Concrete Beam Design Flow Charts

The concrete beam design flow charts address the following subjects:
For a rectangular beam with given dimensions: Analyzi ng the beam

section to determine its moment strength and thus defini ng the beam
section to be at one of the following cases:

Case 1: Rectangular beam with tension rei nforcement only. This
case exists if the moment strength is larger that the ultimate
(factored) moment.

Case 2: Rectangular Beam with tension and compression
reinforcement. This case may exist if the moment strength is l ess
than the ultimate (factored) moment.

For T-section concrete beam: Analyzing the beam T -section to determi ne
its moment strength and thus defi ning the beam section to be one of the
following cases:

Case 1: The depth of the compression block is withi n the flanged
portion of the beam, i.e, the neutral axis N.A. depth is less than the
slab thi nness, measured from the top of the slab. This case exists if
moment strength is larger than ultimate moment.

Case 2: The depth of the compression block is deeper t han the
flange thickness, i.e. the neutral axis is located below the bottom of
the slab. This case exists if the moment strength of T -section beam
is less that the ultimate (factored) moment.

Beam Section Shear Strength: two separate charts outline i n det ails Shear
check. One is a basic shear check, and two is detailed shear check, i n
order to handle repetitive beam shear reinforcement selection. See shear
check i ntroduction page for further details.

In any of the cases mentioned above, detailed procedure s and equations are
shown withi n the charts cover all design aspects of the element under
investigations, with ACI respecti ve provisions.
Introduction to Concrete Beam Design Flow Charts
STRUNET
CONCRETE DESIGN AIDS
Strunet.com: Concrete Beam Design V1.01 - Page 1
Notations for Concrete Beam Design Flow Charts
STRUNET
a = depth of equi valent rectangular stress block, in.
a
b
= depth of equi valent rectangular stress block at balanced condition, i n.
a
max
= depth of equi valent rectangular stress block at maximum ratio of
tension-rei nforcement, in.
A
s
= area of tension reinforcement, i n
2
.
A
s
= area of reinforcement at compression side, in
2
.
b = width of beam i n rectangular beam section, in.
b
e
= effecti ve width of a flange i n T-section beam, i n.
b
w
= width of web for T-section beam, in.
c = distance from extreme compression fiber to neutral axis, i n.
c
b
= distance from extreme compression fiber to neutral axis at balanced
condition, in.
C
c
= compression force i n equivalent concrete block.
C
s
= compression force i n compression reinforcement.
d = distance from extreme compression fiber to centroid of tension -side
reinforcement.
d = distance from extreme compression fiber to centroid of compression -
side reinforcement.
E
s
= modulus of elasticity of reinforcement, psi.
f
c
= specified compressive strength of concre te.
f
y
= specified tensile strength of reinforcement.
M
n
= nomi nal bendi ng moment.
M
n bal
= moment strength at balanced condition.
M
u
= factored (ultimate) bendi ng moment.
R
u
= coefficient of resistance.
t = slab thickness in T-section beam, i n.
1
= factor as defi ned by ACI 10.2.7.3.
c = concrete strain at extreme compression fibers, set at 0.003.
'
s
= strain in compression-side reinforcement.
y
= yield strai n of reinforcement.
= ratio of tension reinforcement.
b = ratio of tension reinforcement at balanced condition.
f = ratio of reinforcement equi valent to compression force i n slab of T -
section beam.
max = maximum ratio of tension reinforcement permitted by ACI 10.3.3.
min = minimum ratio of tension rei nforcement permitted by ACI10 .5.1.
reqd = required ratio of tension reinforcement.
= strength reduction factor.

ACI 9.3.2.1
ACI 8.4.3
ACI 10.3.3
YES NO
try rectangular
beam with tension
and compression
steel
use rectangular
beam with tension
steel only
Rectangular
Beam
finding balanced
moment strength
Given:
b, d, f
c
'
, f
y
, M
u
,V
u
NO YES
ACI 10.2.7.3
ACI 10.3.3
ACI 10.2.7.3
ACI 10.3.3
0 003
29 000 000
c
y
y
s
s
.
f
E
E , , psi
=
=
=
finding
max
4000
c
f psi
c
b
c y
c d

=

+

1
4000
0 85 0 05 0 65
1000
c
f
. . .

=

1
0 85 . =
1
1
0 85 87 000
87 000
c
b
y y
. f ,
f , f

=

+

0 75
max b
. =
1 b b
a c =
0 75
max b
a . a =
0 9 . =
bal
0 85
2
max
n c max
a
M . f ba d

=

bal

u n
M M <
STRUNET
Moment Strength of Rectangular Concrete Beam
NO
ACI 10.5.2
YES
NO
' max req d
>
YES NO
ACI 10.5.1
STOP. go to rectangular
beam with tension and
compression steel
select
reinforcement, A
s
proceed to
shear design
d
T
C
c
b
a
0.85f
c
'
b
A
s
rectangular beam
with tension steel
only
YES
2
u
u
M
R
bd
=
0 85 2
1 1
0 85
c u
req' d
y c
. f R
f . f

3
max of
200
c
y
min
y
f
f
f
=
req' d min

1 33
req' d
. =
min
<
min
=
1 33
req' d
. =
req' d
use =
s
A bd =
0 85
s y
c
A f
a
. f b
=
0 85
2
n c
a
M . f ba d

=

STRUNET
Rectangular Concrete Beam with
Tension Reinforcement
d
'
=2.5"
steel at
tension side
steel at
comp. side
select
reinforcement
A
s
& A'
s
find the new d
proceed to check
compression steel
yields
T
C
c
c
a
0.85f
c
'
b
A
s
d
A'
s
rectangular beam
with tension and
compression steel
1
C
s
c
s

d
'
u u n
bal
M M M =
( )( ) 0 85
u
y c
M
f . f d d bd

=

max
= +
s
A bd =
s
A bd =
( )
0 85
s s y
s
c s
A A f
A
a
. f b A

= +
1
a
c
=
s c
c d
c

=

STRUNET
Rectangular Beam with Tension & Compression Reinforcement
compression
steel yields
compression
steel does NOT
yield
compression steel may be
neglected, and thus moment
strength is calculated based on
the tension steel only.
Alternatively:
proceed to
shear design
YES NO
s y
>
alternatively
alternatively
1
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( )
2
1
1
87 87 4 0 85 87
2 0 85
s y s s y s c s
c
A f A A f A . f b A d
c
. f b

+
=
0 85
c c
C . f ab =
s s c y
c d
f E f
c
| |
= <
|
\ .
( ) 0 85
2
n c s s
a
M . f ba d A f d d
| |
| |
= + (
| |
\ .
\ .
( )
0 85
s s y c
C A f . f =
( )
2
n c s u
a
M C d C d d M
(
| |
= +
| (
\ .

( )
n s y
M Af d d =
n n n u
bal
M M M M = +
STRUNET
Rectangular Beam with Tension & Compression Reinforcement (cont.)
b
w
A
s
b
e
t
T-Section
Beam
finding balanced
moment strength
@ a=t
Given:
b
w
,b
e
,d , f'
c
, f
y
, M
u
V
u
ACI 9.3.2.1
NO
YES
ACI 10.2.7.3
ACI 10.3.3
ACI 10.2.7.3
YES NO
let a=t
ACI 8.4.3
use T-Section
case 2
use T-Section
case 1
d
finding
max
4000
c
f psi
1
0 85 . =
1
4000
0 85 0 05 0 65
1000
c
f
. . .

=

1
1
0 85 87 000
87 000
c
b
y y
. f ,
f , f

=

+

( ) 0 85
c e w
f
y w
. f b b t
f b d

=
( ) 0 75
w
max b f
e
b
.
b
= +
2
n c
t
M C d

=

u n
M M <
0 9 . =
0 85
c c e
C . f b t =
Moment Strength of T-Section Beam
STRUNET
NO
ACI 10.5.2
YES
ACI 10.5.1
proceed to
shear design
verify depth of
compression
block
STOP. go to
T-Section case 2
STOP. use
compression steel
at T-Section
NO YES
Alternatively:
select
reinforcement, A
s
check moment
strength
continuation of
previous sheet
YES
YES
NO
NO
T-Section
case 1
1
1
2
u
e
Mu
R
b d
=
0 85 2
1 1
0 85
c u
req' d
y c
. f R
f . f

req' d max
<
2
1 1
0 85
u
c
R
a d
. f

=

3
max of
200
c
y
min
y
f
f
f
=
a t >
0 85
s y
c
A f
a
. f b
=
0 85
2
n c
a
M . f ba d

=

0 85
c e
s
y
. f ab
A
f

=
s e
A b d =
req' d
use = 1 33
req' d
. =
min
=
min
<
1 33
req' d
. =
req' d min

STRUNET
T-Section Beam Case - 1
T-Section
case 2
YES NO
b
w
A
s
b
e
a
d
select
reinforcement,
A
s
STOP. revise to
include
compression steel
proceed to
shear design
t
( ) ( )
2
2 0 5
2
0 85
e w
u
c w w
t b b d . t
M
a d d
. f b b

=

[ ]
0 85
c
s w e w
req' d
y
. f
A ab t(b b )
f

= +
s max e
max
A b d =
s s
req' d max
A A
( )
0 85
s y
e w
w w
A f
t
a b b
. f b b
=
1
0 85
c c w
C . f b a =
( )
2
0 85
c c e w
C . f t b b =
1 2
2 2
n c c u
a t
M C d C d M

= +

STRUNET
T-Section Beam Case - 2
Introduction to Concrete Beam Shear Design
STRUNET
Concrete Beam Shear Design
Introduction and discussion:
The approach of the beam shear check chart is to define the nominal shear strength of the
concrete, then compare it with the ultimat e shear force at the critical section, and subsequent
sections. Shear reinforcement calculation is performed, where applicable.
The shear charts are presented into two parts. One is the Shear Basic Chart, which is outlining
the main procedures of the shear design in accordance with ACI applicabl e code provisions. The
second, Shear Detailed Chart, is outlining the steps required for repetiti ve shear check. The
detailed charts provi de as much variabl es and or scenarios as needed to facilitate the creation of
automat ed shear check applications.
The concept in selecting stirrups is based on an input of the bar diameter ( d
b
) of the stirrups to be
used, usually #3, 4, or 5, as well as the number of legs and thus finding the spacing (s) requi red.
The shear chart intentionally did not include the foll owi ng ACI provisions due to p ractical and
economical justifications:

Detail ed method of ACI 11.3.2.1 for calculating nominal shear strength of concrete, v
c

.
The reason is the value V
ud
/M
u
is not constant along the beam span. Although the stirrups
spacing resulting from the detail ed met hod may be 1.5 larger than that of the direct
method using ACI 11.3.1.1 at the critical section only, the use of the det ailed method is
not practically justified beyond this critical section, i.e. beyond distance d from the face of
support.

Shear rei nforcement as inclined stirrups per 11.5.6.3, and bent up bars per 11.5.6.4
and 11.5.6.5. Only vertical stirrups per 11.5.6. 2 are used, since other types of shear
reinforcement are not economically justified.
b
w
= Width of beam (web)
d = flexural depth of the beam, in.
f
c
= concrete compressi ve strength
f
ct
= average splitting tensile strength of lightwei ght concrete
f
y
= reinforcement yield strengt h
L = beam clear span, from support face to other support face.
N = number of stirrups required wit hin a gi ven segment of the beam
N
l
= number of legs for each stirrup
V
c
= concrete nominal shear strengt h
V
s
= nominal shear strength provi de by the shear reinforcement
V
sb
= nominal shear strength provi ded by shear reinforcement at the section where Vs is the
max permitted by ACI 11.12.1. 1

. locating of this section is needed to define which
maximum s provisions applies, i.e. 11.5.4.1 or 11.5.4.3
V
s req d
= required nominal shear strength provided by shear reinforcement.
V
u
= factored shear force at the face of the beam support
V
u d
= factored shear force at distance d from the face of the support in
accordance with 11.3. 1.1 this is the critical shear force provi ded that:

support is subjected to compressi ve force.

no concentrated load on the beam within the distance d.
V
u reqd
= factored shear force at the mid-span of the beam, will not be zero if the beam is
partially loaded with superimposed loads (i.e. li ve load on hal f the beam span)
V
n max
= reduced shear strength of the beam section locat ed al ong the beam span where
minimum shear reinforcement is requi red i n accordance with 15.5.5.1
s
1
= spacing of stirrups within the critical section.
s
k
= spacing of stirrups within any section subsequent t o the critical section.
s
max
= maximum stirrups spacing permitted by 11.5.4.1 or 11.5.4.3
s
req d
= required stirrups spacing at the section considered
x
b
= the distance along the beam at which V
sb
occurs. for any beam section within the
distance x
b
, V
sb
is based on 11.5. 4.3, otherwise is based on 11.5.4.1
x
min
= distance from the face of the support along the beam span after which minimum shear
reinforcement in accordance to 11.5.5.1 is no longer required.
x
max
= distance from the face of the support along the beam span after which stirrups shall be
placed with the maximum spacing per 11.5.4. 1, and 11.5.4. 3
s = incremental in stirrups spacing between the subsequent sections, suggested to be 1,
2, and or 3 inches

Notations for Concrete Beam Shear Design
STRUNET
Normal or Light
Wt Concrete
LIGHT
NO
ACI 11.3
ACI 11.3.1.1
ACI 11.2.1
ACI 11.2.1.2
YES
ACI 11.2.1.1
ACI 9.3.2.3
NORMAL
Finding V
c
STOP. increase
f'
c
or d or b
w
s
max
is the min. of:
d/2
24"
h=<10"
h<2.5t
h<0.5b
w
STOP. no min.
shear reinf. req'd
STOP. no min.
shear reinf. req'd
'
100
c
f psi
s
max
= min. of:
d/2
24"
s
max
= min. of:
d/4
12"
S
max
s is the min. of:
s
max
s
req'd
loop for other
values of V
u
loop for other
values of V
u
ACI 11.1.1
ACI 11.1.1
ACI 11.12.1.1
ACI 11.12.1.1 ACI 11.1.2
ACI 11.5.4.1
ACI 11.2.1.1
ACI 11.5.4.3
ACI 11.5.6.8
ACI 11.5.6.2
ACI 11.1.1
ACI 11.5.6.2
ACI 11.5.5.1
ACI 11.5.5.3
ACI 11.5.5.1

ct
is f given?
2
'
c c w
V f b d =
2
6 7
6 7
ct
c w
' ct
c
f
V b d
.
f
f
.

=

( )
( )
0 75 2
0 85 2
'
c c w
'
c c w
All Light wt : V . f b d
Sand Light Wt : V . f b d
=
=
0 85 . =
c
V
u
V
u c
V V >
s u c
V V V =
2
c
u
V
V

>
req' d
s
s
V
V

=
4
req' d
s c
V V >
n c s
V V V = +
v y
s
A f d
V
s
=
5000
50
v y
req' d
w c
A f
s
b f

=

50
v y
req' d
w
A f
s
b
=
req' d
v y
s
A f d
s
V
=
n c s
V V V = +
2
req' d
s c
V V >
ACI 11.5.4.1
STRUNET
Beam Shear Basic Chart
Shear Beam
Check
Normal or Light
Wt Concrete
?
ct
is f given
LIGHT
NO
ACI 11.3
ACI 11.3.1.1
ACI 11.2.1
ACI 11.2.1.2
YES
ACI 11.2.1.1
ACI 9.3.2.3
NORMAL
Finding V
c
STOP. x
min
does not exist
1
2
'
c c w
V f b d =
2
6 7
6 7
ct
c w
' ct
c
f
V b d
.
f
f
.

=

( )
( )
0 75 2
0 85 2
'
c c w
'
c c w
All Light wt : V . f b d
Sand Light Wt : V . f b d
=
=
0 85 . =
c
V
c
V
2
min
c
n
V
V

=
0 0
mid
u
V . >
mid min
u n
V V >
0 5 1
min
n
min
u
V
x . L
V

=

0 5 1
min mid
mid
n u
min
u u
V V
x . L
V V

=

min
x
v l b
A NA =
STRUNET
Beam Shear Detailed Chart
STOP. increase
f'
c
or d or b
s
max
= min. of:
d/2
24"
h=<10"
h<2.5t
h<0.5b
STOP. no min.
shear reinf. req'd
STOP. no min.
shear reinf. req'd
S
max
'
100
c
f psi
s = min. of:
s
max
s
req'd
use: N @ s
s
max
= min. of:
d/2
24"
1
2
0 0
mid
u
V . >
( ) 0 5
0 5
mid
d mid
u u
u u
V V
V . L d V
. L

= +

( ) 0 5
0 5
d
u
u
V
V . L d
. L

=

d
u
V
d
u c
V V >
s u c
V V V =
2
c
u
V
V

>
req' d
s
s
V
V

=
4
req' d
s c
V V >
2
req' d
s c
V V >
2
b
s c
let V V =
b
n c s
V V V = +
0 0
mid
u
V . >
0 5 1
b
n
b
u
V
x . L
V

=

0 5 1
b mid
mid
n u
b
u u
V V
x . L
V V

=

b
x
max
s
50
v y
req' d
A f
s
b
=
5000
50
v y
req' d
c
A f
s
b f

=

v y
s
A f d
V
s
=
n c s
V V V = +
min
x
N
s
=
STRUNET
Beam Shear Detailed Chart (cont. 1)
use: N @ s
max
STOP. go to
stirrups number
Loop as long:
x
min
>x
k
, and
s
k
<s
max
2
3
4
max
v y
s
max
A f d
V
s
=
max max
n c s
V V V = +
d max
u s
V V >
0 0
mid
u
V . >
min
x
N
s
=
0 5 1
max
n
max
u
V
x . L
V

=

0 5 1
max mid
mid
n u
max
u u
V V
x . L
V V

=

max
x
1
req' d
v y
s
A f d
s
V
=
1
s
1 k
let s s s = +
k max
s s <
k
v y
s
k
A f d
V
s
=
k k
n c s
V V V = +
STRUNET
s
max
= min. of:
d/4
12"
STOP. go to
stirrups number
stirrups
number
Loop until:
x
k+1
=x
min
, and
x
k
=x
max
revise S
max
3
4
0 0
mid
u
V . >
0 5 1
k mid
mid
n u
k
u u
V V
x . L
V V

=

0 5 1
k
n
k
u
V
x . L
V

=

k
x
k b
x x >
k min
x x >
1 k k
let s s s
+
= +
1 k k
s s
+
=
1
1
k
x
N
s
=
1 k k
k
k
x x
N
s
+

=
STRUNET
The Column Design Section in Strunet contains two mai n parts: Charts to
develop strength interaction diagrams for any given section, and ready -made
Column Interaction Diagrams, for quick design of a given column.

Concrete column is one of the most i nteres ting members in concrete structural
design application. A structural design of a concrete column is quite complicated
procedures. Evaluation, however, of a gi ven column section and reinforcement is
straightforward process. This is due to the fact that pure axial compression is
rarely the case i n column analysis. Some value of moment is always there due to
end restrai nt, or accidental eccentricity due to out of alignment. ACI established
the minimum eccentricity on a concrete column, regardless of the struct ural
analysis proposed for the column, which is defi ned as the maximum axial
compression load that a column can be designed for.

Column Design Charts in Bullets:

One of the demandi ng aspects i n concrete column design is to define the
controlling poi nts on strength i nteraction diagram. The column strength
interaction diagram is a curve plot of points; where each poi nt has two ordi nates.
The first ordi nate is bendi ng moment strength and the second is the
correspondi ng axial force. Both ordi nates are linked with eccentricity. The shape
of the curve, or the strength i nteraction diagram, can be defined by finding the
ordinates of major seven points. Each poi nt has specific requirement, as
established by the code, and thus evaluating the requirement of this poin t will
result of calculating the ordi nates. The points and their respecti ve requirements
are as follows:

Point 1: Pure compression.
Point 2: Maximum compression load permitted by code at zero
eccentricity.
Point 3: Maximum moment strength at the maximum a xial compression
permitted by code.
Point 4: Compression and moment at zero strain in the tension side
reinforcement.
Pont 5: Compression and moment at 50% strai n i n the tension side
reinforcement.
Point 6: Compression and moment at balanced conditions.
Point 7: Pure tension.
STRUNET
Introduction to Concrete Column Design Flow Charts
Strunet.com: Concrete Column Design V1.01 - Page 1
a = depth of equi valent rectangular stress block, in.
a
b
= depth of equi valent rectangular stress block at balanced
condition, in.
A
g
= gross area of column, i n
2
.
A
s
= area of reinforcement at tension side, in
2
.
A
s
= area of reinforcement at compres sion side, in
2
.
A
st
= Total area of reinforcement in column cross section, in
2
.
b = column width dimension, in.
c = distance from extreme compression fiber to neutral axis, i n.
c
b
= distance from extreme compression fiber to neutral axis at
balanced condition, i n.
C
c
= compression force i n equivalent concrete block.
C
s
= compression force i n tension-side rei nforcement, if any.
C
s
= compression force i n compression-side rei nforcement.
d = distance from extreme compression fiber to centroid of tensi on-
side reinforcement
d = distance from extreme compression fiber to centroid of
compression-side rei nforcement
e = eccentricity, in.
e
b
= eccentricity at balanced condition, in.
E
s
= modulus of elasticity of reinforcement, psi.
f
c
= specified compressive strength of concrete, psi.
f
y
= specified tensile strength of reinforcement, psi.
f
s
= stress i n tension-side rei nforcement at strain s
, ksi.
f
s
= stress i n compression-side rei nforcement at strain
'
s
, ksi.
h = overall column depth, in.
M
b
= nomi nal bendi ng moment at balanced condition.
M
n
= nomi nal bendi ng moment at any poi nt.
P
o
= nomi nal axial load strength at zero eccentricity.
P
b
= nomi nal axial force at balanced condition.
P
lim
= limit of nominal axial load value at which low or h igh axial
compression can be defined in accordance with ACI 9.3.2.2.
P
n
= nomi nal axial load strength at any point.
T = tension force i n tension-side reinforcement.
?
= factor as defi ned by ACI 10.2.7.3.
s
= strain in tension-side reinforcement at calculated stress f
s

'
s
= strain in compression-side reinforcement at calculated stress f
s

y
= yield strai n of reinforcement.
= strength reduction factor

STRUNET
Notations for Concrete Column Design Flow Charts
7
3
4
5
6
increasing
consistent
comp.
control
tension
control
balanced
pure tension
max. axial comp.
A
x
i
a
l

C
o
m
p
r
e
s
s
i
o
n
,
P
n
Bending Moment, M
n
2
1
s
=0.0
s
=0.5
y
STRUNET
Main Points of Column Interaction Diagram
Point 1: axial compression at zero moment.
Point 2: maximum permissible axial compression at zero eccentricit.
Point 3: maximum moment strength at maximum permissible axial compression.
Point 4: axial compression and moment strength at zero strain.
Point 5: axial compression and moment strength at 50% strain.
Point 6: axial compression and moment strength at balanced conditions.
Point 7: moment strength at zero axial force.
( )
0 85
o c g st y st
P . f A A f A = +
st g c y
A ,A ,f ,f
Spiral?
0 85
n o
P(max) . P = 0 80
n o
P(max) . P =
0 75 . = 0 70 . =
0 64
n o
P(max) . P = 0 56
n o
P(max) . P =
Finding Point 1
Finding Point 2
ACI 10.3.5.1
ACI 9.3.2.2 ACI 9.3.2.2
STRUNET
Point 1: Axial Compression at Zero Moment
Point 2: Maximum Permissible Axial Compression at Zero Eccentricity
finding
Axial Tension and
Axial Tension with
Flexure
0 90 . =
Axial Compression
and Axial
Compression with
Flexure
Spiral
0 75 . = 0 70 . =
High Values of Axial
Compression Low Values of Axial
Compression
60
0 70
Symmetric reinf.
y
s
f ksi
h d d . h

0 15
0 9
n
L
. P
.
P
=
0 10
c g
L
. f A
P

=
L n
P P >
Spiral?
0 75 . = 0 70 . =
0 133
L c g
P . f A =
n
P
Spiral?
Spiral?
min(0 133 , )
L c g b
P . f A P = min(0 143 , )
L c g b
P . f A P =
0 2
0 9
n
L
. P
.
P
=
ACI 9.3.2.2
0 143
L c g
P . f A =
0 15
0 9
n
L
. P
.
P
=
0 2
0 9
n
L
. P
.
P
=
STRUNET
Strength Reduction Factor
4000
c
f psi
1
0 85 . =
1
4000
0 85 0 05 0 65
1000
c
f
. . .

=

strain stress
C
c
C'
s
0.003
c
b
h
a
d'
s
'
s
C
s
d
s
A'
s
A
s
d
( )
1
0 85
c c
C . f c b =
( )0 003
s
c d .
c

=
( )
0 85
s s y c
C A' f . f =
( ) 0 85
s s s c
C A f . f =
s s s
f E =
( ) 0 003
0 85
s s s c
c d .
C A E . f
c

=

n c s s
P C C C = + +
( ) ( )
( )
1
0 003
0 85 0 85 0 85
n c s y c s s c
c d .
P . f c b A' f . f A E . f
c

= + +

of point 2
n
P
finding distance c
Result: c
( ) ( ) ( ) 0 5 0 5 0 5
n c s s s
M . C h a C . h d C . h d = +
1
a c =
Compute: C
c
, C'
s
from above Eqs.
ACI 10.2.7.3
STRUNET
Point 3: Maximum Moment Strength
at Maximum Permissible Compression
s
0 0 . =
c d =
1
a c =
min( )
s s s y
f E ,f =
( ) 0 85
s s s c
C A f . f =
n c s
P C C = +
n
n
M
e
P
=
2 2 2
n c s
h a h
M C C d

= +

0 85
c c
C . f ab =
0 003
s
c d
.
c

=

See finding
&
n n
M P
Finding Point 4
See Finding
1
in point 3
T=0.0
d'
strain stress
C
c
C'
s
0.003
0.0
c=d
b
h
a
'
s
A
s
A'
s
STRUNET
Point 4: Axial Compression and Moment at Zero Strain
min( )
s s s y
f E ,f =
( ) 0 85
s s s c
C A f . f =
n c s
P C C T = +
n
n
M
e
P
=
2 2 2 2
n c s
h a h h
M C C d T d

= + +

See finding
&
n n
M P
Finding Point 5
y
y
s
f
E
=
0 5
s y
. =
0 003
s
c d
.
c

=

1
0 003
s
d
c
.

=

+

1
a c =
See Finding
1
in point 3
0 85
c c
C . f ab =
( )
0 5
s y
T A . f =
d'
T
strain stress
C
c
C'
s
0.003
c
b
h
a
'
s
s
=0.5
y
A
s
A'
s
STRUNET
Point 5: Axial Compression and
Moment Strength at 50% Strain
Finding Point 6
s
y
y
s
f
E
= =
0 003
0 003
0 003
b
y
.
c .
.

=

+

1 b b
a c =
( ) 0 85
s s s c
C A f . f =
y s
T f A =
b c s
P C C T = +
2 2 2 2
b
b c s
a h h h
M C C d T d

= + +

b
b
b
M
e
P
=
0 003
b s
s
b
c d
.
c

=

0 85
c c b
C . f a b =
min( )
s s s y
f E ,f =
See Finding
1
in point 3
See finding
&
n n
M P
d'
T
strain stress
C
c
C'
s
0.003
c
b
h
a
'
s
y
=f
y
/E
s
A
s
A'
s
STRUNET
Point 6: Axial Compression and Moment
Strength at Balanced Conditions
Finding Point 7
See finding
0 85
c c
C . f ab =
y s
T f A =
0 85
s y
c
A f
a
. f b
=
1
a
c
=
0 003
0 003
s y
.
d .
c

= >

0 85
c c b
C . f a b =
y s
T f A =
2 2 2
n c
h a h
M C T d

= +

0 9 . =
n
M
See Finding
1
in point 3
d'
T
strain stress
C
c
0.003
c
b
h
a
'
s
~0.0
s
>
y
A
s
A'
s
STRUNET
Point 7: Moment Strength at Zero Axial Force
Concrete Colum Strength Interaction Diagram: 10.10.3.4
Conncrete Strength, f'
c
3 ksi
Steel Yield Strength, f
y
60 ksi
Clear Cover to Ties 1.5 in
Column Dimensions
b 10 in
h 10 in
Ties
Bars
P. No. P M P M P M P M
1 228 0 249 0 275 0 306 0
2 183 0 199 0 220 0 244 0
3 183 14 199 15 220 16 244 16
4 143 22 153 25 165 28 179 31
5 98 27 100 30 103 33 100 38
6 63 28 58 32 52 36 45 41
7 0 20 0 27 0 34 0 43
#3 #3 #3 #3
4#5 4#6 4#7 4#8
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
0 10 20 30 40 50
Bending Moment, ft-kips
A
x
i
a
l

L
o
a
d
,

k
i
p
s
b
h
STRUNET
1
2
3
4
5
6
7 points location
strunet.com
concrete column interaction diagrams
Introduction to Spread Footing Design Flow Charts
STRUNET
Strunet.com: Spread Footing Design V1.01 - Page 1
Spread Footing Charts in Bullets:
All code provisions are listed, where applicable, on the charts for quick
reference.
Analysis assume rigid footing condition, resulting in a uniform soil
pressure for concentric load, and a triangular or trapezoidal soil
pressure for eccentric loading (combined axial and bending)
Establish preliminary si ze under service loads, and proportion
rectangular footi ng dimensions, if required, around a rectangular
column.
Calculate i n one si ngle equation one -way shear, two-way shear, and
design moment, under factored loads, respectively.
Deal separately with two eccentricity conditions, while e<L/6 flexural
equations are used, and for e>L/6 equilibrium equations are used.
Drive the nominal shear strength of the concrete for bo th beam shear
(one way) and punching shear (two way, or slab shear). Alternatively,
provide reference to the code provisions where shear reinforcement
may be used i n case of factored shear force exceeded nominal
concrete shear strength with restricted foot ing depth.
Calculate required flexural reinforcement ratio and compared with the
minimum and maximum permitted by code, and provide required
tensile reinforcement, and calculate rebar development length.
Address axial force transfer at the column base (f or compression only),
and fully detaili ng the dowels design and development length required
into footing and column.
Include sketches illustrati ng the subject under i nvestigation.
Include notations sheet explai ning in details all symbols used in the char s.
A
s
= area or rei nforcement.
b = column width dimension.
b
o
= perimeter of critical shear section for footi ng.
B = footing width dimension.
d = distance from extreme compression fiber to centroid of tension
reinforcement.
d
b
= nomi nal diameter of bar.
f
c
= specified compressive strength of concrete.
f
y
= specified tensile strength of reinforcement.
h = overall member thickness.
l = column length dimension.
l
ava
= available length for bar development.
l
d
= development length of bar in tension.
l
s
= compression lap splice length.
l
db
= basic development length of bar i n compression.
L = footing length dimension.
P
o
= axial load, service.
P
u
= axial load, ultimate.
q
act
= actual soil pressure based on service loads condition.
q
all
= allowable soil bearing pressure.
q
s
= factored actual soil pressure.
R
u
= coefficient of resistance.
V
u
= factored shear force at section considered.
V
c
= nomi nal shear strength of concrete.
c
= ratio of long side to short side of column dimensions.
= ratio of tension reinforcement.

b
= ratio of tension reinforcement at balanced strain condition.
max
= maximum ratio permissible by code.
min
= minimum ratio permissible by code.
req d
= required ratio of tension reinforcement.
provd
= provided ratio of tension reinforcement.
= strength reduction factor.

Notations for Spread Footing Design Flow Charts
STRUNET
Strunet.com: Spread Footing Design V1.01 - Page 2
Force transfer at
column/footing
for compression
force only
Reinforcement
One Way Shear
(Beam Action)
Two Way Shear
(Slab Action)
Ultimate Design
Forces V
u
& M
u
Rebar
Development
Equilibrium
Equations
Ultimate Design
Forces V
u
& M
u
Ultimate Soils
Pressure
Flexural
Equations
Ultimate Design
Forces V
u
& M
u
Ultimate Soils
Pressure
Shear Check
Footing subjected
to vertical load only
Preliminary Size
Preliminary Size
Main Input &
Notation
Footing Subjected
to vertical load
and moment
Strunet.com: Spread Footing Design V1.01- Page 3
STRUNET
Spread Footing Analysis & Design
Main Chart
footing size
is given?
=
o
F
all
P
A
q
square or
rect. footing?
=
F
B L A
Roundup B,L
F
A =BL
u
s
F
P
q =
A
YES
Square Rect.
NO
Preliminary
Size
ultimate bearing
pressure
o
act all
F
P
q = < q
A
l= column longer dimension
b= column shorter dimension
Proceed to
ultimate Design
forces
Footing
subjected to
vertical load only
proportion of
footing w/ column
= 4 a
= + 2 b (l b)
=
F
c lb A
+
=
2
4
2
-b b - a c
k
a
= +2 L l k'
F
A
B=
L
STRUNET
Preliminary Size of Footing Subjected to Vertical Loads only.
one way shear
(beam action)
( )
u s
V =q B 0.5L- 0.5l - d
( )
u s
V =q L 0.5B- 0.5b- d
two way shear
(slab action)
( ) ( )

o
b =2 l +d + b+d
use w/ V
c
calculation
( ) ( )

u s F
V =q A - l +d b+d
finding M
u
Transverse
Direction
Longitudinal
Direction
( )
2
u s
M =0.125q L B- b
( )
2
u s
M =0.125q B L- l
Short
Direction
long.
Direction
L
l
b B
L
q
s
d
d/2
P
u
d/2
l
q
s
finding V
u
L
B
l+d
b
+
d
Note: the following footing forces
calculations are based on:
l= column dimension parallel to L
b= column dimension parallel to B
Ultimate Design
Forces V
u
& M
u
STRUNET
Ultimate Forces for Footing Subjected to Vertical Loads only
L>6e

o o
2
all
P 6M 1
B= +
q L L
max all
q <q
o o
min
F F
P M
q = -
A S
o
e
o
3M
L =1.5L-
P
o
all e
2P
B=
q L
B & L
o
max
e
2P
q =
BL
max all
q >q
STOP.
Increase B or L
Proceed to Ultimate
Soils Bearing
Pressure, use
flexural equations
min
q >0.0
Proceed to Ultimate
Soils Bearing
Pressure, use
equilibrium equations
L
max
= maximum
permissible footing
length .
o
o
M
e=
P
L=Lmax
NO
YES YES
YES
NO NO
NO
Proceed to Ultimate
Bearing Pressure, use
equilibrium equations
L
q
max
M
o
P
o
q
min
e
Soils Pressure distribution if
L
q
max
M
o
P
o
e
Soils Pressure distribution if
L
e
Preliminary
Size
YES
=
F
A BL
=
2
6
F
BL
S
= +
o o
max
F F
P M
q
A S
6
L
e <
6
L
e >
STRUNET
Preliminary Size of Footing Subjected to Vertical Load and Moment
Short
Direction
long.
Direction
u u
max
F F
P M
q = +
A S
u u
min
F F
P M
q = -
A S
min
q >0.0
min
e
min max
q L
L = L-
q +q
STOP.
go to equilibrium for
continuation
max min
q=q - q
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
1 min
2 min
3 min
4 min
5 min
0.5 L- l - d
q = q + q
L
0.5 L- l
q = q + q
L
0.5 L+l
q = q + q
L
0.5 L+l +d
q = q + q
L
0.5 L+l +d
q = q + q
L

L
q
max
q
5
d
d/2
M
u
P
u
d/2
q
2
q
1
l
q
min
q
3
q
4
Ultimate Design
Forces V
u
& M
u
one way shear
(Beam Action)
( )( )
u max 5
V =0.5B q +q 0.5L- 0.5l - d
( )( )
u max min
V =0.5L q +q 0.5B- 0.5b- d
two way shear
(Slab Action)
finding V
u
finding M
u
( ) ( )
2
u 3 max
M =0.0625B q +q L- l
( ) ( )
2
u min max
M =0.0625L q +q B- b
Transverse
Direction
Longitudinal
Direction
YES NO
( )( )
( )( ) ( )
( )( )
u min 1
1 4
4 max
V =0.25B q +q L- l - d
+0.5 q +q B- b- d l +d
+0.25B q +q L- l - d
STRUNET
Ultimate Forces with Flexural Equations for Footing
Subjected to Vertical Load and Moment
Ultimate Bearing
Pressure using
Equilibrium Equations
one way shear
(Beam Action)
Short
Direction
long.
Direction
two way shear
(Slab Action)
STOP.
increase L
YES NO
Ultimate Design
Forces V
u
& M
u
Transverse
Direction
Longitudinal
Direction
finding M
u
NO
2
u
max
e
P
q
BL
=
3
1 5
u
e
u
M
L . L
P
=
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
1
2
3
4
5
0 5
2
0 5
2
0 5
2
0 5
2
0 5
2 2
max
e
e
max
e
e
max
e
e
max
e
e
max
e
e
. q
q L L l d
L
. q
q L L l
L
. q
q L L l
L
. q
q L L l d
L
. q
q L L l d
L
=
=
= +
= + +
= + +
( ) ( )
5
0 5 0 5 0 5
u max
V . B q q . L . l d = +
( ) 0 5 0 5 0 5
u max e
V . q L . B . b d =
( ) 0 5
e
L . L l d > + +
( ) ( )
( )( )
4
4
0 25
0 25 2
u max
e
V . B q q L l d
. q L L l d B b d
= +
+ + +
( )
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( )
1
1 4
4
0 25 2
0 5
0 25
u e
max
V . q B L L l d
. q q B b d l d
. B q q L l d
=
+ + +
+ +
0 5 0 5
e
L . L . l > +
( )
2
0 0625
u e max
M . L q B b =
( ) ( )
2
3
0 0625
u max
M . B q q L l = +
YES
STRUNET
L
q
max
q
5
d
d/2
M
u
P
u
d/2
q
2
q
1
l
q
3
q
4
L
e
Ultimate Forces with Equilibrium Equations for
Footing Subjected to Vertical Load and Moment
is f
ct
given?
use ACI
11.3.2.1
repeat check
one way
shear o.k.
NO
YES NO
NO
ACI 15.5.1
ACI 11.12
ACI 11.3.1.1
'
100
c
f psi
ACI 11.1.2
ACI 11.2.1.2 ACI 11.2.1.1
YES NO
see V
u
calculations
ACI 9.3.2.3
A
s
= provided
flexural reinf.
YES
can increase f
c
'
or footing depth?
Req'd increase
V
u
=V
c
find d or f'
c
One way Shear
Normal or Light
Wt Concrete
finding V
c
LIGHT
ACI 11.12.1.1
ACI 11.2.1
YES
NORMAL
,
,

w
w
b =B
b =L
d = h- 3.5 , h=
footing width short direction
footing length long direction
footing depth
( )
= all-Light wt 0 75 2
c c w
: V . f b d
( )
= Sand Light wt 0 85 2
c c w
: V . f b d

=

2
6 7
6 7
ct
c w
' ct
c
f
V b d
.
f
f
.
= 2
'
c c w
V f b d
c
V
u
V
=0 85 .
>
u c
V V
=
s
w
w
A
b d

= +

1 9 2500 3 5
' ' u
c c w w c w
u
V d
V . f b d . f b d
M
>
u c
V V
STRUNET
One-Way Shear Check for Spread Footing
Two way
Shear
option to use
shear
reinforcement?
N.G., increase footing
depth d or f'
c
Repeat
Check
two way
shear is o.k.
Proceed to
reinforcement
NO YES
YES
ACI 11.12.1.2
( ) ( ) 2 +
o
b b d l d = + + (

b & l are column
width and lenght
ACI 9.3.2.3
ACI 11.12.3
ACI 11.12.3.1 ACI 11.12.3.2
YES NO
ACI 11.5.6.2
ACI 11.1.2
N.G. increase footing
depth d or f'
c
YES
NO
Repeat
Check
NO
L
B
l+d
b
+
d
100
'
c
f psi
c
V
=
c
l
b
| |
= +
|
\ .
| |
= +
|
\ .
=
4
2
2
4
'
c c o
c
' s
c c o
o
'
c c o
V f b d
d
V f b d
b
V f b d
u
V
=0 85 .
>
u c
V V
> 2
'
c c o
V f b d
=
v y
s
A f d
V
s
s u c
V =V - V
6
'
u c o
V f b d >
STRUNET
Two-Way Shear Check for Spread Footing
YES
use deeper
section or higher
strength
NO
NO
ACI 10.5.2
YES
YES
NO
NO
YES
NO YES
ACI 10.2.7.3
ACI 8.4.3
ACI 10.3.3
YES
proceed to rebar
development
ACI 7.12.2
ACI 10.3.3
ACI 10.2.7.3
see M
u
calculations
ACI 9.3.2.1
NO
u
M
=
2
u
Mu
R
bd
= 0 9 .

0 85 2
1 1
0 85
c u
req' d
y c
. f R
f . f

req' d min

req' d max
=1 33
req' d
.
<
Min
=1 33
req' d
.
use
Min
=
= =
min
s s min
A bd A bh
finding
min
> 60 ksi ?
y
f
> 60 ksi ?
y
f
60, 000
0.0018
min
y
f

=

0.002
min
= 0.0018
min
=
min
MAX b
=0.75
1
0 85 87 000
87 000
c
b
y y
. f ,
f , f

=

+

4000
c
f psi
finding
max
=
1
0 85 .
c
1
f - 4000
=0.85 - 0.05 0.65
1000

STRUNET
Area of Reinforcement
for Spread Footing
c=one-half bar spacing , or
center of bar to the nearest
concrete surface, which is smaller
ACI 12.2.4
ACI 12.2.3
ACI 318-95
12.2.3
ACI 12.2.3
Rebar
Development
k
tr
=0.0 for footing
+
2 5
tr
b
c k
.
d
1 7 .
100
c
f psi
=
+
3
40
y
d b
tr
c
b
f
l d
c k
f
d
=
=
0 8 for bar size 6 or smaller.
1 0 for bar size 7 or larger.
.
.
=
=
=
1 0 , normal weight concrete.
1 3 , light weight concrete, if is not s pecified.
6 7
1 0 , light weight concrete, if is speci fied
ct
c ct
ct
.
. f
.
f . f
f
= 1.5 Epoxy coated w/ cover < 3db and cl ear spacing < 6db
= 1.5 all other epoxy coated
= 1.5 uncoated
=1.3 fresh concrete below bars is more t han 12"

=1.0 fresh concrete below bars is 12" or less
STRUNET
Rebar Development
ACI 15.8
Bearing strength
of column
Bearing strength
of footing
select dowels
reinforcement
the largest
ACI 15.8.1.1
ACI 15.8.2.1
ACI 15.8.1.2
YES NO
for
compression
force only
Proceed to
dowels
development
ACI 10.17.1
the least
ACI 10.17.1
=
=
1
0 7 ACI 9.3.2.4
A bl
.
> 2
cc cf
f f
=
=
footing
column
cf c
cc c
f f
f f
[ ]
=
2
1
1
0 85
nb cf
A
P ( . f A )
A
=
1
0 85
nb cc
P ( . f A )
=
1
1 19
nb cf
P . f A
=
1
0 595
nb cc
P . f A
nb
P
=
u nb
s
y
P P
A
f
=
1
0 005
min
s
A . A
prov' d
s
A
=
req' d
prov' d
s
r
s
A
k
A
2
1
2 0
A
.
A
( )
=max
req' d min
s s s
A A ,A
u nb
P P >
STRUNET
Forces Transfer at Column/Footing Interface
col. bars are #14
or #18 and in
compression only?
dowel comp. lap
splice l
s
use larger number of
smaller size dowels, or
increase footing depth
STOP. dowels are
fully developed.
development is
the largest of
Repeat
Check
ACI 15.8.2.3
col. bar (d
b
14 &
18) develop. length
ACI 15.8.2.3
ACI 12.3.2
ACI 12.16.1
ACI 12.3.2
ACI 12.3.3.1
dowels
development
into footing
l
1
into column
l
2
NO
YES
NO YES
NO YES
the largest
NO
YES
l
2
l
1
= column rebar
& dowels
yc y
f f
=
0 02
0 0003
b yc
db b yc
cc
. d f
l . d f
f
=
0 02
0 0003
b yc
db b yc
cf
. d f
l . d f
f
60
y
f ksi
= > 0 0005 12
s b yc
l . d f "
( )
= > 0 0009 24 12
s yc b
l . f d " =
d r db
l k l
=
0 02
0 0003
b yc
db b yc
cc
. d f
l . d f
f
<3000
c
f psi
=1 33
s s
l . l =
s s
l l
s
l
>
d ava
l l
= 6
ava
l h
( )
2
max
s db
l l ,l =
STRUNET
Column Dowels Development

Concrete Beam Design Flow Charts

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Concrete Beam Design Flow Charts

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The concrete beam design flow charts address the following subjects:

For a rectangular beam with given dimensions: Analyzi ng the beam

= ratio of tension reinforcement.

=1.3 fresh concrete below bars is more t han 12"

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