2 + H2 NH3
accept mixed formula / word equations
ignore balancing
(c)
(i)
the reaction is reversible / an equilibrium

accept that ammonia can break down
again into nitrogen and hydrogen
accept reaction goes both ways
do not accept some nitrogen and
hydrogen do not react
(ii)
(the gases are cooled)

no marks as given in the diagram
accept correct formulae NH3, N2 H2
ammonia removed as a liquid
accept ammonia liquefies or
condenses
nitrogen and hydrogen are recycled
accept nitrogen and hydrogen are put
back through the converter
accept other gases only if ammonia
identified for first mark
1
1
[5]
3.
(a)
(i)
(ii)
(b)
idea that it is
a reaction in which the products can themselves react to reform the
original substance or a reaction that can go in either direction
(allow explanation in terms of the specific reaction in the question)
for 1 mark
nitrogen, hydrogen and ammonia
(allow formulae)
for 1 mark
(i)
high pressure/400 atm

low temperature/100C
for 1 mark each
(ii)
higher rate of reaction

good rate of production
or idea that more economic (ally viable)
(allow catalyst more effective at higher temperature)
for 1 mark each
60
(c)
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(d)
(i)
(ii)
ideas that it involves

use of catalyst
gains 1 mark
but
use of platinum catalyst
gains 2 marks
high temperature/900C
for 1 mark
2
1
2 NO + O2 2NO2
for 1 mark each
3 NO2 + H2O 2HNO3+NO
for 1 mark each
references to
transport reductions
economic savings
saves time
guaranteed consumer/supplier
for 1 mark each
selection of site
design of plant
safe disposal of waste
make gas emissions safe(r)
monitoring/safety checks
reduction of waste gas emissions
research into more efficient processes
research into energy savings/use of cooling water
training of staff re: emergency procedures
warning/evacuation procedures for the community
(or any two sensible suggestions)
[15]
4.
(a)
(i)
high temperature
accept temperature given if 400C
ignore value if high stated, unless silly value
endothermic or reaction takes in energy
or H is +ve
independent marks
(ii)
low pressure
or up to and including 10 atmospheres
(low pressure) favours a reaction in which
more molecules are formed
2 moles 4 moles
(2 molecules 4 molecules)
independent marks
1
1
1
61
(b)
(iii)
nickel and it is a transition / transitional

element / metal (owtte) or nickel and
variable oxidation state / number or it is
similar to other named transition elements
e.g. iron
(i)
(bonds broken =) 2005 (kJ)

(bonds formed =) 2046 (kJ)
energy change =
2005 2046 = ()41
for correct subtraction ignore sign
1
1
(ii)
(exothermic)
if in part (b)(i) answer is not 41
answer is consequential on endothermic or exothermic shown
accept correct reasoning for incorrect answer from (b)(i)
energy given out forming new bonds
do not accept energy needed to form new bonds
greater than energy put in to break old bonds
accept exothermic and more energy given out than taken in for
1 mark
accept negative value for energy change or energy in products
less than energy in reactants for 1 mark
1
1
[10]
62
Rates of Reaction self test questions

This is a Knowledge and Understanding (with a little Application) question.
Some students were investigating how fast hydrogen gas is released in the reaction between
magnesium and dilute hydrochloric acid.
To begin with they used 0.1 g of magnesium ribbon.
Next, they repeated the experiment using 0.1 g of magnesium powder.
In each case, they used enough acid to react with all the metal.
Their results are shown on the graph below.
Volume of
hydrogen
produced
(cm)
de r
(a)
Po w
1.
on
b
b
Ri
Time (seconds)
Hydrogen is produced in both the reactions.
Use the information on the graph to describe two other ways in which the two reactions
are similar.
1. .................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
2. .................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(2)
(b)
Describe one way in which the reactions are different.

.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(1)
(Total 3 marks)
63
2.
A student does an experiment to examine the rate of reaction between magnesium and dilute
hydrochloric acid.
She adds 25 cm of the acid to a weighed amount of the metal.
The reaction produces hydrogen gas.
magnesium + hydrochloric
acid
magnesium + hydrogen
chloride
She collects the gas and measures the volume collected at one minute intervals.
All the metal reacted but there was some acid left unreacted.
Her results are shown on the graph.
50
40
Volume of
hydrogen
(cm 3 )
30
20
10
0
2
(a)
10
12
The diagram shows part of the apparatus she used for the experiment.
Complete the diagram to show how the student could collect the hydrogen produced and
measure the volume after each minute.
(2)
64
(b)
(i)
When is the rate of reaction at its fastest?

..........................................................................................................................
(ii)
State one way in which she could increase the rate of reaction.
..........................................................................................................................
(i)
What is the total volume of hydrogen collected in the experiment?

................................................................................................................... cm
(ii)
State one way in which she could increase the final volume of hydrogen collected.
..........................................................................................................................
(1)
(1)
(c)
(1)
(1)
(Total 6 marks)
3.
This is a Knowledge and Understanding (with a little Application) question.
When a catalyst such as manganese oxide is added to hydrogen peroxide solution, H2O2, the
hydrogen peroxide decomposes to give off oxygen.
(a)
(i)
Describe how to test for oxygen.

...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
(ii)
Complete and balance the equation for the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide.
2H2O2 ..................................... + .......................................
(3)
(b)
The graph shows the volume of gas given off during an experiment using hydrogen
peroxide solution and manganese
oxide.
60
50
40
Volume of
gas given
off in cm 3
30
20
10
0
20
40
60
80
100
Time in seconds
120
140
160
Draw, on the axes above, a graph to show the result you would expect if the volume of
hydrogen peroxide solution had been the same, but it was twice as concentrated.
(3)
(Total 8 marks)
65
4.
Solutions A and B are colourless.

When they are mixed, they react and turn blue after a period of time.
A student investigated how temperature affected the rate of reaction between solutions A and B.
The rate was measured by timing how long the mixture took to turn blue at different
temperatures.
The results are shown in the table.
Temperature in C
22
Time taken to turn blue, in seconds
290 250 238 200 170 160
(a)
(i)
25
30
34
45
51
Draw a graph for these results with a line of best fit.

300
290
280
270
260
250
240
230
Time taken
to turn blue,
in seconds
220
210
200
190
180
170
160
150
0
0
10
20
30
Temperature in C
40
50
60
(2)
66
(ii)
Use your graph to find out how long it takes the solution to turn blue at 40C.
Time = ............................... s
(1)
(b)
One of the results is anomalous.

(i)
Complete this sentence.

The result at.............C is anomalous.
(1)
(ii)
Suggest two possible causes of this anomalous result.

1 ........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
2 ........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
(c)
Explain, in terms of particles, why increasing the temperature increases the rate of
reaction.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(3)
(Total 9 marks)
67
Rates of Reaction answers to self test questions

1.
(a)
both reactions slow down with time;

both reactions produce same volume of hydrogen
each for 1 mark
(b)
idea rate is faster with powder

or
idea rate is slower with ribbon
(allow powder completed before ribbon)
for 1 mark
[3]
2.
(a)
(must be possible for the gas to enter and displace the water)
or other suitable apparatus
apparatus to collect the gas correctly assembled
for 1 mark
calibrated collection vessel (award even if diagram is wrong)
for 1 mark
(b)
(i)
(ii)
(c)
(i)
(ii)
at the start / in the first 1/2 minutes (or any time within this range)
for 1 mark
increase the temperature / use smaller pieces of metal /
use more metal / increase the surface area of the metal /
add a catalyst / shake the flask / increase the concentration /
strength of the acid
for 1 mark
48
for 1 mark
increase the amount of magnesium used
for 1 mark
(do not allow increase the amount of acid used)
[6]
3.
(a)
(i)
(ii)
(b)
re-lights
lights or lights with a pop
a glowing splint
glowing or smouldering splint
2H2O + O2
each formula for 1 mark
balanced equation 1 mark
2H2 or O2 gets one mark only (for O2)
graph steeper
becomes horizontal
reaches twice the height, 40 cm3 1 cm3
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
68
60
50
Volume of 40
gas given
off in cm 3 30
20
10
0
20
40
60
80
100
Time in seconds
120
140
160
[8]
4.
(a)
(i)
(ii)
(b)
(c)
(i)
(ii)
plotting points accurately

1
square
2
sensible smooth curve
must not join dots
as read from their graph
30 (C)
any two from:
eg error in timing
temperature not exactly measured
different amounts of reagents
different concentrations of A and B
any other sensible reason
any three from:

particles gain energy
move faster
collide more often
collide with more force / energy / harder /
more successful collisions / more collisions
with activation energy
1
1
1
2
[9]
69
Making salts self test questions

1.
This is a Knowledge and Understanding question
Bordeaux Mixture controls some fungal infections on plants.

A student wanted to make some Bordeaux Mixture.
BORDEAUX
MIXTURE
Controls potato
and tomato blight,
peach leaf curl,
leaf moulds and
other diseases on
fruit trees.
(a)
Do not breathe in dust.

Wash hands after use.
Store in a safe place.
Contains: calcium oxide
copper sulphate
The student knew that calcium oxide could be made by heating limestone. Limestone
contains calcium carbonate, CaCO3.
(i)
Write the word equation for this reaction.

...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(ii)
What type of reaction is this?

...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(b)
The student knew that copper sulphate, CuSO4, could be made by the following general
reaction.
acid + base salt + water
(i)
What type of reaction is this?

...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(ii)
The base used is copper oxide. Name and give the chemical formula of the acid
used.
Name ................................................................................................................
Chemical formula .............................................................................................
(2)
70
(c)
The student wrote about how the copper sulphate was made.
Some of the acid was warmed. Copper oxide was added. The mixture was stirred. More
copper oxide was added until no more would react. The mixture was then filtered.
(i)
Why was the acid warmed?

...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(ii)
Copper oxide was added until no more would react. Explain why.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
(iii)
The filtration apparatus is shown.
Filter paper
Filter funnel
Beaker
Describe and explain what happens as the mixture is filtered.

...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 10 marks)
71
2.
(i)
Which acid from the list should the student add to sodium hydroxide solution to make
sodium sulphate?
ethanoic acid
hydrochloric acid
nitric acid
sulphuric acid
.....................................................................................................................................
(1)
(ii)
When the acid was added to the alkali the beaker became warm.
Name the type of reaction that releases heat.
.....................................................................................................................................
(1)
(iii)
Use a Periodic Table to help you to write the formula of sodium sulphate.
Formula: .....................................................................................................................
(1)
(Total 3 marks)
3.
When a solution of lead nitrate is added to a solution of sodium chloride, a white precipitate of
lead chloride is produced.
solution of
lead nitrate
solution of
sodium chloride
(a)
(i)
precipitate of
lead chloride
Why is a precipitate formed?

...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(ii)
Complete and balance the equation for this precipitation reaction.

Pb+2(aq) +
Cl(aq)
(3)
72
(b)
Complete the table below by writing in the name and formula of the precipitate formed
for each reaction. If there is no precipitate, write no precipitate.
SOLUTION 1
ADDED
TO
SOLUTION 2
(i)
copper
sulphate
sodium
hydroxide
(ii)
lead
nitrate
magnesium
sulphate
(iii) sodium
chloride
NAME OF
PRECIPITATE FORMED
FORMULA
zinc
nitrate
(5)
(Total 9 marks)
73
Making salts answers to self review questions

1.
(a)
(i)
+
cal
ciu
m
oxi
de
accept CaO3 CaO + CO2
calci
um
carbo
nate
(b)
(c)
carb
on
dioxi
de
(ii)
(thermal) decomposition
accept endothermic
accept reversible
(i)
neutralisation
accept exothermic
(ii)
sulphuric (acid)
H2SO4
(i)
to speed up the reaction

accept to increase the rate of reaction or to increase the
number or rate of collisions
do not accept dissolves copper oxide faster
(ii)
all acid reacts

accept there will be no acid left or acid used up
acid is neutralised (for 2 marks)
do not accept to form a concentrated or saturated solution
(excess) copper oxide collects in filter
paper
accept larger particles (of copper oxide) cannot pass through
filter paper
copper sulphate solution passes

through the filter paper
accept dissolved copper sulphate passes through filter paper or
smaller particles (of copper sulphate) in solution (liquid) pass
through filter paper
accept (black) solid collects in filter paper and filtrate or
soluble solid or (blue) solution (liquid) passes through filter
paper for 1 mark only
1
1
[10]
74
2.
(i)
sulphuric acid / H2SO4 accept sulfuric

for one mark
(ii)
exothermic
1
for one mark
(iii)
Na2SO4 / (Na)2SO4 / Na2(SO4) / (Na+)2SO42

for one mark
lower case O(Na2SO4) not accepted / tops of subscripted letters
should be in line or lower than lower case letters of symbols
[3]
3.
(a)
(i)
lead chloride/product of lead + chloride

ions is insoluble (in water)
for 1 mark
(ii)
Pb2+ + 2C1 PbC12 *(s)
(allow (Pb)2+ 2 (C1) )

formula
solid state symbol
balancing
for 1 mark each
(b)
copper hydroxide
Cu(OH)2
each for 1 mark
lead sulphate
PbSO4
each for 1 mark
no precipitate
for 1 mark
Allow 1 mark for correct formula Na2SO4 in (i)
Allow 1 mark for correct formula Mg (NO3)2 in (ii)
0 marks for any formula in (iii)
[9]
75
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77
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79
80
81
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Additional Science

Before you start make sure you have things organised.

(put ideas together)

How do you test this ?

5 Steps to Revision Heaven !

Structures and Bonding C2A

Your Learning Outcomes

Structures and Bonding C2A

Your Learning Outcomes

Why is ammonia important C2B

Your Learning Outcomes

Layout of this booklet.

Structure and Bonding ;

Why is Ammonia important ?

Structure and Bonding

This is a Knowledge and Understanding question.

This is a Knowledge and Understanding question.

Many substances are compounds. What is a compound?

This is a Knowledge and Understanding question.

Describe two ways in which the isotopes are similar.

This is a Knowledge and Understanding question.

What is the symbol for lithium? ................................................................................

This is a Knowledge and Understanding question.

Name this element.

Complete this sentence.

This is an Application question.

Complete the six spaces in the following table.

Chromium atoms have 24 protons and 28 neutrons.

How many electrons does each neutral chromium atom have?

What is the mass number of chromium?

This is an Application question.

Argon is unreactive. Why?

This is an Application question.

Use a Periodic Table to help you to answer this question.

Describe, in as much detail as you can, the structure of a fluorine atom.

Complete the diagram to show the electronic structure of a magnesium atom.

This is an Application question.

On the diagram, write the names of structures A, B, C and D.

To which Group of the periodic table does this atom belong?

Name the element which is made up of this type of atom.

This is an Application question.

Explain why these three atoms are called isotopes of potassium.

This is an Application / Synthesis question.

The negative particles

are called electrons.

What is the name of the positive particles ?

What particle is represented by ?

This is an Application question.

The diagram shows the atomic structure of an atom of lithium.

Label the diagram to show an electron, a neutron and a proton.

What is the atomic number of lithium?

Name the part of the atoms labelled X.

This is an Application / Synthesis question.

State, in terms of particles, how these two atoms are different.

This is an Application question.

Which of the electronic structures represented by A to D is correct for a caesium atom?

The electronic structure for a caesium atom is represented by letter .........................

Structure and Bonding

a substance which contains one type of atom

more than one element/more than one type of atom

same number/six electrons;

different number of neutrons

different mass number