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INTRODUCTION
Main Power System parameters are System Voltages and Frequency which normally indicate the healthiness level (they indicate the level of Generated active & reactive Powers against the load power requirement). In a healthy system, Voltage and frequency are close to the rated system values. Increased active & reactive power load tends to decrease the system frequency and voltage levels respectively. It then becomes essential to generate additional active & reactive power. Synchronous Generators respond to the demand by means of Governor/AVR control systems. In order to preserve MVA capability of Generators (stator thermal limit) it is preferred to have reactive load support from other sources of reactive power like fixed Capacitor banks or other FACTS . Shunt Reactors are Inductive device commonly used in HV & EHV Systems for compensating the excess capacitive VArs in a power system. Due to their inductive nature of the Shunt Reactor, it is used whenever there is need for compensation of capacitive reactance. Power System loads are predominantly inductive in nature and Capacitor banks are used to compensate for the inductive loads. During system light load condition, often voltages increase beyond the normal operating levels and such a condition demands additional inductive loads to maintain system voltage levels within the normal range. Generators have limited capacity with regard to under & over excitation operation. Typical Generators have rated power factor (pf) of between 0.8 to 0.85 (lead & lag) at rated MVA. At different MVA loading, Synchronous Generators can be operated within its limit of stability, stator/rotor thermal capacity as over & under-excited. These limiting values of under & over excitation are given as Generator capability curves by the Generator Manufacturer. As mentioned above, during light load condition there is risk of system instability due to generated VAr larger than system can absorb. When system VAr generation is higher than the required VAr load, Generators tend to go to under-excitation. Under excitation limit of AVR is used to prevent level of under- excitation below stability limit. Voltage rise due to increased total system generated VAr is dependent on the source impedance of the system. Source impedances are inductive in nature and weaker system has larger inductive reactance. It is known that inductive reactance and capacitive reactance are opposite in sign. Thus result in Voltage rise in percentage as per equation: %V = MVar (Capacitive) /MVA (system short-circuit) x100 In Figure-1, three different Shunt Compensations are shown namely: By Line connected Shunt Reactors (Pos. 2) Bus connected Shunt Reactors (Pos. 1) Shunt Reactor connected on Transformer Tertiary side bus (Pos. 3)
Figure: 1
Figure-2 three reactor configuration: Often Single Pole Auto-Reclosing (SPAR) is practiced for EHV lines due to stability requirement. Table below indicates acceptable Length of EHV /UHV lines for SPAR implementation without use of Line connected Shunt Reactors. Table:
Four Shunt Reactors configuration is applied for EHV Over head lines with SPAR if the arc extinction problem is expected due to coupling from healthy phases with faulted phase-reactor ground loop. Four reactor configuration has three phase Shunt reactors in Star form with a Neutral reactor. If the degree of shunt compensation k is higher, the fourth (neutral reactor) required is small and vice-versa.
; Where;
REACTOR APPLICATIONS:
In addition Shunt Reactors used for Voltage control & VAr compensation, Reactors are also used for various applications in a Power System. Capacitor banks (without synchronized switching schemes) exhibit high frequency energizing inrush, reverse discharge currents (worst cases can occur when energizing a bank with other banks already connected in parallel). Series air-cored reactors often are used to limit these currents. These are called Transient limiting Series Reactors. Series Reactors also appear as part of harmonic filters in series with capacitors and tuned for particular harmonic. These are typically used with SVCs & other electronic switching schemes. Series Reactors are also used to limit the fault current at a bus if the rated fault level is lower than actual fault levels at a particular location. Earth fault current limiting Neutral Reactors are used in some MV power systems. Other applications include HVDC systems, MV motor starting etc SHUNT REACTOR TYPES: Shunt Reactors are classified by means of various differences: By means of core type: Air-cored & Gapped Iron-cored type. Shunt Reactors are similar to Power Transformers. However, unlike a Power Transformer, a Reactor is not meant power transfer from one voltage system to other and hence differs considerably by design. Thus a Reactor can be complete air cored or iron-core with air gaps (which is not the case in case of a typical power transformer which are always iron-cored without air-gaps). By means of cooling media: Reactors can be dry type or oil-immersed type. Sometimes have additional external forced air cooling. By means of connection: Reactors can be star grounded, star ungrounded or delta connected type. By means of control of Inductance: Shunt Reactors can be fixed type or power electronic switched type (typically found in TCRs, SVC etc) DRY TYPE & OIL IMMERSED REACTORS: Dry type Shunt Reactors are normally applied at MV systems but are available even in EHV ranges. Dry type Air-cored Shunt Reactors are also applied in Static Var Compensators (SVCs) as well as in Thyristor controlled Reactors (TCRs). In a TCR, these are applied on tertiary of EHV/HV Power Transformer. Often tertiary windings of two Transformers are used with TCRs. One Transformer tertiary winding is ungrounded star-connected and second Transformer tertiary winding is delta-connected. TCRs are then used as multi-pulsed switching (12-pulse) to achieve harmonic elimination. Three phase Dry Air-cored Shunt Reactor banks are normally connected in ungrounded Y or in delta. These are often natural air cooled and open to atmosphere (used in both Outdoor & Indoor applications) and physically arranged to minimize stray magnetic field effect.
TYPICAL MV AIR-CORE REACTOR: Gapped Iron-cored Shunt Reactors are applied at HV & EHV systems. These are normally Star-connected with Neutral solidly grounded. These types of reactors are normally applied as Bus-connected Shunt Reactors. They are designed as bank of three single-phase units
or as three-phase units similar to a Power Transformers. For long EHV Transmission lines Shunt Reactors are used to limit the line-end Over Voltages due to Ferranti effect. Often Line-connected Shunt Reactors have air-cored reactor in the neutral to facilitate successful single-pole reclosing and arc extinction. Iron-cored reactors are subject to magnetizing inrush. Iron-cored reactors are similar to an iron-cored power transformer (except that iron-cored reactors have small air-gaps giving them required linearity & reduced remanence. Both Dry & Oil-immersed Reactors are designed with gapped Iron-core and air-core type.
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