1. Introduction During the past 20 years, Don Schellhardt (1.

), a Government Relations attorney from the US, with 25 years of experience in public advocacy, legislation and regulations affected energy and the environment, along with numerous other authorities have been trying to convince the US government of the necessity of protecting vital civilian electronics equipment against an Electro-Magnetic Pulse (EMP) attack, because the goals of todays wars is to destroy important plants, not people. These non-lethal wars are less dangerous for military plants and equipment because they are protected in that sense, but never enough (2). The list of vital civilian electronic plants and equipment includes: emergency communications equipment used by police departments, fire departments, emergency medical equipment, amateur radio service equipment and computers in general. Endangered equipment is also likely to include electronics equipment which is necessary for maintenance of life and public heath and safety, for example: backup generators (and related connections) in hospitals, air traffic control towers, aircraft control and guidance equipment, electronic ignitions used to start up police cars and fire trucks, pumps, pipelines power lines, power plants, reactor safety controls, etc. Waves of electromagnetic energy do not harm human beings or other living things. According to these scientists most of this civilian electronics equipment can be shielded with simple, airtight sheaths of copper around or below the equipments surface area. This protection is not prohibitively expensive. The Petition for Rulemaking, advocated by the EMP authorities, seeking government action to guard vital civilian electronics equipment against the harmful effects of an EMP has finally been accepted. 2. Mechanism of Acting E-bomb (Electromagnetic bomb) or the effects of the

E-bomb, an EMP, can be generated in at least three different ways: 1. Through the explosion of a nuclear or thermonuclear weapon (A-bomb or H-bomb) at a high altitude, in which case much of the nuclear or thermonuclear energy is converted into intense electromagnetic energy that can cause damage on regional or even nation wide scale. The dangerous effects referred as an EMP- Electromagnetic Pulse, which can be a consequence of a nuclear burst. To deal with an EMP attack that involves multiple nuclear bursts and / or with a more focused non-nuclear EMP attacks at much closer range, it seems prudent to require enough shielding to protect vital civilian electronics equipment from an electromagnetic surge of up to 100 000 V / m. 2. Through an E-bomb, designed to explode in a nonnuclear but still disabling electromagnetic burst, with damage limited to a fairly contained target area, such as an office complex or a city block. 3. Through a ground-based EMP generator, which can be either stationary or mobile, designed to knock out small but vital targets, such as an air traffic control tower or the Stock Exchange. 4. Electromagnetic effects The high temperatures and energetic radiation produced by nuclear explosions causes much electrically charged matter. These conditions can also produce intense currents and electromagnetic fields, generally called EMP, over large areas. They can temporarily or permanently disable electrical and electronic equipment. Ionized gases can also block short wavelength radio and radar signals for extended periods. Affects of EMP depends on the altitude of burst. Results can be significant for surface or low altitude bursts (below 4,000 m). Results can be very significant for high altitude bursts (above 30,000 m), but they are not significant for altitudes between these extremes. The asymmetric

absorption of the instantaneous gamma rays produced by the explosion are absorbed by the air and do not generate long-range electromagnetic disturbances at intermediate altitudes (3). In low altitude explosions the electrons, being lighter and quicker than the ionized atoms they are removed from and diffuse away from the region where they are formed. This creates a very strong electric field, which peaks in intensity to 10 nanoseconds. The ground absorbs the gamma rays emitted downward. The effects of these fields on electronics is difficult to predict. Enormously induced electric currents are generated in wires, antennas, and metal objects (like missiles, airplane and building frames). Modern VLSI chips are extremely sensitive to voltage surges, and would be burned out by even small leakage currents. Military equipment is usually designed to resist EMP, but realistic tests are very difficult to perform and EMP protection rests on attention to detail. Minor changes in design, incorrect maintenance procedures, poorly fitting parts, loose debris, moisture and ordinary dirt can all cause elaborate EMP protections to be totally circumvented. 5. Categorization of the Non-nuclear ( RF/MW) Weapons and Technologies for Their Realization Two types of non-nuclear EMP devices have been developed, the High Power Microwave Weapon (HPM) and the Ultra Wide Band Weapon (UWB). The HMP uses conventional explosives to induce the EMP, the UWB uses a singleuse, high-power microwave generator. These weapons use intense pulses of RF / MW energy to destroy or degrade the electronics in a target. They can be employed in a narrow beam over a long distance to a point target. These weapons can be made as the bombs or as the EMP cannons. 6. Coupling Modes and Targeting E-Bomb The major problem is that of coupling efficiency. This is

a measure of how much power is transferred from the field produces by the weapon into the target. Coupling can be: - front door coupling, which can occur when power from an electromagnetic weapon is coupled into an antenna associated with radar or communications equipment; - back door coupling which can occur under one of three conditions, when the electromagnetic field from a weapon produces large transient currents or when electrical standing waves on fixed electrical wiring and cables interconnect equipment or by providing connections to main power sources or the telephone network. 7. Defense Against E Bomb The most effective defense against E bombs is to prevent their delivery or presence. This may not always be possible, and therefore systems which could suffer exposure to the electromagnetic weapons must be electromagnetically hardened. Hardening newly build equipment and systems will add a substantial cost burden. It may be impossible to properly harden old equipment and may require the better option of complete replacement. The most effective method is to wholly contain the equipment in an electrically conductive enclosure (Faraday cage). However, most of such equipment must communicate with and be fed from the outside. These electrical entry points might allow transit energy to enter the enclosure and cause damage. The necessary communication and transfering data can occur through optical fibers. But, the power supply issue remains an ongoing vulnerability. Instead of hardening against attack using the spread spectrum techniques should be employed exclusively. Communications networks for voice, data and services should employ topologies with sufficient redundancy and fail over mechanisms to allow operation with multiple nodes and links inoperative. This will deny a user of E-bombs the option of disabling large portions, if not the whole network, by taking

down one or more key or links with a single or small of attacks. 8. Conclusion E-bombs are weapons of electronic mass destruction with applications across a broad spectrum of targets. The massed application of these weapons will produce substantial paralysis in any target system.Because E -bomb can cause hard kills over larger areas than conventional explosive weapons of similar mass, they offer substantial economies in force size for a given level of inflicted damage. The nonlethal nature of electromagnetic weapons makes their use far less politically damaging than that of conventional munition (4). The ongoing technological evolution of this family of weapons will clarify the relationship between weapon size and lethality, thus producing further applications and areas for study.