FEMTO TECHOLOGY ABSTRACT

Femtotechnology is a term used by some futurists to refer to structuring of matter on a femtometre scale, by analogy with nanotechnology and picotechnology. This involves the manipulation of excited energy states within atomic nuclei to produce metastable (or otherwise stabilized) states with unusual properties. In the extreme case, excited states of nucleons are considered, ostensibly to tailor the behavioral properties of these particles (though this is in practice unlikely to work as intended).

Practical applications of femtotechnology are currently considered to be unlikely. The spacings between nuclear energy levels require equipment capable of efficiently generating and processing gamma rays, without equipment degradation. The nature of the strong interaction is such that excited nuclear states tend to be very unstable (unlike the excited electron states in Rydberg atoms), and there are a finite number of excited states below the nuclear binding energy, unlike the (in principle) infinite number of bound states available to an atom's electrons. Similarly, what is known about the excited states of individual nucleons seems to indicate that these do not produce behavior that in any way makes nucleons easier to use or manipulate, and indicates instead that these excited states are even less stable and fewer in number than the excited states of atomic nuclei.

The most advanced form of molecular nanotechnology is often imagined to involve selfreplicatingnucleons rather than atoms. For example, the astrophysicist Frank Drake once speculated about the possibility of self-replicating organisms composed of such nuclear molecules living on the surface of a neutron star, a suggestion taken up in the science fiction novel Dragon's Egg by the physicist Robert Forward. It is thought by physicists that nuclear molecules may be possible, but they would be very short-lived, and whether they could actually be made to perform complex tasks such as self-replication, or what type of technology could be used to manipulate them, is unknown. molecular machines, and there have been some very speculative suggestions that something similar might in principle be possible with "molecules" composed of

The hypothetical hafnium bomb can be considered a crude application of femtotechnology.

FEMTO Working on subatomic particle and quantum field effects on femtoscale (10-15m) NANOTECHNOLOGY It is the study of making small microscopic things. (10-9m) Working on an atomic or molecular scale especially to build microscopic devices such as robots. FEMTOTECHNOLOGY It was first developed by kerr-lens. The motion of atom in molecular structure occurs on the femtosecond timescale and it is now observable and can be interacted for various technological and communication purposes. This involves manipulation of excited energy state with in atomic nuclei to produce meta stable state with usual property In mainly consist of processing of separation consolidation and deformation of material by one atom or one molecule.

BRITH OF FEMTO Wilson Sibbett of St. Andrews University opened the age of the femtosecond laser by first developing Kerr Lens Mode- locking (KLM) technology Femto technological techniques include those used for fabrication of Femto wires, those used in semiconductor fabrication such as deep ultraviolet lithography, electron beam lithography, focused ion beam machining, Femto imprint lithography, However, all of these techniques preceded the femtotech era, and are extensions in the development of scientific advancements rather than techniques which were devised with the sole purpose of creating Femto technology or which were results of Femto technology research. *Femtoscience

Provides a speed-up of millions (over nanotech) and a density increase of quintillions (10 to power 18), i.e. a total performance increase (i.e. density times speed) of septillions (10 to power 24, or trillion of trillions. *Microelectronic Mechanics including MEMS *Nanoelectronic Mechanics including NEMS

*Femtoelectronic Mechanics including FEMS Femtotech works at the scale of elementary particles - leptons, hadrons, and quarks. Femtotech is beyond the reach of bionts and vecs alike, but advanced AIs and archailects are able to work on this level. FEMTOTECH PROFILE Femtotech - Data Panel Definition: Technology on the femtometer scale - working with subatomic particles and quantum field effects A few alternative terms: Femto, Quantum tech, Quantum engineering, Clarketech (even when not applicable), Seraiph tech Insidium Femtotech material developed for stealth operations Level: Ultratech to Godtech Substrate: Subatomic wave-particles and quantum fields Distribution and Availability: High toposophic polities and civilizations, including the Sephirotics ai, Panvirtuality, toposophic Objectivist and Diamond Network polities, Covenant polities, HEEC xenosophont polities, metaempires,amalgamation and others. Legal Status: Very few sapients have access to basic femtotech templates. The TRHN and a number of other polities will occasionally give out baseline friendly femto. Femtosecond time scales: In 1fs: a hydrogen molecule makes only 1/8 of a vibration or, an electron makes about 8 orbits around a hydrogen atom. Femtosecond pulses: Part of the toolkit for observing and controlling atoms and molecules Time: Probe and control some of the fastest processes Intensity: Sufficiently high intensities to exert forces on charged components of matter that are comparable to binding forces Phase: Relative phase is important in the manipulation of quantum systems Nanophysics *Eric Drexlers definition: Nanotechnology is concerned with the manipulation of matter at the nanometer scale including atomic assembly, which implies the use of self assembling molecular structures.

The term "nanotechnology" was defined by Tokyo Science University Professor Norio Taniguchi in a 1974 paper (N. Taniguchi, "On the Basic Concept of 'NanoTechnology'," Proc. Intl. Conf. Prod. Eng. Tokyo, Part II, Japan Society of Precision Engineering, 1974.) as follows: "'Nano-technology' mainly consists of the processing of, separation, consolidation, and deformation of materials by one atom or by one molecule." Hydrogen atom is the only exactly described nanosystem. DISADVANTAGES OF NANOTECHNOLOGY Most of nanotechnology is still unknown to us. There is a saying that "All good fruits will turn bad". There are things that we will misuse. For example, when we discovered nuclear, we used it as a source of cheap energy, as scientists experimented more with the substance, they found out that they can use it to make deadly weapons of mass destruction. Health: Nanotechnology could make everyday things so small; you cannot notice that it is on your hand while it is there. If there were to be a recall in defective machines, how will the scientists find, destroy, or repair the product. Mass Production: If a new product is mass produced, it is usually a cheap and usually a product that almost any person could afford to buy, use, or own. If there is a major recall of the product, where will the people look for it? What about if the product was food? Nano items in general are very microscopic. If there are even some in each household, the risk of inhalation is very serious. If the product got into the lungs, the person might suffocate and die as well.

APPLICATION OF FEMTO Ultra fine processing and FT area using femtosecond laser: There are various researches trying to combine nanotechnology (FT) with femtoscience. femto scale measurement, manufacturing of femto particle and femto structure, and ultra-fast optical characteristics of femto particles are used for IT and MEMS (Micro Electro-Mechanical Systems) researches.Researches of manufacturing the quantum dot and photonic crystal using the femtosecond laser and measuring their properties are also actively being carried out. Material processing using the femtosecond laser is mainly applied to punching a micro hole, micro cutting or selectively removing a particular substance and is an extreme precision processing with high value added. Using the femtosecond pulse has the benefit of causing no damage or structural changes around the area of process as the process is finished before heat generated by absorption of light is transferred to the area around. Unlike the general thermal processing, the femtosecond processing does not melt the medium but rather cut the chemical bond (called ablation) of the medium. Therefore, transformation of the

medium due to heat, as is the case in the typical processing techniques, does not occur. Furthermore, its pulse width is extremely short while its peak power is extremely high, enabling its processing regardless of the type of the medium, and the short pulsed laser light can be

Material processing using femtosecond laser has the three characteristics. First, energy is locally transferred fast efficiently. Second, it causes little transformation and has low laser ablation threshold energy. Third, it can minimize heat or mechanical damage on the board. These characteristics make extremely high precision processing of micro structures possible.

In the medical field, the surgical operation (ophthalmology, dermatology, dentistry) using the ultra-short pulse laser enables the clean operation without damaging the area around the operated part with 25-m period in the 4-m thick Ni film using the commercial Ti:Sapphire laser with 120 femtosecond pulse width and 1 kHz repetition rate. Another example is reproduction and repairing of the photomask used in the semiconductor manufacturing process. The photomask used for 193 nm or 248 nm UV photolithograph, produced by coating chrome on liquid silica, is expensive and very difficult to manufacture without defect.. But using the ultra-short pulse laser of around 100 femtosecond, the absorbers on the photomask can be removed, and the removed absorbers are changed to plasma right away, producing no heat. SEMICONDUCTOR FEMTO AMPILFIER A tapered semiconductor amplifier is injection seeded by a femtosecond optical frequency comb at 780nm from a mode-locked Ti:sapphire laser. Energy gains of more than 17dB (12dB) are obtained for 1mW (20mW) of average input power when the input pulses are stretched into the picosecond range. A spectral window of supercontinuum light generated in a photonic fiber has also been amplified. Interferometric measurements show sub-Hertz linewidths for a heterodyne beat between the input and amplified comb components, yielding no detectable phase-noise degradation under amplication. These amplifiers can be used to boost the infrared power in f-to2f interferometers used to determine the carrier-to-envelope offset frequency, with clear advantages for stabilization of octave-spanning femtosecond lasers and other supercontinuum light sources. HYPOFEMTO TECH. Definition: Technology on the sub-femtometer scale - working with quantum waveforms, quarks, supersymmetry, superstrings and supermembranes A few alternative terms: Clarketech (even when not applicable), Godtech

Level: Godtech Substrate: quantum and sub-quantum fields Application: mostly only used by archailects. Distribution and Availability: Hypofemtotech artifacts are exceedingly rare, and can fetch astronomical prices in some polities Legal Status: So rare that it requires special rulings Environmental Requirements: Most hypofemto requires specific conditions to function Ease of Use; Care and Maintenance: Hypofemto cannot be debugged, reverse engineered, or maintained by even middle to high level transapients without specific higher toposophic assistance Popular With: wealthy sapient and transapient collectors, polity governments, etc Comments: Macroscale devices based on hypofemtotech principles are typically clarketechian in nature. They are rare but highly prized. Generally the archai try to keep this sort of technology out of baseline hands. Occasionally a subsingularity (sapient level) sophont will acquire such a device, but this happens far more often in pop-virch fantasyadventure interactives than in reality.

Controller required: dedicated high toposophic hyperturing, with subordinate nonsentient

Used by: archailects, some advanced transapientech and godtech polities. "Transapient-friendly" and even a few "baseline-friendly" versions are also found (although rare) Application of Femtoscience for IT In US and Japan, there are ongoing research of combining the femtosecond laser with III-V group semiconductor technology, organic/polymer material science, quantum dot and photonic band-gap technologies to build the next generation information network in the class of Terabit/s, 100 times faster than currently available technology. In Japan, FESTA (Femto Second Technology Research Association) was founded in 1995 to overcome the existing limitation of current electronic technology, to build the platform for the

new technology appropriate for the high information society of the 21st century and to develop the new ultra-fast electronic technology. The related technologies include femtosecond light pulse generation and transmission technology, femtosecond light pulse control and distribution technology, ultrafast optoelectronics technology, etc. Based on these technologies, the ultrashort pulse light source, encoding element, and switching element, etc. are being developed. Recent development of ultra-short pulse laser enabled generation of terawatt level femtosecond laser. Concentrating this laser light can produce output intensity of more than 1020 W/cm2. Under this extremely high electric filed, various new physical phenomena are expected and observed. First of all, if the laser intensity exceeds 1014 - 1015 W/cm2, laser-atom interaction radically changes. To the electrons located in the outer layer of the atom, the electric field of the laser light is bigger than that of the atomic nucleus. Therefore, in the range of this laser intensity, it is difficult to observe the particular difference between the laser pulse kinetics of inside plasma and neutral gas. In other hand, atomic excitation or ionizing processes are significantly different from the Research of Laser Plasma Interaction Using Ultra-intense Laser low energy case and accompanied with higher order harmonics (up to 150th order) of the incident laser.

Once the laser intensity reaches 1016 -1017 W/cm2 region, excitation of the Langmuir plasma wave becomes more important and eventually affects the laser pulse propagation through the plasma. In this case, the laser pulse behaves nonlinearly showing behaviors such as relativistic self-guiding and self-resonance irregularity of the laser light accompanied by the plasma channel. As the result, huge longitudinal electric field of 100 GV/m is generated. At the laser intensity of 1019 W/cm2 , the motion of the vibrating electrons in the laser electromagnetic field becomes relativistic. Because of Lorentz shift of the plasma frequency, the laser pulse can proceed even in high concentration plasma. In this case, several mega Gauss level quasi-stable magnetic field is self created. In the case of this magnitude laser intensity, radiation pressure of more than 3 giga-bar is generated, and this pressure enables the laser light to punch a hole in the plasma. Using this kind of high power laser, extreme electromagnetic field, pressure and temperature, unavailable by any other way until now, can be acquired, enabling research and investigation of physical phenomenon completely different from the past.

For example, it is even possible to carry out, in the laboratory, the astrophysics research such as building the model of the cosmic explosion by investigating how plasma created by laser explosion behaves with the earth magnetic filed. Furthermore, research of interaction between the ultra-intense laser and plasma has close relationship with particle acceleration due to plasma wave, research of inertial nuclear fusion, development of x-ray source for nano scale holography, etc. These fields are now getting heavy interest worldwide as evidenced by many research papers and rapidly incrasing terawatt laser facilities to carry out these researches.

Material Science and Development of Small X-ray Laser for Medical Diagnosis The physicists have long suggested the principle of x-ray beam generation using the laser. The laser pulse hitting the target object removes electrons from the object, and the ions in the created plasma move to even higher energy level. As each ion transits down from the high energy level to the lower level, light is radiated. These lights, all having the same wavelength, are amplified in phase, it become x-ray laser beam (or coherent x-ray beam). The first x-ray beam was discovered by Matthewss group in Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) in US and Suckewer group in Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory in 1984. [10] After that, development of small x-ray laser technology has been ongoing, and now we can easily secure 46.9nm level x-ray beam in the laboratory using the so called the capillary tube electric discharge technique. There is even a report of generating 14.7 nm x-ray laser using palladium and tinanium. The soft xray is ideal for diagnosing and imaging the ionized plasma with high energy density. The basic research utilizing the x-ray laser can be used as the diagnosis tool for accurately examining the equation of state of many matters, which also provides the necessary information for developing the nuclear weapons, and many material science applications such as examining the crystal structure of the existing matter are also possible. REASONS FOR UNFAMILIARITY While Femtoscience is yet an unfamiliar word in India, but Prof. Wilson Sibbett of St. Andrews University, who opened the age of the femtosecond laser by first developing Kerr Lens Modelocking (KLM) technology, has said that, with development of femtosecond laser technology, the femtoscience will present a new and interesting vision for femtotechnology. The advanced countries have already made significant investment in development of femtoscience and technology and recognized FT(femtotechnology) as the new strategic technology area along with IT, NT, BT, ET and ST, and are accelerating the research and development now is the time for Korea to initiate the heavy investment in femtoscience research and development. In Korea, the small scale femtoscience related researches are being carried out mainly by the universities. Advanced Photonics Research Institute (APRI), annexed to Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), is in plan to construct the next generation quantum beam research facility with petawatt class femtosecond laser system by investing 40M USD for the next 6 years supported by MOST. This facility will be built with the concept of 'national user facility' and furnished with open labs for each research area so that the user group can have its own research

subject and carry out the creative research and experiment. The laboratories will be furnished with various laser powers from subterawatt to PW levels. Once this facility is completed, we expect that full-scale femtoscience researches will commence in the areas of physics, chemistry, biology, medicine and industrial studies, making Korea one of the advanced countries of photonics such as US, Japan, France, UK, Germany and China. We anticipate much interest and participation from the academics, research institutes and industries both domestic and abroad. Electronic Fem

Elementary components are based on soft materials, i.e. organic molecules, semiconducting polymers or carbon femtotubes, instead of inorganic solidUse only 1 or

Inputs are encoded in the molecular structure of the reactants and outputs can be extracted from

The feature size for device in a semiconductor chip is decreasing by a factor of 2 every one and a half year FEMTOSECOND LASER The experiment of femtosecond-laser damage threshold on GaAs wafer, the damage threshold was measured from 50 to 400fs. The mechanism was discussed through injection power, pulse duration and ablation profile. The results showed that the damage threshold increased with the pulse duration, the relationship between diameter of ablation hole and laser power density was also analyzed. It was concluded that the main factor affecting the damage threshold was photon ionization and collision ionization.

Femto wirelessTechnology Radio Frequency Indentification (RFID) Ultra-Wideband (UWB) Near Field Communication (NFC) Near Field Magnetic Communication Wi-Fi HiperLanWiMax (Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access ) WiBro (Wireless Broadband) 802.20 Infrared (IrDA) Zigbee (IEEE)

Future of Femto technology The Futurists Point of View 1800-1900: 1st Industrial Revolution Automation Age 1900-1950: Quantum Revolution Atomic Age 1950-2000: IT Revolution Electronic Age 2000-2050: Biotech Revolution Genomic Age 2050-2100: 2nd Industrial Revolution Femto Age SPINTRONICS Future electronic devices are taking Spin property of electrons in the forthcoming technological era.