Kyle Julicher 286-304 Outline Laws of Thermodynamics First Law- energy cannot be created or destroyed Second Law- energy

gy cannot be recycled to a higher quality Energy Consumption wood was a dominant form of energy until the Industrial Revolution coal was used a lot during the Industrial Revolution petroleum passed coal in usage during the middle of the 20th century Natural Gas and coal rapidly developed during the second half of the 20th century The US was self-sufcient in energy until the late 1950s energy consumption outpaced domestic production leading to the import of oil the US accounts for 25% of the worlds consumption of petroleum Present Global Energy Use most energy comes from nonrenewable energy sources like: coal petrroleum natural gas propane uranium renewable energy sources include: biomass geothermal energy hydropower solar energy wind energy US Energy Production vs Consumption Commodity Oil Natural Gas Coal Nuclear Renewable Hydroelectric US Production 18% 27% 33% 10% 9% 5% US Consumption 39% 23% 23% 7% 3.6% 4%

Future Energy Needs Most realistic, economical, and viable resources of future energy are: clean coal clean-coal technology refers to processes that reduce the negative environmental effects of burning coal other clean-coal technologies are focusing on natural gas or microbial fuel cells charged from biomass methane hydrates source of methane that form at low temperature and high pressure found on land in permafrost regions and beneath the ocean oor believed to be enough of a supply to supply energy for hundreds of years oil shale contain an organic material called kerogen if heated in the absence of air, the kerogen converts to oil approx. 3 trillion barrels of recoverable oil from oil shale shale in the world can be extracted by surface mining or in situ methods that consist of heating the oil shale underneath the ground and extracting the oil and gases through pumping can impact the environment poorly tar sands contain bitumen (a semisolid form of oil that does not ow) specialized reneries are capable of converting bitumen to oil tar sand deposits are mined using strip-mining techniques most tar sands deposits are located in Canada and Venezuela represents 2/3s of worlds oil reserves Energy Crisis price of energy is driven by the principle of supply and demand energy crisis is brought on by a failure of world markets to adjust prices in response to shortage oil supply is controlled by nations with signicant reserves like Saudi Arabia OPEC (Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries) association of oilproducing countries When OPEC reduces the output quota of its member countries, the price of oil increases as the supply diminishes & vice-versa most of worlds energy is supplied by burning oil world oil reserves are predicted to last 50 years Fossil Fuel Resources and Use coal is produced by decomposition of ancient organic material under high temperature and pressure sulfur from the decomposition of hydrogen sulde by anaerobic bacteria became trapped in coal three types of coal: lignite, bituminous, and anthracite coal supplies 25% of worlds energy

 oil is a fossil fuel produced by the decomposition of deeply buried organic material under high temperatures and pressures for millions of years conventional sources of methane are found associated with oil deposits unconventional sources include: coal beds, shale, gas hydrates, and tight sands methane can be liqueed Extraction-Purication Methods Coal surface mining underground mining Oil expensive equipment is required to extract it Natural Gas collected by small pipelines that feed into the large gas transmission pipelines World Reserves and Global Demand Coal expected to last 300 years at current rates of consumption largest reserve is located in China Oil 65% is found in 1% of all eldsprimarily in middle east Natural Gas Russia and Kazakhstan have approx 40% of worlds reserves Middle East has 25% US has 3% Synfuels a liquid fuel synthesized from a nonpetroleum source like coal, natural gas, oil shale, or waste plastics Solid coal to synthetic natural gas, methanol, or synthetic gasoline easy to transport through pipelines > produces less air pollution > low net energy yield and requires energy to produce it < plants are expensive to build < Nuclear Energy an atom splits into two or more smaller nuclei along with by-product particles the heat that is produces is used to produce steam that turns generators that then produce electricity Nuclear Fuel U-235 U-238 PU-239

Nuclear Reactor Types light-water reactors heavy-water reactors graphite-moderated reactors exotic reactors Safety Issues (Radiation and Human Health) estimated that 50,000 radioactive contaminated sites within the US require clean up with a projected cost of $1 trillion dollars Nuclear Fusion can occur when extremely high temperatures are used to force nuclei of isotopes of lightweight atoms to fuse together Hydroelectric Power dams are built to trap water, which in turn is then released and channeled through turbines that generate electricity supplies about 10% of electricity in the United States Flood Control channelization dams identify and manage ood-prone areas levees or oodwalls preserve wetlands Silting and Other Impacts disease displacement effects on watershed impact on wildlife silting water loss Energy Conservation Energy Star is designed to protect the environment through energy-efcient products and practices