THE REED PROGRAM (Rural Economic and Environmental Development)

Implementation Documentation
The material contained in this document is Confidential in nature and may not be use nor disclosed to others without first obtaining the written consent of Management.

Brian Lewis
Founder Environmentally Clean Communities 6704 East Park Drive Fort Worth, Texas 76132 Tel: 817-361-0710 Email: eastwind@charter.net

Table of Contents
Introduction...1 Purpose of Development Model..3 Impact.....3 Implementation....3 Required Funding.......4 Payback and Growth......4 Program for Implementation and Development of Model....4 Final Site Selection....4 Intensive Aquaculture Production.....5 Intensive Organic Agriculture Production......6 Soil Enhancements....7 Water Treatments...7 Solid Waste Treatments and Recycling......8 Housing.....8 Improved Health and Education.....8 Renewable Energy...10 Environmental Protection and Restoration..11 Marketing and Sales....11 Recruitment13 Operations and Training.13 Cooperative Development.13 Auxiliary Support and Development Activities....14 Development Growth and Expansion.14 Timeline for Implementation..15 Funding + 60 days15 Funding + 120 days..15 Funding + 180 days..15 Funding + 360 days..16 Year216 Year316 Year 4...16 Year 5...17 Year 6...17 Year 7..17 Year 8 and forward...17 Vietnam Considerations................17 Conclusion..18

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Appendixes
Appendix A Aquaculture, Wastewater Planning............19

Appendix B Agriculture Planning.........40

Appendix C Housing Materials Specifications and Details..............47

Appendix D Budget and Financial Discussion............66 Appendix E Management and Advisory Board Information.............70

Appendix F Educational Undertakings and Considerations...73

Appendix G Environmental Undertakings and Considerations...............76

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Introduction
The Reed Program was organized to catalyze the progressive development of rural communities in developing countries. Based upon the work experiences of its members, Reed identifies, integrates, and optimizes the best tools, practices, and forms of organization for successful and sustainable development. In carrying out its projects, Reed strongly encourages the participation of villagers and supports the formation of cooperatives and mutual associations. The Reed Program is now planning the development of a four-hectare farm model in Viet Nam using high-performance, sustainable technology and management practices. Over the long term, Reed plans to develop new villages using its advanced systems. The Reed Programs members are active in the design, construction, and management of novel systems for water management, agriculture, aquaculture, affordable housing, and alternative energy. In addition to their working knowledge of successful technologies, Reeds members are also consultants to governments and businesses regarding the policies and practices for profitable and sustainable economic development. Collectively, the skills and know how of the Reed Program membership enable Reed to develop productive and sustainable villages living in harmony with the environment. In addition to the issues concerning best technology and practices, Reed also seeks out source of risk capital for investment in developing countries. The majority of the worlds financial institutions are not organized to finance rural households in emerging markets; it is important create financial intermediaries that collect and syndicate the interests of households in sufficient scale that they might access capital markets. Around the world, one of the leading obstacles to the successful and sustainable development of rural communities is the high cost of credit. Most communities in the rural areas of developing countries have little or no access to formal sources of credit. In many countries, less than 4% of all bank credit is loaned to rural borrowers even though the majority of the population lives in the countryside. Through informal credit channels, rural borrowers obtain loans at annual rates of interest ranging from 30-100%. Scarce and costly credit restricts options for profitable development, severely discounts the value of economic returns over the long run, and encourages the depletion of natural resources at unsustainable rates. High interest rates also encourage an uneven and unbalanced pattern of development; investors finance highly profitable sectors, such as telecommunications, and neglect projects with lower returns, such as water and sanitation. Similarly, government policies often favor urban and industrial development over the development of rural areas. Where the pattern of economic development encourages a rapid pace of industrialization and -1-

urbanization, a shortage of resources from the neglected sectors of the economy eventually limits growth, compromises the overall quality of life, and fosters political tensions between rural people and city dwellers. Fast growing cities demand the use of resources, such as water supplies, formerly allocated to rural areas. Additionally, as investors selectively fund the projects with the greatest financial appeal, there is a risk that they will prefer similar projects. As these similar projects are developed and completed in parallel, they may unintentionally oversupply local markets. The well-known Asian Contagion which ruined many economies in S.E. Asia was in part caused by narrow, development strategies that emphasized projects promising high returns and a high status image without regard for their productivity or the ability of local markets could support such projects. Competing developers pursued similar projects, leading to an oversupply of such developments. The newly built luxury office buildings, five star hotels, and housing estates for wealthy people could not find buyers. Consequently, many defaulted on their loans, the banking systems confronted great losses, and the affected economies were plunged into a deep recession, requiring financial bailouts by foreign agencies on humiliating terms. Regrettably, the terms of bail-outs devised to solve the problems of bankers and real estate developers also harmed the interests of rural communities, and neglected the potential contribution of the regions agrarian economy to an overall economic reconstruction. Nearly five years after the initial crisis in Thailand, the affected countries are still struggling to heal their economies. Then, as now, any lasting solution to the developmental challenges of this region must emphasize the active engagement of rural communities in the formal economy. Furthermore, it must pursue policies that secure the value of conserved funds and natural resources. Although the developmental philosophy of the Reed Program also encourages people to seek out highly profitable investment and development opportunities, it also takes into consideration their productivity, environmental impacts, and ability to enhance the quality of life in rural communities. For rural areas, Reed believes it is especially important to improve water management systems because of the vital linkages between water and agriculture, fisheries, sanitation, power generation, and transport. As a starting point, it is important for all people to understand the capabilities and value of their local water supplies. If farmers do not know the value of their water, then they will have no incentive to conserve it and cannot compare alternative uses of their water supplies. Whereas, once water has a commonly understood economic value, it is relatively easy to make decisions, including decisions to develop infrastructure for water management. Using improved systems, rural -2-

communities can raise larger yields with less water. The amount of water saved by more productive water management can then be transferred to other uses. Among the alternative uses, the opportunities in S.E. Asian aquaculture are very promising. Over the last thirty years, farmers of fish, shellfish, and aquatic plants have made great strides in improving their productivity and proving the viability of new methods. These products allow farmers to add additional value to the wastes of other primary crops, such as rice hulls. Not only is aquaculture a new source of income for many families in the region, the cultivation of these crops can contribute to the control of pollution.

Purpose of Development Model

To demonstrate the efficacy of The REED Program: Rural Economic and Environmental Development. To provide a model for sustainable rural community development models as are required worldwide. Population growth, cultural history, work ethics and practices, environmental issues, favorable legal and political conditions, determined need: all these are present in Vietnam.

Impact
Strong favorable impacts are expected across all spectrums. Full development of The REED Program provides the foundation for broad, sustainable rural economic and environmental development which will provide positive inspiration for significant numbers of people in Vietnam and in other countries. Secondary favorable impacts include strong public relations value to funding parties.

Implementation
Initial development is focused on the commencement and maintenance of sustainable economic activities which are provided through the aquaculture, agriculture and supporting programs. Complementing and providing for further growth of these sustainable economic activities, education, training, housing, renewable energy, health and environmental programs come into the day-to-day focus and activities of The REED Program. The schedule for implementation of the program parts begins on page 15.

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Required Funding
To launch The REED Program's development model on four hectares of land in Vietnam requires a fund of $750,000. A schedule of fund use is provided in Appendix D-Budget.

Land Acquisition O perations

5.3 %

39.3%

Im prov ents em Suppliesentory Inv

41.8%

3%

10.6%

Budgeted Expenses 1st Year Implementation and Development Payback and Growth
Payback of invested funds commences in year four of operations and is completed by the end of year seven of operations. Target terms of offer are for an eleven percent per annum premium to be paid to an investor on top of the normal ROI. Growth of The REED Program will occur through the development of relations for undertaking and providing growth funds. Such relations may be the result of an IPO, or a merger, or some other form of joint venture or partnership with a qualified investing party or group. We envision a period of growth during the next 30 years.

Program for Implementation and Development of Model Final Site Selection

Multiple sites in Vietnam are available in all regions. In order to maximize the bargaining position for the implementation and construction of the first REED -4-

Program model for development, we plan to make presentations to authorities in at least four different geographical areas. The purpose for this method of undertaking is proposed in order to be able to negotiate the most favorable conditions for our development operations. The basic criteria required, land, water and labor, are, for all practical purposes, available everywhere in Vietnam. The ability to finalize a development and implementation agreement providing the most favorable operating conditions, tax and income conditions, and other important variables, presents us with the need to conduct negotiations with four different locations in our initial undertakings. We do not see any reason that these negotiations will require more than four weeks to complete as the size investment we are proposing is such as to allow the local authorities full discretion in approvals issued.

Intensive Aquaculture Production

A series of 24 ponds, each 233 cubic meters in size and containing 189 cubic meters of water production volume is to be constructed. The design parameters for the ponds are shown in Appendix A. This design optimizes production abilities, provides substantial benefits for aeration of the water for fish production, creates favorable conditions for the stocking and growth of the fish, reduces the risk of disease and enhances the treatment of the waste water produced. Construction of the ponds will commence within 120 days of funding. Pond construction will be completed, with ponds fully operational within 12 months of funding. Total budgeted costs for the construction of the pond system is $25.00 per cubic meter of production capacity. Total budgeted funding for pond construction is $113,400. This includes excavation, equipment, shipping, applicable taxes, installation and start-up. Detailed information concerning the operation of the aquaculture ponds, including treatment of wastewater and solid wastes is presented in Appendix A. Production of a different species of fish and shell fish is planed including: tilapia, , catfish, bass, carp, shrimp, snails, clams, mussels, scallops and other species according to site and market conditions and requirements. An added benefit to the production of a diversity of product is the reduction of risk associated with disease or other infestation. Aquaculture Production Projections: The following charts present in graphic form the aquaculture production for 24 ponds with a diameter of 15 meters each and a production capacity of 189 cubic meters of water. The production is shown in metric tons per quarter per species -5-

with totals for each of the first three years of production. (See Appendix A, pages 37-39 for further information). Initial aquaculture production is expected to commence in the third quarter of the first year of operations. Year 1 Aquaculture Production -Metric Tons of Fish
120 100 80 60 40 20 0 1st 2nd 3rd 4th Total Quarter Quarter Quarter Quarter Year 1

Tilapia Catfish

Year 2 Aquaculture Production -Metric Tons of Fish

150 100 50 0 5th 6th 7th 8th Quarter Quarter Quarter Quarter Total Year 2 Tilapia Catfish

Year 3 Aquaculture Production -Metric Tons of Fish

150 100 50 0 9th 10th 11th 12th Total Quarter Quarter Quarter Quarter Year 3 Tilapia Catfish

Intensive Organic Agriculture Production

An arrangement of small plot intensive agricultural production supported by a drip irrigation system will be constructed as rapidly as possible. We will be using -6-

proven principles and products to improve the fertility of the soil and to enhance its ability to retain and utilize water. This total area will occupy some two hectares of land. Production of 30 metric tons of produce per annum per hectare is our goal. Crops to be grown will be determined by final site location, growing conditions, soil and water conditions, market conditions and requirements. Crops to be considered include all vegetables, legumes, fruit trees and bushes, root products, flowers, spices and herbs, medicinal plants, and other specialty products. Budgeted funds for development of these agriculture facilities are $20,000. (Please see Appendix B-Agriculture, for further information).

Soil Enhancements
All steps necessary to insure maximum water conservation and use together with soil enhancement and soil erosion prevention programs will be fully implemented. (Please see Appendix B-Agriculture, for further information).

Water Treatments- we can make a difference

Programs for the treatment and protection and maximization of use of water are designed to enhance all aspects of The REED Program's operations. The treatment of local water sources, be they fresh, salt or brackish, for the provision of potable drinking water have been designed into The REED Program Wastewater from the aquaculture ponds is rich in nitrogen and other by-products that provide rich nutritional value and support for agriculture production. Much of the "waste water" from these aquaculture ponds will be recycled through the drip irrigation system into the agriculture production zones. In this way, we establish a pattern of effective and efficient water usage. Waste water treatments, from the aquaculture facilities, from human activities and from husbandry activities, can and will be provided for by a system built within The REED Program model. This treatment system is designed to treat the wastewater to a hygienic standard where it will be either completely safe to discharge back into the environment or to be recycled within the programs being operated. Dependent upon final site selection, potable water treatment equipment is presently budgeted at $40,000 (R.O. with capacity of 70 cubic meters/day). Wastewater treatment equipment, including biological augmentation is budgeted at $25,000 Water scarcity is the single greatest threat to human health, the environment and the global food supply. Users at all levels individual farmers, as well as communities and governments must take initiatives that offer sustainable and environmentally safe solutions to improve water management. -7-

Solid Waste Treatments and Recycling

The REED Program brings with it a program for the treatment of solid wastes. Most waste products in an underdeveloped rural area such as will be the location for the activities described herein, are organic. In order to obtain the most use from these "waste" products, a system to compost the solid waste will be implemented. This program will be capable of taking all solid wastes and treating them in such a manner, through organic treatment principles, so as to decompose them into more basic component parts which can then be utilized to provide for soil fertilization and enhancements.

Housing
Low cost, attractive, safe housing is very much in need in the rural areas of Vietnam. The REED Program brings with it such housing. Easy to construct and assemble from prefabricated panels, a 100 square meter house can be assembled within one week on a cement foundation. This housing provides us with the ability to modify design and appearance for the existent conditions in the market place. In addition, this fire resistant housing offers significant insulation and sound protective conditions, and can be treated so as to be practically waterproof. The budgetary allowance for the construction of five buildings to be used as housing and common area buildings is $40,000. Detailed information concerning the planned materials to be used for the housing is provided in Appendix C.

Improved Health and Education

To provide for the future we recognize the importance of the care and improvement of each persons' and each family's, health. Through our programs we bring experience and expertise in nutrition, child and family health practices, -8-

and community health practices. In addition, the programs established to treat water, wastes of all types as well as the environmental improvements all lead to improved health conditions. Beyond these basic programs, we believe the improved living and working conditions coupled with the opportunity to participate and to begin to control one's own destiny provide further incentive for health improvement. (See Appendix E-Management and Advisory Board for further information concerning our expertise in this area). Education, for each member of the community, from early youth to old age: education has long been an important part of the social structure of the Vietnamese peoples. Utilizing modern equipment, technology, communications capabilities, our community members will become able to participate in the growth of both distant education as well as to bring their own knowledge and skills to bear on the problems, issues and challenges and opportunities within the local community and region. (See Appendix E for further information concerning our expertise in this area). Through improved health we provide the foundation for improved participation at all levels. Through improved education we provide the basis for working from that foundation. Continued training at all levels, including management, provides the cohesion for teamwork, development and expansion. Cooperation with relevant educational and agricultural institutions, both in Vietnam as well as abroad, is important for development and growth. The basis for this cooperation has already been established with the primary agriculture university in the southern part of Vietnam, the tropical agricultural institute in Vietnam as well as with several university programs in the United States. In the communications with the United States based university programs as well as other foreign based agriculture programs, the ability to utilize Internet communications provides a basis for cooperation that was non-existent only a few short year ago. Together with cooperation activities expressed above, it is also imperative to develop the confidence of the local population to bring to the "table" their experience and practices in agriculture and land use. These exchanges can provide for development practices that further take into account the experience and history of local agriculture production as we all seek more ways to both improve and increase food production while at the same time providing for the future through the protection and restoration of the environment and local species. Education in essential practices, activities and skills that can provide for full participation of the youth is another essential to The REED Program's educational endeavors. For these, cooperation and integration with local school districts as well as the enhancement that can be provided through the use of -9-

distance learning is planned. Further, to improve agriculture, horticultural and animal husbandry understanding and knowledge, we envision the creation of activities akin to 4-H and Future Farmers for the youth.

One of the greatest long term issues which human society faces in its efforts to improve and increase agricultural food production and the protection and restoration of the natural environment is the lack of qualified trainers and educators. Another goal pursued by The REED Program addresses this challenge. Through the training and experience gained by the members participating in the day-to-day work of The REED Program's operations, including during this initial model development phase, a core of qualified and experienced persons, both women and men, will be trained to have the capabilities and experience required to become effective and qualified teachers of others. After all, who best to train and teach other members of the rural poor than those who have been able to improve their own conditions? Thus, The REED Program undertakes to establish its educational and training operations with the dual goals of improving the lives and participation of those who first come to work within the program and with the secondary goal of establishing training and education programs to train others. (Please see Appendix F for further discussion).

Renewable Energy
While it is contemplated that the initial site will have sufficient power available. The REED Program is designed to demonstrate the efficacy of full scale operations under conditions where power is either not available or is supplied -10-

with interruptions. Therefore, The REED Program will install renewable energy equipment and technology from solar, wind and water so as to provide the basis for self-sufficiency in energy production as a goal. A budget of $75,000 provides for the various types of equipment according to the final site selection. Our experts' ability to obtain specialized equipment that is suitable for the conditions of operations, is well established and the reader is referred to Appendix E for further information.

Environmental Protection and Restoration

True, sustainable development, must take into consideration the natural environment in which the development operations are taking place. To this end we, in The REED Program, believe that we must undertake continuous environmental monitoring, protection and restoration programs. We start this from the first stage of planning in terms of the types of equipment we utilize, the way and method of design, implementation and management of operations of production and undertakings. We continue with educational programs designed to both provide information to the local peoples as well as to obtain from them practices which may enjoy application in other parts of the region, country and world. To these ends we have adopted as our guidelines a program of evaluation and measurement that has been developed by the International Union for Conservation and the World Bank. We believe that our full commitment to the principles established in these undertakings together with our ability to adapt to local conditions and requirements provide us with the basis for true sustainable development practices. The REED Program will establish all requirements to comply with ISO 14000. (Please see Appendix G for further discussion).

Marketing and Sales

To achieve true sustainability requires that we undertake strong economic activities in sales and marketing. At the same time, in this beginning phase of development, production and operations, we will be limited in our abilities to market beyond a small diameter, perhaps 100 miles or so, from our location. It has already been determined that the products which are to be produced in this model have already been determined to have a ready market requirement in Vietnam. Our ability to change the basic products being produced in short order allows us to consider "spot market opportunities" as well as longer term market demands which we may be able to respond to and for which we will enjoy the profits. Through the production of diverse crops and products from our model operation, we provide for the needs of the people living and working there. Basic food requirements, housing, education, health considerations, and more will be available through both production and also from the development of the -11-

infrastructure that will be installed. Beyond the consumption needs of the people from the production at this model location, sales of fish and assorted agriculture production will be focused first in the local area; no more than 20 miles away. Second, sales and marketing activities will be expanded to approximately a 100mile diameter from our location. In this way, we will be providing for the market requirements and needs of this important local market. We will satisfy these customers and build a strong demand for products which we produce before attempting to enter markets further away which are not as readily entered. With the increase in our production capabilities and increased product supply, we will be setting the stage for expansion of marketing and sales activities into the greater regions of Vietnam and eventually into export markets. Due to the nature of the design of both the aquaculture pond system and the organic farming system, production will commence within six month which allows sales to commence, at the latest, within four months thereafter. These initial sales and marketing activities will grow and develop as all production facilities are completed within twelve months of the occurrence of funding. In addition to the sale of the products from the ponds and farm operations, sales of potable water, housing units, composted fertilizer, educational activities, and excess energy, and the opportunity to contract with local authorities for treatment of solid and liquid wastes are also present opportunities for the creation of profit centers and further development. The need for diversified fish and farm production is also true for the economic aspects of The REED Program's activities. Diversified production, diversified products and services, diversified markets: these all provide for a stronger foundation to achieve true sustainable rural community development. Projected Sales/Cost/Income Based on Aquaculture Production Only
(figures in 000s)

400,000 300,000 200,000 100,000 0 1st Year 2nd Year 3rd Year Sales Costs Profits

Projected income will increase through the production of different species of fish and shell fish as well as through the inclusion of agricultural products, purified water, low cost housing, training and services income--all of which will raise the -12-

gross income and pretax income streams. Income and Expense Projections beyond year two can be discussed based upon varied and projected product mix and market expectations.

Recruitment
During the first period of construction, initial recruitment will occur within sources of labor presently known to the developers of The REED Program. These people who will provide the initial labor and staff for operations are Vietnamese who have the ability and the wish to come into the operations and development of The REED Program so as to provide the best operating conditions. Further, these people have the ability to learn well the necessary skills of operation so as to later become instructors and teachers of others as The REED Program expands its operations and activities. Our experts' ability to obtain specialized equipment that is suitable for the conditions of operations, is well established and the reader is referred to Appendix E for further information.

Operations and Training

A proficient team to support the undertakings has been assembled. Fields of endeavor and experience include every aspect of production, operations, with advisors for cooperative development, education, training, health care, and environmental activities. All programs are designed to enhance and further sustainable development and expansion of production and operations. A brief summary of this expertise and experience is provided in Appendix E.

Cooperative Development
The combination of activities being undertaken has been chosen and designed to attack challenges and issues of rural poverty and the disenfranchisement of the poor. The combination of programs, the development and placement of the physical and capacity infrastructure, the undertakings of education and training, the importance of health and environmental issues, all these may be for naught if we do not bring the affected peoples into an ownership position. At the same time, to put people into positions of authority and control and ownership without having them demonstrate their abilities to participate and grow in the program would also result in the eventual degradation and destruction of the program being implemented. The goals of full economic participation through ownership of cooperative programs by the affected poor are very important. The team of people who bring their expertise to these issues are identified in Appendix E. Our ability to confront the issues of empowerment will, in the long run, determine the true success of The REED Program and establish its sustainability. -13-

Auxiliary Support and Development Activities

The REED Program is designed for long term, sustainable development. A key component of this program is that it recognizes the importance of diversification of products and activities at all levels of operations. The importance of this diversification is multiple and provides many benefits. One of the areas of diversified economic activity will be to initiate income-producing activities that are not directly associated with aquaculture and agriculture production. One of the first of this type of diversified economic activity is the sale of potable water to those living in surrounding areas. Other such diversified activities will include the provision of housing materials, construction capabilities, renewable energy both as an energy form as well as the equipment, communications abilities, and education and training. All these "supplemental" activities are not within the "normal" purview of rural farm development but are available within The REED Program and its activities and provide further impetus for development and expansion.

Development Growth and Expansion

The model of The REED Program established through the proposed funding lays the groundwork for rapid development and expansion. Programs for rural development funded through various non-profit organizations, including the World Bank, the Asian Development Bank, the UNDP and others have a similar feature and result in that, for the most part, these activities have failed to remedy the issues of poverty, poor health, and inability to participate in life's decisions for the rural poor. The reasons for these failures include a lack of understanding of the real issues involved, a lack of long-term commitment, and the lack of a sense of belief in the very success of the undertaking. In addition, these programs have mostly failed due to the narrowness of the approach and their lack of a cohesive program of development. Another reason for their failure is that they all too often implement their programs with the people who are already "successful" in local terms and thus leave further behind those who truly require and need the assistance the programs initially sought to provide. A final consideration is that the programs themselves are funded as "not for profit" activities and thus there is no ability to engage in real economic growth which would lead to sustainable economic growth. The REED Program proceeds with the belief that what is required is: Long-term Commitment Cohesive Inter-related and Supporting Programs of Activity A Belief and Desire for Success of the Programs -14-

Confidence in the Ability of the Poor to Learn/Implement New Programs Funding which Provides for the Required Support and Infrastructure

Discussions with various international organizations, including the World Bank, the Asian Development Bank, the InterAmerican Development Bank, World Health Organization, the FAO, CARE, The Vatican, have provided encouragement for the continued work on this program. In addition, each of the international agencies has requested that we keep them up-to-date on developments. We have been advised of two large investment funds being created by the World Bank of $100 million each, for rural development programs in Vietnam commencing in about 2-3 years. Based on conversations which we have heretofore held, we are confident that with the successful implementation of the model development proposed herein that we will be in an excellent position to work with both the World Bank and the government authorities of Vietnam for the implementation of these planned developments. In addition, we have identified multiple private sector funding sources that we believe will be following our development closely and with whom strategic alliances can and will be formed at the appropriate time in order to springboard our further growth and development.

Timeline for Implementation Funding + 60 days

We need funding for licenses, permits, ordering, preparing for construction, together with the arranging of shipping, delivery acceptance, and transportation.

Funding + 120 days

Complete as required the above matters. Advance construction and production development. Recruit and commence training in preparation for installation and operations. Install and operate equipment as available. Analyze and critique activities. Commence productions operations as able.

Funding + 180 days

Complete as required above matters. Advance construction and production development.

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Continue and further develop construction of production development. Expand training and educational activities and programs. Finalize supply agreements for current consumables requirements. Continue and further develop production. Analyze and critique activities. Sales-marketing activities with acceptance of early orders for various products.

Funding + 360 days

Complete as required above matters. Advance construction and production development. Continue other activities. Model housing and community buildings completed. Increase training and educational activities and programs Analyze and critique activities. Enhance economic development opportunities.

Year 2
Continue development/production activities. Enhance income production capabilities. Expand training/education/other activities. Increase income streams. All operational expenses earned from current income activities.

Year 3
Further development/production activities. Refine and fine-tune production/training/education/others. Analyze and critique activities. Promote further development. Increase income streams. All operational expenses earned from current income activities.

Year 4
Commence repayment of capital loan. Promote further development. Expand activities. Increase income/profit streams. Analyze and critique operations. All operational expenses now earned from current income activities.

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Year 5
Continue repayment of capital loan. Promote further development. Expand activities. Increase income/profit streams. Analyze and critique operations. Cooperative Program Initiated. All operational expenses continue to be earned from current income activities.

Year 6
Continue repayment of capital loan. Promote further development. Expand activities. Increase income/profit streams. Analyze and critique operations. All operational expenses continue from current income activities.

Year 7
Complete repayment of capital loan. Promote further development. Increase and improve income/profit streams. Analyze and critique operations. All operational expenses continue from current income activities.

Year 8 and forward

Promote further development. Increase and improve income/profit streams. Analyze and critique operations. All operational expenses continue from current income activities. Vietnam Considerations Implementation in Vietnam is supported by numerous favorable conditions including: o Work Ethic of the People o Availability of Land and Water o Legal Conditions Provided by Government o Tax Benefits o Cost of Operations and Development o Market for Products and for Expansion o Repatriation of Capital and Profits -17-

These favorable conditions will be discussed with interested investors. In addition to the business reasons noted above, operations in Vietnam present an additional benefit. One of the long-term goals of The REED Program is to create and extend our ability to provide training, education and opportunity to others. We have set as a goal that those who come into The REED Program will be developed so that they will become trainers and teachers and thus work to expand the benefits that are offered through our program. We are confident that these people, people who today are poor and who lack the ability to participate, have the potential to become the very best trainers and teachers of others who have not yet had the same opportunity and support. Thus, The REED Program can better realize and achieve the goals which it has set.

Conclusion
The REED Program, outlined in these documents, presents a method to get poor countries out of the circle of poverty and into the path of self-sustaining growth. It does this by undertaking an increase in food production, improvement in living conditions including the natural environment, and by bringing people into a position of empowerment so that their participation encourages the greatest number of people to reach their full potential by vesting everyone with responsibility, identity, and a voice.

We have the tools. What we do not have is time to waste.

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Appendix A
AQUACULTURE PRODUCTION SYSTEM DESCRIPTION The program production of 200 metric tons of fish per year will be carried out in 24 independent ponds. Each pond is provided with an air diffusion system, a water re-circulation pump, a settler, a purified water inlet and an adjustable water level system that overflows the water from the bottom of the pond to the water treatment system. The water re-circulation pump assures a circular movement of the water in the pond and the removal of suspended solids through the central drain pipe. Means of aerating the water before re-pumping it into the fishponds are also available. The water treatment system consists of an aerated wetland with aquatic plants, a final settler with recycle of the activated sludge and a filter. The filtered water will be treated with ozone in the final sump before being pumped to the elevated water storage. The water in the elevated storage tank will be oxygenated using an air diffusion system. From the elevated water storage the treated water is distributed by gravity to the 24 ponds according to the need of each pond. The aquatic plants will be harvested and utilized for initial growth period feeds for the fish while a commercial fish food will be used for finishing the growth during the last 60 days of the growth cycle. Construction will be completed with known construction companies operating near the site of construction. Bacteria for the nitrification and for the partial reduction of BOD are pre-activated and dosed to the aerated wetland. Sodium bicarbonate is also dosed to the wetland to help with the nitrification process and to control the pH. The sewage, coming from the buildings, is chopped, using a small macerator, and it is treated with activated sludge in a multistage extended aeration process. The compact sewage system includes a final settler with the recycling of the sludge and an ozone sterilization of the clarified effluent. The treated sewage is conveyed by gravity to the wetland. Rainwater is collected from the roofs of the buildings into several jars made of clay. From these jars the rainwater is pumped into a centralized storage tank. This water is preferentially used for the production of drinking water. Drinking water (and water for household use) is produced by reverse osmosis and stored in an elevated tank where ozone treatment will take place. During the dry season the rainwater tank is automatically filled with the tap water or with water from nearby natural water sources. Either the treated water or the water from the natural sources will be used as make-up water in order to compensate the evaporation losses and the water used for irrigation for agricultural production. A level control is installed in the raw water storage tank for this purpose. -19-

FISH PONDS - SIZE AND SHAPE Number of ponds: 24 separate ponds: to facilitate staggered stocking and harvesting Geometrical volume: 233 m3 Water volume: 189 m3/pond. Total water of 24 ponds: 4536 m3 This volume will allow a production of 300 t/y of fish with an average stocking density from 10 to 30 kg/m3. 15 meters Inverted cone with 30 degree dikes and with a conical base (8' slope) to help the removal of waste from the pond bottom and to reduce cost (which is higher for a cylindrical shape). 2 meters at the perimeter of the base; 2.56 Meters, in the center of the pond. 1.8 meters at the perimeter of the base; 2.36 Meters in the center of the pond. 0.2 meters Compacted earth with a liner of jute bags Impregnated with cement.

Pond's volume:

Diameter of the pond: Shape:

Depth of the Pond

Depth of the water:

Overboard Construction:

Dimensions and volume of the pond is given in fig. 1. During the normal operation the water level is at -0.2 meters elevation from the upper edge of the pond. This water level is considered as elevation 0.00 in drawings and sketches. The elevations of various parts of the farm are measured (+ / -) from this elevation (see figures 2 and 3).

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FISH PONDS - DIMENSIONS AND VOLUME Figure 1 Basic data: Shape: Inverted truncated cone with a conical base Big base diameter: 15 m Radius 7.5 m Small base diameter: 8m Radius 4m Height of the side: 2m Height of the conical base: 0.56 m Total height: 2.56 m Volume: 3.14* h (R^2+rR+R+r^2)/3 = 3.14 * r^2*h/3 = 214 m3 + 9.38 m3 223 m3

HEIGHT OF WATER (M)

200 m3 volume can be obtained with an overboard of 0.138 m In order to remove 50 m3 of water from the pond, the level of the pond should be lowered from 1.8 m to 1.461 m = 0.339 m or from 1.86 to 1.53 = 0.33 m.

15.0 M

2.0 M

14.3 M

0.2 M

1.8 M

29.7' 8.0'

0.56 M

The changing of the water of the fishpond can be done continuously or by removing (or adding) a batch of water. For example, in order to remove 50 m3 of water, the level of the water in the pond should be lowered 35 cm (from a water height of 1.8 m to a water height of 1.46 m). For this purpose the volume of the water in the pond at different water levels are reported in fig. 1. The diameters of the edge of the water at various levels are also reported in fig. 1. The impregnated jute lining is important in order to reduce maintenance and improve the removal of solids.

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The choice of the pond's depth limited to 1.8 / 2.36 m takes into account the following: Enhancement of photosynthesis and photo oxidation Enhancement of direct oxygen uptake from the pond water surface Easier maintenance Simpler harvesting Lower installation.

FISH PONDS - REMOVAL OF SOLID WASTE The presence of solid waste in a fishpond is inevitable. Food, even if given at an economical rate, will be partially wasted and will settle at the bottom of the pond; fish metabolic solid waste will also accumulate at the bottom; aquatic weed infestation may occur at the pond bottom if low water turbidity allows the light to penetrate down to the bottom. The decomposition of this solid waste, when occurs aerobically, will consume oxygen, thus depriving the fish of oxygen, when occurs anaerobically, will produce highly toxic substances (NH3, H2S, CH4, etc.). The removal of the settled solid waste is carried out by the internal water recirculation system provided for each individual pond as illustrated in figs. 2 and 3. Pump P-1 transfers the water from sump II into the fishpond tangentially, anticlockwise to generate a swirl which moves the solid waste over the conical (sloped) bottom into the central drainpipe. A strainer, with appropriate openings matching the size of the fish, will be inserted into the drainpipe in order to prevent the fish from escaping. The strainer will be inserted in the PVC elbow embedded in the bottom of the pond. The strainer should allow an easy passage of the solids and should present the minimum pressure drop to the passage of 50 m3/hour of water. The water used is pumped through the settler (sump I) back into the pond using pump P-1 designed for a flow of 50 m3/h. Advantages of this flushing and re-circulation pump: o Allows the flushing of the pond for the removal of settled solids: excess food, metabolic products, unwanted weeds, etc. o Allows the monitoring and adjustment of the water pH (liming of the water can be carried out in the settle or in the storage tank in the case that the -22-

pH of the water becomes too low due to the release of HO3 and CO2 into the water). o Allows the monitoring of the concentration of ammonia, oxygen, phosphorous, potassium, etc. in the water and the addition and distribution into the pond of the missing elements. Oxygen will be introduced also by an air diffusion system installed in the sump II. o Allows, to some extent, the chemical treatment of the water: break point chlorination, sterilization with O3, etc. Fig. 3 shows the construction details of the settler and re-circulation system. The level of water in the pond is determined by the position of the overflow pipe installed in the sump III. The water from the pond can only flow by gravity to the bottom of the settler (sump I) and from here, if the re-circulation pump (P-1) is on, the water will be conveyed back into the pond through the sump II but, if the overflow pipe (installed in sump III) is lower than water level in the pond, the water will flow to the wetland through sump III. The flushing of the pond can therefore be carried out simply by lowering the draining pipe (or by removing a pipe segment). In this case the water will overflow to the water treatment system. The overflow drainpipe can be made in PVC and the regulation of the water level in the pond can be done either by rotating the overflow pipe or by using a telescopic pipe arrangement. Whenever fresh water is released into the pond, a corresponding amount of water will overflow through the central drain pipe and will be conveyed, through the settler, to the water treatment system (wetland). The main parameters that could be monitored within this circulation are: PH (very important) Redox potential ORP (if disinfection of the water is carried out with chlorine or ozone) Dissolved oxygen (very important)

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Nitrogen (NH4+ and NH3) (very important) Phosphorus Salinity Bicarbonate (carbonate) Turbidity Suspended solids

Portable instrumentation is provided for this purpose. The solid waste, accumulated at the bottom of the settler (sump I), can be removed by immersing a submersible pump down to the bottom of the settler. Probably a weekly removal of solid waste is sufficient if the dosage of food is carried out correctly. In addition, due to the staggered nature of production and harvesting, each pond can be completely drained for further cleaning and repair of the lining during the appropriate dormant period of the production cycle.

+1.8

Water Storage 0.00

-1.8
6" -2.36 Settler Fish Pond Wetland -1.8 -2.8 -0.8

Elevations Fig. 2 -24-

FISH POND RECIRCULATION PUMP The purpose of this pump is to re-circulate the water of the pond through the settler at a rate of 50 m3/h (for a complete re-circulation of the water of the pond in approximately 4 hours, equivalent to 6 water exchanges per day). This water re-circulation will only remove the suspended solids; it will neither provide pure water to the fish, nor remove the dissolved metabilities (ammonia) and the dissolved impurities from the water. The purposes of this re-circulation are: 1. To create a circular movement of the water around the pond. The use of a circular pond allows the water to flow in a circular fashion around the pond, draining out through a central outlet comprising a standpipe surrounded by a screen. Water quality becomes fairly homogeneous thereby encouraging a more uniform distribution of fish. 2. To assure a superior hygiene due to the self-cleaning effect of the central drain and no risk of eddying with solid waste (excess food, solid metabolites, etc. ) settling out in low flow areas. To monitor and adjust the pH of the water in order to reduce the effect of the impurities. For example, the effect of ammonia can be reduced by lowering the pH of the water; at lower pH the concentration of unionized ammonia (the only toxic form for the fish) is drastically reduced. The correction of the pH cannot be carried out inside the pond due to the high fish concentration. To monitor the dissolved oxygen and the ammonia concentration.

3.

4.

In addition to draining the fish pond, P-1 will be also useful when the biomass of the pond is low and the removal of ammonia and dissolved solids is only partially required. In this care, it may be convenient to re-circulate the water only through the settler, using P-1, and no through the wetland When the biomass of the fish in the pond is not high, only an exchange of 15 to 20% of the water of the pond per day may be necessary; this amount of water is definitely not sufficient either to generate a circular movement nor to eliminate

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the solid waste efficiently. In this case the P-1 can generate, with a low energy requirement, a beneficial water re-circulation within the pond. A detailed calculation of the pressure losses as a function of the flow has been prepared and is available of review and inspection for the following pipe configuration: A 4" pipe installed on P-1 delivery side and across the pond for the supply of the water to the distribution pipes. Two distribution pipes (3") will be installed vertically, and at the opposite side at a distance of approximately 4 m from the pond center, as shown in fig. 2. The angular velocity of the water is zero in the middle and on the perimeter of the pond and will have the maximum value in the region between 3 to 4 m from the center. By installing the distribution pipes in the region of maximum radial velocity we should obtain the maximum transfer of power from the pumped water to the water of the pond. (Comparison data between different pumps is available for review and inspection).

P-1

A ir

0.3m

1.2 m

0.3m

Cap PVC

Ground Level

Elev. 0.00

Level of Water in the pond 6" slope to wetland

Manhole

Sump III

Sump II

Sump I 0.45 m

Figure 3 Sump System Design (Not true scale) -26-

P-1 SPECIFICATIONS Number of pumps Type: Rated capacity: Rated head: Motor: Motor Power: Manuf. & Model Material: 24 (1 pump per pond) Centrifugal, single stage, in line 50 m3/h per pump 4m 380 V - 3 phases - 5- Hz 1 HP - 1.5 HP Grundfoss - LM 80-125-136 Construction in cast iron acceptable

The pump will be installed near to sump II; the suction side will be connected, through a 4"/6" reducer and a 6" elbow, to a 6" suction pipe vertically installed in sump II; the 6" pipe terminates, at the bottom of sump II, with a 6" check valve. The delivery pipe will have a 4" PVC pipe supported through the pond by a pipe rack (metallic structure). Alternatively the delivery pipe can be laid along the sloped side of the fishpond, thus avoiding the construction of a pipe rack across the pond. Two 4" delivery pipes, with all the required nozzles oriented anticlockwise, may be used at the opposite side of the pond for a better water distribution. FISH BIOMASS The farm has to be designed to raise various spices of fish depending on the market requirement. To start with, two types will be farmed: tilapia, catfish. Onehalf of the ponds will be devoted to the production of each species. TILAPIA - production 100 MT/year - growth period 8 months - number of harvesting/year 1.5 - number of ponds 12 - volume of each pond 189 m3 - fish density 29.4 kg/m3 (maximum) - mortality 2% per month - growth rate 1/3% day - market weight 700-1,000 g/fish -27-

CATFISH - production - growth period - number of ponds - volume of each pond - fish density required - starting weight - market weight

100 MT/year 4 months 12 189 m3 14.7 kg/m3 (maximum) 30 g 140-150 g/fish

Model batches for tilapia and catfish are described in figures 4 A and B. The fish production will be staggered in order to reduce the total water and air requirement and to allow a harvesting in series, one pond per month. At the start the following will be introduced into the ponds: Pond No. 1-3 - Tilapia 8,800 fish of 30 - 35 g Pond No. 4-6 -Tilapia 8,400 fish of 79 - 80 g Pond No. 7-9 Tilapia 8,100 fish of 150 g Pond No. 10-12 Tilapia 8,000 fish of 240 g

Pond No.13-15 - Catfish 20,000 fish of 30 -35 g Pond No. 16-18 - Catfish 20,000 fish of 45 - 50 g Pond No. 19-21- Catfish 20,000 fish of 60 - 70 g Pond No. 22-24- Catfish 20,000 fish of 80-90 g Construction of the ponds will be in three phases, maximum. In each phase of construction we will complete eight ponds, one pond for each of the sizes and production types shown above. In this way, we initiate our program of continuous production and continuous harvesting. Figures 4 A and B MODEL BATCH FOR A 139 M3 POND WITH TILAPIA Basic data: Growth Rate Start weight Market weight Mortality Production:

1.30 % day Start Number 8800 33.50 g 700 up to 1000 g 2 % per month 8,340 kg/year in 12 ponds = 100 MT per year 8,340 kg/pond x 8/12 months = 5,500 kg/pond per batch of 8 months Volume of pond: 189.00 m3 Values at the end of each month -28-

Mn ot h Nme o f h W he c f h u b r f is e t a his g ig 0 80 80 3. 3 5 1 82 64 4. 5 9 3 2 85. 2 41 4 7. 1 2 7 3 88. 9 22 4 17 3 0. 1 4 81. 4 16 8 17 3 5. 8 5 75. 1 94 4 22 2 3. 5 6 79. 1 75 4 32 7 4. 5 7 73. 69 5 54 9 0. 6 8 78. 1 46 7 73 5 4. 5

T t l wig tk s o a e h g. 24 9. 8 45 3 2. 6 64 3 1. 5 87 7 8. 2 18. 5 21 0 14. 9 89 5 27. 5 60 4 35. 1 85 6 56. 7 56 7

Model batch for a 189 m3 pond with Catfish

Basic Data: Growth rate 1.35% per day Start number 20,000 Start weight 30.00 g Market weight 140 up to 150 g Mortality 2% per month Production: 8340 kg/year in 12 ponds = 100 MT per year 8,343 kg/pond : 3 times / year = 2,778 kg / pond per batch of 4 months Values at the end of the month M o n t hNb os W t a f h T l e t g u e fi h e eh g o wh s m f r i h ci g s t a i gk . 0 20 00 0 3 0 6 0 0 1 10 90 6 4 6 4 . 8 8. 7 9 2 2 10 98 2 6 7 7 . 0 18 2 .3 8 3 3 12 4 83 8. 8 1 .9 0 0 2 17 8 .5 8 8 4 14 6 87 4. 3 1 .6 4 9 9 26 7 .4 6 3

AIR REQUIREMENT
Oxygen is the most important feature for a high-density fishpond. Toxicity of ammonia decreases when plenty of oxygen is available. Continuous exposure to low dissolved oxygen is considered a precursor to bacteria infection in fish. The amount of oxygen required has been calculated for both tilapia and catfish using the Schroeder equation: Y = 0.001 (W) exp 0.82 where : Y = oxygen consumption per fish in g/hour W = weight of fish in grams -29-

The values of the oxygen consumption obtained by the Shroeder equation are only an approximate indication of the oxygen required and the values are smaller than those obtained using the Boyd's equation for catfish" Log 02 = -0.999 - 0.000957 W + 0.0000005 Wexp2 + 0.327 T + 0.0000087 Texp2 + 0.0000003 WT where: log 02 = log (mg of oxygen per g of fish per hour) T = Temperature in 'C For a 100 g catfish, Boyd's equation will give: log 02 = -0.999-0/057+0.0957+0.005+0.7848+0.05+0.0007 = -0.2992 Y' (mg of 02 / g of fish / h) = 10 exp (-0.2992) = 0.5021 from which Y = 0.05 g of 02 /fish/h while Schroeder equation will give only: Y = 0.001 x 100exp0.82 = 0.04365 g/fish/h Both equations do not take into consideration other parameters such as dissolved oxygen and fish activity. The higher the dissolved oxygen the higher the oxygen consumption. For a catfish of 200 g the following oxygen consumption have been reported at various dissolved oxygen valued and a temperature of 26 - 28 'C: Dissolved oxygen Oxygen consumption m/kg/h g/fish/h 90 190 390 690 0.018 0.038 0.078 0.138

1 2 3 4

The corresponding value obtained using Schroeder's equation is Y = 0.001 x Wexp0.82 = 0.077 g/fish/h The value obtained using Boyd's equation is - 0.113 g/fish/h. The oxygen consumption also depends on the fish activity. For example the oxygen consumption of tilapia swimming at 0.6 m/s (0.458 mg/g) is more than double the amount (0.220 mg/g) consumed when swimming at 0.3 m/sec. -30-

The oxygen consumption varies also during the day. For example, immediately after a meal the consumption of 02 of a tilapia has been reported to be 520 mg/kg/h, 1 hour after a meal" 680 mg/kg/h, after a night fasting: 380 mg and after a day fasting: 290 mg/kg/h. We are using the Schroeder equation for our design assuming that this equation represents a suitable average which will allow us to calculate the amount of air required to maintain the dissolved oxygen at value equal or higher than 3.5 mg/l. In a natural pond, oxygenation of the water occurs only by two mechanisms: 1. 2. photosynthesis; diffusion of oxygen from the air to the water.

Photosynthesis is promoted by sunlight and by the presence of vegetation. With both mechanisms the amount of oxygen introduced into the water is directly proportional to the surface of the pond exposed to the sun (to the atmosphere). A larger and more shallow pond will benefit to a greater extent from these sources of oxygen. In an artificial fishpond the following factors should be considered: 1. The fish inventory may require an amount of oxygen by far exceeding the capacity of the photosynthesis or the introduction from the atmosphere through the pond water surface. The oxygen has to be transmitted through the water from its point of initiation (pond surface) to the fish consumption area. Since the diffusion coefficient of oxygen in water (0.00002 cm2/sec) is very small, other mechanisms (convection by water recirculation within the pond) need to be invoked to carry the oxygen to the fish or to distribute the oxygen within the pond. Given the small quantity of oxygen which can diffuse through the pond surface, the major contribution of the natural source of oxygen is photosynthesis. But photosynthesis will occur only in the presence of day light, while fish require oxygen 24 h/day.

2.

3.

The amount of oxygen generated by natural sources can be increased by expanding the pond surface and reducing the pond depth, but this amount in any case represents only a small fraction of the oxygen required by the programmed stocking of fish. The problem is expected to be far more severe during the night and in the early morning before sun rise. -31-

Consequently, additional sources of oxygen are indispensable; essential also is the provision of an efficient distribution mechanism to generate a concentration of oxygen as uniform as possible within the pond. Two possible sources of oxygen: - Through pumping oxygenated water into the pond - Using an air diffusion system We will take advantage of both sources. Pumping of oxygenated water into the pond is expensive in terms of energy consumption: energy is required not only for the pumping of water, but also for the aeration (oxygenation of the water) and for the uniform mixing and redistribution of the oxygenated water within the pond. Therefore in our case, in order to save energy, only a fraction of the oxygen required will be supplied by pumping oxygenated water. The Air Diffusion System (ADS) represents the simplest and low-cost method of providing a uniform distribution of oxygen where it is needed and in the amount required. ADS consists of a set of " weighted tubing, disposed at the bottom of -Aquaculture 14the pond, having small surgical die-cuts through which very small bubbles of air are released and allowed to travel to the water surface. The Air Diffusion System has been designed for the total oxygen requirement of a pond, disregarding the contribution of the oxygen diffusion through the air, the oxygen generated by the algae and the oxygen transferred to the pond together with the fresh water. This approach is not generous, excessive and wasteful since some of these additional sources are discontinuous (algae do not supply oxygen during the night and oxygen transfer through the air is very limited and occurs mainly when both water and air are in motion). In the best case the total amount of oxygen, generated by all the other mentioned sources, will barely reach 20% of the oxygen required during the last month of operation prior to harvesting and only during the day. AIR REQUIREMENT Air, provided at the bottom of the ponds and distributed through the ADS tubing, will have a dual function: 1. Provide the oxygen required for the fish metabolism. 2. Provide a uniform dispersion of the oxygen in the ponds, i.e. provide the transportation of the oxygen from the bubbles to the fish. -32-

Full and complete calculations addressing these issues have been prepared and are available for inspection and review. WATER REQUIREMENT The main excretory products of fish are ammonia and carbon dioxide. Ammonia reacts with water to form ammonium hydroxide, which readily dissociates to the ammonium ion and hydroxyl ion as follows: NH3 + H2O < === > NH40H < === > NH4 + OHThe ammonium ion (NH4+) is fairly innocuous to fish, whereas free ammonia (NH3) is highly toxic and levels as low as 0.02 to 0.07 mg/l are regarded as the maximum acceptable limits (upper limit for salmonoids is reported to be 0.0125 ppm for continuous exposure but other fish may tolerate levels of even 0.1 mg/l without any acute toxic effect. The dissociation of ammonia in water is heavily dependent on pH and temperature. The percentages of total dissolved ammonia which is unionized (toxic form) as a function of pH and temperature have been prepared and are available for inspection and review. DESIGN BASIS FOR THE WATER REQUIREMENTS The determination of the quantity of water required by the fish is based only on the limitation of the concentration of undissociated ammonia to 0.07 mg/l. The calculation of the water required has been carried out on a monthly basis and this data is available for inspection and review. WATER TREATMENT SYSTEM The removal of unwanted soluble impurities from the water of the fish ponds will be carried out using natural means consisting of a wetland, a rapid filter, ozone and reuse in agricultural irrigation programs. The water overflowing the fishponds is conveyed to the "free water surface" wetland, then proceeds to a rapid filter and it is collected into a storage tank where it is treated with ozone. From the storage tank the water is pumped, using P-3 to an elevated tank from where it flows by gravity back to the fishponds. In addition, required amounts of the nutrient rich water will be diverted into a drip irrigation system thereby providing the growing agriculture produce with additional needed and required benefit. CONSTRUCTED WETLAND The constructed wetland is in practice an aerobic reactor (a pond lined with cement impregnated jute bags) containing suspended activated sludge and vegetation. Water depth is kept to approximately 1 meter. The treatment occurs as the water flows slowly through the stems and roots of the emergent -33-

vegetation. Typical aquatic plants used will be water hyacinth, duckweeds, cattails, and many other aquatic local plants. An ADS system disposed at the bottom of the pond, will provide the required oxygen for the oxidation of the impurities. Water purification occurs not only because of the action of the plants (which can for example utilize ammonia as fertilizer) but mainly because of the action of various bacteria that use the roots of the plants as their growing substrate. The wetland functions as an "attached growth" process of nitrification (conversion of ammonia to nitrate) and denitrification (conversion of nitrate to nitrogen). Specially designed bacteria for the ammonia oxidation will be prepared and introduced into the wetland. Some of the bacteria will be also suspended by the effect of the ADS system. The nitrification process, which occurs via nitrifying bacteria, requires approximately 4.3 mg of oxygen per g of ammonia nitrogen oxidized to nitrate. The nitrifying bacteria are sensitive organisms; they require a controlled pH (7.2 to 8.4), high dissolved oxygen and high concentration of bicarbonate (8 times the concentration of ammonia; 8.64 mg of Hco3- are consumed per g of ammonia nitrogen oxidized). Some of the ammonia is transformed directly to nitrite and nitrate by the action of nitrifying bacteria and some is utilized with CO2 and HCO3- for the production of the bacteria cell tissue. An organic layer of decaying vegetation at the bottom of the basin is also very useful for the denitrification of the water to occur. Denitrification is carried out by facultative bacteria under anoxic conditions. It is not necessary for the entire system to be anoxic for denitrification to occur; denitrification is known to occur in anoxic micro-sites adjacent to aerobic sites. In natural systems a carbon/nitrogen ratio of 2:1 (TOC and total N ratio) is necessary to achieve a complete denitrification (denitrification will not occur if C/N is less than 1:1) and decaying vegetation can serve as a partial source of carbon. Detailed design parameters have been completed and are available for inspection and review. OZONE TREATMENT OF THE WATER FOR THE FISH PONDS The water coming from the wetland and rapid filtration system will be treated with ozone in the P-2 sump in order to eliminate unwanted pathogenic bacteria. Ozonized water will be pumped to the fish ponds through the elevated storage pond. Basic design parameters and data for the ozone treatment of the water have been completed and are available for inspection and review. -34-

INSTRUMENTS AND ANALYSES

Analytical determination
For the control of the operation of the fishponds, the wetlands, the drinking water production system and the sewage treatment, the following water analysis will be required: - pH - oxidation reduction potential (ORP) - dissolved oxygen (D)) - dissolved solids (TDS) conductivity ) - alkalinity (M and P) - chemical oxygen demand (COD) - hardness (Ca and Mg) - ammonia - nitrites - nitrates - carbon dioxide - phosphates - chlorides - sulfides - iron Additional optional useful analytical determinations: - biological oxygen demand (BOD5) - turbidity - suspended solids - settlable solids -35[mg/l] [NTU] [mg/l] [mg/l] [mV] [mg/l] [mg/l or mS] [mg/l] [mg/l] [mg/l] [mg/l] [mg/l] [mg/l] [mg/l] [mg/l] [mg/l] [mg/l] [mg/l]

The selection of the analytical methods has been based on the following criteria: - choice of methods typically and commonly used in similar installations; - rapidity of the methods and simplicity of execution (methods using instruments have been preferred to those requiring complicated manual operations. - selectivity and accuracy of the values obtained.

pH The pH is one of the most important factors to be determined at various hours of the day and night for the control of the fishponds and the wetland. For the fish pond the pH becomes extremely important because of the limited capability of the wetland to remove ammonia. Only a small fraction of the pond re-circulating water will be sent to the wetland for treatment and as such the concentration of ammonia in the pond may become substantial. In order to reduce the effect of the ammonia on the fish the pH of the water need to be controlled to approximately 7. For example, at 25'C the amount of unionized ammonia is 5.38% at pH 8 and only 0.566% at pH 7. Ammonia is the only toxic in its unionized form (NH3). A lower pH can cause severe damage to the fish gills. A variation of pH will occur during the day: the pH of the water may be lowest near dawn and the highest in the later afternoon due to the influence of the carbon dioxide. Correction of the pH may be required using lime, sodium carbonate, etc. (to increase the pH) or gypsum, alum, etc. (to reduce the pH). The correction of the pH can be carried out in the settler and storage pond. The designed circulation system, having a flow of 50 m3/h, can re-circulate the water of the pond (volume 200 m3) in approximately 4 hours. Two types of instruments will be required: one or two simple ones for everyday use, and one more elaborate (research grade) for a more accurate determination and for various analyses (ammonia, chloride, hardness, nitrate, potassium, sulfides, etc.) using ion selective electrodes. Instrumentation studies have been undertaken and preliminary choices made. These can be inspected and reviewed. Instrumentation studies have been undertaken and preliminary choices made for determinations of: - Dissolved oxygen -36-

- Dissolved solids, conductivity - Photometric tests - Colorimetric tests Production and Harvesting Schedule: Staggering the planting of the fish in the ponds allocated for the various species provides a staggered harvest and marketing ability. During phase one of aquaculture production we introduce fish of the same species in different weights so as to provide an early harvest and establish a staggered harvest schedule. In this way we create harvest and income streams that promote diversity and productivity. On the following charts, the letter "H" represents the month in which a harvest will occur; the figures "30 g, 80 g, 150 g, 240 g" all represent the targeted stocking weight of the fish. Year 1:
MONTH/POND 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Tilapia 1 30 g H 30 g Tilapia 2 30 g H 30 g Tiliapia 3 30 g H 30 g Tilapia 4 80 g H 30 g Tilapia 5 80 g H 30 g Tilapia 6 80 g H 30 g Tilapia 7 150 g H 30 g H Tilapia 8 150 g H 30 g Tilapia 9 150 g H 30 g Tilapia 10 240 g H 30 g H 30 g Tilapia 11 240 g H 30 g H Tilapia 12 240 g H 30 g Catfish 1 Catfish 2 Catfish 3 Catfish 4 Catfish 5 Catfish 6 Catfish 7 Catfish 8 Catfish 9 Catfish 10 Catfish 11 Catfish 12 30 g 30 g H 30 g 30 g H 30 g 45 g H 30 g H 45 g H 30 g 45 g H 30 g 60 g H 30 g H 30 g 60 g H 30 g H 60 g H 30 g 80 g H 30 g H 30 g 80 g H 30 g H 80 g H 30 g 30 g H H 30 g H 30 g H 30 g 30 g H H 30 g H 30 g H 30 g 30 g H H 30 g H 30 g 30 g H H 30 g H

30 g H

30 g H 30 g H

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Year 2:
MONTH/POND 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 22 23 24 Tilapia 1 H 30 g H 30 g Tilapia 2 H 30 g H Tilapia 3 H 30 g Tilapia 4 H 30 g H 30 g Tilapia 5 H 30 g H 30 g Tilapia 6 H 30 g H 30 g Tilapia 7 30 g H 30 g Tilapia 8 H 30 g H 30 g Tilapia 9 H 30 g H 30 g Tilapia 10 H 30 g Tilapia 11 30 g H 30 g Tilapia 12 H 30 g H 30 g Catfish 1 Catfish 2 Catfish 3 Catfish 4 Catfish 5 Catfish 6 Catfish 7 Catfish 8 Catfish 9 Catfish 10 Catfish 11 Catfish 12 30 g H 30 g H 30 g H 30 g H 30 g H 30 g H 30 g H 30 g H 30 g H 30 g H 30 g H 30 g 30 g H H 30 g H 30 g H 30 g 30 g H H 30 g H 30 g 30 g H H 30 g H 30 g H 30 g H 30 g 30 g H H 30 g H 30 g H 30 g 30 g H H 30 g H 30 g 30 g H H 30 g H 30 g H

30 g H 30 g H 30 g H 30 g 30 g H 30 g

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Year 3:
MONTH/POND 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 Tilapia 1 H 30 g Tilapia 2 30 g H 30 g Tilapia 3 H 30 g H 30 g Tilapia 4 H 30 H Tilapia 5 H 30 g Tilapia 6 H 30 g Tilapia 7 H 30 g H 30 g Tilapia 8 H 30 g H Tilapia 9 H 30 g Tilapia 10 H 30 g H 30 g Tilapia 11 H 30 g H 30 g Tilapia 12 H 30 g H Catfish 1 Catfish 2 Catfish 3 Catfish 4 Catfish 5 Catfish 6 Catfish 7 Catfish 8 Catfish 9 Catfish 10 Catfish 11 Catfish 12 H 30 g H 30 g H 30 g H 30 g H 30 g H 30 g H H 30 g H 30 g H 30 g H 30 g H 30 g H 30 g H 30 g H 30 g H 30 g H 30 g H 30 g H 30 g H 30 g H 30 g 30 g H H 30 g H 30 g H 30 g 30 g H H 30 g H 30 g 30 g H H 30 g H 30 g H

30 g H 30 g H 30 g H 30 g 30 g H 30 g

-39-

Appendix B Agriculture
RURAL AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT PLANNING Elements of Village Complex Based on traditional and modern villages, a complex can be built from the following checklist: A well-arranged array of housing, grouped around a compound The compound has processing and storage areas, meeting house, cooperative or retail outlets, bulk fuel depots, firewood and mulch depots A well, piped water, tanks or dam must be sited on integrated for clean water--The REED Program incorporates water filtration equipment which produces WHO or better quality potable water A plant nursery to serve gardens and forest At each house 0.25 ha of home garden and orchard, based on selfreliance At borders of gardens, ranges for domestic species, e.g. chickens, ducks, rabbits, small pigs, pigeons; these are a manure resource for the home and other gardens Fish ponds Sector or zone of fuel wood plantation potentially integrated with wind break A strong yard and sheds for cattle and/or pigs at a commercial level A careful zonation of tree poly-culture Special facilities including freezer, renewable energy installation, power house, draying shed, craft work areas, vehicle or draughtanimal park areas

-40-

Evolving a Poly-culture If we start to evolve a permaculture on grasslands or compacted solids, then the very first step is to thoroughly plan the site, and rip, swale, pit, or dam every area to be planted, thus ensuring maximum wet-season soil water storage to carry over to dry periods. This process should commence at the highest point of the property and around the house or village site. To support and encourage plant growth as well as to enhance water conservation and use, a drip irrigation system is incorporated into this area. The water feed from this drip irrigation system will be provided, in part, from the overflow from the aquaculture production ponds thus providing a nutrient rich source of water directly to the roots of the plants being grown. On these loosened soils and in mulched swales, a mix of tree legumes, fruits, bananas, papayas, arrowroot, cassava, sweet potato, and comfrey can be coplanted. There should be one such plant every 1-1.5 m, with Acacia at 3 x 3 m spacing, banana at 2 x 2 m, fruits 5 x 8 m, palms 10 x 10 m, and the smaller species as gap fillers. As well, all larger planting holds should be seeded with nasturtium, Dolichos, Haifa clover, broad bean (fava), Umbelliferae (dill, fennel), beans, peas, chilies, peas, or any useful non-grass mix available and suitable to climate and landscape. The end aim is to completely carpet and over-shade the ground in the first 18-20 months of growth. As for species richness, or species per hectare, this can be very complex and dense near the village or home, and simplify to well-tested species of high yields as distance from the home increases. Any trellis crop should be first placed to shade the home, livestock, or to make fences, and only later placed on Acacia or other legumes as they age. The number of productive, managed and effectively-harvested species in a polyculture is decided by a complex of these factors: 1. The number of people responsible for managing one or two of these crops or animal species (labor); 2. The proximity of the complex to village or settlement (zoning); 3. The relative cost-benefit balance on increasing inputs to optimum levels (fiscal economics); 4. The need for effective plant guilds (harmonious ecological assemblies); -41-

5. The method of marketing and processing (whether these can cope with complex product); 6. The total area that is controlled. Larger areas demand increasing simplicity, at a cost to factor 4 above; 7. The maturity or stage of evolution of the plant system. Older systems provide more niches, younger systems more regular product. In practice, the gardens, walls, roof areas, trellis systems, and compounds of villages are the most complex and rich areas of cultivated species. We can manage, and find uses for some 200-400 species in such situations, of which the following usage classes are dominant (some very useful species fall into 3 or more of these classes): Potential Species: Basic food species Mulch and fodder provision Medicinals and biocides Structure and craft Culinary herbs Beverages and export specialties Fuel wood and coppice Special uses, sacred uses Total cultivated species 70-90 10-30 20-50 5-10 20-30 10-15 12-30 8-15 155-280

Plus wild-gathered species

Total species utilized in a complex Village situation

40-80
195-360

While complex poly-culture of many hundreds of species delights both the naturalist and (in food plants) the householder or village, and the benefits to settlements are numerous, it becomes difficult to control an extensive rich polyculture and collect its production. Our very complex poly-cultures work best at small scale and with close attention from people. Thus, if we analyze the dollar economics of such systems, there will be an optimum number of species for broadside cash yields. If we analyze for total nutrition and total yield (ignoring the dollar returns), a different and richer species assembly will be indicated. While the fiscal return peaks at about 6-8 species in a system, the nutritional-total yield system peaks at 50-100 species, well distributed over all seasons. These two factors (extensive-intensive, fiscal-nutritional) must be defined by us for our needs, and will have a profound effect on design. What we may arrive at -42-

is a sensible zonation of species richness close in, and a concentration on less species of high value as we extend the system. It is in the garden, however, that we may learn the value of such successful extension without sacrificing large amounts of energy and capital. Thus, our gardens are trial areas for the outer zones. Planning the Whole Site Even in established poly-cultures it is good to re-survey the site with special attention to: Main access and harvesting ways Earth-shaping for rainwater harvest and specific crops Sufficiency of mulch Best water and irrigation strategies Better village planning Improved or more sophisticated site processing for market

These are the main factors that can reduce work or increase yields and commercial values. There is great benefit in testing new legumes, tree varieties, and earth-shaping systems for optimum yields, and in assessing labor, work, social and market factors for future development. On a new site, the same considerations hold, but the establishment of windbreaks and any earth shaping is a priority, proceeding planting. There are also essential soil tests for plant nutrients and trace elements, as it is a modest amount of these that give early vigor and early yields. Intercrop selection is also a priority, sometimes used to shelter a more delicate crop, but also as mulch and nurse crop for nitrogen fixation and for wind, salt, or sun damage reduction. Steps in total planning are roughly in priority: 1. Assess market; future; prices; potential for processing to higher value; labor; shares, legal systems; social necessities and local self-reliance needs. 2. Analyze and get advice on soils and necessary nutrients. 3. Plan ground layout and windbreak, access, and water. Detailing can follow later. -43-

4. Plan and carry out essential earthworks. 5. Establish nursery and use selected varietal forms for new or replacement crops. 6. Commence broad-scale placements with or after windbreak and nurse crops. 7. Continue by constant assessment, consultation, feedback, and innovative trials. Fill niches as they evolve.

CONCEPT DRAWING OF 4 HECTARE DEVELOPMENT: 24 FISH PONDS, DIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE HOUSING AND ADMINISTRATIVE BUILDINGS

PEST AND DISEASE MANAGEMENT We consider here only the species we can add to the poly-culture to assist in the regulation of problem species (plant and animal). Some powerful biocides that are found in plants are harmless or short-term and are totally bio-degradable, natural substances. Classic insecticides are those derived from Chrysanthemum spp, Derris spp (rotenone) and the need tree (Melia or Azadirachta). A few drops of these plants in home gardens and small clumps in crop give a ready source of insect control, or control of invertebrates, nuisance fish, and amphibia in water. -44-

Both need and derris control aquatic organisms; most insecticidal plants are lethal to aquatic species. Broadside mosquito control, applied from the air or as ground mists, can combine fats or oils (e.g. lecithin), a poison (neem oil), and an infective agent (Bacillus thuringensis). All of these are potentially assisted in pest control by small fish and such insect predators as notonectids (backswimmers) in open water systems. Ground foragers (chickens, pigs, cattle, large tortoises) eat fallen fruit and larval insect infestations while leaf foragers (birds, frogs) attend to infestations in the canopy, as do a variety of small lizards. Some lizards forage for snails and slugs at ground level, as do ducks. Pasture grubs are eagerly sought out by a variety of birds and small mammalian and marsupial insectivores. Tropical land crabs seek larval insects in mulch, and provide useful food for them. Neem tree leaves and oil deter pests in stored foods, and have been so used for centuries in India. In short, a little research will indicate plants, invertebrates, vertebrates, and common harmless substances of great use in the tropics. We believe there are no pest problems that will not yield to our applied commonsense and an integrated natural approach. Marigolds (Tagetes) often serve to reduce or eliminate nematodes, and Crotolaria as a leguminous green crop traps them in its root mycelia, so both these plants need consideration where nematodes are a problem. Mulch and green manures (soil humus) often buffer the effects of these and fungal pests, hosting fungal predators. Palm groves provide sheltered and shaded aspects for both intercrop and livestock. Chickens (for controlling pests such as beetle larvae), geese and land turtles (to reduce grass competition), snakes and cats (for rat and mouse control), owls (the best rodent predator), bees for pollination, and all species for their manorial value and other possible beneficial additions to crop/interplant: complex, give complex yields as a by-product. Pigs are ideal scavengers in tree crops below palms and fruit. Chickens and ducks are especially valuable in weed control. Perhaps the main function of animal species in the tropics is to "recycle" plant wastes and to help control the rampant growth of ground cover. The usual domestic species, often penned, are pigs, chickens, geese, rabbits, pigeons, and milking goats, cattle, or buffalo.

-45-

Moreover, useful endemic animal species need to be more widely examined for their particular uses, and selected for their functions in a wider set of trials out of their normal range. In the established tropical, geese control pond-edge grasses, and small grazers keep forest paths open; both encouraged by feeding-out bran or pollard in the areas to be clipped. Where no large snakes or other carnivores threaten poultry, flocks of fowl and hens, ducks and bantams perform invaluable pest-control and manorial/scavenging roles. Were predators are a problem, special housing , or pigeons in safe elevated roosts, may be the only way to keep fowl. For this reason, fence lines must be planted with a dense perennial ground carpet of low herbaceous plants to exclude grasses, or over-shaded by tree canopies. Windbreaks and erosion control programs enhance each other in the performance of stopping soil erosion. Potential Vegetable Crops to be Raised: Beans, Broccoli, Carrots, Cauliflower, Cucumber, Eggplant, Kai Choy, Lettuce, Onions, Peas, Peppers (sweet and hot), potatoes, soybeans, squash, sweet corn, sweet potato, taro, tomatoes, bittermelon, cabbage, celery, chayote, mustard cabbage, pumpkins, radish, spinach, squash, daikon, ginger root, water cress, water melon, melons, zucchini, artichokes, okra, garlic, peanuts, parsley, rice, oregano, gourds, millet, tropical fruits, and other varieties and species as may be decided. In addition to these food crops, flowers and ornamentals may also be grown according to soil, weather and market conditions.

-46-

Appendix C Housing

SPEEDWALL

SPEED WALL
ECONOMIC HIGH EFFICIENCY BUILDING PANELS FOR ALL RAPID WALL ROOF AND FLOOR APPLICATIONS
Table of Contents:CONFIDENTIALITY COMMENT DEVELOPMENT & COSTS PRODUCT 1- FEATURES & BENEFITS PRoDucT2 - OUTLINESPECIF/CAT1ON PRODUCT3 -MANUFACTURETECHNICAL DETAILS PRODUCT 4- PROOF OF CONCEPT PRODUCT5 - PANEL GEOMETRY PRODUCT 6-DESIGN DATA PRODUCT 7-BRIEF CONSTRUCTION DETAILS CURRENTDEVELOPMEIITPROJECTS
-

Mobility Avenue

Comment

We believe that significant opportunities exist throughout the 90s and beyond for builders who can provide cost effective residential, commercial and public structures that are strong, durable, safe, and extremely easy to construct. And who can do it all with unskilled manpower, within dramatically brief periods of time, virtually anywhere in the world.

The Product Features and Benefits

The Building System is based on panels which are formed of two sheets of welded wire mesh reinforcement enclosing a core of fire retardant quality core which is linked at regular intervals with a wire truss spot welded to each face. (A wall, roof or floor is then completed using standard cement or other proprietary plaster to both sides). Panels can be manufactured locally with minimum skills, taking full advantage of national products where available.

SPEED WALL panels are for internal and external use in walls, floors and roofs of buildings to two stories, or for internal and external in-fill in concrete framed structures where they are ideal for multi-story applications.. Panels are 8 x 4, designed to give a finished thickness of approximately 4 - however all parameters. are flexible and only require resetting the panel fabrication equipment to obtain modified dimensions.
The panels are very light and easily handled, and can be shaped, jointed and fixed with / the minimum of skills and equipment. The cement render/plaster is ideally applied with standard mechanical spraying equipment, but can also be applied by hand where circumstances dictate. A considerable variety of strength and texture of surfaces can be created at this stage using readily available proprietary or in-house in house plaster formulations. and surface finish. Fire rating of the finished walls is one to two hours dependent on fill

As a result of their composition, SPEED WALL panels are rot and termite proof with excellent thermal and acoustic rating. Each panel fabrication machine will produce one finished panel in approximately 4 minutes. This equates to sufficient panels for the construction of two 70m2 buildings being produced per 8 hour shift. (Spray plaster can be applied by a four man team at the rate of 250+ m2, per each suitably sized application machine, per shift). Doors and window framing, utility conduits and ducting are easily inserted and installed during the installation of SPEED WALL panels and before plastering. The structures are particularly Architect friendly being based on such a lightweight panel which can be cut-out to virtually any shape.

Standard buildings have a wind resistance in excess of 120 mph. The integrated reinforcing and lightweight nature of the panels also makes them ideal for construction in zones subject to earthquake.
All normal technical and design parameters are known. Potential users are welcome to request their own independent tests on any aspect of the product. at 14 days notice. Arrangements can currently be made for the production of panels

Cost savings are substantial over traditional, or comparable

manufactured shell construction when applied to a reasonable number (20+) of standard housing units. SPEED WALL panels are ideal for disaster relief applications lightweight panels moved rapidly by hand or under selling from helicopters to provide instant medical relief centres and accommodation in remote or recently isolated locations.

_~i1 7

The Product 1- Feature & Benefits

The Product 2 Outline Specification

-

GENERAL SPECIFICATION

Panel size Phenolic foam core Panel Weight Without Render/Plaster

1 .20m x 2.4m x 7.5cm 5.0cm 4.2 Kg/rn

2

Panel Weight with Render/Plaster to 10cm Panel Weight in Floors to 13.5cm Coefficient of Thermal Conductive U Noise Reduction Index Foam core Compression test to wall surface Compression test to floors

114.5 Kg/rn 180.0 Kg/rn

0.545 Kcal/M /hr/C0 >52dB 15 to 25 Kg/rn 100 Kg/cm 100 Kg/cm

2 3

MATERIALS

Wire:

14 gauge hard drawn mild steel, plated hdms or stainless steel. CL-15G Stanley Hartco clips from 20 gauge flat cold rolled steel. (Alternative to clips) Standard soft steel r/c tying wire.

Clips
Ties Panel Core External Render Internal Render

Wire cut phenolic foam with non CFC blowing agent. Mixture of Portland cement with selected aggregates plus proofing agents where necessary. Portland cement render, or one or two coat gypsum plaster, machine or hand applied.

FACTORY UNITS Containers registered 40 Standard ISO/Lloyds

~~1~Lc. Buildini~ Sstcms.

The Product 1- Feature & Benefits

Fabricating core component

Anti-fungus

A traveling wire saw cuts cast blocks A traveling wire saw cuts cast blocks into corrugated sheets. This configuration is achieved by mounting the original cast block on a servo motor driven platform which reciprocates vertically, and increments vertically against the wire saw bands as the sheets are produced. The resultant corrugated sheets are then placed on a table where a carriage carrying vertically mounted knives cut the sheets into strips from which the panels are built.

PANEL FINISHING
Cement Render

Gypsum Plaster

Ordinary Portland Cement and sharp sand with plasticiser mechanically mixed and applied through Putzmeis/er plaster/screed pump or similar - mixed in the proportion 1:8 thickness from 11mm to 3Omm+ dependent on design purpose Knauf mechanical gypsum plaster, or British Gypsum Thistle plaster applied one either mechanically or by hand in various thicknesses depending on design purpose.

ADDITlVES (As and when required)

Plasticisers

USG KP-58 Universal used to manufacturers recommendation.

-

Retarding Agent

Advanded Buildings Inc. Formulation 852 used to suppliers recommendation.

-

Accelerator

Advanced Buildings Inc. - GypSpeed #7 (air digestive) used to suppliers recommendation. Various proprietary products - depending on circumstances.

Waterproofing Agents Mitusui - Ablenet used to manufacturers recommendation.

,cfr.mc

~cii-i

conditions sheets.

The Product 5 -PANEL GEOMETRY

,cfr.mc

~cii-i

conditions sheets.
_~_~_

~~

The Product 6 -STRUCTURAL & DESIGN DATA

SPEEDWALL - WIRE WELDED SANDWICH PANELS Uniform Building Codes Review- October1994

A. Description: Factory fabricated panels consisting of welded wire trusses with a foam phenolic core to which plaster produced at site is applied to each side. The panels have vertical, 75mm deep 2mm wire Warren trusses spaced at 50mm centres with pre-formed 55mm thick, hollow phenolic foam strips between. The assembly is held together with 2mm horizontal wires on each face at 50mm centres welded to the truss chords. The horizontal wires and vertical truss chords project approximately 9mm beyond each foam plastic face to permit wire to be anchored within the Portland cement or gypsum plaster finish applied to each face after assembly on the site. The panels are manufactured in 1.2 metres widths and lengths of 2.4 metres. The nominal thickness of the panel wire frame is 75mm, resulting in a finished wall thickness, after plastering, of 95mm or more. See Table No. I for allowable loads. B. Fire Resistant Wall Assemblies: 1. General: Fire-resistant walls consist of the SPEEDWALL panels with a 55mm phenolic core rendered with Portland cement plaster, lightweight Portland cement plaster and/or lightweight gypsum plaster. All assemblies require a minimum No. 20 gauge steel fire stop, such as an unpunched steel stud, at each floor level. 2. One-hour Fire-rated Wall Assembly: The panels are covered with 20mm thick Portland cement plaster on both faces. As an alternate, the panels may be covered with 15mm Portland cement plaster on both faces, with an additional 10mm thick lightweight gypsum plaster placed on the interior face. 3. Two-hour Fire-resistive Wall Assembly: The panels are covered with 20mm thick Portland cement plaster followed by 10mm thick lightweight gypsum plaster or lightweight Portland cement plaster on both faces. C. Materials: 1. Wire-No. 2mm drawn steel wire conforming to British Standards. 2. Type CL-i 5G Stanley-Hartco clips, formed from 10mm wide, 20 gauge cold-rolled steel and manufactured by Hartco Manufacturing Company. 3. Phenolic foam, in accordance with British Standards, manufactured in accordance with the instructions of the suppliers, British Petroleum. 4. Polyurethane Board-CIASS-1, in accordance with British Standards, manufactured in accordance with the suppliers instructions. 5. Portland Cement Complies with British Standards BS:12:1958. 6. Aggregate Complies with British Standards BS:812:1967 7. Gypsum-Plaster Complies with British Standards. 8, Portland Cement Plaster-A mixture of Portland
-

cement and complying with the appropriate British Standards. The plaster must have a minimum 28day compressive strength of 14.7 N/mm 2 o greater as required by design based on testing c three 50mm cubes in accordance with the appropriate British Standards. D. Modified SPEEDWALL Panel. The modified SPEEDWALL wall assembly is identical to the pane described previously except that the 2mm gauge wire Warren trusses are spaced at 200mm centres. The allowable loads are set forth in Table No. 1. E. Modified SPEEDWALL panel as a One hour or Two-hour Fire Assembly: The modified SPEEDWALL Panel with faces of material previously, described also has recognition as one-hour and two. hour fire rated assemblies. Maximum allowable axia load is 10 kN/m where used in fire resistant configurations. F Design: The panels may be designed in accordance with the applicable provisions of the British Standards Codes of Practice. The design loads cannot exceed the values set forth in Table No. I except where additional reinforcement is provided, and substantiated by calculations. The SPEEDWALL panel construction assembly may be used for freestanding walls when designed and anchored as cantilever walls. Panels are reinforced and tied at vertical joints to maintain alignment. Additional reinforcing and Portland cement plaster may be added as required by the design. G. Wall Panels: Exterior wall panels are set with a minimum 6mm clearance between the concrete slat edge and the panel reinforcement. Attachment to the slab and perimeter foundation is with 55mm long b~ 3mm thick steel holding down connector channels and 12mm diameter foundation bolts placed a maximum of 1.2 metres centres along width and a each panel end. Panel reinforcement and connected channels are attached with 30mm long, 12 gauge wires extending approximately 45 degrees upward along each panel face from each channel end. The upper end of the diagonal wires are attached to the panel reinforcement. As an alternate, shear receivers consisting of 55mm long channel-shaped 16 gauge sheet metal fastened with two Stanley-Hartco clips 0 tie wires each side and anchored with 12mm diameter anchor bolts may be used with the placement a~ above. These shear receivers may also be used a panel tops and door and window openings. For details of the shear receiver and anchor connection see Figures Nos. 2 and 7. Resistance to uplift or overturning forces provided by installing a hold-down device using I gauge wire loops as shown in Figure No. 9. The anchor allows a maximum uplift of 1,500 Kg. Where additional uplift or overturning resistance is required,

Building Systems.

12/17

conditions sheets.

design calculations for anchorage must be submitted for approval to the appropriate authority. 26 gauge galvanized sheet metal flashing with external and internal lips is placed between the floor slab and wall. Vertical foam core edges of exterior wall panels are treated with a 6mm to 12mm continuous bead of elastomeric sealant prior to butting with adjacent panel cores. Panels are joined along vertical edges with 200mm wide strips of 2mm 50mm square welded wire mesh on each face centred on the panel joint. The mesh is attached to the vertical panel wire reinforcement with Slanley-Hartco clips or tie wires spaced at 75mm centres at the edge wires and 35mm on centre at interior wire. See Figure No. 3. Panels may also be joined on both sides with 2mm wire trusses as shown in Figure No. 8. In addition to the above, butting panel edge wires are attached with the clips spaced at 70mm centres on each panel face. Corner and intersecting walls are connected with mesh trusses and clips or ties in a similar manner. Clips installed in accordance with figures when truss strips are used as joint mesh. Interior wall panels are set and attached to hold-down connector channels with 2mm wires in the same manner as exterior panels. Approved shot anchors such as Hilti may be used, provided they are adequate for applicable uplift loads. A non structural plaster ground can be attached at the base of the interior panels if desired. Lintel sections over openings consist of panel sections with added truss reinforcement placed horizontally and reinforced as shown in Figures Nos. 6 and 11. Allowable loads are set out in Table No. 1. Electrical conduits or wiring, switch boxes and outlet boxes may be installed prior to application of the Portland cement plaster in accordance with local requirements. Outlet boxes are to be placed to minimize the cutting of the wire mesh reinforcement. Where two or more wires in the same direction are cut, they must be replaced with wire of the same gauge and attached with at least two StanleyHartco clips at each end at a sufficient distance beyond the opening to develop continuity. Plumbing and waste pipes are limited to extending at right angles through the wall panels and located to minimize the cutting of panel wires. H. Roof and Floor Panels: The SPEEDWALL panel and the modified SPEEDWALL panel may be used only for floor or roof panels. The panels are not to be used to bear on to bear on wood-frame walls. The connection method of the roof panels to wall panels is shown in Figures Nos. 1 and 1 0, and the allowable

loads for the connection are shown in Table No. 11. Horizontal diaphragms are permitted the same shear values as vertical racking shear, provided the panels are fastened to each other and to walls as described in this report. 1. Special Connection Device: Ledger Bolt: The bolt consists of a 12mm diameter British Standard J-shaped bolt with washers and nuts, and is fastened to the panel wires and plastered in accordance with Figure No. 4. The Portland cement plaster for the panel for use with this connection device must have a minimum 28-day compressive strength of 1,50 kg/cm 2. The maximum allowable load is 250 kg in tension and 350 kg in shear. J. Identification: The panel bundles are identified with a tag with the SPEEDWALL name and address and the product name. K. Technical Assistance: Supplementary data and detailed information together with copies of relevant standard information, load test reports and reports of tests conducted in accordance with British Standards are available from SPEEDWALL Buildings Limited UK
-

CONCLUSIONS 1.The SPEEDWALL Building Panels comply with all relevant major British and international British building standards and codes of practice, subject to the following conditions: 2.The panels are fabricated and erected to comply with SPEEDWALLs instructions and recommendations. Panel design is in accordance with the data contained in Table No.1. 3.The remaining portions of the structure are designed and constructed in accordance with the relevant local codes. 4.The panels and their attachments are inspected and approved by a qualified building official prior to enclosing with plaster or render. 5.The wall panels are confirmed one-hour and two-hour fire resistance ratings when constructed in accordance with this SPEEDWALLs instructions and recommendations. 6.The panels may be installed where noncombustible construction is required. Data in this report is reviewed annually.

Building Systems.

13/17

conditions sheets.

TECHNICAL DATA (Continued)

TABLE I TYPE OF LOADING PANEL HEIGHT OR kg PER LINEAR k crn2

Axial3 Axial4 Transverse3 for wall roof or floor panels

Wind or lateral load applied perpendicular the face of the wall panels. 3 and 3.6 meter panels can be used for internal walls only. Racking shear~ for H/D = 1.5 490 In continuous panel r or less 12mm are required a wall panels each end at 1.25 met maximum, centres at intermediate locations HID 1.0 The lower shear Value Racking shear for wall HID 1.5 are to be used with panels4 H/D = 2.0 intermediate H/D H/D_=_4.0 values Superimposed load 1.83 Lintels are constructed in 2.44 on lintels accordance with appropriate design details. Where modified SPEEDWALL panels are used as a tire-resistant wall, the allowable axial load is limited to 56.25 kg/cm2 2Axial loads and transverse loads due to wind or earthquake may be combined as follows for wall panels
+

Transverse for wall panels only

SPAN5 2.50 3.65 2.50 1.22 1.52 1.83 2.13 2.44 3.05 3.66 4.27 2.44 3.05 3.66

METRE 4612b
40178

g/

REMARKS
None

4017 6.26 5.55 3.94 3.66 2.81 1.76 1.12 0.84 1.62 0.25 0.20 Wind or lateral applied perpendicular To the face of the panel superimposed roof or floor loads, no increase duration of load is permitted

__P__

+ Palt
P W

<1.33 Walt

Where:

= Axial load at mid-height including adjacent wall weight. Allowable axial load from Table 1 = Transverse ~Mnd or earthquake toad

= Allowable transverse load from Table 1 Minimum 20mm Portland cement render both faces. 4 Minimum 20mm Portland cement render to external 5 H is the Height of the panel and D is the width. Norrnal construction allows plaster to extend approximately 10mm outside the floor slab. When full bearing of the entire panel (including the plaster/render is achieved, the allowable axial load for the 2.4 metre and 3.6 metre panels may be increased to 7450 and 6250 kg/linear metre, respectively and the racking shear to 650 kgs/m of panel.
1

TABLE 2
CONNECTION TYPE DIRECTION OF LOAD

I
225

Butterfly Truss

2mm drawn wire (14 Gauge)

Uplift1 Transverse Longitudinal Uplift1 Transverse Longitudinal

.

1,075 1,075 285 1,075 1,075

Load due to dead load not included, connection must be designed (or vertical downward load.

Building Systems.

14/17

conditions sheets.

The Product 7 -BRIEF CONSTRUCTION DETAILS

EXTERNAL WALL PANEL TO SLAB

TYPICAL SECTION
Portland Cement plaster External bce

GypswlYLeii,e.n pb~ter - Internal lace Expanded Plastc Co

SPEEOW4I ~aneI

Reci ;er and \n~

h~ B ilt a,
,,:.~

Metal Base Scrip punched to receive Anchor Bolts Panel mesh clipped to anchor assembly Continuos mastic strip seal between slab and base strip
HOLDING DOWN BOLT AT PANELI000R FRAME
Wire wins

TYPICAL CORNER CONNECTION 100mm x 200mm. I4g Corner Mesh, with Hartco clips 300mm dc into Each. Speed Walls panel face
4 CONNECTION OF TWO PERPENDICULAR WALL PANELS

TYPICAL ALL TO ROOF (SLOPED ROOF)

S~swWm.L Panel

Corner mesh attached each side of junction into traverse wires at Speed Walls panel face.
~I 300mm dc

I
Corner Mesh with Hartco dips into truss wires

Corner Mth with

Hartco dip. IItO tnas wires

~Z~Y~4XLL Building Systems

15/17

conditions sheets.

conditions sheets.

~ .P~SE3 ~, ~,F.

. ~ l..~.. .;-~

conditions sheets.

conditions sheets.

conditions sheets.

trusses. Units are designed to stack to three stories with an external stair and balcony walkway, and be handed with the bedroom wall common.

PORCH

2 Bedroom Unit 67m.s. (Drawing indicates brick cladding) B

-

bathroorn/wc/kjtchen wjth external access utility cupboard containing all metered incoming utilities. Bathroom etc. wet core unit supplied
F3 2
DIN ING/

complete, factory finished. Wet core units designed to fit 3 per container or one plus all walls fixtures/fittings/roof and ceiling

KITCEN

Th

T1

0 0
I

GENERAL ARRANGEMENT

conditions sheets.

RURAL CIVIC
CENTER

I .. .

0
()

conditions sheets.

SC

$EIX

100 BED HOSPITAL ILLUSTRATIVE

Double Story Terrace Housing Panel Supply

-

Vietnam
____

B.O.Q. for One Unit US$ US$ Quantity

165

Item 1 2 3

Description Speedwall panel in walls Speedwall panel in roof and floors Speedwall as internal partition Provide and lay ceramic tiles to toilet floor and splash back areas Provide and install water system and W.Cs and showers and kitchen sink Provide and install electrical system mndl. lights, power points and MCB Painting wall and ceilings, mnt & ext with emulsion paint mn2coats. Provide and install timber doors furniture and frame.

Unit m2 m2 m2

Rate

Total

150
70

m2

20

Item

Item

m2

680 liters

md. door
No. 5

Provide and install metal double folding doors and sub frame Provide and install metal windows, glazed, incl. window furniture and sub frame Construction of concrete and Speedwall staircase.

No.

10

m2

11

Item
Total

Minimum foundation requirement = 18m3 of Note 1 reinforced concrete. Not Included

It is assumed all services provided edge of

Note 2 building by others.

Roads, external drainage? pavements, aprons Note 3 provided by others.

Appendix D Budget and Financial Discussion 1st Year of Development and Implementation
The REED Program

1st Twelve Months of Development and Implementation Total Budget $750,000

$40,000 $40,000 $113,400 20,000 40,000 30,000 70,000 40,000

Expenditures Land Use Acquisition (4 Hectares) Sub-Total Improvements* Aquaculture Pond Development Agriculture Development Potable Water System Waste Treatments Renewable Energy System Six Buildings @ 100 m2 each

Sub-Total
Inventory Fish Feed for fish Agriculture supplies

$313,400

$80,000

Sub-Total
Supplies Computers Communications equipment General Supplies

$80,000

$21,600

Sub-Total
Operations, travel, communications, salaries

$21,600
$295,000

Sub-Total

$295,000

Total $750,000 * These costs include transportation and installation and relevant taxes. -66-

Chart of Expenses As Percentage Of Total Budget

Land Acquisition 5.3%

39.3%

Operations

Improvements
41.8%

Supplies Inventory
3% 5%

Income Projections per quarter for aquaculture sales: At this time the whole sale price for Tilapia in Vietnam is approximately $1.00 per kilogram and the wholesale price for Catfish is approximately $2.00 per kilogram. These prices are for "round" fish. The following charts present income based on the achievement of the production goals and targets set out in Exhibit A at pp. 28-29 and 37-39. Year 1 Sales (US$)

200,000 150,000 100,000 50,000 0 1st 2nd 3rd 4th Quarter quarter Quarter Quarter
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Tilapia Catfish

1st Year

Year 2 Sales (US$)

200,000 150,000 100,000 50,000 0 5th 6th 7th 8th Quarter Quarter Quarter Quarter 2nd Year Tilapia Catfish

Year 3 Sales (US$)

200,000 150,000 100,000 50,000 0 9th 10th 11th 12th Quarter Quarter Quarter Quarter 3rd Year Tilapia Catfish

Agriculture Production: As noted in the discussion on pages 6 and 7 in the main body of this document and in Appendix B at pages 42 and 46, The REED Program undertakes an intensive system of diversified agricultural production. In addition to producing agricultural crops for consumption within The REED Program, our goals for marketing of these products are set to achieve income of $22,500 per annum during the first year of operations, $30,000 per annum during the second year of operations, and $52,500 during the third year of operations. The type of crops and produce will be determined on an on-going basis according to local conditions--including weather, soil and market. -68-

Water Sales: Income from production and sale of clean, safe, potable water is based upon a conservative supply of 10 cubic meters per day with a minimum sales price of $10.00 per cubic meter during the first year of operations. Thereafter, our target for water sales will increase to a minimum of 20 cubic meters per day. During the first year of operations this will create a gross income of $36,500 which will increase to $73,000 per annum thereafter. Housing: There is a very substantial market in Vietnam for affordable and attractive housing. Using the materials which we have available, we expect to be able to sell, very conservatively, 50 housing units per annum. With a minimum sales price of $15,000 this will generate $750,000 in income with an anticipated profit margin of 35%. Training: Income can be earned from the provision of training and education as well. We anticipate that contracts for the provision of training can be obtained from international organizations such as the World Bank, Asian Development Bank, UNDP and other similar groups. Excess Energy, compost, equipment, other products and services: The market which will be determined as we proceed. We anticipate that we will be engaged in sales of the component parts of our production operations to various individuals, groups and organizations. In addition, we foresee the development of sales of services on an expanding basis. Taxes: Vietnam provides favorable tax considerations for the type operations to be undertaken by The REED Program. At the present time, tax on profits is determined after a recapture of invested capital. Beyond that time, taxes on profits can be waived for four or more years due to the business activities to be undertaken as described herein. Amortization: We plan to use an accelerated rate of 20% per year on fixed assets. EBITDA: We anticipate a conservative 40-45% EBITDA profit on operations.

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Appendix E Management and Advisory Board

Management and Advisory Board The following team of dedicated, experienced and successful people and institutions has been assembled with the combined ability to address the major undertakings of the ECC Program and the ability to further resource additional or unforeseen requirements. A brief summary of their backgrounds follows: Executive Board Brian Lewis: Founder : Active over-all management leadership. Substantial experience international business development; fishery; education; environmental protection. Working in Vietnam for much of the past ten years. Operated commercial fishing company with Vietnamese refugees. Vietnam Veteran. Jill Jordan: Community Developer. Organizing and implementation of community based programs for training, cooperative development, education and environmental programs. Special attention to program development for women and children. Very involved in design and management of community programs. Charles Magowan: Lead design and construction of aquaculture production. Organize and train for operations. Previously designed, constructed and managed commercial aquaculture production and processing facilities. Prominent in marketing and processing of production. Michael Dutton: Responsible design/organization/training/education, recruitment instructors. Educator, 25 years experience, director professional educational organizations. Vietnam Veteran. Cathey Falvo, MD: Expert advice and guidance for establishment of community health care program, special programs for women and children. Coordinate participation of WHO. Head of International and Community Health Program, New York Medical College. Secure support of the faculty at NYMC. Thomas (Reg) Preston, Ph.D.: Expert in tropical agriculture production. Has spent most of past 32 years in tropical developing countries devoting his time to developing food production systems using locally available resources.

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Daniel M. Muchin: Expert advice and assistance in the field of water treatments and equipment. Establish training program operations and maintenance equipment. Board of Directors AWWA, member Water Quality and Small Systems Committees. 30 years manufacturing water treatment equipment. William Bill Becker: Professor UIC. Lead design and construction of community and supporting infrastructure. Secure support of the faculty at UIC for community development program. Advisory Board Charles M. Burt, Ph.D: Development/implementation training-education programs for irrigation and agriculture. Director of Irrigation Training/Research, Cal-Poly San Luis Obispo. Design, advise, available for work in irrigation/agriculture planning/implementation. Secure cooperation of agricultural department Cal-Poly San Luis Obispo. Vietnam Veteran. Vern Weitzel: Coordinate all departments of development program and management for IT. Designing and installing computers for training, operations, management, quality control and supervision. Head I.T. communications systems for UNDP in Vietnam. Vietnam Veteran. John Hinde: Responsible for design and manufacture of the primary waste water treatment equipment and equipment used in aquaculture. Participate in the training and management. Civil engineer and manufacturer. A recognized expert with more than thirty years experience. Harlyn Halvorson, Ph.D.: Aquaculture design and quality issues. Director Marine Biological Laboratory, Chairman Policy Center for Marine Bio-sciences and Technology, Univ. Mass. Serves as the Chair Sea Scallop Working Group; Co-Chair of the Pan-American Marine Biotechnology Association. Robert Pringle: Training and supervision of construction of housing and other buildings. Will coordinate with Professor Becker. Civil engineer and manufacturer. Proprietary building-panel manufacturing system. Jeff Oldham: Responsible design/installation renewable power and back-up systems. Provide expert consulting services for training and trouble-shooting operations. Head Alternative Energy Real Goods. Expert services for training and trouble-shooting operations. World-wide recognized expert in renewable energy; our communities are insured sufficient energy while protecting the environment.

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Kim Thi Mai: Active in overseas Vietnamese community, provide cultural and language support. Thomas Miller, J.D.: Serves as corporate council and legal advisor. Senior partner in the law firm of Miller & Ngo providing a variety of legal services primarily to the Asian refugee communities from Vietnam, Laos and Cambodia. Additional long established relationships can be discussed.

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Appendix F:

Education Undertakings and Considerations

Education and training of the workforce, the elderly and the youth are an integral part of The REED Program's undertakings and goals. Primary education in the operation and maintenance of the equipment and technology which will be installed and utilized within The REED Program's model and later development will be provided by the various suppliers and manufacturers. The transfer of technology in operations and care of this equipment is a key undertaking of The REED Program's activities. In addition to these initial elements of education, training and technology transfer, The REED Program's design and plan for business is for long term development which requires the careful consideration and implementation over time of the following principles:

Basic principles o To implement agricultural education programs which are joboriented and meet the actual needs of the people, communities, the regions and the countries. o To distinguish agricultural education from training for public service, thereby fostering training aimed at meeting the needs of the private sector and preparing students for entrepreneurship. o To support and implement and promote agreements and cooperation/co-ordination at inter-institutional and international levels, particularly in exchange of faculty members, students, information and experiences. o To implement the integration of population, environmental and sustainable development themes into agricultural education and extension programs. o To place emphasis on developing relevant curriculum, improving the quality of instruction and promoting better institutional management. Primary and secondary level education o To undertake research, experimentation and implementation in rural education systems which makes use of the experiences and the natural and social environments of rural youth, and o to examine and incorporate current modules where elementary and secondary schools have successfully included agriculture in the curriculum. Technical and vocational education and training o To implement technical and vocational education institutions whose programs, structures and teaching methods are oriented towards local problems and the needs of small and medium-size farm families, and which work in close collaboration with rural communities, development structures and service agencies or firms. -74-

To implement education systems which mobilize the potential of the local environment in educational activities, through use of public or private resource persons, extensionists, researchers, farmers, etc. To implement technical and vocational education which give priority to non-formal education and training over conventional teaching methods. To implement agricultural education systems which include youth education, adult training and continuing education in a coordinated way to make the best use of facilities, equipment and staff. To implement the organization of a system of pre-service and inservice training for agricultural teachers and instructors which would also be open to part-time and occasional teachers. To encourage and implement the organization of an integrated modular education system which allows the exchange of students among schools offering differing specializations.

Special considerations

In some countries, or regions within countries, special attention needs to be paid to rural youth, particularly young women, to assist them in qualifying for admittance at every level of agricultural education and training. Special attention should be given to problems of less developed countries (or less developed regions within some countries) where concern for employment, community participation and external relationships are particularly important and difficult. Special situations in those regions, such as use of local/non-official language, out-of-school youth education, nomadic or semi-nomadic education, may require special solutions and non-conventional teaching methods. Use of external assistance, particularly financial assistance, should be considered only when all possible local resources have been explored and the possible consequences of external assistance (recurrent cost, brain drain, etc.) evaluated. To further examine the need for specialized regional centers for advanced study and to promote greater north/south and south/south interaction and collaboration among educational institutions. Electronic information systems and the application of these new systems to different forms of distance learning in agriculture should be given special consideration as a way to improve the effectiveness of pre-service and in-service education.

Adapted from The Food and Agriculture Organization. The REED Program -72-

undertakes to engage in these activities and to support the development of educational excellence in all that it does. The following is representative of the type of training program The REED Program will implement. This particular program has been designed by Professor Burt. The REED Program expert on irrigation (See Appendix E): Basic Content of Training Program The agricultural, water and irrigation implementation and training programs will be designed to cover materials which are not traditionally taught or will teach some material in a new way. Examples of basic topics to be covered are: The concepts of water deliver service How to simplify design and operation by breaking an irrigation project into layers Hydraulic principles of unsteady flow and how they relate to operation Concepts of canal control Specific hardware for making operation easy and effective Developing modernization strategies Rapid Appraisal Processes (RAP) Water ordering procedures Irrigation efficiency and water balances Concept of water delivery Understanding an irrigation systems as a series of layers Basic concepts: soil water holding capacities, root zone development Fundamental differences between rice and upland crops Rice irrigation-special requirements at the start of the irrigation season Planting schedules and realities Components of on-farm irrigation efficiency and how they are impacted by water delivery service Components of water delivery service Reliability Volume of water during a crop season Equity Flexibility Consistency and accuracy Delivery schedules for all levels within the system Setting priorities for improvement of service

A sample of the detailed training programs in The REED Program so that the teams will become experts capable of solving problems and issues and also of training others. -75-

Appendix G:

Environmental Undertakings and Considerations

A primary focus of activity for The REED Program is the undertakings to both protect and to improve the environmental conditions while at the same time to promote increased food production and improved life conditions. To accomplish these goals, we have adopted for use a program of environmental assessments which follow for use in the planning, design and operations of all parts of The REED Program.

Environmental Assessment (Developed by the International Union for Conservation and the World Bank)

Natural Resources
Ecosystem Issues: The ecosystem is an intricate and dynamic group of living and non-living parts that interact in a variety of ways and at different scales and rates. Dividing it up into constituent ecosystems or into issues or in some other fashion is necessary to understand and measure change. Any such division is arbitrary and cuts across important links between one part of the ecosystem and another. Land Naturalness or Conversion:: The proportions of the land that are natural, modified or built reveal a society's overall impact on the land. The types of ecosystems in the landscape, the patterns of land uses, and the changes made by land uses to ecosystems structure and composition provide a more detailed view of impact. Land Quality: Erosion, pollution and other damage to soil reduce the productivity of the land and make it less able to support people and other life. Coastal and Fresh Water Naturalness and Conversion: The proportions of coasts, rivers and lakes that are natural, modified, cultivated or built, reveal a society's overall impact on aquatic ecosystems and the coastal zone. Water Quality: Includes the seas, surface fresh waters and ground waters. Pathogens in water are the biggest cause of death and illness in lower-income countries. Excess nutrients lead to blooms of algae, pollute drinking water and damage fisheries and bio-diversity. Siltration, salinization, acidification and toxic wastes are other widespread threats to health, economies and aquatic life. Water Supply: Many societies, particularly in dryland growing areas suffer serious water shortages--seasonably--periodically or permanently. In a growing number of countries, competition among water users is exceeding the capacity of institutions to manage it. -76-

Air Quality: Air pollution, whether generated locally or transported from elsewhere damages human health, economic resources and the ecosystem. Smoke from vehicle emissions, smoke from burning vegetation, inefficient stoves and other sources must be considered. Atmosphere and Climate: The atmosphere regulates climate and the distribution of solar energy, letting in enough sunlight for plant production while blocking harmful solar and cosmic rays. These benefits depend on the chemical balance of the atmosphere. Increasing greenhouse gases and stratospheric ozone depletion are signs that human activities are disrupting this balance. Eco-system Diversity: Ecological communities maintain the ecological and evolutionary processes that sustain life. These in turn are necessary to help maintain the planet's chemical balance, moderate climate, renew soil and conserve species diversity. Species Diversity: Plants, animals and other species have intrinsic worth. They are the source of all biological wealth-supplying food, raw materials, medicines, recreational resources and a store of other goods and services worth many billions of dollars per year. Rising numbers of species threatened with extinction represent an irreparable loss. Genetic Diversity: Extinction of populations are early warnings of threats to species. The genetic stocks within crop varieties, livestock breeds and their wild relatives, provide essential traits for increasing and improving agricultural production and the development of bio-technologies. Resource Use by Society: Most negative human impacts on the ecosystem are due to resource consumption. A society's use of energy and materials affects the ecosystem at several points: extraction, processing, distribution and disposal. How to get more out of less--more human benefits for less consumption--is perhaps the central challenge of sustainability. Resource Use by Industries: Major resource industries or sectors need to be considered in more detail. The main ones are: food and agriculture; fisheries and aqua-culture; forestry, wood and paper; minerals and petroleum; manufacturing; tourism. HUMAN ISSUES Some human issues command a broad consensus (health, basic needs, education.) Others are more sensitive to cultural perspectives. Market economics dominate policy- making although many societies would prefer to base their policies on their own values and experience. Materialism is widespread, yet many people strongly assert spiritual values. Some defend the -77-

rights of individuals while others stress their responsibilities to families and community. Social concerns are especially hard to dis-entangle and categorize neatly. Health: A long life is widely valued because it increases a person's opportunity to pursue goals, develop abilities, and fulfill potential. This is all the more so if the life can be lived in full health, with disease and accidents few and far between, and readily overcome when they occur. Population: Large populations consume and place enormous pressure on the ecosystem. Rapidly growing populations also impose stresses on economies, infrastructure, and institutions--straining a society's capacity to provide education, health services and jobs. Material Wealth: The material wealth of a society needs to be considered as two issues, corresponding at two different levels. Household and individual economies relate to the members of the society: livelihood, income and basic needs for food and shelter. National or sub-national economy relates to the society as a whole (at the spatial level concerned such as: nation, province, municipality, rural area) the productivity and stability by outside economies; and how much of its output is devoted to savings, investment and infrastructure rather than consumption. Knowledge: Knowledge equips individuals, organizations and societies to fulfill their potential, improve understanding of the ecosystem and people, and develop the information and skills required to live sustainably. As with material wealth, it can be considered as two issues. (1) Development and transmittal of knowledge covers research, education and communication-the means by which knowledge is improved and shared. (2) State of knowledge covers a society's level of knowledge of human and ecosystems wellbeing-the extent of that knowledge (what aspects are assessed) and how widely it is shared. Community Values and Institutions: How individuals relate to each other and to society, particularly with respect to: families and care for children and old people; sense of community; crime; organizations for cooperation and resolution of conflict. Individual Rights and Freedoms: Rights to life and security of person; legal rights (protection of the law, fair hearings, due process; political rights) rights to take part in the government); intellectual rights; personal rights. Inter-Society Relations: Whether the society encourages cultural diversity and peaceful, mutually-beneficial relations with other societies. -78-

Equity: The benefits and burdens of sustainable development should be shared equitably. Large disparities are both unjust and destabilizing. They are most clearly shown if looked at from two different angles: particularly groups (notably gender equity and disparities); and particular issues (for example: income, health, education).

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