Ijettcs 2012 12 24 058

I nt ernat i onal Journal of E mergi ng Trends & Technol ogy i n Comput er Sci ence (I JE TTCS)
Web Site: www.ijettcs.org Email: editor@ijettcs.org, editorijettcs@gmail.com

Volume 1, Issue 4, November December 2012 ISSN 2278-6856

Vol ume 1 , I ssue 4 November - December 2 0 1 2 Page 1 5 0

Abstract: In this work Homotopy Perturbation transform
Method (HPTM) is used to solve some of the Klein-Gordan
equations .This method is the combined form of Homotopy
perturbation method and Laplace transform method. The
Nonlinear terms can be easily decomposed by use of Hes
polynomials. This method can provide analytical solutions to
the problems by just utilizing the initial conditions. The
proposed iterative scheme finds the solution without any
discretization, linearization or restrictive assumptions. The
HPTM provides the solution in a rapid convergent series
which may lead the solution in a closed form. The results
reveal that the results reveal that the HPTM is very effective,
simple, convenient, flexible and accurate. Outcomes prove
that HPTM is in very good agreement with ADM, VIM and
HPM.
Keywords: Homotopy perturbation method, Lapalce
transform method, Hes polynomials, Klein-Gordan
equations
1. INTRODUCTION
Nonlinear phenomena have important effects on applied
mathematics, physics and issues related to engineering.
Many such physical phenomena are modeled in terms of
nonlinear partial differential equations. The importance
of obtaining the exact or approximate solutions of
nonlinear partial differential equations in physics and
mathematics is still a significant problem that needs new
methods to discover exact or approximate solutions.
Recently various iterative methods are employed for the
numerical and analytical solutions of Linear and
Nonlinear partial differential equations. In this paper the
Homotopy perturbation transform method | | 4 , 3 , 2 , 1 is
applied to solve Klein-Gordan equations.
We consider the general form of Klein-Gordan equation
) , ( ) (
2 1
2
2
2
2
t x f u g b u b
x
u
t
u
= + +
c
c
c
c

(1)
where u is the function of x and t,g(u) is the nonlinear
function and f(x,t) is the known analytic function. The
Klein-Gordan equations model many problems in
classical and quantum mechanics, solitons and condensed
matter physics. In recent years HPTM has been
successfully employed to solve many types of nonlinear
homogeneous or non-homogeneous partial differential
equations. The HPTM has certain advantages over routine
numerical methods. Numerical methods use discretization
which gives rise to rounding off error causes loss of
accuracy and requires large computer memory and time.
This computational method yields analytical solutions
and is effective and accurate than standard numerical
methods. The HTPM method does not involve
discretization of the variables and hence free from
rounding off errors and does not require large computer
memory or time. Recently various methods are proposed
to solve nonlinear partial differential equations such as
Adomain docomposition method (ADM) | | 7 , 6 , 5 .
Variational iteration method (VIM) | | 14 , 10 , 9 , 8 ,
Differential transform method| | 17 , 16 , 15 etc. Most of
these methods have their inbuilt deficiencies like the
calculation of Adomain polynomials, the Lagrange
multiplier, divergent results and huge computational
work. He developed Homotopy perturbation method
(HPM) | | 14 , 13 , 12 , 11 by merging standard homotopy and
perturbation for solving various physical problems. The
Laplace transform is totally incapable of handling
nonlinear equations because of the difficulties that are
caused by nonlinear terms. To overcome the deficiencies.
Homotopy perturbation method is combined with Laplace
transform method to produce highly effective technique to
deal with these nonlinearities. The suggested HPTM
provides the solution in a rapid convergence series which
may lead the solution in closed form. Also very accurate
results are obtained in a wide range via one or two
iteration steps.

2. HOMOTOPY PERTURBATION TRANSFORM
METHOD (HPTM)
To illustrate the basic idea of the method, we consider a
general non-homogeneous partial differential equation
with initial conditions of the form
) , ( ) , ( ) , ( ) , ( t x g t x Nu t x Ru t x Du = + +
(2)
) ( ) 0 , ( ), ( ) 0 , ( x f x u x h x u
t
= =
where D is the second order linear differential operator
2
2
t
D
c
c
= ,R is the linear differential operator of less
order than D, N represents the general non-linear
differential operator and g(x,t) is the source term. Taking
Homotopy Perturbation Transform method for
solving Klein-Gordan equations

R.Rajaraman
1
, G.Hariharan
2
and K.Kannan
3

1,2,3
Department of Mathematics, School of Humanities & Sciences
SASTRA University, Thanjavur-613 401, Tamilnadu, India



the Laplace transform denoted by L on both sides of
Eq(1):
)) , ( ( )) , ( ( )) , ( ( )) , ( ( t x g L t x Nu L t x Ru L t x Du L = + +
(3)
Using the differentiation property of Laplace transform,
we have
= )) , ( ( t x u L
2 2
( ) ( ) 1
( ( , ))
h x f x
L Ru x t
s s s
+
2 2
1 1
( ( , )) ( ( , )) L g x t L Nu x t
s s
+

(4)
Operating with Laplace inverse on both sides of Eq (3)
gives
))) , ( , ( (
1
( ) , ( ) , (
2
1
t x Nu t x Ru L
s
L t x G t x u + =

(5)
where G(x,t) represent the term arising from the source
term and the prescribed initial conditions. Now we apply
Homotopy perturbation method
) , ( t x u =
=0 n
n
p ) , ( t x u
n

(6)
And the nonlinear term can be decomposed as
), ( ) , (
0
u H p t x Nu
n
n
n
=
=
(7)
For some Hes polynomials-that are given by
n
n
n n
p n
u u H
c
c
=
!
1
) ....... (
0 (
=0
)) ( (
i
i
i
u p N
0 = p

n=0,1,2,3..
(8)
Substituting Eqs.(6) and (5) in Eq.(4) we get

0
( , )
n
n
n
p u x t

1
2
0 0
1
( , ) ( ( , ) ( ) )
n n
n n
n n
G x t p L L R p u x t p H u
s

= =
( (
= +
( (

(9)
which is the coupling of the Laplace transform and the
homotopy perturbation method using Hes polynomials.
Comparing the coefficient of like powers of p, the
following approximations are obtained.
), , ( ) , ( :
0
0
t x G t x u p =
| |, ) ( ) , (
1
) , ( :
0 0 2 1
1
u H t x Ru L
s
t x u p + =

| | ) ( ) , (
1
) , ( :
1 1 2 2
2
u H t x Ru L
s
t x u p + =

| | ) ( ) , (
1
) , ( :
2 2 2 3
3
u H t x Ru L
s
t x u p + =

ETD EE
10)
so on.

3. APPLICATIONS
transform method.

Example:3.1

Consider the Klein-Gordon equation
u
x
u
t
u
+
c
c
=
c
c
2
2
2
2

(11)
Subject to the initial conditions
u(x,0)=0 u
t
(x,0)=1+cosx
We consider the initial condition u
0
=t+cosxt
By applying aforesaid method we have

0
( , )
n
n
p u x t

1
0
2
(( ( , )) ( , ))
1
cos
n n
n xx n
L p u x t p u x t
t t x pL
s
( ( | |
+
( ( |
= + +
\ .
( (
( (

(12)
u
1
(x,t)=tcosx+t+t
3
/3!

u
2
(x,t)=tcosx+t+t
3
/3!+t
5
/5!

...........
The final solution is

0
( , )
n
n
p u x t

=
x
e t
1
2
0
1
(( ( , )) ( ) ( ))
n n n
n xx n n
pL L p u x t p H u p A u
s
( ( | |
+ +
( ( |
( \ .

u(x,t)= tcosx+t+t
3
/3!+t
5
/5!+t
7
/7!+........

u(x,t)=cosxt+sinht
(13)

Example:3.2 Now we consider another linear
homogeneous Klein-Gordan equation

u u
x
u
t
u
x
2
2
2
2
2
+ +
c
c
=
c
c

(14)


Subject to initial conditions

u(x,0)=e
x
, u
t
(x,0)=0

Now we consider the u
0
=e
x

By applying aforesaid method

0
( , )
n
n
p u x t

1
2
0
1
(( ( , )) ( ( , )) 2 ( , ))
x n n n
n xx n x n
e pL L p u x t p u x t p u x t
s
( ( | |
= + + +
( ( |
( \ .
he following successive approximations

u
0
(x,t)=e
x

u
1
(x,t)=e
x
+e
x
(2t)
2
/2!

u
2
(x,t)= e
x
+e
x
(2t)
2
/2!+e
x
(2t)
4
/4!

.............

u(x,t)=e
x
(1+(2t)
2
/2!+(2t)
4
/4!+........................)

=e
x
cosh2t
(15)

Example:3.3 Now we consider nonlinear
homogeneous Klein-Gordan equation

2 2
2
2
2
2
u u
x
u
t
u
x
+
c
c
=
c
c

(16)


u(x,0)=0, u
t
(x,0)=e
x

Now we can select u
0
=e
x
t

By applying aforesaid method

0
( , )
n
n
p u x t

1
2
0
1
(( ( , )) ( ) ( ))
x n n n
n xx n n
e t pL L p u x t p H u p A u
s
( ( | |
= + +
( ( |
( \ .
following successive approximations

u
0
(x,t)=e
x
t
u
1
(x,t)=e
x
t+e
x
t
3
/3!

u
2
(x,t)= e
x
t+e
x
t
3
/3!+e
x
t
5
/5!

...................

u(x,t)=e
x
(t+t
3
/3!+t
5
/5!+........................)

=e
x
sinht
(17)

Example:3.4 Now we consider linear
inhomogeneous Klein-Gordan equation

x u
x
u
t
u
sin 2
2
2
2
2
+
c
c
=
c
c

(18)


u(x,0)=sinx, u
t
(x,0)=1

Now we can select u
0
(x,0)=sinx+t

By applying aforesaid method we have

0
( , )
n
n
p u x t

1
2
0
1
sin (( ( , )) ( , ) 2 sin )
n n
n xx n
x t pL L p u x t p u x t t x
s
( ( | |
= + + +
( ( |
( \ .

of p we get tollowing successive approximations
u
0
(x,t)=sinx+tu
1
(x,t)=sinx+t-t
3
/3!

u
2
(x,t)= sinx+t-t
3
/3!+t
5
/5!
.....................

u(x,t)=sinx+t-t
3
/3!+t
5
/5!-
t
7
/7!+............................

=sinx+sint
(19)

Example:3.5 Now we consider another linear
inhomogeneous Klein-Gordan equation

x
x
u
t
u
sin
2
2
2
2
+
c
c
=
c
c
, 0<x<1,t>0

(20)

Subject to initial conditions

u(x,0)=0,u
t
(x,0)=0

And boundary conditions
u(0,t)=0, u(1,t)=0

The exact solution for this problem is



x t t x u
sin ) cos 1 (
1
) , (
2
=

Now we apply Homotopy perturbation
transform method by selecting u
0
=0
Now we have

0
( , )
n
n
p u x t

1
2
0
1
(( ( , )) sin )
n
n xx
pL L p u x t x
s

( ( | |
= +
( ( |
( \ .

(24)

2
0
sin
2
t
u x
| |
=
|
\ .

(25)
The first approximation is very close to exact solution.

2 4
2
2
sin sin
2 24
t t
u x x
| | | |
=
| |
\ . \ .

(21)
The second approximation itself rapidly converges to the
exact solution.

Therefore HPTM gives series solution also which will
rapidly converge to exact solution. Table 1 shows the
comparison between the exact and HPTM solutions. Good
agreement with the exact solution is achieved.
The Homotopy perturbation transform Method (HPTM)
can be compared with the exact solution, it is clearly seen
that the HPTM and the exact solution are in good
agreement.

Table 1. Exact and HPTM solutions for Example.1 for
t=0.5 and x=0(0.1)(1.0)
x Uexact UHPTM
first approximation
UHPTM
second
approximation
0.0 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
0.1 0.0313 0.0386 0.0307
0.2 0.0595 0.0735 0.0584
0.3 0.0820 0.1011 0.0803
0.4 0.0963 0.1189 0.0944
0.5 0.1013 0.1250 0.0993
0.6 0.0963 0.1189 0.0944
0.7 0.0820 0.1011 0.0803
0.8 0.0595 0.0735 0.0584
0.9 0.0313 0.0386 0.0307
1.0 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000

All the numerical experiments presented in this section
were computed in double precision with some MATLAB
codes on a personal computer System Vostro 1400
Processor x86 Family 6 Model 15 Stepping 13 Genuine
Intel ~1596 MHz.

4. CONCLUSION
In this paper exact solutions and series solution for some
of the Klein-Gordan equations have been established. The
Homotopy perturbation transform method (HPTM)is
successfully used to develop these solutions. This work
shows that HPTM has/significant advantages over the
existing techniques. It is worth mentioning that the
method is capable of reducing the volume of the
computational work as compared to the classical methods
while still maintaining the high accuracy of numerical
result. The size reduction amounts to an improvement of
the performance of the approach. The result shows that
HPTM is a powerful mathematical tool for finding the
exact and approximate solutions of the nonlinear
equations.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
I am very grateful to the reviewers for their useful
comments that led to improvement of my manuscript.
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I nt ernat i onal Journal of E mergi ng Trends & Technol ogy i n Comput er Sci ence (I JE TTCS)

Web Site: www.ijettcs.org Email: editor@ijettcs.org, editorijettcs@gmail.com

he following successive approximations

following successive approximations

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