Strategy for Integration by Parts 1.

xn f(x) dx where f(x) = sin ax, cos ax, eax (where a is a nonzero constant) Let u = xn and dv = f(x) dx (use tabular method when n 2) 2. xn f(x) dx where f(x) = ln ax, sin1ax, tan1ax, sec1ax, (where a is a nonzero constant) Let u = f(x) and dv = xn dx (including the case n = 0) 3. eax sin (bx) dx and eax cos (bx) dx (where a and b nonzero constants) You have to use integration by parts (udv-substitution) twice. The first time udv-substitution is arbitrary, for example, eax sin (bx) dx, you can let u = eax and dv = sin (bx) dx or u = sin (bx) dx and dv = eax dx. However, the second time udv-substitution must follow the same substitution you use for the first time. Of course, the most important thing is, after you carry out the integration by parts twice, you will see the integral eax sin (bx) dx again (but with minus sign before it). What you need to do now is to transpose this negative integral to the other side. Note: 1. Here, we assume n (the power of x) is a nonnegative integer. Strategy for Trigonometric Integrals For sinmx cosnx dx (m, n 0) 1. If m (the power of sine) is even and n (the power of cosine) is odd: Let u = sin x, save one factor of cos x for du, and use cos2x = 1 sin2x to express the remaining factors in terms of sine. For example, sin4x cos3x dx = sin4x cos2x cos x dx = sin4x (1 sin2x) cos x dx = u4 (1 u2) du = ... Let u = sin x, du = cos x dx 2. If m (the power of sine) is odd and n (the power of cosine) is even: Let u = cos x, save one factor of sin x for du, and use sin2x = 1 cos2x to express the remaining factors in terms of cosine. For example, sin5x cos2x dx = sin4x cos2x sin x dx = (1 cos2x)2 cos2x sin x dx = (1 u2)2 u2 du = ... Let u = cos x, du = sin x dx 3. If m (the power of sine) is odd and n (the power of cosine) is odd: Use either one of the above two methods. For example, sin3x cos3x dx = sin3x cos2x cos x dx = sin3x (1 sin2x) cos x dx = u3 (1 u2) du = ... Let u = sin x, du = cos x dx Or sin3x cos3x dx = sin2x cos3x cos x dx = sin2x cos3x sin x dx = (1 u2) u3 du = ... Let u = cos x, du = sin x dx 4. If m (the power of sine) is even and n (the power of cosine) is even: You have to use the identities: sin2x = (1 cos 2x) and cos2x = (1 + cos 2x). For example, sin2x cos2x dx = (1 cos 2x) (1 + cos 2x) dx = 1 cos22x dx = ...

Notes: 1. If either or both powers of sine and cosine are odd, you may need to use one of the following identities: cos2x = 1 sin2x and sin2x = 1 cos2x (both of these are from cos2x + sin2x = 1). 2. If both powers of sine and cosine are even, you must use the identities: sin2x = (1 cos 2x) and cos2x = (1 + cos 2x). 3. It is also helpful for you to know the following identities: (a + b)(a b) = a2 b2, (a + b)2 = a2 + 2ab + b2, and (a b)2 = a2 2ab + b2. For tanmx secnx dx (m, n 0) 1. If n (the power of secant) is even: Let u = tan x, save one factor of sec2x for du and use sec2x = 1 + tan2x to express the remaining factor of secant in terms of tangent. For example, tan5x sec4x dx = tan5x sec2x sec2x dx = u5 (1 + u2) du =... Let u = tan x, du = sec2x dx, and sec2x = 1 + tan2x = 1 + u2 2. If m (the power of tangent) is odd: Let u = sec x, save one factor of tan x sec x for du and use tan2x = sec2x 1 to express the remaining factor of tangent in terms of secant. For example, tan5x sec4x dx = tan4x sec3x tan x sec x dx = (u2 1)2 u3 du =... Let u = sec x, du = tan x sec x dx, and tan4x = (tan2x)2 = (sec2x 1)2 = (u2 1)2 Summary: Power of tangent Odd Odd Even Even Power of secant Odd Even Odd Even Method 2 1 or 2 Integration by Parts 1

Strategy for Trigonometric Substitution Use trigonometric substitution when you see the integrand involves x 2 + a 2 , there is no obvious u-substitution.

x 2 a 2 or

a 2 x 2 and

Draw a right triangle, let one of the acute angles (usually the one at the base) be , If the integrand has x2 + a2 x2 a2 Let hyp. = x 2 + a 2 opp. = x, adj. = a hyp. = x opp. = x 2 a 2 , adj. = a hyp. = a opp. = x, adj. = Triangle should be drawn Trig. function used for dx tan = x/a x2 + a2 x sec2 d = 1/a dx a a sec2 = dx sec = x/a x x 2 a 2 sec tan d = 1/a dx a sec tan = dx a sin = x/a a x cos d = 1/a dx a cos = dx x 2 a 2

a2 x2

a2 x2

Then break the integral into several components (usually 3the numerator, the denominator, and dx), and rewrite each component in terms of , using trigonometric functions (of course). For dx, always use the trigonometric function that is = to x/a. Example: dx 1 1 16 1 3 4 dx = cos 2 cot sec tan d = cos d 2 2 x 9 3 4 9 16 x 9 3 4x 4 3 cos = sec = cot = = sin + C 4x 3 16 x 9 9 3 4 3 4x 3
2

16 x 9
2

4x

16 x 2 9

4 (cos = ) 3 4x 3 4 1 cos = 3 x 16 1 2 cos = 2 9 x

1 3 1 (cot = ) 3 16 x 2 9 3 1 1 cos = 3 16 x 2 9

(sec = ) 4 3 4 3 sec = x 4

3 sec tan d = dx 4

4 16 x 2 9 = +C 9 4x 16 x 2 9 = +C 9x

Note: 1. Here, we dont have the 3 usual components (i.e., the numerator, the denominator, and dx), but we still can break it down to 3 components (2 for the denominator and 1 for dx). 2. Since the denominator has 16 x 2 9 = (4 x)2 32 , so the hypotenuse should be 4x instead of x. 3. Notice the second column (the Let column) of the table has the hypotenuse in bold, which means the hypotenuse must be that quantity (or similar quantity). On the other hand, the quantities for the two legs can be interchanged (here, I just give my preferred setup of the triangle). Alternative Method: If the integrand has x +a
2 2

Let x = a tan x = a sec x = a sin

Identity should be used 1 + tan2 = sec2 sec2 1 = tan2 1 sin2 = cos2

dx (from the Let column) dx = a sec2 d dx = a sec tan d dx = a cos d

x2 a2 a2 x2

Example (same as above): 3 SW for the denominator: dx 4 sec tan d 1 1 = 2 2 2 2 1 2 3 3 9 9 2 2 2 ( 3 sec ) 2 [16( 3 sec )2 9] 2 ( 4 sec ) [16( 4 sec ) 9] = 16 sec [16(16 sec ) 9] x 16 x 9 4 4 1 9 3 let 4x = 3sec = 16 sec 2 [9sec2 9] 2 4 sec tan d = 27 x = sec 2 1 9 16 sec tan dx = sec tan d = 16 sec 2 [9(sec2 1)] 2 1 3 16 1 9 = d = 16 sec 2 [9 tan 2 ] 2 4 27 sec 9 27 = 16 sec 2 3 tan = 16 sec2 tan 4 = cos d 9 4x 4 4 16 x 2 9 16 x2 9 = sin + C = +C = +C 9 9 4x 9x

16 x 2 9 3

Notes: 1. As before, since the denominator has 16 x 2 9 = (4 x)2 32 , we let 4x = 3sec , instead of x = 3sec . 2. Before we actually integrate the integral, all we do is substituting the components in terms of and then simplifying the expression by using trigonometric identities and law of exponents. After we integrate the

integral, however, if the answer involves a trigonometric function that is not same as the let, we still have to draw out the triangle (like the case above). f ( x) dx Strategy for Integration by Partial Fractions: g ( x) 1. If degree deg(f(x)) < deg(g(x)), factor the denominator, g(x), into the product of linear factors and irreducible quadratic factors. Then set up f(x)/g(x) as the sum of the partial fractions with denominators in these linear and quadratic factors. For example, f ( x) where deg(f(x)) < 6 6 x x2 x6 x2 = x2(x4 1) = x2(x2 1)( x2 + 1) = x2(x 1)(x + 1)( x2 + 1) f ( x) A B C D Ex + F 6 = + 2+ + + 2 2 x x x x x 1 x +1 x +1 And solve for A, B, C, D, E and F (they are all real numbers) 2. If deg(f(x)) deg(g(x)), then divide f(x) by g(x) using long division (i.e., g ( x) f ( x) ). Say after long division, we find out f(x) = g(x) q(x) + r(x), where q(x) is the quotient with degree 0 and r(x) is the remainder with degree < f(x). f ( x) r ( x) f ( x) r ( x) = q ( x) + dx = q ( x) + dx and integrate Notice that f(x) = g(x) q(x) + r(x) , so g ( x) g ( x) g ( x) g ( x) RHS. Of course, since the deg(r(x)) < deg(g(x)), you may need to decompose r(x)/g(x). For example, x3 + 2 x 3x A B x 2 1 dx = x + x2 1 dx = x + x + 1 + x 1 dx = ... x Note: x 2 1 x3 +2 x 1. Since the final answer of most of these integrals involves the ln function and 3 the tan1 function, you will be better off by knowing the following: x x k k k 3x dx = k ln x + a + C dx = ln bx + a + C (b a) b) x+a bx + a b 0) k k x kx k dx = tan 1 + C dx = ln ( x 2 + a 2 ) + C c) 2 d) 2 2 2 x +a a a x +a 2 k k bx kx k dx = tan 1 + C f) dx = 2 ln ( x 2 + a 2 ) + C e) 2 2 2 2 (bx) + a ab a (bx) + a 2b