THE ROYAL ORDERS OF BURMA, A.D.1598-1885 PART ONE , A.D.

1598-1648

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THE ROYAL ORDERS OF BURMA, A.D.1598-1885 PART ONE , A.D.1598-1648

Edited with Introduction, Notes and Summary in English of Each Order by THAN TUN, M.A.,B.L., Ph.D. (London) Professor of History , Mandalay University

KYOTO
THE CENTER FOR SOUTHEAST ASIAN STUDIES, KYOTO UNIVERSITY

1983

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Published with the financial aid of the Toyota Foundation

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CONTENT

List of colleagues who helped in collecting the Royal Orders Introduction Summary of each order in English Royal Orders of Burma in Burmese

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List of colleagues who helped in collecting the Royal Orders

Aung Kyaw (Chaung U) Aung Myin Chit Soe Myint Khin Htwe Yi Khin Khin Khin Khin Gyi Khin Khin Sein Khin Lay Khin Maung Htay Khin Myo Aye Khin Nyun ( Mrs Thein Than Tun ) Khin Yi ( Mrs Than Tun ) Kyaw Kyaw Win Mya Mya Myint Myint Htek Myint Myint Than Myo Myint Ni Toot Nyunt Nyunt Way Ohn Kyi ( Chaung U ) Ohn Myint Oo Panna Sai Kham Mong San Myint (Chandramala) San Nyein San San Aye Saw Lwin Sein Myint Than Than Thaung Ko Thein Hlaing Thein Naing Thein Than Tun Thoung Thoung Tin Maung Yin Toe Hla Tun Nwe Tun Thein Tun Yi ( Sutesi) Win Maung Yi Yi Yi Yi Aung

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INTRODUCTION

THE ORDERS are in fact the instructions make by the kings on things what he want to be done or on methods of how a things should be done. An order would affect either the whole kingdom like a declaration of war or an individual alone like freeing him from slavery. Generally one order deals with one episode but sometimes there are several things mentioned in one single order. Largely the emphasis in an order depends on the individual taste or style of a king though these orders reflect upon the social and cultural background of the people. In another words, a king was absolute in power and therefore his word was law but he seldom went against tradition or religion of the majority of his subjects. These orders together with the reports on how these orders were executed and the results after these orders had been carried out were kept in the Palace Archives known as Shwe Daik. they were now all lost. fortunately, a minister or an assistant minister would have copies of these orders made for his own use and many of these survive. A considerable number of these copies are still in the hands of private collectors but most of them are now at the Rangoon National Library, Mandalay National Library, Burma History Research Department, Archaeology Department,

Universities Central Library at Rangoon and the Library of Mandalay University. The present

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collection is the copy of the copies (including those with the private collectors) and there is no other way to do it. One copy would be used to check against the other when there are more than one copy but there are also cases when there is only one copy and it happens to be a bad copy. At first we thought that the chronicles like Kala: Maharajawan ( compiled in about 1720) and the Mhannan: (compiled by a Royal Commission in 1829) might help. Now we find that the chronicles had used these orders almost exclusively as source material and through copying several times until they were printed late in the 19th century and early in the 20th century, it would be wise to check them with these orders. In AD 1598 there was a new dynasty of kings at Ava and therefore the year 1958 is taken as an opening date of this collection of the Royal Orders of Burma. These are only two orders found prior to it and adding these two in this collection is an afterthought. The Order of King Kya Zwa (1235-1249) is found as an inscription on a stone and therefore it is taken as original as well as contemporary. There might be some anachronism in the case of the order of King Mingyi Swa Saw Ke (13671400) dated 19 June 1368 because some words and phrases probably belong to a later period than they claim to be. Using only stone inscriptions we could have a glimpse of the administrative system in the Pagan period

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(AD 1000-1300) and of Ava since it was founded on 26 January 1365. As a framework of the administrative system, this order of 19 June 1368 is all right though a few words or phrases like wan kri: or sa: toau a can mre: toau a chak mrac toau a nwan, are, I think, later interpolations. Using Sir Alfred Irwin's charts, AD equilavents of Burmese dates are given. The charts are made for years from AD 638 down to AD 2000 and in this way there is uniformity in the set and they are therefore dependable. There are a few points where Irwin disagrees with the actual calendar but they are negligible and for this reason, we use Irwin. Arranging the orders in chronological order would show that there are no orders for several years even during the reign of a king. It is impossible to say that a king would say nothing important in all these years for the simple reason that we could not find any order in those years. There is still a possibility that a few more might turn up to fill in the gaps. The Kings of Nyaung Yan Dynasty were: 1 King Nyaung Yan (Sihasuradhammaraja), son of King

Hanthawaddy Hsinbyushin; he made himself king at Ava on 27 July 1597 and died on 28 October 1605 (see ROB 28 October 1605).

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King Anauk Phet Lun, son of King Nyaung Yan; he became king on 28 October 1605 and he was assassinated on 29 May 1628.

King Thalun, brother of Kin Anauk Phet Lun; he held his coronation on 28 August 1633 and he died on 23 August 1648. We stop Part One of the Royal Orders of Burma on the demise of this king and some copies of this part give the name of Man: Sum: Pa: Amin, toau - The Royal Order of Three Kings, to it.

King Pintale, son of King Thalun; he succeeded the throne on 23 August 1648 and was dethroned by his brother on 24 May 1661.

King Pyi, son of King Thalun; he usurped the throne on 24 May 1661 and died on 3 April 1672.

King Nayawaya, son of King Pyi; he succeeded his father on 20 April 1672 and died on 16 February 1673.

King Yame thin, popularly known as King Tuesday or King Wun Be In San, brother of King Nayawaya; he was made king by the ministers as his predecessor died young without an heir and he ruled until he died on 24 April 1698.

King Dabayin (King Saturday), son of King Yamethin; he succeeded his father and died on 11 August 1714.

King Mhannan Shin (King Sunday), son of King Dabayin; he

succeeded his father and died on 3 November 1733. 10 King Singu (mahadhammarajadhipati, King Thursday), son of King Mhannan Shin; he succeeded his father and he was captured and taken to Hanthawaddy when Ava fell on 11 March 1752 and he and his family were drowned in 1754. These kings ruled over the Kingdom of Ava which was almost in size equal to the Union of Burma minus the coastal strips of Yakhine and

Tennasserim. Taking the River Irrawaddy as the dividing line running east to west in central Burma, lands on the north of tha line were known as the Province (Taing) of Sunapranta and south the Province (Taing) of Tampadipa. On the north and northeast Sunaparanta there were the Provinces of Gandhalarac or Sin, and Kamboja. On the south of

Tampadipa there were Srekhettara, Jeyyawatthana and Ramanna. But it is considered that the majority of the Burmese were confined to the Provinces of Sunaparanta and Tampadipa and these two provinces were divided into seven divisions called Taik. By the Royal Order 31 May 1679, the divisions are located as follows: 1 The Ashay Taik (East Division) on the east of the River Irrawaddy from Singu to Ava. 2 The Anauk Taik (West Division) on the west of the River Irrawaddy from Bhamo to Yamethin.

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The Taung Bet Taik (South Division) on the west of the River Chindwin from Kani to Pakhan Gyi.

The Myauk Phet Taik (North Division) on the northern part of the Chindwin and Mu Valley with Moksobo (which later became Shwebo) and Mingin as the southern base.

The Twin Thin Taik was along the Mu and Irrawaddy from Ye U in the north, Myin Mu in the east, Taloke in the south and Anein in the west.

The Mahadan Taik was the triangle of Mungin-Ye U as the northern base and Anyein as the south apex.

The Sin Kyi Taik was all land east of the Anauk Yoma (the western range) except the valleys of the Chindwin and Irrawaddy.

(See the Sketch Map of Central Burma showing the Position of Taiks). It was one of the traditional believes that there were one hundred and one ethnic groups living all over the world (see ROB 2 June 1679) and each group would have a king of its own and when the Burmese King could subdue the other one hundred kings, he would become the Universal Monarch (see ROB 22 November 1628; perhaps 11 November 1629 would be the date of this Order). The Order says: Conduct the elaborate ritual as prescribed by the Bame

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Sayadaw that would enable the King to subdue all the other One Hundred Kings and made him King of Kings. The ritual should be conducted on 22 November 1628 within the enclosure of the Zigon Pagoda (of Ava). Perform on that day dance and music by the Indians on the east side of the pagoda, by the Burmese on the south, by the Chivese on the west and by the Shans on the norths. Probably the date 22 November 1628 would be a mistake for 11 November 1629. We do not know from where the Burmese got the idea of the world having four major races of the Burmese, Indian, Mon and Shans and the Burmese have seven sub-families, Indians sixty four, Mon three and Shan twenty seven. All Indians were foreigners who came across the sea. Many of them were mercenaries serving the King to fight and subdue the eastern neighbours. the immigrants from the north like the In Gye, Kachin, Karen, Loo, Myee and Tayoke (see ROB 24 May 1642) were welcome and they were settled in sparse areas on the west of the Irrawaddy and Chindwin like Hpyin Ta, Hpyit Thi, Hsa Htone, Hsa Lin, Lin Ga Daw, Ma Be, Pa Dain and Si Tut Ta Ya. In another instance (see ROB 2 April 1647) these immigrants including the Shans were sent to small towns and villages so that each town would have a minimum population of 300 and a village 50. The following list in four categories of

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political, social, economic and cultural aspects might help a student of Burmese history to use these Royal Orders of Burma. The date of the Order in which a particular information is mentioned, is also given in this list so that the English Summary could be used for a rough and ready reference. POLITICAL
Accomodation for Provincial Chief sat the Capital City, 30 Jul 1600 Accounts / Expenditure, 30 May 1637 Accounts / Food Consumption, 25 August 1598 Accounts / Income, 30 May 1637 Accounts / Tributes, 30 May 1637 Adultry, 28 Apr 1728 Affairs of State, (25 Aug 1636) Appeals, 27 Jun 1676 Appointment of Officers, 30 May 1635 Appointment of Men in Subordinate Services, 27 Sep 1598, 30 May 1635 Arbitration, 19 Jun 1368, 23 Jan 1607, 11 Dec 1637, 10 Dec 1639, 13 Apr 1646 Armed Forces / Increase the Strength of the, 30 May 1635 Ascension from one group to another, 11 May 1692 Assassination, 15 Oct 1638 Assaults, 28 Apr 1728 Assayists, 10 Apr 1635 Barracks, 21 Nov 1666, 15 Aug 1679 Boats / War, 4 Feb 1638, 9 Jul 1638, 25 Apr 1659 Boundary Demarcations, 25 Aug 1598, 26 Sep 1605, 18 Nov 1630, (30 May 1635), 27 Apr 1637, (7 Nov 1637), 12 Jan 1639, 9 Apr 1692, 20 Oct 1721 Bribery and Corruption, 8 Jun 1635 Business as Uaual, 20 Oct 1605 Bye Daik (Office of the Interior), (30 May 1635), 21 May 1637 Camp Followers, 16 Feb 1605 Campaign North, 27 Apr 1604, 16 Feb 1605, 6 Nov 1637, 18 Nov 1637, 11 Dec 1637, 14 Dec 1637, 1 Nov 1638 Cats kept at the Granaries, 30 May 1635 City Gates, 9 May 1635, 14 Feb 1690 City Limits, 25 Aug 1598 City Streets, (10 Aug) 1690 Clock Tower to announce the Time, 26 Sep 1605 Compensation, 12 Apr 1691, 21 Jun 1696 Commander of the Fighting Forces, 30 May 1635 Confirmation of Appointments, 27 Sep 1598 Conservation of Old Monuments, 4 Apr 1638 Clerks of the Palace Stores, (30 May 1635)

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Conspiracy, 21 Jun 1691 Consumption of Daily Food at the Palace, 25 Aug 1598, 8 Aug 1609, (30 May 1635), 13 Jul 1692 Contingent of Fighting Forces from Provincial Governors called upon to defend the City, 2 Jun 1661 Control / Price, 8 Apr 1649 Coronation, 10 Apr 1630 Crimes / Investigation of, 5 Aug 1636 Crimes / Suppression of, 4 Aug 1636, 5 Aug 1636 Crown Prince, 1 Aug 1603, 26 Sep 1605, 28 Dec 1638, 11 Sep 1639, 2 Apr 1647, 22 May 1664, 10 May 1629, 25 Apr 1729, 27 Jun 1670 Defense / Palace, 3 Aug 1632 Defense / Strengthen the Forces of, (30 May 1635), (5 Aug 1636), 19 Dec 1666 Descendants of the Men of the Fighting Forces, 3 Aug 1632, (30 May 1635) Descending from one group to another, 11 May 1692 Deserter, 5 Aug 1636, 30 Jun 1679 Devolution of Office, 8 Jun 1782 Discrepencies among the Men of the Fighting Forces, 24 Sep 1598, (30 May 1635), 1 May 1692 Divisions called Taik, 31 May 1679, (2 Jun 1679) Duty / Negligence of, 22 Nov 1637 Duty / Night, 10 Apr 1635, 24 Jul 1638 Duty / Twenty Four Hour, 19 Jun 1638, 25 Aug 1598, 30 May 1635, 7 Nov 1637 Dues / Customary, 4 Jul 1635 Dhammasat, (23 Jun 1607) Elephant / White, (24 Jun 1634), 4 Oct 1638 Elephant Groups, 30 Aug 1598, 7 Feb 1637, 24 May 1642, (2 Apr 1647), 28 Feb 1664, 11 Jun 1664 Emergency / State of, (Fire, Rouge Elephant or Horse), 31 Mar 1665 Encroachment of Land, 30 May 1635, 13 Feb 1638 Endogamy in the Royal Family, 12 Nov 1630 Espionage (King's Eyes and Ears), 19 Jun 1368 Evidences at Court, 5 Oct 1692, 28 Apr 1728, 8 Jun 1728 Expenses of a Law Suit, 11 Dec 1637 Experience / Learn from, 27 Sep 1598 Extraction of Gold and Silver, 30 Jul 1600, 21 Jun 1638, 11 Sep 1639, 24 Nov 1716 Family / Royal, 23 Jun 1607, 12 Nov 1630, 30 May 1635 Fees / Court, 7 Nov 1637, 13 Apr 1646, 30 Jun 1679, 4 May 1697 Fief, 18 Nov 1657, 21 Jun 1691 Fighting Forces / Increase the Strength of the, (30 May 1635), (5 Aug 1636), 19 Dec 1666 Fines, 12 Apr 1691 Fire Fighting, 10 Apr 1635, 9 Dec 1637 Fisheries, 2 Jun 1679 Gates / City, 14 Feb 1690 Gates / Palace, 9 May 1635, 15 Feb 1690 Generals, 16 Feb 1605, 28 Sep 1638 Governess, 30 May 1635

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Governor, 3 Mar 1658 Granaries, 10 Apr 1635, 30 May 1635 Guards, 25 Aug 1598, 9 Jul 1638, 25 Apr 1639, 20 Oct 1643, 19 Apr 1664 Guns, 24 Jul 1638 Headman, 8 Aug 1642, 8 Jun 1728 Hluttaw, 22 Nov 1637 Horse Groups, 30 Aug 1598, 24 May 1642, 2 Jun 1671 Insignias of Rank and Status, 24 Aug 1598, 30 Oct 1600, 17 Dec 1605, 8 May 1638, 8 Oct 1638, 20 Oct 1638, (2 Apr 1647), 3 Jan 1650, 15 Sep 1666, 19 May 1678, 26 Jul 1678, 1 Mar 1680, 6 Mar 1725 Inspection Tours, 16 Jul 1645 Interpreters at the Court, 12 Apr 1691 Interrogation of Monks at the Court, 29 Apr 1641, 22 May 1642 Investigation of Crimes, (5 Aug 1636) Judgements, 10 Dec 1689 Judges, 23 Jun 1607, 11 Dec 1637 Jurisdiction, 24 Sep 1598, 10 Apr 1635, 30 May 1635, 21 May 1637, 13 May 1691 Juvenile Delinquency, 5 Aug 1636, 3 Oct 1679 King's Land, 19 Jan 1715 King's Monopoly (Royal Monopoly), 30 Jul 1600 Kings / Succession of, 16 Feb 1673 Lamps at the Palace, (12 Jan) 1639 Laundress, 30 May 1635 Law and Order, 23 Jun 1607, 11 Dec 1637 Leaders of the Fighting Forces, 17 Aug 1663 Merceneries, (30 May 1635), 11 Apr 1638, 24 Jul 1638, (12 Jan 1639) Minister / Model, 3 Apr 1638, 24 Jul 1638, (12 Jan 1639) Misappropriation of Funds, 24 Sep 1689 Monks summoned to the Court, 29 Apr 1641, 22 May 1642 Murder, 12 Apr 1691 New Palace, 30 Aug 1598, 24 Jun 1634, (9 May 1635) Officer and Men / Relationship Between, 8 Jun 1661 Officers measuring Land, 9 Apr 1692 Officers / Quarrelling, 13 Jul 1692 Officer / Residence of an, 24 Aug 1598, 3 Mar 1643, 18 Jan 1661, 7 Sep 1689, 13 Jul 1692, 8 Jan 1725 Officers / Retinue of, 26 Sep 1605 Official Dress, 24 Sep 1605 Orders / Collection of, 5 Oct 1681 Orders / Ignore ambiguous, 5 Oct 1681 Pageant, 1 Mar 1633, 3 Apr 1638, (2 Apr 1647), 14 Aug 1662 Palace Defence, 3 Aug 1632 Palace Kitchen, (12 Jan) 1639,Palace Menials, 30 May 1635 Palace / New, 30 Aug 1598, 24 Jun 1634, (9 May 1635) Palace Stores, (30 May 1635), Peace, 19 Jun 1368 Petition, 10 Apr 1635, 15 Apr 1743, 21 Apr 1743, 31 May 1743 Pleaders, 23 Jun 1607, 22 Nov 1637, 13 Apr 1646 Population Count, 23 Jun 1607, 30 May 1635, 28 Sep 1638

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Prerogative, 23 Jun 1607, (30 May 1635) Promogeniture, 12 Feb 1643 Promotions, 4 Jan 1715 Provisions, 21 Oct 1661 Public Works, 8 Aug 1604, (30 May 1635) Rebellion at Martaban, 28 Sep 1638 Records / Collecting, 22 May 1669 Records of Religious Land, 18 Nov 1630, (30 May 1635), 7 Nov 1637 Records of the Servants of the Religion, 18 Nov 1630 Register, 10 Apr 1630, 30 May 1635, 16 Feb 1638, 2 Jun 1679, 12 Dec 1686, 27 Apr 1691 Relation between Officer and Men, 8 Jun 1661 Reorganising the Fighting Forces, 16 Feb 1605, 10 Apr 1630, 12 Nov 1630, 28 Sep 1638, (12 Jan) 1639, 1 Nov 1646, 11 May 1692 Revenue, 8 Nov 1637 Security, 22 Nov 1637 Servants of the King, 30 Aug 1598,(40 May 1635), 8 Jun 1635, 5 Oct 1681, 16 Jul 1692, 8 Jun 1728 Servants of the Religion, 18 Nov 1630, (30 May 1635), 7 Nov 1637, 1 Jan 1655, 18 Nov 1657, 20 Feb 1716, 20 Jun 1718, 8 Jun 1728, 21 May 1743 Shwe Wa (Ava), 8 Aug 1598, 28 Oct 1605, 24 May 1642 Siege of Syriam, ?Nov 1610 (it should be Jan / Feb 1613) Siege of Toungoo, 18 Nov 1607 (it should be 25 Nov 1609) Slander 28 Apr 1728 Soldiers, 19 Jun 1368 Specialists, 9 Sep 1638 Street / Standard Width of a City, (10 Aug) 1690 Strength of the Fighting Forces, 24 Jul 1638 Succession of King, 16 Feb 1673 Suppression of Crimes, 4 Aug 1636, 5 Aug 1636 Taxes, 19 Jun 1368, 10 Apr 1635, 25 Apr 1639, 15 Apr 1716, 20 Apr 1638 Theft, 6 May 1249, 9 Dec 1637, 28 Apr 1728 Titles, 18 Nov 1657 Title / Posthumus, 4 Nov 1638 Traffic Control, (5 Aug 1636) Training in Boatmanship, 9 Jul 1638 Training in Using Guns, 24 Jul 1638 Training in Office Works, 10 Apr 1635 Transfers, 13 Apr 1646, 2 Aug 1679, 14 Oct 1679, 26 Apr 1691 Trial by Ordeal, 18 Nov 1630, 25 Apr 1639, 21 May 1743, 23 May 1743 Tributes, 30 May 1637 Umbrellas / White, 18 Apr 1608 Vacancies, 10 Apr 1635, 8 Jul 1694 Vassals, 30 Jul 1600 Village Tracts, 31 May 1679 War, 27 Apr 1604, 16 Feb 1605, 6 May 1637, 18 Nov 1637, 11 Dec 1637, 14 Dec 1637, 1 Nov 1638

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SOCIAL Athi Ala Kupper (Resident, Stranger and Settler), 8 Aug 1604 Bastards, 23 Jun 1607, (30 May 1635) Boys go the father; girls stay with mother, 23 Jun 1607, 14 Jan 1636 Caste, 28 Sep 1638 Destitutes at monasteries, 31 May 1643 Dedication of Men as the Servants of the Religion, 18 Nov 1630, (30 May 1635), 7 Nov 1637, 1 Jan 1655, 18 Nov 1657, 20 Feb 1716, 20 Jun 1718, 8 Jun 1728, 21 May 1743 Encouraging Marriages, 28 Sep 1638 Elders, 9 Dec 1637 Endogamy, 12 Nov 1630 Ethnic Groups, (2 Jun 1679) Feringi, (30 May 1635), 24 Jul 1638, (12 Jan 1639) Foreigners, 9 Sep 1638, 18 Nov 1657, 3 Apr 1667 Happy/ Keep the People, 19 Jun 1368, 14 Oct 1635 Immigrants, 24 May 1642, (2 Apr 1647) Inheritance, 8 Sep 1640, 12 Dec 1675, 26 Jul 1678, 26 Feb 1679, 11 Aug 1692, 5 Oct 1792, 28 Apr 1728 Intergroup Marriages, 23 Jun 1607, 17 Apr 1662, 1 May 1662, 28 Feb 1664, 11 Jun 1664, 15 Jan 1666, 27 Apr 1671, 13 Aug 1671, 10 Apr 1679, 15 Aug 1679, 27 Oct 1679, 12 Dec 1686, 8 Jul 1694, 8 Jun 1728 Juvenile Delinquents, 5 Aug 1636, 3 Oct 1679 Keep the People happy, 19 Jun 1368, 14 Oct 1635 Land / Checking the Boundaries of, 13 Feb 1638 Land / Measuring the, (30 May 1635) Land Encroachments, (30 May 1635) Land to cultivate, 24 Sep 1598, (30 May 1635) Land to live, 24 Sep 1598, (10 Apr) 1630, (30 May 1635), 7 Feb 1638, 24 Mar 1642, 24 May 1642, 19 May 1678, 11 May 1692 Marriage with a Servant of the Religion forbidden, 5 Oct 1681 Marriage between a half-brother and a half sister, 12 N0v 1630 Marriage / Encouraging, 28 Sep 1638 Marriage / Intergroup, (see Intergroup Marriages) Monks / The Servants of the King are not allowed to be ordained Buddhist, 10 Apr 1679 Population Count, 23 Jun 1607, #0 May 1635, 28 Sep 1638 Prostitutes, 30 May 1635 Scions of Old Dynasties, 28 Mar 1639, (2 Apr 1647) Servants of the King not allowed to be ordained as Buddhist Monks, 10 Apr 1679 Servants of the Religion, 18 Mar 1630, 30 May 1635, 7 Nov 1637, 1 Jan 1655, 18 Nov 1657, 5 Oct 1681, 8 Jun 1728, 21 May 1743, 20 Feb 1716, 20 Jun 1718 Slavery, 14 Jan 1636, 10 Jun 1638, 16 Mar 1652, 21 Jan 1664, 14 Jun 1666, 7 Jul 1673, 2 Aug 1679, (27 Oct 1679), 5 Oct 1681, 5 Sep 1692, 9 Dec 1692, 13 Jun 1693, 8 Jun 1728 Tea / Reconciliation shown by eating together the pickled, (15 Oct 1638) Villagers coming to the Capital City, 2 Feb 1643, 16 Jul 1645

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ECONOMIC Bamboo, 8 Apr 1649 Broker / License of, 24 Dec 1669 Business as Usual, 28 Oct 1605 Control / Price, 8 Apr 1649 Cultivate / Land to, 24 Sep 1598, (30 May 1635) Cultivation / Guards employed in, 20 Oct 1643 Cultivation / More Land under, 5 Aug 1636, 20 Oct 1643 Extracting Gold and Silver, 30 Jul 1600, 21 Jun 1638, 11 Sep 1639, 24 Nov 1716 Fisheries, 2 Jun 1679 Garden, (30 May 1635) Gold and Silver / Extracting, 30 Jul 1600, 21 Jun 1638, 11 Sep 1639, 24 Nov 1716 Guards employed in Cultivation, 20 Oct 1643 License of Broker 24 Dec 1669 Money Lenders 30 Jul 1600, 21 May 1668, 13 Aug 1671 Monopolies / Royal, 30 Jul 1600 Price of Bamboo, 10 May 1692 Price Control, 10 May 1692 Price of Slave, 10 Aug 1690 Price of Timber, 10 May 1692 Silver / Extracting Gold and, 30 Jul 1600, 21 Jun 1638, 11Sep 1639, 24 Nov 1716 Slave / Price of, 10 Aug 1690 Specialists in Production, 9 Sep 1638 Timber, 8 Apr 1649 CULTURE Ablution / Water for, (9 May 1635), 20 May 1635 Anniversary of Sakkaraj / One Thousandth, (31) Mar 1638 Avenue of Trees, 2 Jan 1654, 14 May 1720 Buddha's Foot-Print / In Search of the, 11 Apr 1638, 16 May 1638 Calendar / Cultivators, 30 May 1598, 15 Apr 1639 Celebration, (31) March 1638 Ceremonial Dress, 24 Sep 1598, 2 Sep 1638 Ceremony / Ear-Boring, 28 Dec 1600, 1 Mar 1601 Ceremony / Hair-Dressing, 28 Dec 1600, 1 Mar 1601 Ceremony / Rice-Feeding, 1 Mar 1601 Ceti / Dagon, 10 Nov 1637, 24 Jan 1642, 24 May 1642, 26 Aug 1679 Clock Tower, 26 Sep 1605 Collecting Old Records, 22 May 1669 Conservation of Old Monuments, 4 Apr 1638 Court Fees to be used for repairing Old Images, 7 Nov 1637, 2 Jul 1638 Crossing the Irrawaddy River to visit the Pagoda, 15 Oct 1638, 8 Apr 1649 Dagon Ceti, 10 Nov 1637, 24 Jan 1642, 24 May 1642, 26 Aug 1679

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Dedication of Land for the Maintenance of the Religious Establishments, 18 Nov 1630, 30 May 1635, 23 Feb 1722, 29 Jan 1726, 28 May 1727 Dedication of Men as the Servants of the Religion, 18 Nov 1630, 30 May 1635, 7 Nov 1637, 1 Jan 1655, 18 Nov 1657, 5 Oct 1681, 8 Jun 1728, 21 May 1743, 20 Feb 1716, 20 Jun 1718 Decorations / Exterior and Interior, 2 Sep 1653, 12 Jan 1654, 16 Oct 1665, 1 Feb 1668, 6 Oct 1668 Elephants / U Dain Min Saw the Guardian Spirit of, (24 Jun 1634) Festivals, 2 Sep 1638 Funeral, 8 Jun 1638, 21 Sep 1638, (15 Oct 1638), 4 Nov 1638, 28 Dec 1638, 25 Apr 1639, 22 Feb 1656 Guardian Spirits / Offerings to the, 30 Aug 1598, 30 May 1635, 21 Jun 1638, 16 Feb 1642 Hermit /Aggasita, 24 Jul 1638 Images repaired by using the Court Fees, 7 Nov 1637, 24 Jul 1638 Jataka Paintings, 7 Apr 1633, 9 May 1635, 8 Apr 1649 Material / Writing, 19 Apr 1664 Magic 25 Aug 1598, (10 Apr) 1630, 7 May 1635, 9 May 1635 Merit / Works, 16 Feb 1642 Monks / Senior, 10 Jun 1638, (30) Jun 1638 Offerings / Religious, 27 Sep 1598 Offerings to the Guardian Spirits, 24 Jun 1634, 21 Jun 1638 Ordination of Monks suspended, 28 Sep 1638 Ordination / No Servant of the King allowed to become a Buddhist Monk by, 10 Apr 1679 Painting the Jatakas, 7 Apr 1633, 9 May 1635, 8 Apr 1649 Painting the Life of the Buddha, 7 Apr 1633 Pavilion, 24 Sep 1638 Pitaka Copying, 4 Apr 1638, 22 Apr 1638 Rains, 1 May 1664 Religious Ceremonies, 30 May 1598 Religious Offerings, 27 Sep 1598 Religious Reformation, 5 Aug 1636, 16 Feb 1642, 18 Feb 1642 Religious Teachings, 9 Nov 1605 Restoration, 7 Nov 1637 Rituals, 22 Nov 1628 Water for Ablution, (9 May 1635), 20 May 1635

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THE ROYAL ORDERS OF BURMA, AD 1598-1885; Part I, AD 1598-1648

SUMMARY 6 May 1249 Order: (1) Listen with great care to this proclamation because it is in conformity with the teachings of the Religion as well as the laws passed by the ancient kings. (2) Give the most severe punishments to those who are guilty of theft and robbery. The king wants to be magnanimous but one good example could stop others from becoming bad. Therefore such punishments are necessary. (3) No one could escape punishment for doing any of these hideous crimes because no one is going to escape hell in his next life for his misdeeds in this present life. (4) (5) Live a good and moral life. Every village of more than fifty houses must have one stone inscription pillar of this proclamation. (6) Once in a fortnight all villagers (including those from small village where there are no such inscription stones of this proclamation) shall come to this inscription engraved on it. (7) Made 444 stone inscriptions of this proclamation.

This Order was proclaimed on 6 May 1249. Note: This Order is included in this collection because it is the earliest known order of a king in Burma that has ever been recorded. 19 June 1368 Order: Ministers Maha Nanda Zayya Kyaw Htin, Maha Taraphya and Maha Thiri Nay Myo Naw Yatha, Assistant Minister Nanda Thin Gyan and Deputy Ministers Nay Myo Zayya and Thiri Zayya Kyaw Htin should see that the following points are taken care of in the execution of various aspects of administration. (1) Officers are appointed to maintain law and order and preserve peace and tranquility through out the kingdom. (2) Officers are expected to be well versed in the affairs of state so that they might not do anything detrimental to the interest of the King, the Royal Family and the State and they are given the permission to remonstrate the King if necessary. (3) Officers of the Interior are solely responsible for the Palace Defence and they are expected to act as the King's Eyes and Ears. Righteousness should be the guiding principle in the execution of all their state functions. (4) Guards of the Palace are to be on duty for twenty four hours and they must be very sharp in detecting spies of enemies coming into the precincts of the Palace.

(5)

Personnel of All the Armed Forces must be loyal and courageous but they are discouraged to be exceedingly ruthless and cruel.

(6)

Officer-in-Charge of the Capital City has the jurisdiction over the area within ten miles (16.093km) radius of the City and he is held responsible to keep this area free of burglers, thieves, robbers, rapists and arsonists. His duty is to safeguard life and property.

(7)

Officer-in-Charge of other towns and villages must help the people to work and prosper. They are to use arbitration to mitigate a minor offence or to minimise a great offence and they should keep the taxes and revenues in the minimum.

(8)

Group Leaders of All Groups in the Service of the King including the menial servants of the Palace should take care that there is efficiency in discharging duties.

(9)

Secretarial Staff of the Palace should be prompt in their work but they are to be civil in all their public dealings.

(10)

In dealing with the Vassals, civility is again the catchword.

(11)

Boundary Demarcations are always to be respected and all chiefs of administrative units must have records of the extent of the areas under their control.

(12)

Any act of treason should be dealt with promptness though thorough investigations are necessary before punishment. Keep the people happy is the slogan.

(13)

Provincial Chiefs must bring customary tributes to the King on the First Day of the Ninth Month (Nadaw) and failing to do so would be taken as an act of rebellion.

(14)

Vigilance is the keynote of all officers and men under the King.

This Order was proclaimed by Theinga Tuyin, the Chief of Heralds, on 19 June 1368. Note : This Order conveys the idea that the Burmese kingship was just and humane and its stability is largely depended upon the efficiency of the King's ministers, etc.

30 March 1598 Order : Declare Sakkaraj 960 (AD 1598) as a Wa Nge Year (meaning that the Third Month-Nayon, should have twenty nine days as usual but the Fourth Month-Waso, would be followed by an intercalary month called Waso the Second). This Order was proclaimed at the Hluttaw by the Chief of Heralds on 30 March 1598.

Note : The intercalary month of Waso the Second of this year began on 23 June 1598 and ended on 22 July 1598. Usually every third year of the Burmese calendar has an intercalary month but it was always the King who decided that the Third Month-Nayon, should have either twenty nine days as usual or thirty days. Of course he was advised by the Calendar Committee.

24 August 1598 Order : (1) Make specifications as to a/how much dues that a person holding a town as his fief or a village as his fief, should exact from his fief, b/what kind of a residential house that such a person who holds a fief should live in c/what kind of ceremonial dress that each noble or officer should wear and d/what insignias that he should use as befitting his rank and status. (2) (3) Allow no one to use any insignia above his rank. Appoint Gate Keepers at the East Red Gate, West Red Gate and Nine City Gates. This Order was proclaimed at the Hluttaw on 24 August 1598/ Note : Rank and status of each prince, provincial chief or vassal, minister and officer were determined by the seat he was given in the Audience Hall. There were five divisions, yiz. Du Nayya, Taw

Nayya, Atwin Bawaa, Pyin Bawaw and Sanee. The King set facing east ans as tha audience took their seats facing him, those on the lift or south side of the aisle are considered superior to those of the right or north side even if they were of the same rank.

25 August 1598 Order : (1) Carry out the magic rites of protection as prescribed by the Bame Sayadaw in building a new palace. (2) Determine the limits of the Capital and post guards at various gates. (3) Recruit the Guards from the men of Ayut'ia, Laung Shay, Taung Yoe and Yakhine. This Order was proclaimed at the Hluttaw by the Chief of Heralds on 25 August 1598. Order : (1) Carry out the sentinel duty at the Palace for all twenty four hours and check as frequently as possible the sentries by the Officer-in-Charge of the Guards during the day and by the Chief of Lamp Men and the Chief of Curtain Men at night. (2) Report regularly the monthly consumption of food at the Palace (including food given as a ration to the Servants of the Palace) by the Clerk of the Tribute Receiving Department of the Palace Secretariat. This Order was proclaimed at the Hluttaw by the Chief of Heralds on

25 August 1598.

30 August 1598 Order : (1) Prepare the Ceremony of Occupying the New Palace as prescribed by the Bame Sayadaw, Acara Thumyat and Myat Muni Thingayaza and the Officer of Twin Thin Taik shall supply all necessary material to be used at this ceremony. (2) The Officer of the West shall stock adequately the provisions at the Palace. (3) The Officer of the West shall allocate and supervise the duties of the Servants of the Palace. (4) The Treasury Officer of the City called the Shwe Pyi Soe, shall exact various dues from all the markets of the City. (5) Reorganise the Elephant Men and Horse Men belonging to the Palace Defense. (6) The Officer of the Mahadan Taik shall supply the objects to be offered at all religious ceremonies. (7) Appoint the Attendants at various shrines of the Guardian Spirits of the City and let them do the proper propitiations to these spirits. This Order was proclaimed at the Hluttaw by the Chief of Heralds on 30 August 1598.

Note : Usually Brahman Astrologers took charge of these ceremonies of the Occupying the New Palace or the Moving into the New City. The Buddhist Monks now asked to supervise these occasions is a departure worthy of note.

24 September 1598 Order : (1) Confine the Living Quarters of a man of the Fighting Forces at the place where his ancestors had lived for generations before him. (2) Attach him permanently to the Group where his ancestors had served. (3) Any change from one Group to another of a man of the Fighting Forces requires a special order. (4) A change would be occasionally made when an exceptionally able person out of the Fighting Forces elsewhere would be transferred to some duties at the Palace. (5) Made the yearly supply of ceremonial as well as official dresses, etc. to courtiers in the same way as it was done during the reign of King Hanthawaddy Hsinbyushin. (6) The Hluttaw shall try all cases without any

discrimination. (7) Determine the City Limits and the Officer of Lak Ma Thauk should handle all crimes committed within the City area. (8) All Dues and Taxes exacted should be the same as the time honoured custom of the past.

(9) (10)

The Religious Offerings should be carried out as usual. All appointments should have the prior sanction of the Hluttaw.

(11)

Everyone in the Service of the King must be prepared to learn from experience because a person who knew the custom would not know the actual practice; when he came to recognise the actual practice he would not concieve the shape of things that would be brought about; when he realize the shape he would not grasp the idea; and even when he became well aware of the idea he would not comprehend the consequences.

This Order was proclaimed at the Hluttaw by the Chief of Heralds on 24 September 1598.

30 July 1600 Order : (1) Declare as Royal Monopolies the works of extracting amber, gems, gold, gums and iron. (2) Worker employed in producing the above five material should not be asked to contribute labour to do any other public work because they are already in the Service of the King. (3) These workers should not be harassed by money lenders in order to recover their loans to them should they happen to incur some debts.

(4)

Their Chiefs should be given all accomodations should they visit the Capital to pay their Annual Tributes to the King.

This Order was proclaimed by Herald Nay Myo Nandathu on 30 July 1600.

30 October 1600 Order : (1) Give Prince Min Ye Okzana and Princess Thiri Mutta, son and daughter of His Majesty by the Chief Queen, the insignias of rank as befitting their status. (2) Give also Prince Min Ye Thein Hka Thu the insignias of rank. This Order was proclaimed by the Chief of Heralds on 30 October 1600.

28 December 1600 Order : (1) The Officer of the West shall prepare the Hair Dressing and Ear Boring Ceremonies of Princess Panthwar. (2) Draw the List of Gifts to be given to the Princess at these ceremonies to be held on 1 March 1600. This Order was proclaimed at the Hluttaw by the Chief of Heralds on 28 December 1600.

1 March 1601 Order : (1) Princes Thiridhamma thawka and Maharaja Thawka shall feed the Ceremonial Rice to Princess Panthwar on the

10

occasion of Hair Dressing and Ear Boring Ceremonies. (2) Say these phrases while they are feeding the rice for seven times : a/ Eat this rice; it will give you long life b/ Eat this rice; it will give you health c/ Eat this rice; it will give you loyal servants d/ Eat this rice; it will give you political power e/ Eat this rice; it will give you prosperity f/ Eat this rice; it will give you a good sense of righteousness g/ Eat this rice; it will give you a good mind to be generous This Order was proclaimed on 1 March 1601-the day of the ceremonies.

29 July 1603 Order : (1) Start a Monastic Establishment according to the given specifications on the west of the Maha Myat Muni. (2) Each monastery built must have wood carvings of various designs and figures. (3) Forty Sawbwas shall be notofied to participate in this programme of founding the Monastic Establishment. (4) Thiri Sithu is appointed the Chief Architect to take charge of all constructions. (5) The Officer of the Golden Treasury shall give 100 viss of silver called the Ywet Ni or Kyats 10,000 to cover

11

the estimated cost of each monastery or the total estimate of Kyats 400,000 for all the forty monasteries. (6) All this money must be taken from the personal accounts of the Dowager Queen, the King and the Queens (mothers of Prince Talok, Prince Taung Hsin, Prince Pyinzi and Prince Hkaw Than Di). (7) One Minister, one Deputy Minister, one Senior Clerk and one Chief of Lak Ma Htaung must supervise the whole programme. This Order was proclaimed at the Hluttaw by the Chief of Heralds on 29 July 1603.

1 August 1603 Order : (1) Prince Tabayin is appointed the Crown Prince with the title of Thado Maha Dhammayaza. (2) The Crown Prince is given all the insignias of rank, all the official and secretarial staff and Armed Guards. (3) The Crown Prince is given special gifts by the King and the gifts include land and cattle. (4) The Crown Prince is also given the Buddha Images newly made and the Pitaka set newly copied. (5) A three day festival is allowed at the time of the Investiture of the Crown Prince.

12

This Order was proclaimed at the Hluttaw by the Chief of Heralds on 1 August 1603.

27 April 1604 Order : (1) The King's brothers Thado Dhammayaza and Min Ye U Zana shall march against the 'wild people' of the north with 10,000 fighting men. (2) (3) They shall not come back until they are recalled. They shall start the Campaign on 28 December 1604.

This Order was proclaimed on 27 April 1604. Note : 'Wild people' was used in the sense that these people living in the far north and north east and called Shan, Yoon, Lu, Tayok and Tayet were once under the Burmese suzerainty and were now in open rebellion. They lived close to but on the other side of the Burma frontier and at that moment they were found to be coming to the Burma side for loot and plunder. Some wanted to settle in the Burmese territories and they would be welcome as Burma needed more people to claim forest land for agriculture. (See the ROB of 24 May 1642 and 2 April 1647).

20 June 1604 Order: Minister Nay Myo Maha Dhamma shall report the origin of carrying the Royal Order of Great Importance on a young bull elephant with a howdah called Ye Ka and beating the Big Drum and Big Gong when every sentence of the Order

13

is read. This Order was passed on 20 June 1604 which was the fifth day of the fourth month of the Burmese Calendar. Minister Nay Myo Maha Dhamma reported that as the live blood of the Kingdom depends on agriculture, the declaration of the Cultivator's Calendar by the King with the advice of the Calendar Committee on the fifth day of the fourth month every year as to when it is time to start the nusery plots of the paddy plants, to prepare the fields to receive the seedlings from the nuseries, to transplant the seedlings, to start the water supply, to stop the water supply, to do the weeding, to do the harvesting, to store the year's crop, etc. is considered very important. To impress the people that the information so declared is important, an elephant, a big drum and a big gong are used. When the cultivators are busy in the fields (from June to December) none of them are to be disturbed like ordering them to appear at a law court either as a defendant or a witness. Even when the cultivator himself has a grievence to be settled at court he shall wait until the harvest is over.

8 August 1604 Order : (1) (2) Reestablish Ava as the Capital City on 8 August 1604. Maung Pu Shwe is appointed the Officer-in-Charge of the Golden City (Shwe Pyi Soe) with the title Zay Ta Yit. (3) Let the Officer-in-Charge of the City supply the Palace these twelve commodities- On Don (Laurus), Ok Shit (Quince), cotton, leather, charcoal, gum, hemp, earth oil, molasses, tamarind, palm leaves as before. (4) Let the Keeper of the Red Gate supply the pickled tea

14

and cloth called Khatha as before. (5) Let the Chief of Tribute Receiving Office sell the cloth called Thalu after having a written permission to do so from the Officer-in-Charge of the Common folks called Athi. (6) A unit of five member Athi family shall pay in every ten months a revenue in copper of 2 viss (9.125 lbs, 4.1391 kg). (7) A unit of ten member Headman family shall pay in every ten months a revenue in copper of 2 viss (9.125 lbs, 4.1391 kg). (8) A man who is a stranger at first at a village but when he marries a woman of that village and settles there he would be known as an Ala. (9) A man and his wife who settle at village not of their own would be called a pair of Kuppa. (10) A Service Man stationed at a village on duty would never become either an Athi or an Ala. (11) For Public Works, the exaction of Dues would be 3 viss

15

(10.95 lbs,4.97 kg) for an Athi, viss (1.82 lb, 828 g) for an Ala, viss (2.74 lbs, 1.24 kg) for a Kuppa and 1/16 viss (0.23 lb, 115 g) for a Service Man. This Order was proclaimed on 8 August 1604. Note : With the exception of clauses 1 and 2, this Order of King Nyaung Yan was proclaimed in toto by King Thalun on 24 May 1635 and also by six other kings-King Pintale in 1649, King Pyi in 1661, King Nayawaya in 1672, King Dabayin in 1704, King Mhannan Shin in 1714 and King Mahadhammaraja in 1733.

16 February 1605 Order : (1) Start a military campaign immediately with His Majesty himself in command against Bhamo and Hseiwi. (2) The Crown Prince, Prince Min Ye Thein Ga Thu and Prince Min Ye U Zana shall accompany the King. (3) All necessary preparations including magical rites for such an expedition should be carried out and the learned Brahman of Pandaung and the Bame Sayadaw are to be consulted in matters of magic. (4) In the organization of the Fighting Forces, put 1, 000 of them under 100 Leaders called Akyat, 10 Chiefs called Ahsaw and 1 Commander called Ake and all of them must be adequately equipped with weapons including guns and cannons.

16

(5) Among the Camp Followers include experts in catching wild elephants and artistes of musical entertainment. This Order was proclaimed at Hluttaw by the Chief of Heralds on 16 February 1605.

26 February 1605 Order: (1) Define the Limits of the Palace as - the Enclosure Wall of Tazishin Pagoda in the east, - the main road leading to the foot of Mt Tuyin in the south, - the bog field called Hpyet Ma Naing in the west and - the Pan Say Stream in the north. ( In fact these limits were marked when the Temporary Place called Maha Bon Tha at Tada U was occupied on 11 August 1598). (2) Declare the Extent of the Empire as - the Iron Bridge in the east, - Ayut' ia in the south, - the sea coast in the west and - the places where fire is seen burning on the water

17

surface and where the people called Gig Ears, Thet and Kathe live in the north. ( In fact these boundaries were declared when the Permanent Place at Ava was occupied on 3 November 1598). (3) Within this Empire only a Prince of the Royal Family must be appointed as an Officer-in-Charge of a town which is important like the towns of Chiengmai, Hanthawaddy, Martaban, Mindon, Prome, Tavoy and Toungoo; other Princes would be appointed as officers at Keng Si, Keng Cheng in the north, at Ye and Salin in the south and at all the Riverine Toll Gates downstream. (4) Give these officers retinue befitting their rank and status as it was formerly done by King Ngazishin of Wizayapura. (5) Build the Clock Tower and resume announcing the time. (6) Build the Buddha Tooth Tower close to the Place. (7) Raise the total height of the Maha Myat Muni Pagoda, the construction of (31.242 metres). which was begun on 18 March 1603, to 102,5 Feet

18

(8) Build a four story monastery near the Maha Myat Muni. (9) Start the Campaign to Bhamo on 17 December 1605. (10) Appoint Prince Dabayin the Crown Prince and give him the insignias as befitting his rank and status. This Order was proclaimed by the Chief of Heralds on 26 September 1605.

28 October 1605 Order: (1) there should be no panic and (2) business should be carried on as usual at Shwe Wa. This Order was proclaimed by using an elephant with the howdah called Ye Ka when the new King ascended the Throne at the demise of the old King on 28 October 1605. Note: Shwe Wa was the new name of Ava. The dead king was King Nyaung Yan and the new one was King Anaukhpetlun. Using a Ye Ka elephant to procalim this Order means that it is very important. (See the ROB of 20 June 1604). According to the Mhannan (III, 1967 Reprint, pp.140 and 145) King Nyaung Yan died on 21 February 1606. Whenever a date or an event disagrees between the ROB and the chronicle, we prefer to follow the ROB.

19

9 November 1605 Order: (1) The Crown Prince should follow the Religious Teachings seriously. (2) Construct the Residence of the Crown Prince with the given specifications on the north west of the Palace. (3) Give the insignias as well as the Guards to the Crown Prince. This Order was proclaimed at the Hluttaw by the Chief of Heralds on 9 November 1605. Note: The chronicles do not mention this investiture of a Crown Prince early in the reign of King Anaukhpetlun.

17 December 1605 Order: Give Maha Thiri Zayya Thinlaya and Maha Thiri Zayya Kyaw Htin some more objects in addition to the insignias already given to them. This Order was proclaimed during the Capaign to Bhamo on 17 December 1605. Note: The chronicles have no reference to this Campaign to Bhamo in 1605.

20

23 June 1607 Order: (1) Give Nanda Yawda the Charge of the Guards at the Eastern Sector of the Palace Yard, Bala Yawda south, Yaza Yawda west and Thiri Yawda north. (2) These Officers must also take charge of more than fifty groups of the Servants of the Palace. (3) Take the Population Count in each of these groups clearly stating how much there are adults and children of each sex. (4) Take the list of Senior Monks, Junior Monks, Lay Devotees at the monasteries, disabled persons who are depending on the charity of the monasteries and slaves who take refuge at the monasteries within the City. (5) Submit these List and Registers as quickly as possible. This Order was given to the four Officers of the Palace Yard on 23 June 1607.

23 June 1607 Order : (1) A Pleader should put on his head a pointed top headdress, carry a bag and use a fan of yellow handle when he

21

appears at court on behalf of a client. (2) A Client is advised to give only small gifts to his Pleader when he first appears before the Judge on his behalf. (3) A Pleader shall take only 37 ticals of copper from his client for one case and asking or giving more than that is punishable. (4) A Pleader who could not possibly avoid telling lies, should therefore live at a given quarters outside the City. This Order was proclaimed at the Hluttaw by the Chief of Heralds on 23 June 1607.

23 June 1607 Order : (1) There is always a possibility that a Judge would be misled by a Pleader who is usually a very good speaker and therefore a Judge should take care that a Pleader should not unduely exaggerate the importance of a case. (2) A Judge is empowered to give 100 lashes for the first offence and to exile for the second offence to the Pleader for the contempt of the court. This Order was proclaimed at the Hluttaw by the Chief of Heralds on 23 June 1607.

22

Note : See also the ROB of 24 June 1634.

23 June 1607 Order : (1) In an intergroup marriage between a woman of the one group among the nine of the Palace Entertainers in music, singing and dancing or playacting and a man of any one group of the Servants of the Palace, a male offspring should become a Servant of the Palace and a female offspring should become one of the Queen's Drummers. (2) Children sired by a Prince of the Royal Family and born of a Palace Nautch-girl should not be taken as a member of the Royal Family. (3) All children of the second category should become Palace Entertainers. (4) Some of the children of the second category would be transferred to other services. (5) It is the Royal Rrerogative to do such a transfer and even then a transfer to a higher position is impossible. This Order was proclaimed at the Hluttaw by the Chief of Heralds

23

on 23 June 1607. Note : This is an exception to the age old custom of ''Girls stay with mother; boy go to father''. See also the ROB of (30 May 1635).

(23 June 1607) Order : (1) A Judge should weigh the evidence and differentiate right from wrong. (2) A Judge should use the Dhammasat to determine the the punishment though he should remember the fact that there are the differences of time and place between the case cited as an example in the Code and the case for which he would now be giving a judgement. (3) A Judge should be moderate in exacting Court Fees or in ordering a fine or compensation. He should always take care that ''the charges of repair should not exceed the the original price of a thing''. (4) A Judge should be able to stop a Pleader who would use clever words to misrepresent a case and if he were not checked in time it would be just like conniving theft or robbery right in the centre of the City. (5) Every Judge should have a copy of this Order with him. This Order was proclaimed by Zayyathura and copies of it were sent to all the Judges.

24

Note : Although the Dhammasat is an important manual for Judges, this Order gives them the power of discretion in applying it to any case that they are trying.

18 November 1607 Order : Yay Hlan Za and Le Hla Za make a return trip between Toungoo and Ava within a fortnight to seek the advice of the Bame Sayadaw as to ways and means of a speedy success in the siege of Toungoo. This Order was proclaimed on 18 November, the day when the said two officers were sent to Ava. Note : The monk on receiving the message said nothing but he took off his cap and put it on a receptacle. That was interpreted as a hint to pull down the finial of a pagoda outside the wall of Toungoo on the north east where the main force under the King was camping. The King of Toungoo accepted the subordinate alliance on 24 August 1610. The date 18 November 1607( 10 Nadaw 969) should be 25 November 1609 (10 Nadaw 971) because although it took long to subdue Toungoo, it would not take the period of three years.

18 April 1608 A Note on White Umbrellas submitted to the King by the Tipitakalankara Sayadaw: 1 U Yu, diameter 78'' (1.9812 metres) is placed one on either one on either side

25

of the Arch over the Throne (U Gin) 2 Thamokdayit, diameter 126'' (3.2004 metres) is hung over the Golden Bedstead (Thalun) 3 Kya Nghan, diameter 75'' (1.905 metre) 4 Thamokdaza, diameter 75.75'' (1.92405 metre) 5 Sanda, diameter 7.75'' (1.92405 metre) 6 Thuriya, diameter 76.5'' (1.9431 metre) 7 Padonma, diameter 76.5'' (1.9431 metre) 8 Thamokkha, diameter 78'' (1.9812 metre) 9 Withajon, diameter 77.25'' (1.96215 metre) 10 Kanetgadan, diameter 93.75'' (2.38125 metre); used at the Coronation and therefore considered as the most important of all the White Umbrellas. 11 Kampu (Gamba), diameter 77.25'' (1.96215 metre) A Note on the Magic Thread of the Prince Vijayabhahu put this thread around his body as a protection against the evil spirits when he invaded Srilanka at about the time of the Buddha's Death and this practice has spread to Burma. A Note on the Buddha's Religion Buddhism reached Srilanka at the time of Vijayabhahu's invasion and from there the Religion reached Thaton and Pagan. The Mahavihara

26

Sect of Buddhism of Srilanka reached hanthawaddy in the time of King Ramadhipati (Damazedi, 1472-92) and from there it reached Ava during the time of King Mahadhammaraja (Anaukhpetlun, 1606-1628). These Notes were submitted to the King on 18 April 1608.

November 1610 Order : Pintaga Za make a return trip between Syriam and Ava within a month to seek the advice of the Bame Sayadaw as to ways and means of a speed success in the siege of Syriam. This Order was passed in November 1610 at the Camp on the south eastern approach to Syriam. Note : The monk said nothing but gave the messanger one set of monastic robes, a piece of human bone and one cubit (1.5ft, 45.72cm) length of a burnt firewood; these things reminded the King that through some mistake some Servants of the Religion were in his Fighting Forces. A check was made and these people were sent back to their former services. The date November 1610 is impossible. The King started the Syriam Campaign on 15 December 1612 and Syriam was taken on 18 March 1613. Therefore this Order was given sometime in January or February 1613.

27

22 November 1628 Order : (1) Conduct the elaborate Ritual prescribed by the Bame Sayadaw that would enable the King to subdue all the other One Hundred Kings and made him the King of Kings. (2) The Ritual is scheduled to be performed on 22 November 1628 within the Enclosure of the Zigon Pagoda of (Ava). (3) Perform on that day dance and music by the Indians on the east side of the Pagoda, by the Burmese on the south, by the Chinese on the west and by the Shans on the north. This Order was proclaimed on 22 November 1628. Note : King Anaukhpetlun was assassinated at Hanthawaddy by his son Min Ye Dibba on 29 May 1628. At Ava Prince Min Ye U Zana made himself king on 25 August 1628 and the troops sent by Min Ye Dibba defeated him on 6 December 1628. Therefore if the date of this Order 22 November 1628 (7 Nadaw 990) is correct, it might have been passed by Min Ye U Zana. But there is a possibility that the day and month are all right though the year would be 991 instead of 990. Then the date would become 11 November 1629 (7 Nadaw 991) and it was King Thalun who passed it.

28

10 April 1630 Order : (1) The King now residing at the Thetkama Camp in Hanthawaddy had since 22 December 1629 assumed the Regnal Title of Sirisudhammarajadhipati. (2) Press the scions of the old dynasties into the Guards called the Lay Ze Daw and Nga Ze Daw. (3) Reorganize the Fighting Forces employed in the Palace Defense. (4) Open proper Registers of the Service Men and keep them in the Palace Archives. (5) Open a Register of Monks, disabled persons who depend on the charity of the monasteries and slaves who take refuge at the monastic establishments. This Order was proclaimed by the Chief of Heralds on 10 April 1630.

(10 April) 1630 Order : (1) Check with the Registers of the Former Service Men and reorganise the following Fighting Forces:
Amyauk (Cannon) Daing (Round Shield) Hlay (Boat) Hlwar (Oblong Shield) Hsin (Elephant) Kar (Any Kind of Shield)

29

Ko Yan (Body Guard) Lay (Archer) Myin (Horse) Shan Kaung Han (Shan from Kenghung) Thanat (Gun) Thway Thauk (Soldier) Win (Palace Guard)

(2) Take the Register of the Families of the Fighting Forces mentioning how much there are adults and children of both sexes in each family. (3) Give Residential Quarters to the menial servants of the Palace under the charge of the officer of the West. (4) Give Residential Quarters to Kawa Daw (Launders ) and ok Kyut (Tile Makers). (5) Revive the Magical Devices which were carried out by King Thadominhpya on 27 January 1365 to make Ava invulnerable to the attacks of enemies. This order was proclaimed on (10 April) 1630.

12 Novmber 1630 Order (1) Sons and daughters of Kings Hanthawaddy Hsinbyushin, Nyaung Yan and Anaukhpetlun are allowed to inter marry provided they are born of different mothers. (2) Scions of the old dynasties of Bassein, Chiengmai,

30

Hanthawaddy,

Martaban,

Myaungmya,

Pagan

and

Thayaykhittaya are allowed to intermarry provided they are born of different mothers. (3) Offsprings of the union between a prince and a commoner will never be considered a prince or princess and male offsprings have to join the Guards called Lay Ze Daw and Nga Ze Daw. (4) Descendants of the grandfather and grandmother of the Chief Queen are to Join the Fighting Forces of Shin Htwe and Shin Kyine. (5) Reorganise the following Fighting Forces:
Han Pyi Bo Kwun On Za Letwe Kyaw Htin Le O Za Min Hla Ni Yoke Sa Mun Shwe Ban Pan Myo Htin Nanda Meik Nanda Sithu Nanda Thiri Nay Myo Bon Kyaw Sokkate Tetlu Yan Aung Thi Hton Za Tuyin Gathu Tuyin Thura U Dain Thara Waylu Thondara Yanma Thiri Yaza Gonna Ye Waw Hmu Zayya Zayya Kyaw Htin and Zayya Yawda

31

(6)

The following are appointed to the positions shown against their names:
Aung Kyaw San, Clerk of the North Horse E Thaw Da, Senior Clerk of the Shan Horse Kyaw San Hla, Clerk of the South Horse and Nga Tha Dun Aung, Senior Clerk of the Burmese Horse

This order was proclaimed at the Palace of Festivities in Hanthawaddy by the Chief of Heralds on 12 November 1630.

18 November 1630 Order: (1) Collect all Records of Religious Monuments like pagodas and Religious Establishments like monasteries and find out the exact limits or boundaries of the Religious Lands dedicated to these foundations by their founders like the previous nineteen kings of Ava starting with King Thadominhpya. (2) Interrogate by the Lead Ordeal called Hke Htauk, all Provincial and Lands officers, their Clerks, Local Chiefs who are in charge of all the Religious Lands, or their descendants and any old local resident who would have the knowledge of the Religious Lands to get all possible information in connection with these Religious Lands.

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(3)

Check all Records of Land Revenue so that no revenue either in cash or kind from the Religious Land had been deposited in the Royal Treasury or Royal Granary through mistake or ignorance.

(4)

Restore all Boundary Marks of these Religious Lands like Nat Saunt Nat Hta - the Shrines of Guardian Spirits,

Gazin - a Line of Raised Earth between Two Lands, Thit Si- a Hedge between Two Lands, and Kyauk Tine - Cairn or Stone Pillar. (5) Copy all Records of the Religious Lands for the Palace Archives. This order was proclaimed on 18 November 1930. Note: It seems that this fear of misappropriating a religious property through mistake or ignorance was present through out the Burmese history. An investigation was made in 1256 and King Tayoke Pyay returned the Religious Land which his predecessor had taken because the establishment to which the land was originally given was in ruin. In such a case the charge of the land would be given to the nearest Religious Establishment. King Kyaw Zwa (who became king on 12 December 1350) ordered on 12 March 1359 that the lithic inscriptions should be collected to check the Religious Lands

33

(Pl.521 1). In addition to this order of 18 November 1630 to check the Religious Lands, the King also gave another order on 30 May 1635 to check the lands given in maintenance of the Shrines of Local Guardian Spirits. Another order was passed on 6 August 1636 to prohibit misappropriation of any Religious Property and the orders of 27 April 1637 and 7 November 1637 were given not only to check the Religious Lands but also to trace the descendants of the Servants of the Religion so that they could be reemployed in the Service of the Religion. The order of 4 April 1638 required the scribes to copy the old records of land

dedications to the Religion. A few months before his death (on 23 August 1648) King Thalun on 18 May 1648 clearly stated at a dedication of land and men to a Religious Establishment that it was the order of a King that certain land and men were set aside for the maintenance of a certain Religious Establishment and such an order should be respected by all the later kings. And it was found that his idea of "land and men given in maintenance of a Religious Establishment " was well accepted by later kings (see ROB of 5 October 1681 and 24 July

34

1793) and also by the British conquerors.

3 Auguat Order: (1)

1632 Put on duty as the Guards of the Palace the descendants of the Guards of former four kings.

(2)

The Palace Guards must check all the Elephant Men and Horse Men who come to the Palace on duty. Allow them only to use the North Entrance.

(3)

Put the Guards not only at the entrance doors but also at the stairways and at some places close to all the windows.

This order was proclaimed by Yan Toke Pa on 3 August 1632.

1 March Order: (1)

1633 Prepare a pageant on 12 April 1633 when the king would visit the Bon San Tu Lut monastery at Pinya.

(2)

Made the preparations like the Pageants of King Hanthawaddy Hsinbyushin visiting the Kyaik Ban Daing monastery, King Myaung Yan visiting the Tada U Maha Bon Tha monastery and King Anaukhpetlun visiting the Pyatthat Maha Yadana Myat Bon Tha monastery.

(3)

After the Pageant, deposit the things used then not at the Min Gan Taik but at the Mingala Min Gan Taik.

35

This order was proclaimed at the Hluttaw by the Chief of Heralds on 1 March 1633.

7 April Order: (1)

1633 Assign a group of five hundred artists to paint on the enclosure walls of the Maha Myat Muni Pagoda the stories of 547 Jatakas, the Life of the Buddha, the Occasion when the Teachings of the Buddha were reduced to writing, the Spread of Buddhism to Burma and the Foundation of the Dagon Pagoda.

(2)

The learned monks whose names are given here supervise the paintings: Sayadow of Tay Mi Chauk Ma Monastery Sayadow of East Parakkama Monastery Sayadow of West Parakkama Monastery Sayadow of Taywin (Taung) Chay Monastery Sayadow of Set Monastery Sayadow of Zayya Thabin Monastery and Sayadow of Thit Seint Bin Monastery

(3)

Give these Sayadow of the Supervisory Board food, medicine and best of treatment while they are at work by the officer of the Royal Granary and the Rich Men Gambiya Withaha, Ponnya Thiri, Pattama, Nandiya and Puppa.

36

(4)

Give the five hundred artists full provisions while they are at work.

This order was proclaimed at the Hluttaw by the Chief of Heralds on 7 April 1633.

24 June Order: (1)

1634 Start the New Palace constructions on the auspicious day of 21 July 1634.

(2)

The Tipitakalankara Sayadaw shall explain whether it is correct or not to have the beams of a buildings or in the buildings built by the order of king Nyaung Yan.

(3)

Ministers supervise the magical rites performed in the course of constructions.

(4)

Prepare a Pageant for the occupation of the New Palace on 24 May 1637.

This order was proclaimed by the Chief of Heralds on 24 June 1634. Note: The monks could say nothing because it is a question of custom though they knew that the King wanted the Talaing custom.

(24 June

1634)

37

(This is the repition of the ROB of 23 June 1607)

(24 June Order: (1)

1634) Do not bring wild elephants recently captured by the Auk Ma Elephant Group to the Old Elephant Yard by the route that approached Ava from the East Island after having crossed the Ngwe Zin Stream.

(2)

Bring them by the route that crosses the mouth of the Panlaung River and goes west until Nga Ya Bya to enter the old Elephant Yard.

(3)

Made the usual offerings to U Dain Min Kyaw, the Guardian Spirit of Elephants, by the officer of the Auk Ma Elephant Group.

This order was proclaimed on (24 June 1634) Order: (1) Tax Collectors take the commission of one quarter in a viss of silver or 25 % , one half in a viss of copper or 50% and for other commodities take not more than one third of the thing that has been collected. (2) Appoint Gold Assayists only those descendants of the Assayists of the former kings.

38

(3)

Report to the Hluttaw any post that has fallen vacant in the Hti Byu Taik, Min Gan Taik, Myauk Taik, Pa Soe Taik and Pyin Ayoke Kyee Taik under the charge of the officer of the Royal Treasury.

(4)

Train suitable persons in the special knowledge of the Royal Treasury.

(5)

Fill all the vacant posts in the Provincial Treasuries immediately and any appointment made in accordance with this order must apply for a Royal Sanction.

(6)

The Hluttaw shall apply for a Royal Sanction to fill the following vacancies.
Head Clerk Royal Scribe of Orders Royal Scribe of Instructions Royal Scribe of Provincial Correspondence Clerk of the office of the East Magistrate Clerk of the Golden Palace Clerk of the Burmese Horse Group Clerk of the Shan Horse Group Clerk of the Yoon (Chiengmai) Horse Group Clerk of the Horse Group which had served the king when he was the Crown Prince Clerk of the office of the Commonfolks Clerk of the City office Clerk of the office in Charge of Towns which have no Local Town Officers and Clerk of the office of Royal Granaries.

(7)

The Hluttaw shall make a list of persons in order of merit to be appointed as :

39

Officer-in-Charge of a Town Commander of a Town Garrison Herald Head Clerk Tax Collector and Officer as Personal Assistant to a Minister. Appointments made to any of these positions require a Royal Sanction. (8) Accomodate the Offices of : Officer-in-Charge of the Commonfolks Officer-in-Charge of the Outposts Officer on Inheritance Officer of Petitions Officer-in-Charge of the Population Count and Officer-in-Charge of the Toll Gates at the building of the Court of the East Magistrate. (9) Officer-in-Charge of the City shall have jurisdiction over the area extending until Hti Paung Ga in the east, Zaga in the south, .. in the west and Yay Za in the north and his special duty is to keep this area safe from thieves and fire. (10) Officer of one Thousand Men shall keep the people in preparedness for fire fighting but both he and his superior officer would be expelled from their offices if he were found to be harassing the people. (11) Officer of Petitions shall receive 1 viss of copper on each petition; officer-in Charge of the Commonfolks

40

shall receive one set of clothes, two coconuts, one packet of pickled tea for each list of commonfolks submitted by the Village Headmen; a clerk for doing one official transaction shall receive one coconut and a packet of viss of pickled tea; and officer-in-Charge of the City, officer of prescribed amounts for any of their official transactions. (12) Clerks of the Tolls must be able to write in the prescribed form of reporting and those who are not able to do so shall have to leave the service in favour of those who could do so; a clerk for writing a letter of receipt shall receive viss of copper and 1 viss of pickled tea. (13) Officer-in-Charge of Salin and Lay Myo and Commanderin-Charge of Garrisons there could not use palm leaves of pointed tips for official correspondence whereas the officers-in-Charge of Chiengmai, Hanthawaddy, Martaban, Mindon, Prome, Syriam, Tavoy and Toungoo are allowed to

41

do so. (14) Officers-in-Charge of Divisions Badon, Made, Mahadan, Prome Seven, Sin Kyi, South, Twin Thin and West are to submit the revenues as usual. (15) The following must apply for written orders before they do anything in their charge: Chief of the Royal Lands at Prome Chief of Danet Pala Elephant Group Chief of In Khan Fisheries Chief of Cannons Unit in the Fighting Forces and Chief of Guns Unit in the Fighting Forces.

(16)

Chief of Nine Hundred Thousand at Tabayin, Chief of Eighty Thousand at Pakhan Gyi and Chief of Forty Thousand at Amyint were once important posts in their localities; trace their descendants so that these posts could be revived.

(17)

Men of the Big Burmese Force, Small Burmese Force, Big Talaing Force, Small Taling Force, Big Kala Force, Small Kala Force, Big Shan Force and five Forces of the Shield shall in the paddy that they produced to the Royal Granaries at Pha Lan Gon, Khuntha and Htan Ma

42

under the charge of Maha Nanda Baya Kyaw Htin and other Royal Granaries at far off places under Thiri Baya Kyaw Htin. (17) Officer-in-Charge of the Royal Granaries shall appoint the Granary Man, Watch Man, Locks Man, Basket Man and Tally Man. (18) The Hluttaw shall assign men of the Fighting Forces of the Shwe Ban Pan Unit and the Horse Group which had served the King when he was the Crown Prince, to check the land revenue from the land alloted to the men of the Horse Groups to cultivate. (20) Nobles and ladies of the Court who enjoys as fiefs certain towns, villages, fisheries, weirs. etc. shall receive only the prescribed fief dues and from the Religious Lands located within their fiefs, they shall collect only the

court fees taken from the plaintiffs. (21) Night Duty at the Palace is put under the charge of a minister and the Gate Duty at the Palace Yard is put under the charge of an officer of high rank.

43

(22)

Check the men coming in for Night Duty at the Palace or going out after duty at the Gates and report immediately when anyone of them is missing.

(23)

Ration for the Night Duty men at the Palace is to be given out of the stock of consumers goods of the Palace on the first day of every month.

(24)

Chiefs of Lamps and Curtains of the Palace must check the night watchmen frequently and report immediately on finding anything amiss.

This order was proclaimed at the Hluttaw by the Chief of Heralds on 10 April 1635.

7 May Order: (1)

1635 Maha Dhamma Zayya Thura and Maha Baya Thura

supervise the drawing of magical squares and magical figures for protection against enemies of the City and Palace. (2) Draw only the time-honoured squares and figures and forbid copying those of unknown origin. (3) Take care that the various steps to be taken in the course of drawing are closely observed.

44

(4)

Check spellings and periods in mantras copied.

This order was given at the Shed of Royal Drums to the Lord of Mu Wa and the Clerk of the Lord of Yay Hlan on 7 May 1635.

9 May Order: (1)

1635 Draw Magic Figures and Magic Squares and copy Mantras on the best of cloth each piece measuring 48cm x 2.45m spread tight on wooden frames with iron rings to be fixed on the ceilings of Gate Towers over the eight City Gates of Aung Tun Thazi Kyaw Bon Winmana Sanya Yan Aung Laytha and Man Aung. (2) Fix the following drawings also on the ceilings of Gate Towers of the above mentioned City Gates:
The Sitting Buddha on the Jewelled Padestal flanked by the Disciples Kondanna and Bhattiya with their hands in the Prayer Attitude, Vappa holding a begging bowl, Mahananda holding a pitcher The Vattaka Jataka (No.35) The Sasa Jataka (No.316) Monks at the House of Ghatikara (see the Ghatikara Sutta No. 81 of the Majjhima Nikaya) The Nalapana Jataka (No.20) The Sun The Moon King Jackal, King otter and King Monkey observing Sila

45

(3)

Fix the copies of the following Cathas also at the ceilings over the Gates: Lakkhana Daw Gyi Culamani Cindamani Mahosattha Mahacundabojjhan and Sirasamimme.

(4)

Fix the copies of the following Magic Circles, Squares and Triangles at the same places also: Boghimanduin Cak Namobuddhaya Mranmuir Campanava Mranmuir Pracikeka Mranmuir Jinagottam Mranmuir Devakani Devasakuncaratanacolasa Athai Aup Sakkatva Buddha Dhamma Samgha Suvannabhumi An: Patattharana An: Upat Paritta An: On: Namonarani Atthani An: Uddhamyawa An: and Saranagum An: Use the best of cloth on wooden frames with iron rings each measuring 48cm x 2.45m to draw the figures, etc.

(5)

(6)

Use vermillion to mark the borders and a specially prepared ink made from various flowers offered at the pagodas, to write the necessary letters and numbers in the magic squares, etc.

(7)

No correction is allowed in any of the magic squares, etc.

46

(8)

Assign one artist to copy a verse on the canvas under the supervision of one learned Brahman and one officer and one monk has to recite the words to be written, another one to watch the actual writing of the word and still another to check when the copying is over.

(9)

Draw similar figures or magic squares, etc. and copy mantras as prescribed by custom on various drums of the Palace and Clock Tower.

This order was proclaimed by the Lords of In Gyin Kan and Ywa Tha Ya on 9 May 1635.

(9 May Order: (1)

1635) Hold the Ceremony of Occupying the New Palace on 9 May 1635.

(2)

Made the following preparations well in advance of the Ceremony: Station at every Gate of the City 2 Overseers 2 Horsemen 1 Cook 40 Commonfolks 1 Architect 5 Carpenters 1 Artist (to paint vermillion) 4 Artists 4 Tailors

47

2 Goldsmiths 2 Coppersmiths 2 Metal Plaque Makers 4 Armed Men of the Kaunghan Group 1 Clerk of the Palace Stores 1 Clerk of the office of Granaries 2 Brahmans 1 Learned Man 1 Rich Man 8 Monks to recite the Paritta 2 Waiters to serve Pickled Tea and Betel Quids 4 Waiters to serve Curry and Rice to Monks 3 Princes of the Royal Family to be present at the Recitation of the Paritta and 8 Elders of the Commonfolk to be present at the Recitation of the Paritta Assign at each Gate of the City 1 Troupe of Big Drums 1 Troupe of Burmese Music and Dancers and 1 Troupe of Talaing Music and Dancers Forbid Dancers dancing without the Hairdo called Suli with Gold Bands. Fetch the Sacred Water of Ablution and let the Brahmans sprinkle it at various places of the Palace. Put the White Umbrellas at their respective places of the Palace. Assemble 500 to 1,000 monks in the space between the Palace and the East Magistrate Court in the east to recite the Patthan: at the time of the Ceremony. Note: We do not have the date of this order but for the sake of convenience we use the date of the occasion as the date of the order. (20 May Order: (1) (2) 1635) Hold the Ceremony of Washing the Hair on 20 May 1635. Goddess Manimeghala should allow the King's men to fetch water for the occasion.

Note: Instructions were given in detail on the Ceremony of Fetching the Water from the Yan Aung Myin beach across the river from the

48

Thazi beach on the east of the City under the supervision of one Minister, one Assistant Minister, one Deputy Minister, the officer of the Granaries and the officer of the Royal Treasury. The date of this order is not given but giving allowance to elaborate preparation before the Ceremony to be held on 20 May 1635, it must have been passed a week or so before that date.

30 May Order: (1)

1635 Increase the strength of the Armed Forces of Shwe Wa to approximately 885,000 men.

(2)

Raise the number like this: 100,000 10,000 500,000 50,000 100,000 25,000 50,000 50,000 885,000 men - Gun men - Cannon men - Bow and Arrow men - 500 Ye Hlay (Boat) men - 1,000 Kattu (Boat) men - 5,000 Kin Laung (Boat) men - Kar (Shield) men - Lhwar (Shield oblong and convex) men - Total

(3) (4)

Start recruiting now. Start manufacturing or collecting weapons and building boats.

(5)

Select officers to command forces divided into one hundred, one thousand and ten thousand men.

49

(6)

Select Commanders-in-Chief from among the Princes and Ministers.

This order was proclaimed at the Hluttaw by the Chief of Heralds on 30 May 1635. Note: Increasing the number of fighting men to 885,000 is still very much less than the traditional figure of 3,000,000men but it is definitely superior to 20,000 men raised by the former King on 15 August 1628. Assuming that 20 % of the population is male adolescent that could be pressed into fighting service in times of emergency, the force of 885,000 men must come from a population of 4 million. We doubt that there were that much people in the whole of Ava Kingdom at that time. The King was optimistic. If his predecessor could raise 20,000 men, he could at best raise 30,000 and no more. In that case the population in his kingdom would be 150,000.

30 May Order: (1)

1635 Submit Accounts for the past five years (since 1630 when

the Coronation was held at Hanthawaddy until 1635 when another Coronation was at Ava), on monthly and

50

yearly Palace Expenditures of : Textile Bark of Laures called on Don Quince called Ok Shit Gum called Ta Ma Zay Leather and Charcaol. The Accounts should include ths statement of how much of each item had been ordered or received and how much had been left unconsumed by the end of each year. A Deputy Minister must be present when the stock taking is made. (2) Submit also the Accounts of the said period of the monthly and yearly income from Dues collected in the following Divisions: Nine Hundred Thousand (Dabayin) Eighty Thousand (Pakhan Gyi) Forty Thousand (Amyint) South (West of Lower Chindwin) North (upper Chindwin) Kyaw Zin (East of Irrawaddy, North of Ava) West (West of Irrawaddy from about katha to Sagaing and the area below Ava down to Yamethin) The Dues are collected in the said Divisions from the following places: Cultivable lands known as Lay, Ya. Kaing and Kyun Saik Ti Pwe

51

Kin Gado Kyun Gaung Kywe Win Nwa Myi Kywe Nwa Myin Win Sin Thay Hle U Hlay U U Yin Mi Tauk Chi Thit Yin In Htone Chaung Se Officers who collected them are entitled to keep 50% of them for themselves and the other half must be duely sent to the Treasury or Granary as the case may be.

(3)

Sumit also the Accounts of the said period of the Tributes from the Vassals.

(4)

Check these Accounts when submitted against similar Accounts of former reigns kept in the palace Archives.

(5)

Store the Revenue collected in kind at the Royal Granaries and cats (from ten to twenty in number) kept at each granary must be fed well.

(6)

The following officers must keep a Register of Service Men and their families who serve under them and they must send one copy of that Register to the Hluttaw.

52

(7)

Myin Wun (Officer-in-Charge of Horse Men) Athi Wun (Officer-in-Charge of Commonfolks) Myo Lat Wun (Officer-in-Charge of Several Towns which Have no separate Town officer of their own) Kyi Wun (Officer-in-Charge of Royal Granaries) Shwe Taik Wun(Officer-in-Charge of theGolden Treasury) Atwin Wun (Assistant Minister) Check the Forty Groups under the control of Anauk Wun (Officer-in-Charge of the Western Half of the Palace) so that a member of one Group would not be working in another Group. The Forty Groups are: Bearers of Big Umbrellas Bearers of Small Umbrellas Bearers of Baggages Carriers of Monk's Food Carriers of Water Chiefs of Armed Men Chiefs of Slaves Cleaners of Copper Utencils Cleaners of Rice Cooks Cowherds Experts in Flower Arrangement Fortune Tellers Governess Immoral Women Laundress Makers of Baskets Makers of Combs Makers of Gum Makers of Perfume Makers of Umbrellas Milk Maids Milk Maids (for buffalo-cows) Nannies Privileged Groups Prostitutes Reciters of Religious Stanzas Old Timers Slaves born of Slave Parents Spinners Suppliers of Suffron

53

(8)

Suppliers of Rice Suppliers of Water Sweepers Young Shans Watchers of Birds Weavers Wet Nurses Check the various products of the Royal Gardens and send the best of these products to the Palace.

This Order was proclaimed by the Deputy Minister Maha Thiri Dhamma and the Chief of Heralds brought it to the Hluttaw on 30 May 1635.

(30 May Order: (1)

1635) Collect Old Records on Works of Merit either written on palm leaves or inscribed on stones in order to determine exactly the Boundary Demarcations of the Religious Lands

(2)

Identify the stone posts, stone cairns, spirit shrines, hedges and bunds that marked the limits as mentioned in the Old Records of Religious Lands and determine the area of such lands in the whole Kingdom.

(3)

Trace the Descendants of the Servants of the Religion and name the persons who are at present collecting the yearly produce from these Religious Lands and let them

54

account for the expenses on the maintenance of the Religious Establishments to which these lands had been originally dedicated.

(4)

Find out whether the Donors left those men who would be causally called either Pagoda Slaves or Monastery Slaves

(a) (b) (c)

by pouring the water of libation or by giving the order or by drawing a deed to transfer ownership.

This order was proclaimed on (30 May 1635).

Note: A monk is a person who has renounced the world and he cannot own either a slave or a piece of land. Men in the service of the Religion are usually called Pagoda Slaves and Monastery Slaves but they are not slaves really. They would work on lands dedicated to religious establishments and use a certain portion of the yearly produce of the land on maintenance of the establishments. After one or two generations, their descendants would be using such lands as if they owned them. Now the King wanted to re-dedicate these lands to the Religion and to reemploy these descendants of the Servants of the Religion to any one of the Religious Establishments close to where they were living if the original establishments were no longer in existence.

55

( 30 May Order: (1)

1635) Clerks of the Palace Stores shall account for the monthly and yearly consumption of such commodities as: Charcoal (Mi Thway) Chunam (Htone) Cotton (Le Wa) Gum (Ta Ma Zay) Gum Thit Say) Laurus Bark (on Don) Lead (Chon) Leather (Thayay) Quince (Ok Shit) Red Ochre Tobacco (Say) Vermillion (Hin thabada) Mention how much of each one of these things had been ordered and received and how much had been consumed and how much were left unconsumed in each year.

(2)

Report

monthly

the receipt of Court Fees minus the

proportionate shares taken by the judges, clerks , messengers, attendants, etc.

(3)

Give the Court Fees collected in the Provincial Towns to the Princes who hold these towns in fief.

This order was proclaimed on (30 May 1635).

(30 May 1635) Order: (1) Report the strength of the Palace Guards called

56

Daing (Round Shield) Kaung Han (Kenghung Shans) Ko Yan (Body Guard) Shan Su Gyi (Big Group of Shans) Thay Nat (Gun) (2) mention in the Report how much there are men, women, aged or disabled persons, children and slaves in each family of these Guards year by year so that the increase or decrease in population is easily discernable.

(3)

Chiefs of the Guards of the Four Quarters of the Palace Yard are to do the reporting. They are:

Letya Yantameik in the East Sector Nanda Thiri Kyaw Htin in the South Sector Letya Zaya Thingyan in the West Sector and Letwe Yantameik in the North Sector. This order was proclaimed on (30 May 1635).

(30 May Order: (1)

1635) Investigate the encroachment of the Royal Lands into the Religious Lands and vice versa.

(2)

Check the Land given for living (Nay Myay) and Land given for cultivation (Lup Myay or Sa Myay) to the Palace Guards and made reallocation wherever necessary.

(3)

The following officers are given this task of getting

57

the exact measurements of the Religious and Royal Lands Yan Tuppa (Lu Hmu) Tet Tu (Yan Aung Hmu) and Tet Hkaung (Daing Hmu). This order was proclaimed on (30 May 1635).

(30 May Order: (1)

1635) Report the enforced or money imposed upon the Commonfolks by the officer-in-Charge of the City.

(2)

Chiefs of One Thousand Men shall also report how much work as to making and repairing earth bunds and stockades had been given to men under their charge or how much money had been asked from them in raising funds to feed the monks in their respective areas.

(3)

In all these allocation of work and money, care should be taken that no one would be asked to do or pay more than his or her rightful share.

(4)

Submit the Reports monthly and yearly regularly.

This order was proclaimed on (30 May 1635).

(30 May Order: (1)

1635) Keep the Horse Men of Kyauk Sauk, North, Nyaung Yan,

58

Pagan, South, Thin Gyi and Yin Net strictly in their respective living or working lands and do not allow the main group of Horse Men called Myin Su Gyi to merge with them. (2) Chiefs of Horse Group shall supervise work in the living and working land of the Horse Men and this means that there will be no separate officers appointed to such a duty in any Horse Land. This order was proclaimed on (30 May 1635).

(30 May Order: (1)

1635) Allow no encroachment in the jurisdiction of an Assistant Minister called Atwin Wun.

(2)

Define clearly the jurisdiction of an officer or the area under the control of an officer. For instance the officerin-Charge of the City shall deal with all crimes within the area extending until Myo Thit in the east, Tet Thay and Wun Pa Tay in the south, Tabay in the west and Kha Yay in the north.

(4)

Put the Palace Guards on twenty four hour duty. The

59

Guards at the Nine City Gates are likewise on twenty four hour duty. When the Gates are closed for the night allow no one to go in or out without the written permission of the officer-in-Charge of the City. This order was proclaimed on (30 May 1635).

(30 May Order: (1)

1635) Children born of a union between a Prince of the Royal Family with any womwn of the Nine Groups of the Palace Entertainers called Thabin Daw Zu are not to be taken as members of the Royal Family.

(2)

Boys of such a union become Servants of the Palace and girls join the Group of Drums under the charge of the Queen.

(3)

Transfer from one group to another is not allowed except by the King's order.

This order was proclaimed on (30 May 1635). Note: See also the ROB of 23 June 1607.

(30 May Order: (1)

1635) Investigate the extent of lands given in the maintenance

60

of the Spirit Shrines at various parts of the Kingdom.

(2)

Give the name of the persons in charge of these shrines and lands attached to them and check that are the true descendants of former custodians.

(3)

Check the servants under the officer-in-Charge of the Western Sector of the Palace so that a person of either high or middle or low status remains strictly in his or her own group. Allow no discrepencies as to stepping up or down among these servants. For instance people like lavatory cleaners and sweepers shall never be transferred to other services and clerks of the officer of the West are held responsible to follow this order strictly.

(4)

Undertakers shall not enter any building in the Palace Complex but wait from outside the building to collect the dead body of an infant whenever there were deaths among the infants of the Palace.

(5)

A Palace Watchman is not allowed to be taken away to serve in any other service. Check also that these men live in the place given to them to live.

61

(6)

Men of the following Fighting Forces must also live in the land given to them to live. Feringi (Guns) Myay Nan (Guns) Shwe Wa (Guns) Tada U (Guns) Thu Nge Daw (Guns). In a Pageant these gunners must surround His Majasty in the front, on the left and right and in the rear. On the occasion of fetching the Water for Ablution, they must perticipate by carrying each one a pot of water.

(7)

Clerks of the office of Fighting Forces (Guns) should report immediately when the land given to the men of the Fighting Forces (Guns) becomes so crowed that a few of them have to seek places outside of it. Each of those who stays outside is liable to pay 37.5 ticals of copper as land tax to the authorities at the locality where he now resides. In his given place he pays no tax.

This order was proclaimed on (30 May 1635).

2 June Order: (1)

1635 Trace the descendants of Dabayin Chief of Nine Million

62

(Men), Kukhan Chief of Eighty Thousand (Men) and Amyint Chief of Forty Thousand (Men), with a view to revive these offices which had become obsolete after the Shans (Had devastated the land and destroyed Pinya and Sagaing in 1360 and 1364 respectively).

(2)

Revive the said offices by appointing as an officer at each of the three places any suitable person from among the descendants of the said officers.

This order was proclaimed on 2 June 1635.

Note: It is mentioned in the order that King Min Gyi Zwa (1367-1400) once tried to revive these positions and it seems that his son and successor Min Ye Kyaw Zwa (1400) succeeded in doing so. Unfortunately these positions were lost again when the Shans came again and occupied Ava in 1527. This time no descendants were found.

8 June Order: (1)

1635 Choose suitable persons from among the leaders of the Fighting Forces (Horse) as Chiefs of Dabayin Nine Million (Men), Kukhan Eighty Thousand (Men) and Amyint

63

Forty Thousand (Men). This order was proclaimed on 8 June 1635.

Note: Maha Nanda Sithu and Maha Nanda Thin Gyan reported that on 6 June 1635 they asked Thayay Ponnya (Town Headman of Pakhan Gyi), Thayay Yaza (Chief of Land office). Maha Nanthu (Senior Clerk) and Maha Thaman (Junior Clerk) about the descendants of the Chief of Kukhan Eighty Thousand (Men) and they got no results. Then they asked Maha Thaman (Town Headman of Amyint), Thayay Yaza (Chief of Land Office), Thamanda Kyaw (Senior Clerk) and Wanana (Junior Clerk) about the descendants of the Chief of Amyint Forty Thousand (Men) and they got no results. Then they asked Zayya Battaya (Town Headman of Dabayin), Thayay Wunnana (Chief of Land office), Thaman Tathu (Senior Clerk) and Zay Ta Bo (Junior Clerk) about the descendants of the Chief of Dabayin Nine Million (Men) and they got no results. That was the reason why the King passed the order on 8 June 1635 that suitable persons from among the leaders of the Fighting Forces (Horse) as Chiefs of the said three positions.

8 June Order: (1)

1635 Suppress Bribery and corruption.

64

(2)

Avoid unnessary exaction of taxes.

(3)

Observe the moral precepts.

(4)

Enlist only courageous and loyal men as soldiers, honest and thrifty men a keepers of treasury, intelligent and tactful men as diplomats, resourceful and efficient men as administrators, just and humane men as judges, clever and observant men as crime investigators, learned and wise men as king's counsellors, most learned men in astrology as astrologers, most experienced men in the art of war as generals, most skilful men in the treatment of illnesses as physicians, most accomplished men in the art of espionage as spies and most talented men in all branches of arts and sciences as king's advisers. With the help of all these people the King would be able to maintain peace and order in his kingdom and to bring prosperity to all his subjects like the Guardian God of the World.

This order was proclaimed on 8 June 1635. Note: Here is an admission of the King that he owes good

65

administration to his officers.

4 July Order; (1)

1635 Collect only the customary taxes or dues.

(2)

Consult the old records to get the information on customary practices.

(3)

Cut off the legs and limbs of the culprit who did the over-taxing and the punishment should be carried out in the market square.

(4)

Ask for sanction to exact anything extra and failing to do so would be punished with a tattoo mark on the nose ridge.

This order was given to Lak Ma Htaung Hmu, Shwe Pyi Soe and lak Ma Yun Mhu when His Majesty came to the Bye Taik on 4 Jyly 1635.

14 October Order: (1)

1636 Take the example of a gardener in the administration of a

fief-either a town or a village. The gardener nurses the plants well and sells the crops produced with good profit. A fief holder should help the people living within his fief to prosper so that they might be able to

66

give

the

revenue.

The

ruler

and

the

ruled

are

interdependent. Benefits should go both ways. When the fief holder neglects the production side, it would be like feeding the hen with the seeds kept for next year's cultivation.

(2)

Never take the example of a bird that comes to a tree to eat its ripe fruits and has done nothing for its production.

(3)

Punish those fief holders who behave like the ungrateful bird.

This order was proclaimed when His Majesty came to the Bye Daik on

14 October 1635. Note: The Shin Disapramuk Inscription (AD 1285) of the Migala Zedi, Pagan (Pl.271) also alludes to this example that an administrator should work like a good gardener.

14 January Order; (1)

1636 Carry out the order of 1635 that no member of the family of a service man should remain a debtor slave.

(2)

Observe the old custom, even for the member of a family of a service man, that in a union of such a person with an outsider, boys go to the father and girls stay with mother.

67

This order was given in reply to queries by Bhaya Yawda when His Majesty came to the Bye Daik in the evening of 14 January 1636.

4 August Order: (1)

1636 Check how men in the service of religious

establishments or princes and princesses or ministers and officers are living in each village.

(2)

Capture any criminal who lurks in the border between two villages by the joints effort of the two village chiefs whose territorial areas are adjoining and the said criminal is hiding between their two areas.

(3)

Punish anyone who refuses to join the posse by tattooing a phrase on his forehead saying that he disobeys order and send him to collect elephant fodder.

This order was proclaimed in the course of answering queries by Bhaya Yawda when His Majesty visited the Bye Daik on 4 August 1636.

5 August Order: (1)

1636 Reorganise the Buddhist order of Monks by doing the following: a/ Find out the reasons why a man was ordained a monk; the reasons should be exclusively religious. b/ Find out whether a monk faithfully observes the Vinaya (Discipline) or not.

68

c/ Force the person had committed an unpardonable sin according to the Vinaya, leave the monkhood. d/ Advice the man who has to leave the monkhood to live a good moral life.

(2)

All leaders of the Buddhist Monastic Establishments shall carry out this order without fail because it is in conformity with their rules and regulations of the monasteries.

This order was read at every monastery in Toungoo by Nga Nyo of the Town's Own Regiment and a comrade of the Swe Daing on 5 August 1636.

5 August Order: (1)

1636 Use service secret interrogations if necessary to find out a man evading duty by mixing with the

commonfolk since it isvery easy for a Burmese service man to be lost in a Burmese community in this extensive territory under Burmese control.

(2)

Warn everybody against harbouring such deserters.

(3)

Check the debtor slaves so that there should be no member of the family of a service man among them.

(4) (5)

Suppress crimes. Encourage cultivation.

69

(6)

Prevent young man from becoming a recalcitrant or a nuisance to the community.

(7)

Recruit the descendants of the former

service men at

Hanthawaddy and Toungoo in the Fighting Forces called Thway Thauk. This order was proclaimed on 5 August 1636.

(5 August Order: (1)

1636) Encourage the fighting men to fight with most daring in battles.

(2)

Help the men of the Fighting Forces to cultivate the land given to them with industry in times of peace.

(3)

Discourage the men of the Fighting Forces to gamble and to drink liquor and to become tranquility. a threat to peace and

(4)

Persuade the men of the Fighting Forces to nurse the sick among them.

(5)

Check the men of the Fighting Forces so that everyone of them remains in his own group.

This order was given to all Chiefs, Leaders and Commanders of the Fighting Forces on (5 August 1636).

70

( 5 August Order: (1)

1636) When a member of the Royal Family or a member of any administrative offices meets a Buddhist monk on the road, he or she should stop the vehicle that he or she is using and step down from it with a kowtow.

(2)

Relay this order to everyone who has the means to use a vehicle and to the servants who have to manage these vehicles.

This order was read by the Clerk of the Chief of East One Thousand Men, on horseback and accompanied by four Chiefs of One Thousand Men and the officer called Shwe Pyi Soe, at all the City Gates and at various places within the City.

(5 August Order: (1)

1636) Supervise all affairs of state personally by officers concerned.

(2)

Never allow a clerk to do a state business on his own.

(3)

Call a meeting of all officers concerned to decide anything of some importance.

(4)

Check one's own conscience after making any important decision.

This order was meant for all responsible officers of the state and

71

was read at the Hluttaw by Yaza Gonna on ( 5 August 1636). Note: A similar order was passed on ( 23 June 1607).

( 5 August Order: (1)

1636) Investigate all crimes, big or small. by the responsible officers themselves and let the clerks take all records; officers shall act like the medicine men with bags containing various antidotes to illnesses while clerks act like the charts recording treatments to cure the illnesses.

(2)

Perform duty with diligence and no one could plead ignorance for any negligence of duty.

This order was proclaimed on ( 5 August 1636).

17 April Order: (1)

1637 Know the limits of the Empire: there is an Iron Bridge on the east, Thailand on the south, sea coast on the west and land of Fire on Water, Big Ears, Akbar and Kathe on the north.

(2)

Know the limits of towns and villages in detail: a/ a province has control over an area within the radius of 100 taings (200 miles / 321.860 km) from the centre of provincial capital. b/ a big town has control over an area within the radius

72

of 10 taings (20 miles / 32.1860 km) from the centre of the town. c/ a medium size town has control over an areas within the radius of 5 taings (10 miles / 16.0930 km) from the centre of the town. d/ a small town has control over an area within the radius of 3 taings (6 miles / 9.6558 km) from the centre of the town ( a town is considered small when it has to send only a levy of 100 to 1,000 men in time of war), e/ a village has control over an area within the radius of 2 taings (5 miles / 8.0465 km) from the centre of the village; usually the limits are determined by the

topography of each area though there are exceptions where the boundaries are marked by artificial means like putting up stone pillars or cairns or low earthern embankments with shrines of guardian spirits at regular intervals.

(3)

Send revenue in kind to various granaries at East, South, West, North, Sin Chi, Mahadan and Twin Thin Taiks, but send those (including copper, crude oil and iron) collected from the religious lands to the Mahadan Taik.

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(4)

Ministers Maha Thiha Thu, Maha Zayya Thu and Maha Yaza Thu must see that these orders are carried out well.

This order was proclaimed on 27 April 1637 and the Chief of Heralds came to give it to the ministers on 28 April 1637.

21 May Order; (1)

1637 Observe follows: the jurisdiction of each office or officer as

a/

The Hluttaw

has to supervise the execution of all the

Royal orders, to try all cases of dispute, to control all affairs both civil and military and to supervise all provincial affairs that need central control. b/ The Assistant Minister called Atwin Wun, deals all

affairs of the Palace. c/ The City office under the Officer-in-Charge of the City called Myo Wun, deals with all crimes committed within the City area. d/ The Palace officer called the Win Yon, deals with the defense of the Palace. e/ The Offices of the Commander of Elephantry - Sin Wun, and the Commander of Cavalry - Myin Mhu, deal with all affairs of the localities where the elephant men and the horse men are given land to live or to

74

cultivate but the cases of the commonfolks living in the same locality with either the elephant men or the horse men go to the office of the Commonfolks under the officer-in-Charge of the Commonfolks called the Athi Wun. f/ The officers-in-Charge of Division called Taik, like Twin Thin Taik Wun, Maha Dan Taik Wun, etc. deal with all affairs of their respective divisions. g/ The office-in-Charge of Boat Groups called Hlay Thin Wun deals with all cases of the boatmen. h/ The officer-in-Charge of Granaries called Kyi Wun deals with all cases pertaining to the granaries. i/ The officer-in-Charge of the Wast called Anauk Wun deals with all cases of the western sector of the Palace where only females are allowed to work for whatever services that are required there. j/ The officer-in-Charge of the Royal Lands called Lamaing Wun deals with all cases in connection with the Royal Lands. k/ The officer-in-Charge of Religious Affairs called Maha Dan deals all cases from the Religious Lands.

75

l/

The officer-in-Charge of Treasure called Shwe Daik Wun deals with all affaire in connection with the extracting of gold and silver or other precious gems, etc.

m/

The officer-in-Charge of Weirs called Se Wun deals with all affairs of the irrigation works as well as the cases of the workers employed at weire and canals.

n/

The officer-in-Charge of Towns where there are no separate town officers called Myo Lat Wun deals with the cases of such towns.

(2)

Send

copies

of

this

order

to

various

provincial

administrators. (3) Ministers Maha Nay Myo Zayya, Maha Thiha Thuya and Maha Thiri Zayya Kyaw Htin see that this order is strictly enforced through out the Kingdom. This order was proclaimed to the Assistant Ministers called Atwin Wun, by Min Zayya Taman, the Chief of Heralds, on 21 May 1637.

6 November 1637 Order: (1) Made Preparations to send a contingent of troops to Mo Wun in order to stop the Chinese who came beyond the point where they are allowed to come for trade; His Majesty himself would lead the troops.

76

(2)

Send a troop ahead reconnoitre and to alert the local chiefs along the route of the campaign so that these chiefs, called Sawbwas, could supply provisions, porters and pack anomals when the main body of the forces pass through their territories.

(3)

People along the route of march should be warned about the movement of the troops so that they would not be alarmed unnecessarily and that they could carry on with their own work as usual.

This order was proclaimed at the Hluttaw by the Chief of Heralds on 6 November 1637. Note: The chronicles made no mention of this campaign.

7 November 1637 Order: (1) Trace the descendants of the servants of the Religion dedicated to various religious establishments founded by kings, ministers, rich men, etc. at various place of the Kingdom and are now in ruin, so that they could be put in the Religious Service as their ancestors at any close to where they are now

Religious Establishment

living; because when a person is made a servant of the Religion, that person as well as his or her descendants for all generations shall remain in the Service of the

77

Religion irrespective of the fact that the Religious Establishment to which that person was dedicated to is now in ruin. (2) Collect the old records like the stone inscriptions in order to find out the descendants of the old servants of the Religion. (3) Restore the old pagodas, temples, ordination halls, monasteries and any other religious monument and put up new inscription stones describing their history. (4) (5) (6) Repair old weirs and canals. Construct a building for each toll station. Construct a building for each Guardian Spirit of a locality. (7) Repair old Buddha images and gilt them; then perform the ceremony of consecration called Anekaja. (8) (9) Fix a new finial on each pagoda top if it is missing. Use the Court Fees and the Gifts received at the Palace for all the expenses in carrying out this order. (10) Repair the Elephant Stockade called Sin Kyone, the Shrine of U Dainna and all the elephants sheds with the income from the Lands called Lamaing. (11) Get the servants of the Religion take the responsibility

78

of guarding the Religious Monuments where they work against any kind of treasure hunters. (12) Put the sentries on twenty four hour duty at all the office buildings. (13) Allow the administrators at Chiengmai, Hanthawaddy, Keng Hsi, Martaban, Mindon, Prome, Syriam, Tavoy and Toungoo use the pointed palm leaves for correspondence and those of Salin and Ye could use letters of full length as well as summaries in their correspondence. This order was proclaimed at the Hluttaw by the Chief of Heralds on 7 November 1637.

(7 November 1637) The Reports on Territory Limits are submitted by the administrator of each territory and in some cases the boundaries are measured by Parammadeva of the Body Guards called Ko Yan: Places marked with astericks are silver producing lands. *Baw He *Baw Saing ( Baw) Zagaing Bhamo Boke Thet Ke Gyin Chiengmai Chun Daung Mya Daung Danubyu Hanthawaddy Hlaing Dek Hnek Kye Thike Hsenwi Htilin Htun Don In Daw Nga Yin Myo

79

Kadaw Ywa Kan Gyi Ywa *Kyauk Le Ywa Kyauk Sauk Kyun Zon Kyu Wun *Lak Hkat Lauk Sauk Laung Shay Le Gya Myo *Lun Ywa *Me Hon Ywa Mong Khine Mong Mit Mong Nai Mong We Mo Hnyin Mya Daung Ywa Mya Kan Myin Gon Daing *Nan Pyauk Ywa *Nga Pyaw Ngwe Hkun Twelve Villages *Ngwe Hkun Daw Kyawt Ko Kyawt *Ohn Sa Yaing Pan Hlaing *Pan The Daw Pay Gon Pin Myo Salin Saw Shwe Myo Taung Bak Ko Hka Yaing *Thati Thin Twe *Tine Kyat Ywa Toungoo *Yay Kyi Ywa Yaw Kya Hkat Zayaing Myo and Za Yun.

Note: These Reports on Territory Limits are usually known by the name of Sittan (Statements) because the person in charge of the place was called upon by the officers of the Central Administration specially sent for this purpose to name the boundary demarcations of the area under his control together with the statement that the administration of this particular village and its environ or

80

this particular town and its environ had been given under the care of his family for at least three generations. In this case the officers sent from the Central Administration were Thayay Pyan Chi and Tuyin Manu and measuring the land wherever necessary was done by Paramma Deva of the Body Guards (Ko Yan). These Reports were made according to the Royal order of 7 November 1637 and many of them were made probably early in 1638 but for the sake of convenience we give the date 7

November 1637 to all reports of the time of King Thalun (1633-48).

10 November 1637 Order: (1) Gilt the whole structure of the Dagon Ceti (Shwedagon, Rangoon) from the finial which was fixed by king

Hanthawaddy Hsinbyushin (1554-1581) on 6 February 1566, down to the base.

(2)

One Minister, one Deputy Ninister and one Senior Clerk shall go to the Pagoda and supervise the gilting together with Minye Thiha Thu - the officer-in-Charge of Hanthawaddy, Ninye Zayya Thu- the officer-in-Charge of Syriam and Minye Thaya Thu - the officer-in-Charge of Waterways.

(3)

Hold a festival with all kinds of entertainments during the whole period of gilting the pagoda and play the complete set of drums.

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(4)

Compose the Prayer for His Majesty and made a gold pitcher to pour the water of libation.

This order was proclaimed at the Hluttaw by the Chief of Heralds.

18 November 1637 Order: (1) Start preparations for a march north led by His Majesty himself so that Mo Wun could be reached on 23

December (1637). (2) Study the old Records of the Palace Archives and make the preparations similar to those campaigns made by King Hanthawaddy Hsinbyushin (1554-1581) and King Nyaung Yan (1600-1606) and bring the necessary Royal Paraphanalia on the march. (3) Send Abhaya Gamani ahead to build camps at a distance of about 5 taings (10 miles / 16.09 kilometres) where His Majesty would stop for each night during the march. (4) Let the Brahmans versed in astrology and mantras go with the Vanguards. This order was proclaimed on 18 November 1637. Note: The chronicles made no mention of this campaign.

22 November 1637 Order: (1) Ministers Thiri Zayya Thingyan and Thiri Nanda Thingyan,

82

Assistant Ministers Thiri Bhaya Kyaw Htin and Nanda Bhaya Kyaw Htin, Heralds Dewa Thiri and Nanda Thiri shall take charge of the securities at the Palace while His Majesty is away from the Capital City on the Mo Wun Campaign. (2) The officer-in-Charge of the City is held responsible for the security of the City; he shall have Feringi, Tavoy, Tenasserim and Yakhine mercenaries to man the Gates; put 100 men to guard each gate, 50 men to guard each of the big turrets and 30 men to guard each of the small turrets. (3) Negligence of duty and feigning sickness to avoid duty among the guards small be punished severely. (4) Give 100 lashes as punishment for foul languages used by pleaders at the Hluttaw and officers including senior ones shall be put in the sun for similar offences. (5) Ministers Thiri Zaya Thura and Thiri Yaza Thura, Deputy Ministers Letya Zaya Thura and Letwe Zayya Thura small take charge of the Hluttaw. (6) The Hluttaw is given the over-all charge of the Palace as well as the City and it shall punish anyone who disobeys this order.

83

This order was proclaimed on 22 November 1637.

9 December 1637 Order : (1) Take the following steps as a precaution against fire in the City: a/ b/ A house must have 5 to 10 poles with hooks attached. Put pots full of water on the ridge of the roof of each house. c/ d/ Cook food only in a pit 4 ft (1.3716 metres) deep. Start cooking food at a signal by gong given at 9.15 am and all cooking must be over when another signal is

given at 11.00 am in the morning and the time for cooking in the evening is between 3.30 pm and 4.45 pm. e/ After the cooking period is over, Fire Wardens shall check a cooking place by putting a feather in the ash and if it singes, the people of that house where the feather singes, shall be sent to the Court of the East to be tried and punished. f/ Fire Wardens shall go the round of checking five times in a day. g/ Men should not go about in the streets smoking tobacco pipes and anyone found smoking a pipe in the street

84

shall be given 100 lashes of the whip. (2) Without any special reason no one is allowed in the streets after 9.00 pm and for a very important business a person shall go about with a lantern in his or her hand. (3) When a thief is found and a cry is raised for help, all people who hers it must go to the place where help is needed and a failure to do so shall be punished with 50 lashes of the whip. (4) Elders above seventy years of age shall go to any Religious Establishment around his or her residence and do some meritorious deed on behalf of the King every day. This order was proclaimed at the Hluttaw by the Chief of Heralds on 9 December 1637.

11 December 1637 Order: (1) (2) Mo Wun Campaign shall start on 26 December 1637. Vassals, each with a levy of 1,000 men shall wait at his own town and join the main body of troops when it passes through or near his town. (3) Put down in the Register of the Fighting Forces the name. age, the day when he was born and address of each

85

fighting man. This order was proclaimed on 11 December 1637.

11 December 1637 Order: (1) Judges shall use the Dhammathat and Yajathat without any prejudice. (2) (3) Expenses of a law suit should not be very heavy. Debtors are not to be brought to the Court in bonds;

bonds are only for the criminals. (4) Shop dealing in silver must have a license and it should not be asked to pay taxes more than what is customary. (5) Officer-in-Charge of the City shall be severely punished if it were found that people were subjected to various oppressions while His Majesty was on the Mo Wun campaign. This order was proclaimed on 11 December 1637.

11 December 1637 Order: (1) Min Ye Thagathu shall march in advance to Mo Wun with 1,000 men, 10 cannons, 100 guns and 300 bows. (2) Similarly Min Ye Yazathu, Min Ye Kyaw Zwa Kyaw, Min Ye Nayathu, Min Ye Sekkathu would be given each a contingent of men to march in advance.

86

(3)

Satay Commander of Horses would be given 500 men, 5 cannons, 100 guns and 300 bows to march in advance too.

(4)

Brahmans versed in astrology and mantras shall go with the marching forces.

This order was proclaimed at the Hluttaw by the Chief of Heralds on 11 December 1637.

14 December 1637

Order: (1)

All the Fighting Men shall observe the following during the Mo Wun Campaign:

a/ b/ c/ d/ e/ f/ g/

Must not kill birds and beasts to eat Must not loot and plunder Must not molest girls or married young women Must not fight among themselves Must not wander too far away from the marching column Must not neglect the sentry duty Must not destroy the weapons or must be able to give a satisfactory explanation when a weapon is destroyed.

(2)

The magicians shall perform all magic to bring success to the campaign.

(3)

Musical troupes of Indians, Shans and Burmese must accompany the troops.

87

(4)

Parama Maha Rajaguru, Sayadaw of Hne Lanka and Sayadaw of Maha Wun must go in palanquins and

followed by eight disciples, in front of the marching men on the first stage of the march. This order was proclaimed at the Hluttaw by the Chief of Heralds on 11 December 1637.

4 February

1638

Order: (1)

Appoint Nanda Pyan Chi, formerly known as Nga Tha Ya, officer-in-Charge of Ten War Boats called Ye Hlay stationed at Syriam.

(2)

Carry out the duties with conscience and give the best possible service.

This order was proclaimed on 4 February 1638.

7 February Order: (1)

1638 Define which area is given to which group of service men and clear discrepencies specially among the Four Groups of Elephant Men serving the Palace: 1. Win 2. Atwin Si Daw 3. Zanet Pala and 4. Si Daw and Nine Groups of Elephant Men who captures the wild elephants: 1. 2. Chiengmai Keng Yon and Keng Hse

88

(2)

3. Thein Zi 4. Letya 5. Zaw Ta Ei 6. Han Ti 7. Han Lyet 8. Toungoo and 9. Pyi. Give the usual offerings to Paramesvara and U Dain Min Saw, two Guardian Gods of Elephants and do the magical rites in order to get as many as possible the best kind of elephants from the forest.

(3)

Every month two Elephant Groups should team up to catch wild elephants and bring the elephants captured to the stockade at Prome and Salin.

(4)

Give land 1.25 pe (2.187 acres/0.885 hectre) in the minimum to 7.5 pe (13.125 acres/3.315 hectres) in the maximum to each of the 555 elephant Men of the Nine Groups with 279 elephants including sucklings, at the following places:
Ah Laung Kyun Aung Tha Chaung Ku Hke (in the Yaw area) Hpaung Lin Hsa Htone Hsin Gya Htan Han Kala Me Kalan Kala Thain Ga Kan Le Kan Tar Kan Tu Kin Kyauk Se Kyauk Yit

89

Kyee Me Kyone Daik Le Hpyu Le Zin Ma Gyee Bya Ma Lun Tin Man Gyo Ma U Sin Dan Mindon Myaung Hson Gyi Myay Zoon Myin Shit Se Na Det Na Nwin Gaing Nga Hkon Nyaung Bin Gon Pan Daw Pe Gin Poppa Gaing Prome Pyaung Pya Salin Sagu Shwe Bon Tha Taung Gyaung Tha Bauk Tha Hkoot Than Lauk Thit Seint Wun Byi Yay Za Gyo and Ye Ba Daing.

This order was proclaimed by Taman Thazi, Chief of Lightning Shields on 7 February 1638. 13 February 1638 Order: (1) Starting from 13 February 1638, meansure again the land to live and to cultivate given at various places to different groups of men in the Fighting Forces. (2) The measuring of the said lands are to be carried out by Nga Tet Tu, Nga Yan Aung, Nga Tet Hkaung, Wet Lu Za, Nga Zin Yaing Za and Yan Tok Pa.

90

(3)

Register the name, sex, age and the day when the person was born, of all men in the Fighting Forces and their families.

(4)

Give 5 pe (8.75 acreas/ 3.453 hectres) of land to each man in the Fighting Forces at these areas : Kyak Sein Kyay Mun Shwe Ywa Myaung Hla Na Mya Saw Hla Thin Daung In Ywa and Ywa Pon.

(This order was proclaimed on 13 February 1638).

21 February 1638 Order: (1) Give one group (Thin) of men in the King's Service 250 pe (437.5 acres/177.1875 hectres) of land; there are 64 groups. (2) Give group leaders villages to enjoy as fiefs in the townships of Le Hla and 10 villages not included in the Prome Taik Saku and Toungoo. (3) Give these leaders their insignias of rank and they must come annually to the Palace to pay their tributes. This Order was proclaimed by Taman Thazi, Chief of Lightning Shields, on 21 February 1638.

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(31) March Order: (1)

1638 Repair one thousand old pagodas to commemorate the one Thousandth Year of the Thaggayit Era (started in AD 638 and still in use in Burma) that begins on (31) March 1638.

(2)

Fix a finial (Hti) on each of the repaired pagodas and perform again the consecration ceremony (Anekaja) at each pagoda.

(3) (4) (5)

Give food and new copies of the Pitaka to the monks. Ordain one thousand monks. Rededicate former Religious Lands to their respective Religious Establishments.

(6)

Repair old monasteries, ordination halls, rest houses and assembly halls.

(7) (8)

Consecrate again the ordination halls. Hold the Ceremony of Pouring Water at the Bodhi Tree as well as over the Buddha Images by 1,000 men (250 from each sector of the Palace) carrying 1,000 pots of water and 1,000 banners, on 16 April 1638.

(9)

Bring into the Royal Presence for inspection the glass bottles of perfume and rose water together with gold and silver pots and trays with stand.

92

This order was proclaimed at the Hluttaw by the Chief of Heralds on (31) March 1638.

3 April

1638

King Founder of the Rajamanicula (Sagaing Kaung Hmu Daw) was the middle son of King Sirisudhammarajamahadhipati (Nyaung Yan, 16001606) who had had his Palace at Shwe Wa (Ava). The Buddha left a prophecy that this King Founder of Rajamanicula is a Bodhisattva. As a king he would have a golden palace palace with great splendour and he would uphold the Buddha's Religion. He shall enjoy a long and peaceful reign. Order: (1) Prepare a Pageant (Htwet Taw Mu Gyi) on 16 April 1638 when His Majesty visits the Bon San Tu Loot Monastery at Pinya. (2) Pull the Gold Chariot by four gold chains, each manned by the Horse Men from the Nan U Horse, Nan Dwin Horse and Shwe Pyi Horse and Gunners of Nauk Taw Pa, Pinya, Shwe Myo Daw and Tada U shall hold the four gold chains of the rear of the Carriage. (3) Bring the Regalia and use the Horse Men of the Mintaya Horse and Nat Shin Horse. This order was proclaimed at the Hluttaw by the Chief of Heralds on 3 April 1638.

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3 April Order: (1)

1638 Take Abhaya Gamani and Nanda Yawda as model officers.

Abhaya Gamani served King Nyaung Yan (1600-1606) as a Personal Guard (Ko Hmu) and took charge of all the affairs of the Interior (Atwin Daw). He also considered it his duty to check all weapons kept in the Palace and to supervise the Guards of the Palace. Later he become the Officer-in-Charge of Twin Thin as well as the Officer-in-Charge of Shields. He was so loyal, righteous and clever in all affairs of state that the King trusted him immensely. Nanda Yawda once served the Lord of Prome but he was brought to Ava after Prome but he was brought to Ava after Prome fell and he served King Anaukphetlun (1606-1628). He made himself useful by observing everything that the King should know and reported them when asked very faithfully. In fact it was the King was trained him to be abservant and he in turn helped others so that they could work with diligence. It seemed that he was wakeful for most of the time so that nothing untoward could happened in the Palace without his knowledge. He also know provincial affiars well. He was therefore promoted a minister. The way he worked was quite remarkable. He would be up from bed before dawn. At the break of day he would be fully dressed and he was ready to receive visitors in the front room of his residence. He received petitions and he

94

would help the petitioners in all possible ways. At 9.00 am he came to his office and carry on with the affiars of state from the point where he left the other day. He would accept gifts given in gratitude but was always careful that these gifts did not become bribes. In another words, when punishments were waived, gifts become bribes. Since he was too occupied in pleasing the King, one should not think that he would be harsh without any kindness or justice in dealing with people in general. He was most considerate with the people who came to him with a grievance. This order was proclaimed when His Majesty came to the Bye Daik on 3 April 1638.

4 April Order: (1)

1638 Repair old pagodas, monasteries, ordination halls, weirs, tanks, wells and canals.

(2) (3)

Gilt the pagodas and put new finials on top of them. Conduct the Consecration Ceremony (Anekaja) again at the repaired pagodas.

(4)

Put up new stone inscriptions at each Religious Monument recording its history and the extent of land given in its maintenance.

(5)

Give a new name to a repaired monastery and send an iron seal with the new name engraved on it to the monastery.

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(6)

Copy new sets of the Pitaka, using black tree gum to write on cloth and stylus on palm-leaves; there would be 1,008,000 palm-leaves or 84,000 anga.

(7) (8)

Keep the new sets of the Pitaka in the Palace Archives. Appoint in this programme of Pitaka copying, 20 leearned monks as Editors-in-Chief, 30 as Editors and 10 as SubEditors and let them work within the precincts of the Maha Myat Muni Pagoda. Ministers shall provide food and other necessities for them. Get scribes and clerks for this commission and the office of Religious Affairs shall act as the office of liasion so that this commission could carry out its work with efficiency.

(9)

Put 30 Shans of the North on guard duty where the Commission is working.

(10)

The Officer-in-Charge of the Granaries shall look after the food ration and various allowances for all those people in connection with this commission.

This order was proclaimed at the Hluttaw by the Chief of Heralds on 4 April 1638.

11 April

1638

Order: (1)

Provide an escort of 500 men of the Indian Mercenaries

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when the Party headed by the Reverend Monk Taung Bi La Pokko Gyaw goes on 16 April 1638 in search of the two Foot-Prints of the Buddha said to be located by the river bank of Namanda and lost in forest for the past two centuries. (2) Convey the Party down the Irrawaddy to Minbu on four big house boats manned by 120 boatmen of Ye and Tavoy. (3) Authorise the Party to commandeer porters, pack animals and bullock carts. This order was proclaimed at the Hluttaw by the Chief of Heralds on 11 April 1638.

14 April Order: (1)

1638 Take the advice of Thiri Dhamma Min Ye in preparong the Pageant (for which the order was passed on 3 April 1638) so that the arrangements of men, carriages, horses, elephants, etc. would be in propriety with the astrological calculations.

(2)

Inscribe the name of the monastery on stone as the Bon San Tu Lut and the Reverend Monk Sirisumaharatanadhidhammalankara would be given of the monastery.

(3)

Invite one thousand monks of the Capital as well as Sagaing, Tada U, Pinya, etc. to attend the ceremony of

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handing over the monastery to the monk. (4) Made ready the gifts to be given to the invited monks.

This order was proclaimed at the Hluttaw by the Chief of Heralds on 14 April 1638.

22 April Order: (1)

1638 Use 10,008 ivory plaquws, 10,008 gold plates, 10,008 silver plates supplied by the Interior (Atwin Daw), to copy the Pitaka.

(2)

Give provisions supplied by the office of Granaries, to the monks of the Editorial Board, Pitaka Copying

Commission. (3) Bring the daily food to the Palace for inspection before they are sent to the monks of the Commission. (4) The Officer-in-Charge of the Religious Affairs shall take the responsibility that the would task of the Commission comes to a successful end. This Order was proclaimed at the Hluttaw by the Chief of Heralds on 22 April 1638.

8 May Order: (1)

1638 Give the insignias of rank (equal to that of the Crown Prince) to the King's brother Min Ye Kyaw Zwa.

This Order was proclaimed at the Hluttaw by the Chief of heralds

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on 8 May 1638.

16 May Order: (1)

1638 Keep the thread that had been wound round the Buddha's Foot-Print at Namanda and brought back to the Capital City by the four reverend monks Anandadhaja.

Ariyalankara, Tilokalankara and Sirisudhammaraja the Taung Bi La Sayadaw, as a treasure of the Palace. (2) Send threads of the same length to various Sawbwas under the King. This order was passed on 16 May 1638 when the Party that went in search of the Buddha's Foot-Prints on the Namanda came back. (The Report of the Party is attached).

8 June Order: (1)

1638 Send cloth and tea as the Royal Help (Aku Daw) on the death of monks, brahmans and lay devotees at the monasteries in the City, Tada U, Pinya, Taywin Chay, Sagaing, etc. (2) The Officer-in-Charge of the City is given this duty.

This Order was proclaimed at the Hluttaw by the Chief of Heralds on 8 June 1638.

10 June Order: (1)

1638 Invite the senior monks of the City (up to the number of

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108) to a feast at the Shwe Zigon pagoda on the Full Moon Day and No Moon Day of every month. (2) Take rice from the Officer-in-Charge of the Granaries, curry from the Judges and dessert from Zawtayit. This Order was proclaimed on 10 June 1638.

10 June Order: (1)

1638 Discourage the union of a female servant of the King with a male slave of any other owner.

This Order was made when His Majesty came to the Bye Daik on 10 June 1638 and saw the list of slaves owned by Prince Min Ye Kyaw Zwa.

21 June Order: (1)

1638 Do not harass the Five Groups of Gadu Workers engaged in extracting gold, tree gum, amber, precious gems and iron by calling upon them to take part in some of the Public Works or by being taken away by people to whom they owe debts.

(2)

Do not neglect offerings made to Titthanasati, the Guardian God of these precious gems and metals.

(3)

Let them work at any promising place (without exception) to extract these metals, etc.

(4)

Enlist all children (both male and female) of a union

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between a member of these five groups of Gadu and an outsider, in one of these groups. This order was made when His Majesty came to the Bye Daik on 21 June 1638; later it was proclaimed by Herald Zay Taya Taman.

(30) June Order: (1)

1638 Invite the eighty most aged monks who live in the suburbs of the City and in Tada U, Pinya, Sagaing and who had never been invited to a feast by the King before, to a feast at the Palace on 14 July 1638; this is to be considered as a supplement of the Celebration of one Thousandth Anniversary of the Thagayit Era.

(2) (3)

Invite all other monks to a feast at the Hluttaw. Get one thousand of every item of the gifts for the monks as the total number of monks invited would be 1,000.

This order was proclaimed at the Hluttaw by the Chief of Heralds on (30) June 1638.

9 July Order: (1)

1638 Recruit boatmen from the communities of Ayut'ia, Bassein, Hanthawaddy, Martaban and Tennasserim so that each boat called Hlawga or each barge called Hpaung Daw which now has only 40 or 50 men has fully 100 men. (2) Train the recruits in boatmanship well.

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(3)

Classify the daughters of clerks, etc. employed in the administration as women of the commonfolk (Athi Ma).

(4)

Add 100 men and 100 women to the Forty Groups of the servants of the Palace under the Officer-in-Charge of the West; recruit them from the communities of other towns like Ayut'ia, Bassein, Hanthawaddy, Martaban,

Tennasserim, etc. (5) Add men at each of the Nine City Gates so that there are 100 men at each gate with men from the nine Maw States, Chiengmai and Keng Hse. (6) Recruit 100 men from each community of men from Mindon, Salin, Syriam, Thayaykhittaya and Toungoo as watchmen at the turrets of the City Wall, Earth Palace, Main Tower, Hluttaw, East Court, West Court and Palace Yard Court. (7) Assign 100 men from Nyaung Yan as ushers (Nay Ya Daw Hkin). (8) (9) Add 50 men to the Group of Sweepers. Get 40 office boys at each of the offices of Hluttaw, East, West, South and Palace Yard. This Order was proclaimed at the Hluttaw by the Chief of Heralds on 5 July 1638.

24 July Order: (1)

1638 Make one Group of Gunners 100 strong and give each man

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a gun with all accessories and give all of them a good training to shoot provided they do not practise on life targets; the Group of Gunners are: Kala Byo Feringi Ip Hpan Daw Myay Nan Nauk Taw Pa Pinya Shwe Myo Daw Tada U Thu Nge Daw and Wun Gyin. (2) Recruit the men from the communities of : Chiengmai Dala Kukhan Gyi Nyaung Yan Pagan Prome Sittang Syriam Tavoy Tennasserim Thayawaddy Toungoo and Ye. Allocate the night duty at the Palace as follows: Letya Thwe Thauk Letwe Thwe Thauk and Myay Nan Thay Nat at the Myay Nan; Thu Ye Kyaw Dan and Wun Gyin Thay Nat Hpwa Bet Kyaw Daing Daw Shay Si Yin Su Thay Nat the Bye Daik and at the Zay Da Wun Saung at their own barracks at at the Left Marabin Gate the Inner Marabin and

(3)

103

Swe Lay and Wun Gyin Thay Nat (4)

at

the West Marabin.

Put one hundred guards at the Nine City Gates on twenty four duty and make them check the bolts, supporting beams, etc. so that they are always in good order.

(5)

Allow no infringement of one group upon another in carrying out its allotted duty.

This order was proclaimed at the Hluttaw by the Chief of Heralds on 24 July 1638.

24 July Order: (1)

1638 Invite monks to a feast and offer them gifts at the close of every season of the year (i.e. the Dry Season, Wet Season d the Cool Season).

(2)

Collect old images at all Religious Establishments and repair them in the Hall of the Shwe Zigon pagoda; invite 108 monks and perform the Ceremony of Consecration called the Anekaja when the repairs have been made; made proper arrangements to send them back to their original places.

(3)

Make the image of Aggasita the Hermit and send it east across the river with offerings on 24 August 1638; take the advice of Brahman Ajagaru for details in carrying out this Order.

104

This Order was proclaimed at the Hluttaw by the Chief of Heralds on 24 July 1638.

2 September 1638 Order: (1) (2) Celebrate the Light Festival on 11 and 12 September 1638. Officers and men in the service of the King are expected to attend the festivals at the Court properly dressed in their best ceremonial robes; any negligence in the attire shall be punished. This order was proclaimed at the Hluttaw by the Chief of Heralds on 2 September 1638.

9 September 1638 Order: Select man of special talent among the men brought over to the Capital City after each campaign against

Chiengmai, Prome, Toungoo, etc. and employ them in the trade in which they are most skilful. This order was proclaimed on 9 September 1638.

18 September 1638 Order: (1) Carelessness or negligence of any kind in wearing the ceremonial robes by officers and men of the Court would not be tolerated at the ceremonies of : Light Festival Occupying a New Palace

105

Occupying a New Palace Apartment Opening the Bye Daik Opening the Hluttaw Royal Audience and Royal Visit to the Elephant Stockade. (2) Omission to use any item of the given insignia of rank would also be punished. (3) After being seated in the Ceremonial Hall, a change of seat would be punished with 100 lashes. This Order was proclaimed at the Hluttaw by the Chief of Heralds on 18 September 1638.

21 September 1638 Order: (1) Make the funeral of Rajasirijeyyasankhaya of the Taw Nay Ya, as befitting his rank and status. (2) Issue the mask, funeral robe and one tical of silver to be put in the mouth of the deceased, from the Interior (Atwin Daw). (3) Send the Royal Help (Aku Daw).

This Order was proclaimed at the Hluttaw by the Chief of Heralds on 21 September 1638.

24 September 1638 Order: Build a pavilion of multiple roofs only for a big occasion.

This Order was given as an answer to a query by Myo Thit Nge Za and the Chief of Ayay Ma Hso Daing on 24 September 1638.

106

28 September 1638 Order: (1) (2) Get the four castes clearly defined. Get the four forces well organised; ten men should have one leader (Gaung), ten leaders have one chief (Sitke), ten chiefs have one major (Bohmu), ten majors have one general (Sit Thugyi) and ten generals have one commander - in- chief (Min), thus one Commander-in-Chief has under him 100,000 men; considering that one man could have a family of five to ten people and therefore the family members of the men of the fighting force the family members of the men of the fighting forces could come up to a number between 500,000 to 1,000,000 people; as a gardener tends his trees, so a Commander-in-Chief helps his people to live happily and to prosper well. (3) Encourage lads and lasses to get married when they come of age and arrange that widows or widowers could marry again. (4) Explain the mission before a man is sent to do it so that he would execute the order with seriousness. (5) (6) Make a population count in order to know the increase. Defer the Ordination Service of the Buddhist Order of Monks for four years so that checking could be made to prevent the undesirables from entering the monkhood.

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(7) (8)

Execute all state affairs with effeciency and fairness. Consider the recent rebellion at Moulmein that was most severely suppressed on 13 June 1638 and know that any such attempt is futile.

This Order was proclaimed on 28 September 1628.

4 October Order: (1) (2)

1638 Build a special pavilion for the white Elephant Sirinaga. Put forty men from Thayawady as attendants of the White Elephant.

(3)

Appoint Naga Nanthu as the Mahout and Naga Waylu and Naga Sanda as his assistants.

This Order was proclaimed at the Hluttaw by the Chief of Heralds on 4 October 1638.

8 October Order: (1) (2)

1638 No officer shall use the insignia above his rank. Remove Min Ye Sithu from being the Officer-in-Charge of Martaban as a punishment for using the insignias above his rank.

(3)

Punish his advisers; Min Ye Sithu would not be given any other punishment as he is one of the Royal Family.

(4)

Seize the weapons from the retinue of Min Ye Sithu and the Officer of Revenue shall make a List of the seized

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weapons. This Order was proclaimed at the Hluttaw by the Chief of Heralds on 8 October 1638.

15 October Order: (1)

1638 Get the Hlawga boats ready for emergency use as His majesty is crossing over the Irrawaddy to the Rajamanicula Pagoda in a golden canoe (Shwe Laung) and as the weather is unpredictable, a storm might appear before the crossing is over.

(2)

Prince Min Ye Kyaw Zaw, His Majesty's Brother, and other senior princes together with the Prince-in-Charge of the Horses shall accompany the trip also in boats.

(3)

Notify the City Gate Keepers that during the Royal trip they are not to allow anyone either to leave or enter the City.

(4)

Stand by the Officer-in-Charge of the City and his staff including one Chief of One Thousand Men at the City Office, one Assistant Minister and one Herald at the Palace, one Minister, one Deputy Minister, one Senior Clerk and one Clerk of the Palace Stores at the Hluttaw.

This Order was proclaimed at the Hluttaw by the Chief of Heralds on 15 October 1638.

109

(15 October 1638) Order: Min Ye Aung Htin, the King's nephew and Prince Amyint, the King's son, shall eat the pickled tea (Lahpet) together in the King's presence as a mark of reconciliation after the Prince Amyint had had attempted, though unsuccessfully, to assassinate Min Ye Aung Htin. This Order was proclaimed on (15 October 1638).

(15 October 1638) Order: (1) One Minister, one Deputy Minister, one Senior clerk must take charge of the funeral of the King's Brother Min Ye Kyaw Zwa.

(2)

Take the funeral of Prince Toungoo, King Hanthawaddy Hsinbyushin's Brother, as a model for all the funeral arrangements.

This Order was proclaimed on (15 October 1638).

20 October Order:

1638 Give the insignias befitting their ranks to Min Ye Aung Htin, son of the late King, and Min Ye Kyaw Htin, Min Ye Kyaw Hkaung, Min Ye Thiha Yaza and Min Ye Thiha Thu who are the four sons of the present reigning Lord.

This Order was proclaimed by the Chief of Heralds on 20 October 1638.

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1 November 1638 Order: (1) March to Mo Wun.

(2)

Thiri Dhamma Min Ye is appointed the Commander-inChief of this military expedition and Thiri Dhamma Min Hpya, Thiri Dhamma Min Saw and Thiri Maha Min Saw are appointed Cammanders.

(3)

Observe the following as the Burmese forces would be going to places in proximity with those under the Chinese:

a/

Men should not be scattered during the march from one camp to another.

b/ c/

Officers and men should take collective responsibility. All provisions are to be kept within the camp and no small groups should be sent out to gather food or collect fuel or fetch water.

d/

Sentry duty should be given to thirty men while the main body of the forces is resting in the camp and they should be scattered in groups of five within a mile / 1.609 kilometres of the camp and whistle signals should be arranged before hand.

e/ f/ g/ h/

Animals of the army should be well fed. Sawbwas should supply the provisions. Weapons should be kept always in good condition. Cooking and eating should be over by 9.00 am in the

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morning; men should march until 4.00 pm in the evening; and cooking and eating the evening meal should be over before sun down. i/ Officers should hold a meeting after the evening meal to discuss next day's programme. j/ Officers should take turn to sleep so that half of them shall remain awake at any time during the night. This Order was proclaimed at the Hluttaw by the Chief of Heralds on 1 November 1638 and copies of it were given to all Commanders who took part in the campaign.

1 November 1638 Order: (1) Report the progress of the Mo Wun Camoaign.

(2)

Minister Maha Thiri Zayya Thura, Deputy Minister Nay Myo Thin Hka Ya and Senior Clerk Tuyin Way Thaw must do the reporting regularly.

(3)

Men of undesirable characters (including those in the retinue of Prince Commanders) are to be tried by a tribunal and reports of such trials must also be sent to the Capital.

This Order was proclaimed on 1 November 1638.

4 November 1638 Order: (1) The funeral of Prince Thiri Dhamma Min Saw should be

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arranged in the prescribed form. (2) Confer the posthumous title of Sirimahadhammarajasura on the deceased Prince. This Order was proclaimed at the Hluttaw by the Chief of Heralds on 4 November 1638.

28 December 1638 Order: (1) The funeral of Min Ye Kyaw Htin, Officer-in-Charge of Hanthawaddy, should be carried out by the local customs as in the case of the funeral of Min Ye Sithu, Officer-inCharge of Martaban, before him.

(2)

Although the deceased Prince was of the Royal Family, he had died as an officer in charge of a town and so he shall be buried like one of those officers.

This Order was proclaimed at the Hluttaw by the Chief of Heralds on 28 December 1638.

28 December 1638 Order: Made Prince Pintale the Crown Prince in as much the same way as Pinya King Sihasura made his son Prince Sankhaya a king at Sagaing on 26 August 1312. This Order was proclaimed at the Hluttaw by the Chief of Heralds on 28 December 1638.

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12 January Order:

1639 Punish Nga Ta Lut Ngay of the Guard Station (Kin) of Kyauk Maw under Toungoo and his associates for destroying the stone pillar marking the limits of a Religious Land.

This Order was proclaimed at the Hluttaw by the Chief of Heralds on 12 January 1639.

(12 January) 1639 Order: (1) Reorganise the following Horse Groups which were founded by Sagaing Athin Hkaya in about 1318.
Hket Lon Kyaung Thin Lak Yway Gyi Lak Yway Nge Myin The Gyi Pyin Zi Saw Pwoot O Tama Hka and Yu Daw Mu.

(2)

Reorganise the following Horse Groups which were founded by Maha Uccana on 18 January 1323.
Chiengmai Ain Shay Daw Pakhan Kyun Daw Haung Lon Pauk Nyaung Yan Pagan Pinya Tavay Ta Yok Thin Gyi and Vieng Cheng (Linzin).

(3)

Reorganise the following Horse Groups which were founded (early in the 17th century).

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Kyauk Sauk Lambu Letwe Letya Nauk Shay Thin Daung and Yet Khan Kan Zaung.

(4)

Increase the number of men to 100 in the following groups (the Fighting Forces called Thwe Thauk are shown by astericks):
* Ain Tha Daw Amyauk *Feringi Hlaw Ga Hlay Thin Daw Kattu *Myay Nan * Nauk Wun Gyin Shwe Ka Shwe Lay * Shwe Myo Daw * Tada U * Thu Nge Daw and Ye Hlay.

(5)

Make each Group of Commonfolks (Athi) 300 strong by allowing Shans to settle among them.

(6)

Tax payable in copper by each family of commonfolks (Athi) is 2 viss (9.125 lbs / 4.1391 kg) a year, each family of a man of one of the Horse Groups 2 viss a year and each family of a man of one of the Elephant Groups 3 viss (10.95 lbs / 4.96692 kg) a year.

(7)

For the Palace Kitchen, the Divisions (Taik) of Twin Thin and Hlaw Ka Thon Htaung shall supply the following:

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Chili Fish Fish Paste Fruits Garlic Ginger Oil Onion Rice Saffron Salt and Vege Tables.

(8)

The duty of lighting the Palace at dusk is given to the Groups of Shwe Da and Thet Ka Dan in all the four quarters of the Palace; in the apartments use the candles (6 to 12 according to the size of the room) and along the passages the oil lamps.

This Order was proclaimed at the Hluttaw by the Chief of Heralds on (12 January) 1639.

28 March Order: (1)

1639 The Scions of the Ancient Dynasties of

Bassein Dagon Martaban Myin Zaing Pagan Pegu Pinya Sagaing Sittang Thayaykhittaya and Toungoo

cannot be considered as members of the Royal family. (2) Let the able-bodied male descendants of these Ancient Dynasties join the Fighting Forces of 116

Banya Dala Nanda Sithu Nanda Thiri Shin Htwe Shin Kyine Zaya Thin Hkaya and Zaya Ottama

This Order was proclaimed at the Hluttaw by the Chief of Heralds on 28 March 1638.

15 April Ordrr: (1)

1639 Brahman Astrologers and Mantra Experts shall enter the Palace by the West Gate and assemble at the Earth Palace to co-ordinate their findings of the future and present only one version of their presictions.

(2)

Refer their decisions of having one intercalary month and to keep the number of days in Nayon as usual in Thagayit 1001, to Toungoo Sayadaw Lankaradhajaguru and Sayadaw Sirirajaguru.

This Order was proclaimed on 15 April 1639.

25 April Order: (1)

1639 Allow trial by ordeal only when evidence is not available; never allow it as a favour to one party that could bribe the Judge; in fact bribery is not tolerated.

(2)

Send cases to the Hluttaw only when local courts find them too difficult to handle by themselves.

(3)

Send half the Court Frees and Fines to the Royal Treasury.

117

(4)

Give ten per cent of the Toll Tax to the Collector and send the residue to the Royal Treasury; collect from Kyat to 10 Kyats from each boat and the amount to be exacted depends on the size of the boat; collect Kyat from each pack animal.

(5)

Guards should not be called away from their posts for any other duty; men of each locality should not be assigned to do a Public Work elsewherel a written Order from the Hluttaw is necessary to take men away for work outside their locality.

(6)

The Chief of Letma Htauk shall deal with all petty crimes.

(7)

Organise work groups with both town-folks and villagefolks for the funeral of a monk or for such festivals as the Water Pouring over the Bodhi Tree in the Second Month of the Year (Kason) and the Regatta in the Six Month of the Year (Tawthalin).

This Order was proclaimed at the Hluttaw by the Chief of Heralds on 25 April 1639.

11 September 1639 Order: (1) Reorganise the Toungoo, Toungme and Talan Karen

workers employed in extracting silver since 9 September 1173 and the Pan Yi Karen workers employed in

extracting gold since 6 September 1174.

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(2)

The office of the Crown Prince (Pintale) shall take charge of the gold and silver when these workers came to the Palace to offer them.

This Order was proclaimed on 11 September 1639.

8 September 1640 Order: The Statement made under an oath with reference to the Law of Inheritance among the Chiefs of the Workers on extracting Gold and Silver by the following people on 14 July 1640 is accepted
Nyaung Wun Chief (aged 73 years) Tama Hka Chief (aged 55 years) Thit Nyo Chief (aged 80 years) and Toung Ywa Chief Nga Shwe Maung (age 80 years)

and other independent witnesses like

Ma Hti Chief Nga Tha Yauk Chief Pa Zin Mi Hnaung Pyi Ga Daw Shin Mi Myo Lauk Yay Myak Chief and Ywa Tha Ya Chief Nge Chit Hla.

This Order was proclaimed at the Bye Daik on 8 September 1640.

29 April Order: (1)

1641 Acknowledge the receipt of the Remonstrance Pinya Aung Dut Kyaung Maharatanakara Sayadaw on summoning monks to appear at the Hluttaw for intertogation in connection with the fire at the City on 29 April 1641.

119

(2)

Stop summoning monks to the Hluttaw for interrogation.

This Order was proclaimed on (29 April 1641).

24 January Order: (1)

1642 Invite Anandadhaja the Sayadaw of Anuruddha, to the Hluttaw and ask him the following:

a/

The original height of the Dagon Pagoda could not be the present 200 cubits (300 ft / 91.44 metres); who raised it to this height?

b/ c/

What were the original shapes and size? Who was the donor of the finial 7 cubits (10.5 ft / 3.2004 meters) high with a base diameter of 2.35 cubits (3.5 ft / 1.0668 metre)?

(2)

Report the answers of the Sayadaw.

This Order was proclaimed at the Hluttaw by the Chief of Heralds on 24 January 1642. Order: Send for the Lady Donor of a monastery for Saramancu at the Winido Monastic Establishment to appear at the Court and tell her that she could not reap the full benifit of building a monastery a/ if she had allowed any propriations made to spirits to avert any harm to workers during the constructions, b/ if she had used part of the monastery as her own store

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house, c/ if she had made use of the services of the monks in any of her various businesses, and d/ if she has been using one of the monks of the monastery as her medicine man; and also tell her that the nirvana would be the ultimate reward if she continue supplying the four requisites of the monks to her monastery so that the monks who come to reside there could carry on with their own work without any difficulty. This Order was proclaimed on 16 February 1642.

(16 February 1642) Order: Invite Dhammarasi and Saramancu, disciples of late (Vinayadhara) Sayadaw to the Alms House at the Gu Daw Thit Temple and convey to them the following points: a/ the monastery which has now been put in charge of Saramancu is meant really for all mnoks. b/ the monks who come to reside there must first learn the Buddha's Teachings, then to practise the Teachings and finally to work everything in the interest of the Religion so that the Buddha's Religion would last long, c/ the chief of the monastery is in fact the organiser

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of the said three things otherwise known as Pariyatti, Patipatti and Pativeda. Copies of this Order are sent to Ratanakara Sayadaw and Ashin Tisasanajota. This Order was proclaimed on (16 February 1642).

18 February 1642 After receiving the copy of the Royal Order of 16 February 1642, Chief Monk of Ratanakara replied: The good lay Devotee's work of merit coincides with good time (kala) when the ruling king is good, the good place (desa) where Buddhism flourished, and the good effort (payoga) where an abode for monks is made and therefore it is all right to exclaim "Well Done" (Sadhu).

18 February 1642 After receiving the copy of the Royal Order of 16 February 1642, Chief Monk Tisasanajota replied: Any kind of giving is generally termed good but not all the givings are really good especially when it is done because of fear or favour. Now the gift made by the lay Lady Devotee in the form of a building for (Saramancu) is the best possible form of gift to a most deserving man and therefore we consider it proper to exclaim "Well Done" (Sadhu).

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18 February 1642 Order: Summon the Lady Donor of the Monastery of Saramancu

to the Court and read to her the replies given by the two monks. This Order was proclaimed on 18 February 1642.

(18 February 1642) It is a hard chance to be born a man; it is a hard chance to be born a man during the time of the Buddha; it is a hard chance for that particular man to have faith in Buddhism; it is a hard chance for him to meet the Buddha; and it is a hard chance for him to become a member of the Buddhist Order of Monks. Once a man becomes a monk he is expected to do Pariyatti, Patipatti, and Pativeda. A monk who comes up to the expectation deserves help. The Lady Donor had now given the help to a really good monk and in order to show that her work is well appreciated, she would be given a few rewards. Order: Give to the Lady Donor of the Saramancu Monastery the Title of Saddhadhamma and 200 viss of copper, 100 viss of tree gum, 10 viss of red ochre, 1 bale of cloth called Thalu, 6 viss of chili, 3 viss of thread, 1 measure of perfume, 1 measure of Paccam, 3 bales of Pumtaluiw. This Order was proclaimed on (18 February 1642).

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22 May Order: (1)

1642 Interrogate the monks about the fire at the City on 29 April 1641 and (22 May) 1642; Burmese monks are exempted from this interrogation; interrogate only the monks of nonBurmese origin like those from Ayut'ia, Kathe, Mon, Shan, Tavoy, Tenasserim and Yun, because although they are under the same discipline like the Burmese monks, they might do something prohibited as they could not follow the instructions properly due to language difficulty.

(2)

Interrogate also the workers who live outside the walls of the City and who come to the City daily to work as menials or clerks at various offices; such workers of any office shall hold passes issued by the Officer-in-Charge of the City.

This Order was proclaimed on 22 May 1642.

(22 May Order: (1)

1642) Reply the Pinya Aung Tut Kyaung Maharatanakara Sayadaw that his Remonstrance is noted and the

authorities are quite aware of the fact that a monk is under a Religious Organisation with its own discipline and therefore it is best to leave them alone.

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(2) a/

Mention in the reply these three points: Only monks of non-Burmese origin will be interrogated about the fire in the City on (22 May 1642).

b/

interrogations will be made at the monasteries where these monks are living and in the presence of the presiding monks of those monasteries and

c/

there is no intention that all monasteries would be moved outside the walls of the City.

This Order was proclaimed on (22 May 1642).

24 May

1642

After having received the Royal Order of 24 January 1642, Sayadaws Anandadhaja and Anuruddha were approached to get the story of the Dagon Pagoda and Ministers Nanda Yawda and Nanda Thin Gyan humbly report: 1 The original height of the Dagon Pagoda was only 120 cubits (180 ft / 54.864 metres) and the finial was 7.33 cubits (11 ft / 3.3528 metres) with the base diameter of 2.33 cubits (3.5 ft / 1.0668 metre). 2 King Ramadhipati (Dhammaceti, 1472-92) repaired it but he added nothing to its size or height. 3 4 King Mintaya Shwe Hti (1530-1551) put a new finial. King Hanthawassy Hsinbyushin (1554-1581) increased

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the height of the pagoda to 200 cubits (300 ft / 91.44 metres) and fixed a finial of height 18.5 cubit (27.75 ft / 8.4582 metres) with a base diameter of 9.5 cubit (14.25 ft / 4.3434 metres). He also dedicated 500 servants to look after the pagoda.

King Nga Zu Dayaka (1581-1599) had constructed 48 small pagodas around the Dagon Pagoda, a big bronze bell, two enclosure walls, brick stairways, a road leading to the town of Dagon and pagodas each 12 cubit (18 ft / 5.4864 metres) high at regular intervals along this road.

All powerful kings did something towards the conservation of this monument.

Ministers Nanda Yawda and Nanda Thin Gyan submitted this Report on 24 May 1642.

24 May Order: (1)

1642 Reorganise the following Elephant Groups known by the name of Thwe Thauk founded since 1374:
Daung Tha Ma Za Htan Da Bin Za Kokko Chaung Za Kya Hkat Za Lin Nge Gyi Za Ma Hti Lo Za Myo Hla Za Pauk Kaing Za Tha Hla Pin Zi Za Ye De Wa Ye Set Ka Ye Thein Ga

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Ye Thi Ha Ye Thin Yan Ye Zay Ta Ye Zay Ya Ywa Ma Gyi Za Ywut Thin Yan and Zaik Thin Yan;

use men from Chiengmai and the descendants of Old Dynasties and Sawbwas in the reorganisation.

(2)

Put a gunner in the howdah called Ye Ka on each elephant that accompanies the King on a trip outside the Palace. (3) Men of the Palace Night Watch (Aip Hle Aip Hpan) should gather at the raised platform in front of the Red Gate on the north of the Hluttaw. (4) As it was done before in 1401, increase the population in some towns and villages where the number of the commonfolks (Athi) at each place should be either 300 or 150 or 100 and take the necessary people from the communities of In Gye, Kachin, Karen, Loo, Myee and Tayoke who came from the north; new people might be sent mostly to places west of the Irrawaddy and Chindwin like Hpyin Ta, Hpyit Thi, Hsa Hton, Hsa Lin, Lin Ga Daw, Ma Be, Pa Dain and Si Tut Ta Ya.

(5)

Reorganise the Shan and Yun (Chiengmai) Horse Groups

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(organised in 1428) so that each group has 50 horsemen and each horseman has one orderly, two Lancemen (one on the left and another on the right), one bearer of baggages and one cook; the Horse Groups to be reorganised are:
Bhamo Htan Da Bin Lin Zin (Viengcheng) Lon Pauk Mitthila Nga Ya Ne Shan Ta Ba Yin Tavoy and Yawnghwe:

These horsemen must be given land to live and to cultivate (Nay Nyay Sa Myay) and they would be sent to the City or any town or any outpos on duty. (6) Put under the charge of the Officer-in-Charge of the West the Nanda Sithu Thwe Thauk formed with the relatives of Thado and the Welu Thondara. (7) Give land at Sagaing near the Hkawa Daw Shed measuring 25 ta (62.5 ft / 49.53 metres) square to the Laundry Group (Hkawa Daw); give another piece of land to the Young Men's Group (Thu Nge Daw). (8) Since 8 August 1598 the name Ratanapura was not in use; The new name is Shwe Wa and the City area had been extended largely to the west; the drum and bells to announce the hour were made new; the Palace, Hluttaw,

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City Gates, East Court, West Court, Courts of the Four Sectors of the Palace and Shrine of Guardian God called Aung Zwa were also built new; in front of each office a bodhi tree was planted; shrines for Sagaing Thawtaban Zayta Bilu and Gonban were also built; the Horse Group of Nyaung Yan were organised then under the following names: Nanda Thiri Thwe Thauk Nanda Sithu Thwe Thauk Shin Htwe Thwe Thauk and Shin Kyine Thwe Thauk. (9) Give land to the Tile Makers (ok Kyut) at Sagaing near the Laundry and Young Men's Groups. This Order was proclaimed on 24 May 1642. Note: See also the Royal Order of (2 April 1647) on the population problem.

8 August Order: (1)

1642 There should be only one headman at a place; Ta Ba Yin has six; all of them claimed to be the descendants of a common ancestor who was once the Headman of Ta Ba Yin; among them Nga Thitsa alone is worthy of that office.

(2)

Appoint Nga Thitsa as the Headman of Tabayin; made Nga Chit Nyo ( a joint) Headman.

This Order was passed when His Majesty came to the Bye Daik on 8 August 1642.

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12 February 1643 Order: (1) By primogeniture, the eldest son gets his parents' entire estate and it is ridiculous to have six persons taking the same position of a headman at Ta Ba Yin. (2) Nga Thitsa is knowledgeable in history and old records; appoint him the Headman of Ta Ba Yin with his brotherin-law Nge Chit Nyo Nge as his assistant. (3) Arrest the other five (Nga Shwe Pon, Nga Kyin Bet, Nga Aung Myo and two) and put them in the hands of Nga Thitsa. (4) In former times, rural peopke had no liking to visit the City; they were reluctant even to visit for a while on business; now many of them are found loafing here in the City; send them back; notify the Headmen of villages to recall them. This Order was passed on 12 February 1643.

3 March Order:

1643 Allow a person who has a seat of Nay Ya Daw in the Audience Hall to build and live in a house with Paccu (?Gables with decorations) at both ends of it.

This Order was passed when His Najesty came to the Bye Daik on 3 March 1643.

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31 May Order:

1643 Lay people living at monasteries should declare whether they are the Servants of the Religion or they are the free men but destitutes who take refuge at the monasteries.

This Order was proclaimed on 31 May 1643.

20 October Order: (1)

1643 Divide the Guards of the Four Scetors of the Palace into groups:

a/

Group One consisting the Guards of Marabin, Atwin Daing and Atwin Thin, is on duty for twenty four hours and it has no other duty except this guard duty.

b/

Group Two consisting the Guards of the Hluttaw and Pyin Daing are on duty at the outer yard of the Palace and only ten men are required at the guard post; the rest would remain idle unless they are employed in the fields.

(2)

Send the Guards of the Palace who are not on guard duty to the fields to cultivate.

This Order was proclaimed at the Hluttaw on 29 July 1643. But since 1 July 1643, men of the following groups are sent to the fields (as the growing season began by then).

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Da Swe (Thin) E Bya Tha Yi (Thin) Han Pyin Mo Daing La Goon Mo Daing Laik Hsin (Thin) Letwe Win Daing Letywe Daing Ma Be (Thin) Mong Pong Daing Myaung Hson Shwe Daing Nat Yauk Kya Daing Nyaung Sauk Daing Saw Lu Daing Shan Paik Taw (Thin) Shan Thu Nge Daing Shwe Hlan Htaung Tagaung Myit Sin (Thin) Taung Dwin Lay Thu Ye Bi Lu (Thin) Thu Ye Lu Lin (Thin) Wun Tho Daing Yan Ma Chut Daing Yan Pon Hkwe Daing Yawnghwe Daing Yawnghwe Lay Ye Baw Htaung and Ye Ka Daing.

This Order was proclaimed again on 20 October 1643. 16 July Order: (1) 1645 Officers should often go on inspection tours to villages with a view to get more land under cultivation and to give agricultural loans wherever necessary. Check that cultivators should not leave their fields during the growing season or stop administrators from summoning the cultivators to appear at cours in the City in the growing season or stop money lenders from disturbing the cultivators while they are grawing. Officers in charge of the villages shall not allow the

(2)

(3)

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villagers to visit the City without enough reason and they see to the fact that the villagers who go there do not stay there longer than what is necessary. (4) A villager coming to the City must bring a letter from his village chief addressed to Min Hla Shwe Daung or Yaza Gutta and without such a letter, he would be sent to collect elephant fodder as punishment. (5) Punish the village chief from whose village a villager is found in the City without a letter from him stating his business there. (6) Village and town heads shall take a list of villagers or townfolks including the visitors stating from where they come and why they come, and the absentees who go to which place for what purpose and how long they would be there; negligence of this particu;ar duty would be severely punished. This Order was proclaimed on 6 July 1645.

13 April Order: (1)

1646 The Officer-in-Charge of the West deals with all affairs of the Queens, Concubines and their children (including boys who are still too young to be taken away from the women or western sector of the Palace).

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(2)

Ladies of the Court hold towns, villages, fisheries and weirs in fief; make a register of these fiefs with clear definition of their boundaries; also mention in this Register the amount of money each fief holder is receiving from a particular fief.

(3)

Guards sent to the outposts shall be changed on every third year.

(4)

Half of all Court Fees and Fines shall be sent to the Royal Treasury on every six months from the provinces and on the first day of every month from the Courts of the City.

(5)

Clerks going to the Western Sector of the Palace must enter it from the West Gate and use that gate to get out; they are not allowed to cross over to the east where the Hluttaw is located; one Clerk (Si Thi Ywa Za) was found transgressing this Order; give him one hundred lashes.

(6)

The Officer-in-Charge of the West shall try all cases of the Groups serving in the Western Sector of the Palace though he might put up difficult cases to the Hluttaw and he shall keep a Register of these cases.

(7)

If it is not contested, the attitude of giving a

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judgement should be in nature of an arbitration like forgiving the small offences and minimising the big ones according to the old Burmese maxim "Kri: Sam, a mhu nay on nay san, amhu pa prok on". (8) Punish the pleaders for contempt of court for either using foul languages or for playing upon words to misrepresent a case. This Order was proclaimed at the Hluttaw by the Chief of Heralds on 13 April 1646. 1 November 1646 Report by Pa Tha Yit Sa on how the Fighting Forces are organised, submitted on 1 November 1646. Athein Gaung Ko Yan Daw (10 Hoese Groups) organised with men of the Mong Nai Sawbwa De Wa Kamma Gaung Ko Yan (10 Horse Groups) organised with men from Mong Nai Gadu Myin Hmu (Thwe Thauk) organised with men from Mong Nai Ha Lu Za (Thwe Thauk) organised with men from Hsipaw Ha Lwe Za (Thwe Thauk) organised with men from Mong Nai Kyaung Pya Hsin Ye Gaung Ko Yan Daw (Horse) organised with men of the Yawnghwe Sawbwa Letya Nanda Meit Gaung Ko Yan Daw (10 Horse Groups) organised with men who had served the Prince who is now the King Ma O Za Gaung (Thwe Thauk) organised on 17 August 1598 with men who had served the Prince who became King Nga Zu Da Ya Ka, 1581-1599 Mon La Za Ko Yan Daw (10 Horse Groups) Organised with men of the Bhamo Sawbwa Myin Ta Kyi Za Gaung (Horse) organised with men from Hsenwi Nga Shwe San (Thwe Thauk) organised with men from Mong Nai Paik Kamma (Thwe Thauk) organised with men from Mong Nai Paik Thin Yan (Thwe Thauk) organised with men from Mong Nai

135

Saw Ye Gyi Gaung Ko Yan Daw (10 Horse Groups) organised with men from Mong Nai Si Gaung Za Ko Yan Daw (10 Horse Groups) Thi Monh (Thwe Thauk) organised with men from Mong Nai and Yaung Koot Za (Thwe Thauk) organised with men from Yawnghwe. 2 April Order: (1) (2) 1647 Prince Pintale is made the Crown Prince. Prepare the Ceremony of the Investiture of the Crown Prince. (3) (4) Make a List of Men to serve the Crown Prince. Give the Crown Prince the towns of Da Ba Yin, Taung Dwin and Singu as fiefs. This Order was proclaimed at the Hluttaw by the Chief of Heralds.

(2 April Order: (1)

1647) Princes like the King's Brother who have been assigned to a duty at the Hluttaw and who are given special seats called Nay Ya Daw in the Audience Hall must use the insignias of their rank specially made for them so that they could be easily distinguished from other officers of the Hluttaw.

(2)

Officers of the Hluttaw should also use their insignias when they come to the Hluttaw.

This Order was proclaimed on (2 April 1647).

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(2 April

1647)

At Pyin Sa, four divisions known by the names of Taik were established on 24 August 1400. Their centres are Pa Dain, Ma Hpe, Poppa and Si Tut Ta Ya. There are two other Taiks called Hpya Si Ten Villages Taik and Lin Ga Taw Ten Villages Taik. All these places have scanty population. Order: (1) Settle the immigrants from the north of such ethnic groups like In Gye, Kachin, Karen, Loo, Myee Yin and Shan in these scantily populated Taiks so that each place could have either 300 or 150 or 100 or people. (2) Village Chiefs, Land officers and Clerks of eachlocality must help these immigrants to settle and become the accepted commonfolks (Athi) of that locality where they settle. This Order was proclaimed at the Hluttaw by the Chief of Heralds on (2 April 1647). Note: See the Royal Order of 24 May 1642.

(2 April

1647)

On 10 January 1375, the descendants of the Provincial Chiefs were organised into the following Elephant Groups: Chan Tha Za (Thwe Thauk) Mu Wa Za (Thwe Thauk) Nat Aing Za (Thwe Thauk)

137

Pauk Aing Za (Thwe Thauk) Pauk Kan Za (Thwe Thauk) Pe Pyin Za (Thwe Thauk) Sithu Ywa Za (Thwe Thauk) Tat Ywa Za (ThweThauk) Yay Chan Za (Thwe Thauk) Ye DeWa (Thwe Thauk) Ye Kan Ma (Thwe Thauk) Ye San Ma (Thwe Thauk) Ye Set Ka (Thwe Thauk) Ye Thein Ga (Thein Ga (Thwe Thauk) Ye Thin Yan (Thwe Thauk) Ye Thu Ya (Thwe Thauk) Ye Zay Ya (Thwe Thauk) Ywa Ma Za (Thwe Thauk) Twa Tha Ya Za (Thwe Thauk) and Ywoot Thin Yan (Thwe Thauk).

Order: (1)

Put the men of the Elephant Groups given in the above list on night watch duty at the barracks between the Red Gate on the north of the Hluttaw and the Ywe Daw Yu Gate that forms the north east sector of the Palace Yard.

(2)

Participate in the Pageants with each elephant manned by them and carrying a gunner on the elephant back.

This Order was proclaimed at the Hluttaw on ( 2 April 1647).

8 April Order: (1)

1649 Made preparations to fix the Finial on the Rajamanicula Pagoda on about (9 December 1648).

(2)

Send the Guards of the Four Sectors of the Palace to forests to get good 1,000 timber and 10,000 bamboo to make the scaffoldings for hauling up the finial to the top of the pagoda.

(3)

Get good medicine from the Khun Tha Bauk Hmu for those

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people who are going to the forest to gather timber, etc. (4) Get the boats called Shwe Laung, ready to cross the Irrawaddy to the Rajamanicula Pagoda on 25 April 1648. (5) Invite the Sayadaws Taung Bi La, Ariyalankara, Anandadhaja and Anuruddha to come to the Rajamanicula Pagoda on 26 April 1648. (6) Draw the pictures on the walls of the Pagoda Enclosure in this order: start from the base the drawings of the Hells, the Abode of Men, the Abode of Devas, the Abode of

Brahmas should come one above the other; then draw the Apannaka Jataka (No.1) to the Vessantara Jataka (No.547); on the topmost tier draw the Life of the Buddha. (7) Use 33 cups of colour and 33 brushes of ox hair to paint the pictures and write the legend under each picture in three languages of Burmese, Mon and Shan or Yoon. (8) Make the Finial in five tiers and the base tier should have a diameter of 9 cubits (13.5 ft / 4.1148 metres). (9) Use 150 viss (547.5 lbs / 248.8636 kg) of gold to make this Finial. (10) (11) Start making the Finial on 26 May 1648. Ask the Tougoo Lokuttara Sayadaw the auspicious day to

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fix the Finial on the Rajamanicula. (When the question was asked on 11 June 1648, the monk replied that he would give the answer to the next King. That made the King very angry anf he sent the monk to Pagan on 20 August 1648.) (12) Send the Toungoo Sayadaw to Pagan.

(On 22 August 1648 the King asked the Brahman Ajagaru the auspicious day to fix the Finial and he got the reply that he will never be able to do it because he would die on the next day). (13) Keep the Brahman Ajagaru at the Bye Daik and if nothing happened to the King as predicted on the 23 August 1648 put him and his family to death by burning. (King Thalun, 1633-1648, was born on 3 May 1584 and died on 23 August 1648 at the age of 64 years. He was succeeded by King Pintale, 1648-1661. The Mhannan, III, Reprint 1967, p.247, gives the date of King Thalun's death as Thursday 17 August 1648). *********** (14) (15) Fix the Finial on the Rajamanicula on 8 April 1649. Invite, 1,000 monks each day to a feast for five successive days (from 4 August 1649 to 8 August 1649). (16) Dedicate 81 men under Saddhasudevapani as Servants of the Religion and attach them to the Rajamanicula Pagoda. (17) Start a free ferry service across the Irrawaddy River

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at the Tagaung Market. (18) Send rice offerings daily to the Badamya Pagoda, Ponnya

Pagoda and Yan Aung Myin Pagoda.

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6 May 1249

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153

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1598

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24 August 1598

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25 August

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157

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24 September 1598

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163

24 September 1598

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164

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165

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166

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1 August

1603

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August 1603)

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27 April

1604

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December

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176

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1604

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20 June

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1604

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16 September 1605

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February 1605)

em;cH

180

26 September 1605

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26 September 1605

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28 October

1605

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October

183

9 November

1605

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197

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198

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199

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200

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201

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12 November 1630

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206

18 November 1630

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18 November 1630

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3 August

1632

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1 March

1633

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1 March

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211

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1633

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24 June

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odrf;onf(rSm) rZsdrwdkuf (t)rif; rif;wdkUpD&ifxHk;twdkif; pD&if eef;wufodrf;awmfrlaomtcg q&mawmfu pmoGif;onfhtwdkif; aphESHUatmif 0efwdkUpD&if/ ou&mZf 996ck 0gqdkvqef;q,f&ufaeU (24 June 1634) ajymhMuD;rSL;jyefonfh trdefUawmf/ (rsdK;Munfh 1944? wufA[dk 45235)

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24 June 1634 See also the order of 23 June 1607

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10 April

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bkef;awmftvGefMuD;jrwfawmfrlvSaom toQifb0&Sif rif;w&m;MuD;bk&m; trdefUawmf&Sdonf/ rif;uRHawmfonf okauR;okaiGESifh&Sdonfudk0f tpifxkwfbd/ ou&mZf 997ck(1635)uyif trdefUawmf&SdxHkrS rif;uRHawmfrsdK0fonf wyg; a,musfm;wyg;rdrESifhoif\onf&Sdaomf om;oD;udk a,musfm;vdkufa,musfm;yg h rdrvdkufrdrygap/ ou&mZf 997ck wydk0fwGJvjynfhausmf3&uf5aeU (14 January 1636) nnfhjAJwdkufawmfodkU0f xGufawmfrl&mwGif b,a,mfxmavQmufaomcg trdefUawmf&Sdonf/ (rsdK;Munfh 1944? wufA[dk 45235)

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268

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269

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270

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1637

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271

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1637

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272

7 November

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273

(7 November 1637)

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274

(7 November 1637)

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275

(7 November 1637)

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276

( 7 November 1637)

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( 7 November 1637)

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(7 November 1637)

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(7 November 1637)

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(7 November 1637)

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281

(7 November 1637)

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(7 November 1637)

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(7 November 1637)

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(7 November 1637)

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(7 November 1637)

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286

(7 November 1637)

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287

(7 November 1637)

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288

(7 November 1637)

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(7 November 1637)

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(7 November 1637)

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291

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292

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293

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296

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297

(7 November 1637)

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298

(7 November 1637)

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299

(7 November 1637)

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300

(7 November 1637)

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301

(7 November 1637)

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302

(7 November 1637)

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303

(7 November 1637)

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304

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305

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306

(7 November 1637)

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307

(7 November 1637)

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308

( 7 November 1637)

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309

(7 November 1637)

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310

(7 November 1637)

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311

(7 November 1637)

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312

(7 November 1637)

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313

(7 November 1637)

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314

(7 November 1637)

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315

(7 November 1637)

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316

(7 November 1637)

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317

(7 November 1637)

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318

(7 November 1637)

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319

(7 November 1637)

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320

(7 November 1637)

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321

(7 November 1637)

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322

(7 November 1637)

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323

(7 November 1637)

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324

(7 November 1637)

yifOrifxdwbuf qifxdef;bk&m;ajrtpyf? e,f&Spf&yftwGif; aus;&Gmum; a&Sma&mif&Gm? [Jpwf&Gm? eHawmif&Gm? [dkwnf&Gm? [dvd&Gm? ayguftif? cHkarmuf? rsm;ausmf? aiGcrf? waemifydk&Gm? &Gmrudk;&Gm? &Gmi,frsm;ESifhwuG awmif1? acsmif; 4? bk&m;wql? 0wfMuD;8vHk;? eefUtdwf 1? awm3&yf&Sdonf? eHrdkifcHESifh trwfapmfbGm;wdkU 1030jynfh (1668) jrdKU&Gmy,fe,frsm;udk t&yf&yfpm&if; ppfodrf;awmfrl&mwGif a&Twdkuf0ifjrdKUwnf 4if;ou&mZf e,ftydkif;tjcm; aus;vuf&Gmrsm;udk pum;jrdKUapmfbGm;ia,muf? eH0? touf 39ESpfolESifh apmfbGm;trwfwdkU ay;tyfqufoGif;onfhpmwrf;/ omoemtESpf 40jynfhwGif apmausm[laom olonf waygif;vqef; 15&uf 4aeU (504 BC) eHeufwcsufwD;wGif Adkvfvli,fom; &Srf;trsm;ESifh wdkifyif vl300ESifh rdk;eJjrdKUudk wnfonfh umvjrdKU ta&SUtaemufwm 450? awmifajrmuf 450? jrdKU&yf 10F? xk 5F? jrdKUjrpf 2F? usHK;tus,f 30F? teuf 9F? wHcg; 6ayguf Adkvvl 60? qif 10? jrif; 500? jrdKUe,fum; ta&SUajrmufudk vm;aomf . . .? ta&SUum; 5&uf c&D;uGmorcyf 58xd wbufusdKif;wHkajr tpyf? ta&SUawmifum; 4&uf c&D;uGm oHvGifjrpfwbufajrESifhtpyf? awmifum; oHk;&ufc&D;uGmrnf &Gmwbufu&ifawmifxd? taemufawmifum; . . .? taemufum; oHk;&ufc&D;uGm a&pufusacsmif;wbuf rdk;jAJajrESifhtpyf? taemufajrmufum; oHk;&ufc&D;uGm eeftifacsmif;xdwbuf anmifa&TajrESifh tpyf? ajrmufum;oHk;&ufc&D;uGm . . .? e,f&Spf&yftwGif; &Gmum; vG,ft0if tcg? awGUum? [vJ? aumifwH? usdKifrdkif? pHk[H? vJ[J? udkrJ? yefyef? aemifaemif? wGHyef? vdk[? ESdyfpuf? xHwuJ? ukefEGJ? eef&d? refrK? vHkpH? [Jxif? vufuGJ? empGJ? [Jydk? rm[kwf? tHk[ef? rdkifxif? emzkwf? beftnf? rdkifwG? cifcJ yefajy? [JauG? vGJ&Guf? usdKifawm? pifodk0f? acgufpnf? [dkpdkU? befuif? usdKifvGef? [Jbuf? eay? [Jpdef&Gmaygif; 58 wyf

325

(7 November 1637)

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326

(7 November 1637)

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327

(7 November 1637)

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328

(7 November 1637)

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329

(7 November 1637)

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330

(7 November 1637)

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331

(7 November) 1637

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332

10 November 1637

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333

10 November 1637

jrwfjzpfonf/ 8acsmif;aom qHawmfjrwfudk0f&nf bdeyfawmfuonf xD;awmf a&mufa&Trsufyg;rGrf;rHap/ t&d,moCFmjrwfwdkUudk0f qGrf;awmfauR;? obif awmfpHkcH [Hom0wDjrdK0f0efrif; &JoD[ol? oHvsifjrdK0f0efrif; &JaZ,sol? a&0efrif;&Jom*olwdkU0fESifh jrdKU0f0efppfuJ a&0efppfuJwdk0f Muyfr pnfyif atmif obifcHap/ 0efwdk0furSm a&TbGm;awmfatmufuvnf; aoemywd 1? 0efaxmuf1? pma&;MuD;1 wdkUudk0f cefUxm; pHkoGm;ap&rnf/ qkawmfawmif;pm a&Tu&m; tyfjrJtyf&rnf/ pnfawmfpHkcefU/ ou&mZf 999ck ewfawmfvqef;5&ufaeU (10 November 1637) em;cH ajymhMuD;rSL;xkwf xTwfwGifjyefonfh trdefUawmf/ (rsdK;Munfh 1944? wufA[dk 45235? *efUa*gtHhay)

334

18 November 1637

bkef;awmftvTefMuD;jrwfawmfrlvSaom toQifb0&Sif rif;w&m;MuD;bk&m; trdefUawmf&Sdonf/ (ou&mZf 999ck) jymodk0fvjynfhausmf4&ufpaeaeU (23 December (1637)) rdk0f0ef;NrdKU0fa&muf csDawmfrlrnfrSm eef;aqmifawmf azgifawmfwifpD;rnf? jr0fhrdk&f 2 xyfoMunfwuf 'kydumxD;ESihf uJvm; 3 rsuffESm? tvHusnf? vSHusnf? a&TxD;jzLcHkESihf a&S;bdk0fawmf [Hom0wD qifjzL&Sif rif;w&m;BuD;? crnf;awmf b0&Sifrif;w&m; ,dk0f',m;aMumif; befarmfaMumif; csDawmfrlaomtcg xGufpHawmfrlonfenf; xGufpHawmfrlrnf? ppf0wfwHqg yef; uif;avmif;rSp a0gawmf? a&Tavmif;? a&TvS? &JavS? uwL? oHyef;? uif;avmif;rSp a0gawmf? usdKif;awmf? taqmifrif;cef;awmfrsm; udk 0faqmif& rnfrSm qifwifa&Ta&;aygif;ESihf xrf;pifwif&efrsm; udk0ftaemuf0efpma&;wkdUu ay;tyfNrJ xrf;vludk0fvTwfrSm pm&if;ay;pm/ atmifwyfawmfeef;udkvnf; waeY vQif 5 wdkifausmft&yf wifhw,fatmifaqmufap/ eef;aqmuftb,ugrPd ol&udkcefY? tpD&ifoGm;rnfaomcg aA'ifwwfvl ykPm;orm;awmf rEefawmf wkdUudk0fcefY? atmifwyfawmfeef;udk rusnf;apESihf/ a&S;ppfobif&ifukefaom {u&mZfrif;jrwfwdk0fh pHawmfrlaom obifawmfeef;pmwef; xHk;a[mif;twdkif; a&Twkdufawmf&Sd pmukd0fxkwfMunhf 0efwdk0fhpD&if/
18 November 1635

ou&mZf 999 ck ewfawmfvef; 13 &ufaeYtrdefYawmf/ rsdK;Munhf 1944? wufA[dk 45235? *efYa*gtHhay)

335

22 November 1637

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336

22 November 1637

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22 November 1637

ou&mZf 999 ck ewfawmfvjynhfausmf 2 &ufaeY trdefYawmf/ (rsdK;Munhf 1944? wufA[dk 45235? *efYa*gtHhay)

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9 December 1637

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11 December 1637

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342

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14 December 1637

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344

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345

7 February

1638

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352

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381

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384

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385

2 September 1638

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386

9 September 1638

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387

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388

21 September 1638

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389

24 September

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390

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1638

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391

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28 September

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400

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403

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(15 October

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406

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4 Nobember

1638

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412

28 December 1638

bkef;awmftvGefMuD;jrwfawmfrlvSaom toQifb0&Sif rif;w&m;MuD;bk&m; trdefUawmf&Sdonf/ [Hom0wDjrdK0f0ef rif;&Jausmfxif aovGef&mrSm rif;om;ae &maejzpfaomfvnf; a&Tb0g;awmfatmufwGifr[kwf? ta0;jrdK0f&GmrSm uHESifh avsmfpGmjzpfavonf/ ta0;jrdK0f0efrif;om;wdkU0f oj*K[fxHk;udk Munfhaomf rkwrjrdK0f0efrif; &Jpnfoludk0f oj*K[fonfh pmwef;rSm txl;oj*K[fawmfrrl? jrdK0fxHk;&GmpH &Sdonfhtwdkif; oj*K[fap/ a&Tem;awmfMum;&Sdcdk0f oHawmfOD;xyf wif&mwGif txl;rcefUxm;om? jrdK0fxHk;&GmpH&Sdonfhtwdkif; oj*K[fap? xyf trdefUawmfjyefonf/ [Hom0wDjrdK0f0efudk0f jrdK0fxHk;&GmpH &Sdonfhtwdkif; oj*K[fap/ ou&mZf 1000jynfh wydkwGJvqef;5&ufaeU (28 December 1638) em;cHajymMuD;rSL;xkwf vTwfwGifjyefonfh trdefUawmf/ (rsdK;Munfh 1944? 98-171-7ay? wufA[dk 45235)

413

28 December

1638

bkef;awmftvGefMuD;jrwfawmfrlvSaom toQifb0&Sifrif;w&m;MuD;bk&m; trdefU awmf&Sdonf/ ou&mZf 674ckawmfovif;vjynfhausmf 10&ufaeU (26 August 1312) 0dZ,yl& yxrjrdK0fwnfrif;onf om;awmf ocF,mapm,Gef;udk aZ,yl& [laom ppfudkif;jrdK0fudk ay;onf? ta&SUjrpfodkUul; oajyyifvsiftcsm;? taemufawmifrSaomf jrpfv,faMumwywf? ajrmifwdkif;MuD;cufcwnf;? om;awmfppfudkif;rif;u &apydkifap? rif;crf;awmfpHkESifh a&Tazmif? a&TavS? avSmfum;ESifh wuG xD;jzL4pif;? a0gMuD;usif;a&Tcsuf 8? pD;qif 6? ,nfom2? pm;awmfuGrf;a&udkif? xm;vdkuf? taqmifeD? aoGmufMuD;ESifh eef; 12 aqmifay; onf/ pma[mif;pmwef; a&Twdkufpm&if;awmf&Sdonf? ighom;awmf yif;wvJpm; udk0f tdrfa&SUaqmiftyf? rif;&Jo[ol? rif;&Jausmfxif rif;&JausmfacgifwdkUudk0f D a0gyvmMudKif;MuD;a&Tcsuf 1pD? usdKif;i,f a&Tcsuf 2pD? pD;qif,nfom aygif;0ef; 1pD? avSmfum; a&TpufuGif;OD; 2yJh 5pD;ap? cifwk&if a&Twpk teD 2pkpDap? vufoif 1pD? ou'gef 1pDtyf? "m;vdkuf pm;awmfuGrf;a&udkif tpHk? pnfeD? yHkomESifh7vHk;? aMu;eD? aMu;0g? c&m? ESJtpHk ay;tyf&rnf/ om;awmfwdkU tMuD; udk0f ac: 0efwdkUujyefqdk&rnf/ ou&mZf 1000jynfh wydkwGJvqef; 5&ufaeU (28 December 1638) em;cHawmfajymhMuD;rSL;xkwf vTwfwGifjyefonfh trdefUawmf/ (rsdK;Munfh 1944? 98-171-7ay? wufA[dk 45235? *efUa*gtHh ay)

414

12 January

1639

bkef;awmftvGefMuD;jrwfawmfrlvSaom toQifb0&Sifrif;w&m;MuD;bk&m; trdefU awmf&Sdonf/ a&S;{u&mZfrif;jrwfwdkUonf odrfausmif;apwD ykxdk;rsm;udk0f 0wKuHajr vSLawmfrl&mwGif ausmufwdkife,ferdwf rSwfpdkufonfh t&mrsm;onf toefUt&Sif;? odomonfht&m? |a&jzpfaomoCdu0wfajr rSwfausmufwdkif udk0f auwkrwDjrdK0f0efwdkUu &Sdcdk0foHawmfOD;wifcsufpmESifh ausmufarmfuif; apmifh Ekwfysuf&aMumif;udkygonf/ ausmfarmfuif;apmifh iwvGwfi,fudk xif&Sm;atmifpD&if/ ouf&SdoufrJhodrf; wdkufawmfodkUoGif;/ iwvGwfi,fESifh tabmftbufwdkUudk ppfpD&if/ 0efwdkUupm oifhatmifrSm/ ou&mZf 1000jynfh wydkwGJ vjynfhausmf 5&ufaeU (12 January 1639) em;cHpajrmifrSL;xkwf vTwfwGifjyefonfh trdefUawmf/ (rsdK;Munfh 1944? 98-171-7ay? wufA[dk 45235)

415

(12 January)

1639

bkef;awmftvGefMuD;jrwfawmfrlvSaom toQifb0&Sifrif;w&m;MuD;bk&m; trdefU awmf&Sdonf/ aZ,yl&jrdK0f? tEkk'gr[m"dywdcHaom ocF,mapm,Gef;onf ajrmufbufwrmcg;jrif; 150? jyifpnfjrif; 150? ,lawmfrljrif; 150? vufa&G; MuD;150? vufa&G;i,fjrif; 70? jrif;onfMuD;jrif; 30? cufvHk;jrif; 30? apmyGwftdk;jrif; 30? aMumifoif;jrif; 50? jrif;aygif; 810udk0f (jrif;udk;oif; ou&mZf 680wGif) bGJUonf/ ou&mZf 684ck wydkwGJvqef; 12&ufaeU (18 January 1323) r[mOZe&mZm"dywdrif;w&m;bGJUonf yef;,jrif; 300? oifMuD; jrif; 300? anmif&rf;jrif; 300? wkyfjrdK0fygjrif; 50? yk*Hjrif; 100? Zif;r,fjrif; 100? uRefawmfa[mif;jrif; 100? tdrfa&SUawmf ykcef;jrif; 100? '0,fjrif; 100? vifZif;jrif; 100? vHkayHgjrif; 100 (jrif;aygif; 1650udk0f) bGJUonf/ a&Tum 300? a&Tav; 300? ausmufaqmufjrif; 44pD;? vHbljrif; 30? oifawmifjrif; 100? &ufcefuefapmif;jrif; 30? a&SUjrif; 100? aemufjrif; 100? vuf0Jjrif; 100? vuf,mjrif; 100? tajrmufpk 150? aoGmufpkrSm a&TjrdK0fawmfaoGmuf? ajreef;aoGmuf? wefwm;OD;aoGmuf? b,ifcsDaoGmuf? oli,fawmfaoGmuf? tdrfom;awmfaoGmuf? aemuf0ef;usif aoGmuf? tpkpk aoGmuf? (pkckESpfpk)wGif wpkudk0f vlOD;a& 100pDbGJU/ avSoif;awmfrsm;rSmvnf; avSmfum;1pif;vQif vlOD;a& 100? axmifuJt0ef;avSrSL;ESifh? &JavSuwLwpif; vQif vl 100? ppfuGyfyJheif;OD;xdk0fESifhbGJU? a&Teef;dk0faoGmuf OD;a&vl 1000? tdrf a&SUawmfygaoGmufpkOD;a& vl 736? 4if;jrif;4pD;? t&yf&yfjrdK0f&Gm wdkuf0if aus;oD;jrdK0f&Gmrsm;rSmpcsD? pjrif? uvH? oHjyif? ajrwdkif;? ajrxdrf;wdkUudk0f t&yf&yfuygonfh tonf 300pDtyf&rnf/ a&Tjynfpdk; aZw&pfrSm t0tonf &if; 50&Sdonf/ &Srf;jynfygvlwdkUudk0f 50jznfh tonf 100jynfhap/ bGJU/ tonfwa,mufvQif 12vwGif wvudk aMu;pif 2g 50d xrf;ap/ tonfpma&;wdkUu awmif;0wf 50day;ap/ qifwdkifrSm wvvQif aMu;pif 3g? awmif;0wf 50day;ap/ jrif;wdkifrSmjrdK0fxrf;

416

(12 January)

1639

tonfwdkU0fenf;xrf;ap/ b@mawmfrsm;rSm a&Twdkufawmf&Sd b@mudk0f vTwfu ta&;trSwf cefUxm; ESdK0faqmfap? taemuf0efwdkU pD&ifeuf? eEGif;awmfbdk0f? aus;&Gmrsm;ueEGif;awmfrSHKU eEGif;wufoGif;ap/ wGif;oif;wdkuf? avSmfum; 3000wdkuf? wdkuf 2wdkufu waeUvQif nOfheHeuf [if;rsdK0f? [if;&Guf? opfoD;? ig;? ig;yd? ig;odkif;Murf;? MuufoGef? ikyf? csif;? qDrsm;udk0f weef;vHk;oHk;aqmif avmufatmif oGif;ap/ pm;awmfqHrSm pm;awmfqHzGwfwdk0fuoGif;ap/ &Sifrd bk&m;rif;udk,fvkyf? tysdK0fawmfwdk0frSm jrdK0f&GmuoGif;ap/ vufyg;ap? tvyfap? tMurf;apwdkU0f &dumqHrsm;rSm usD0efuay;ap/ toHk;awmfwdkufu qD? qm;? ig;ydwdkUudk0fay;ap/ jy'fawmfrSm rD;yGifhudk0f0if; 4&yf a&T"g; ou'gefpku xGef;ndap/ za,mif;wdkifrS waqmifvQif 12wdkif 10wdkif 8wdkif 6wdkif wefonfudk0f axmuf yef;wnf;wdkUu oGif;ap/ 0efwdkUpD&if/ ou&mZf 1000jynfh (wydkwGJvjynfhausmf 5&ufaeU) (12 January 1639) em;cHajymhMuD;rSL; vTwfwGifjyefonfh trdefUawmf/ (rsdK;Munfh 1944? 98-171-7ay? wufA[dk 45235/ *efUa*gtHhay)

417

28 March

1639

bkef;awmftvGefMuD;jrwfawmfrlvSaom toQifb0&Sifrif;w&m;MuD;bk&m; trdefU awmf&Sdonf/ awmifil? rkwr? ppfawmif;? yJul;? ykodrf? 'v? w&d*r? oa&acw&m? jrifpdkif;? yef;&? ppfudkif;? ykuHxD;aqmif;eef;aewdkU0f tEG,ftrsdK0f tdk0fwdrfjrKyfonfh rif;om;rif;EG,fwdkUudk0f &SifaxG;wdkUaoGmuf? &SifusdKif;wdkU aoGmuf? eEoD&daoGmuf? eEpnfolaoGmuf? aZ,ocF,maoGmuf? aZ,Owr aoGmuf? Anm;'vaoGmuf rSmxrf;&Gufap/ aqGawmfa[mif; rsdK0fawmfa[mif; wdkUudk rif;EG,frqdk0fom/ aoGmufzGJUawmfrlonf/ xrf;&GufjrJrqdkom/ aoGmuf pm&if;ESifh xrf;&Gufap/ ou&mZf 1001ck uqHkvqef; 7&ufaeU (28 March 1639) pajrmifrSL; xkwf vTwfwGifjyefonfh trdefUawmf/ (rsdK;Munfh 1944? 98-171-7ay/ wufA[dk 45235)

418

15 April

1639

bkef;awmftvGefMuD;jrwfawmfrlvSaom toQifb0&Sifrif;w&m;MuD;bk&m; trdefU awmf&Sdonf/ ykPm;ynm&Sd trwfynm&Sd tif;awmfa&; rEeform;wdk0f taemuf u0ifxGuf rEefpkESifh a&SUajreef;awmfwGifom avQmufxm;&ef &SdorQudk0f wGufcsufwdkifyif woHHwnf; jyif wnDwnf; avQmufap/ ou&mZf 1001ck aw&o"drmofoifhonf/ uqHkv&ufpHk? e,Hkv &ufrpHk? yxr0gqdk0fv&ufpHk? 'kwd,0gqdkv&ufpHk avsmufonfh t&mrSm auwkrwDjrdK0f q&mawmfvuFm&Z*kk? oD&d&mZ*kkq&mawmfwdku avsmufoifhonf?0efaxmufpma&;MuD;wdkY0f twGif;0ef oHqifhoH cHem;cHrSwfom; avQmufap/ ou&mZf 1001ck uqHkvjynfhausmf 10&ufaeU (15 April 1639) trdefUawmf/ (rsdK;Munfh 1944? 98-171-7ay/ wufA[dk 45235)

419

25 April

1638

bkef;awmftvGefMuD;jrwfawmfrlvSaom toQifb0&Sifrif;w&m;MuD;bk&m; trdefU awmf&Sdonf/ a&TjrdKUawmftwGif; jyifae&onfh 5oG,faepaom trnf& trSL; tMuD;? pma&;? pmcsDwdkUonf? "rowf? &mZowf? &mZyHk? &mZxHk;wdkUudk wwfod vdrm uRrf;Muifoolvnf; &Sdonf/ rvdrm? rwwfoolvnf;&Sdonf/ MunfhrSwf tzktqpfudkrod? pum;vmpum;oGm;wGifom &dwf w&m;pum; r&Sdonfudk qifajctcsKyftESKyftiifudk raxmuf? pdwfMudKuftrIonf wbufodkUxH pdk;aus;aiGudk iJh txufcsKyfwdkif; rwnf&? tjcm;EdkiftHhaom oludk SHK;atmifpdwfapwem raumif;cdk;aMumifvdkaom oabmESifh csKyfESKwf a&ikwf? cJxdk;? qH0g;? ESKyfxGufw&m;aoav;yg;odkU a&mufatmif MuHpnf jyKvkyf aumufcsufESifh pD&ifonfrsm;rSm wdkif;a&;jynfa&;ESdKuf xdkjynf xdkjrdK0f xdkt&yf xdka'owdkUonf acsmHjcm; rdk;r&Gm? urmpum;&Sdonfrsm;udk ul;oef; rpD&ifapESifh? rSL;rwfwdkUrSm cHkorwfpma&;apyg;oolwdkUudk tusdK;taMumif;udk jyo Edkifeif;atmif jrpfwm;&rnf/ w&m;pum;rIwdkUudk "rowfjzwfxHk; tvHk;pHkrsdK;wdkUudk awmfwnfhrSefuef atmif pD&ifap/ &mZ0wfpum;rsm;rSm vufraxmufrSL;wdkUu pD&ifap/ pm;onfjrdKU&GmwGif &mZ0wfpum;xGufvQif jrdKUpm;&Gmpm;wdkUu pD&if/ rjyD;jywf vQif vTwfodkUwif/ t&yf&yfjrdKU&Gm a&Tb0g;awmfatmufwGif pD&if jyD;jywfonf w&m;pum;rsm;rSm avsmfypfavsmf'Pfudk axmuf uGrf;bdk;wuf? vufaqmif awmfrSm w0uft&mawmfoGif;ap/ uGrf;bdk;rSmvnf; w0uft&mawmfoGif;ap/ t&yf&yfuif;uwdkUqdyfwnfyGJ taumuftpm;rsm;rSm &onfwGif q,fcdkifwcdkifaumHjywfolwdkUudk,lap/ useforQudk t&mawmfjzpfap/ avSjywf olwdkU,lap/ aMu;aiGrcHrawmif;apESifh/ aMu;aiGawmif;cH&rnfrSm avS 1vQif MuD;i,fudkaxmuf 10d? 5d? 2d 2H? 1d 1H? 3H? 2Hwufouf aumufcHap/ vSnf;OD;rSm wpD;vQif aiG 1H?

420

25 April

1639

EGm;0efwifrSm wwifvQif 1L aumufap/ uif;rSmavSabmifavS0wdkif;wm avS0wawmifvQif aMu;50d aumufcHap/ uif;wdkUrSm vufaqmifwifap/ t&yf&yfjrdKU&Gmwdkuf0ifaus;&GmtonfwdkUudk toHk;awmfudkcHap/ t&Gyf tuGyfom;wdkUudk rcefUxm;apESifh/ t&yftuGufom;wdkUrSm iga'opm&D vSnfhawmfrlonfhtcdkuf MuHKrSjrdKUwHcg; 9&yfjyMuD;jyi,frsm;wGif oli,fcsif; wpk wefonf ESpfpkwefonf aygif;&Suf vufeufud&d,mESifh nOfhaeUpGJudkif apmifh aeap/ romrI? omrI? qGrf;a<u;? y&dwfem rcefUrxm;ESifh? ol&Jig;pk0ef? ,Gef;pk aumif;[ef 0efwdkufvlwdkUudkvnf; cefUxm;&rnf/ t&yftuGufwGif cdk;ao;rD;yGm;rIrsm;rSm vufraxmufrSL;wdkUu ppfaMum jrJppfaMumap/ anmifa&avSavSmfbkef;MuD;jyHobifrsm;rSm t&yftuGufom; wdkUudk rcefUrxm;ESifh/ 0efpkom;jrdKU&Gmom;aus;om;wdkUu qdkif&muHauR;cefU &rnf/ ul;oef; rcefUrxm;om? vTwfupmcRefESifh ay;tyfrS pmcReft&udk axmuf ac:ap&rnf/ 0efwdkUupD&if/ ou&mZf 1001ck e,Hkvqef; 5&ufaeU (25 April 1639) em;cHpajrmifrSL;xkwf vTwfwGifjyefonfh trdefUawmf/ (rsdK;Munfh 1944/ 98-171-7ay? wufA[dk 45235/ *efUa*gtHhay)

421

11 September

1639

bkef;awmftvGefMuD;jrwfawmfrlvSaom toQifb0&Sifrif;w&m;MuD;bk&m; trdefU awmf&Sdonf/ awmifil? awmifrJwvH u&ifEG,fvlpk 100wdk0fudk0f yk*Hjynfudk0f tpdk0f&aom e&ywdpnfol tnmwjyifodk0f csD&mwGif anmifa&TjrdK0f r*fvmeef; wGif ou&mZf 535ck owif;uRwfvqef; 2&ufaeUwGif(9 September 1173) aiGcGHawmfqufap bGJUawmfrlonf/ aiGcGefawmfpkom;wdk0fs ysnfysm;jyifem;ae wdk0fuvnf; qufap/ yef;&nfu&ifwdk0fu a&TcGefawmfqufap/ ou&mZf 536ck owif;uRwfvqef;10&ufaeU (6 September 1174) vl100wdk0fudk0f xyf a&TcGefaiGcGefawmf qufcefUawmfrlonftwdkif; pm&if;ustif;usom;awmf tdrfa&SU&Hyif;wvJrif;om; 0efpma&;wdk0fudk0fac: 0efwdk0futyf&rnf? tdrfa&SU rif;rSm ay;csdefap/ ou&mZf 1001ck awmfovif;vjynfhausmf 10&ufaeU (11 September 1639) jyefonfh trdefUawmf/ (rsdK;Munfh 1944/ 98-171-7ay/ wufA[dk 45235)

422

8 September

1640

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8 September 1640

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424

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1641

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427

29 April

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24 January

1642

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16 February

1642

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431

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432

(16 February 1642)

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433

(16 February 1642)

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434

18 February

1642

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436

(18 February

1642)

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437

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438

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439

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(22 May

1642)

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441

(22 May

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31 May

1643

bkef;awmftvGefMuD;jrwfawmfrlvSaom toQifb0&Sif rif;w&m;MuD;bk&m; trdefUawmf&Sdonf/ tonfumvudk rdk0faygufajryifodonfhtvm;jzifh qif;&Jcsd0fcsHvkyfaqmif wdkifum; xrf;oolaovQif wyifaowyif&Sif vif;Edk0fcGefawmif;vQif <uuf? <uufcGefawmif;vQif vif;Edk0fqdkouJhodkU0f ausmif;uefrSm &SdoolwdkU0fonf wdkifxrf;onfhtonf&if; tarGcHudk0fom wdkifwrf;jcif; tarGomcHap/ ausmif;rSDausmif;vlqdk0fonf rdk0faygufajryif tpiftMu,f tonfjzpfoolwdk0fonf om;orD; r&SuftwifapESifh/ ausmif;aqG ausmif;rsdK0faumif;rSDonf &SnfvQif oHCfuvljzpf jrrmjynf tonfonf rpif&Sdrnf/ onftrdefUawmftwdkif;pD&if? wnfatmifpD&if/ ou&mZf 1005ck e,Hkvjynfhausmf 10&uf 4aeU (31 May 1643) trdefUawmf/ (rsdK;Munfh 1944/ 98-171-7ay/ wufA[dk 45235)

454

20 October

1643

bkef;awmftvGefMuD;jrwfawmfrlvSaom toQifb0&Sifrif;w&m;MuD;bk&m; trdefU awmf&Sdonf/ 0if;awmf4rsufESm'dkif;rSL; oif;rSL;rsm;udk 0if;awmfwGifomjrJ tusdK0f&Sdrnfavm0f/ rm&bifoif;rSL;twGif; 'dkif;rSL; oif;rSL;udk0faomfum; aeUnnfhjrJ&onf/ vTwfawmfa&SUESifh jyif0if;awmf'dkif;rSL;udk0f aqmf&rnfhol wrsufESmwusdyfpDom aeap/ onfhjyifonfvufom;bdkU v,f&yfrSm pD&ifaqmf avSmf aeyavap/ ou&mZf 1005ck 0gacgifvjynfhausmf 10&uf 0aeU (29 July 1643) trdefUawmf/ vTwfawmfwGif eEa,mfwm0if;rSL; pcsDwdk0fudk0fjyefonf/ onftrdefUawmf twdkif; 1005ck 0gqdkvjynfhausmf 12&uf 0aeU (1 July 1643) aeU0if;tvJcefUonfum; vuf0J0if;awmfrSL; 'dkif;rSL; waumif;jrpfpOfrSL; 1? ol&JvkyfrSL; 1? rdkifbGef'dkif;rSL; 1? vufa&G;'dkif;rSL; 1? a&TvSHaxmif;rSL; 1? &efrqkwfrSL;1? &efyHkcGJ'dkif;rSL; 1? &JabmfaxmifrSL; 1? ol&JbDvl;rSL; 1? xm;pGJrSL; 1? anmifa&Tacgif;av;rSL; 1? tv,faeajrmif;qHka&T'dkif;rSL; 1? apmvl;'dkif;rSL; 1? 0efodk0f'dkif;rSL; 1? vufa&G;'dkif;rSL; 1? &Jum'dkif;rSL; 1? anmifa&T'dkif;rSL; 1? ewfa,musfm;'dkif;rSL; 1? &Srf;ydkufawmfrSL; 1? &Srf;oli,f'dkif;rSL; 1? [efysnfrdk 'dkif;rSL; 1? anmifapmufav;rSL; 1? awmifwGif;av;rSL; 1? tJjAo&DrSL; 1? vdyfqif 1? vuGef;tdrfwyfrSL; rbJ 1? 0if;awmf 4rsufESm oif;rSL;'dkif;rSL; wdk0fudk0fv,fvkyfcsdefwefvQifvnf; v,f&yfodk0foGm; vufom;acsi,fudk ESK0faqmf wGifatmifra&mif;rcs&atmif ppfaMumaqmfavSmf vkyf&rnf/ oD;csdefodrf;csdefwdkifvQif trIrSp MuyfMuyfaqmfavSmf odrf;qnf;ap&rnf/ onftwdkif;udk0f 0efwdkU0fu ESdK0faqmf/ 0if;rSL;wdk0fuvnf; ESdKaqmfap/ ou&mZf 1005ck waqmifrkef;vjynfhausmf 5&uf 6aeU (20 October 1643) trdefUawmf/ (rsdK;Munfh 1944/ 98-171-7ay/ wufA[dk 45235)

455

16 July

1645

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456

13 April

1646

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457

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458

13 April

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459

1 November

1646

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460

1 November

1646

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461

1 November

1646

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462

2 April

1647

bkef;awmftvGefMuD;jrwfawmfrlvSaom toQifb0&Sifrif;w&m;MuD;bk&m; trdefUawmf&Sdonf/ om;awmfyif;wvJrif;om;udk0f tdrfa&SUawmfa0gMuD;usdKif; a&Tcsuf 4? xm;vdkuf 4? vkifpnf 2? pm;awmfuGrf;a&udkifrSp tdrfa&SU rif;wdkU aqmifdk;s? pD;dk;? aoGmufpk? jrif;pkrSp tdrfa&SUrif;aqmif&Guf orQwdkUudk oem; awmfrlonf/ avSmfum;a&TpufuGif;jynfh? cifwk&ifa&Tydef;wGif xjrHKteDrGrf; tajymuf xk? wk&ifwif? trdk;a&TyGifh? 0rf;yJawmifacgif; tkyfacgif;Muufarmufa&Tydef; tdrfa&SUaqmifawmf tpHkoem;awmfrlonf/ tdrfa&SUtdrfawmf raqmufapESifh/ aejrJtdrfwGif a&SUaemufrm&bifqD; aeESifhap/ 0if;0if;jyifuyf tqufuGyf jypfpD? ywfvnfaumif;[efwef;ESifh apmifhaeap/ twGif;jrJ vlysdKrSL;om;rwfom; wdkUudk0f tdyfvSnfhtdyfzef 0ifxGufapmifhaeap/ 0ef 2? pma&;MuD; 2? 0if;rSL; 1? taemuf0ef 2? taemuf0ef pma&;2wdkU0frSmvnf; 0if;awmftwGif;wGif oifhomHk paMumaqmuf aeESifhap/ pD&ifcif;pD&ifbG,f &Sdonfrsm;udk0f pD&ifap/ wy,if;jrdK0f? awmifwGif; MuD;jrdK0f? ipnfhul;jrdK0fudk oem;awmfrlonf/ iom;awmf toHk;awmfudkifcHap/ ou&mZf 1009ck uqHkvqef; 10&ufaeU (2 April 1647) em;cHajymh MuD;rSL;xkwf vTwfwGifjyefonfh trdefYawmf/ (rsdK;Munfh 1944/ 98-171-7ay/ wufA[dk 45235)

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