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YIG
History
Product Introduction
Ferretec was incorporated in the State of California in October 1981. Since its first shipments in early 1983, Ferretec YIG products, part of Teledyne Family serves the microwave community with state-ofthe-art tunable YIG filters, oscillators, harmonic generators, and subsystems. In January 2004, Ferretec YIG Product line was acquired by Teledyne Technologies and became part of Teledyne Microwave. In March 2004 Ferretec moved to the newly renovated 100,000 square-foot facility in Mountain View, California. The facility layout was designed to optimize manufacturing flow and to allow for future capacity and new product development. An automated microwave integrated circuit laboratory containing special environmental controls and chip handling equipment produces MIC circuits for the Ferretec YIG-tuned oscillator product line.
Customized test stations and detailed test procedures have been developed to test microwave components as well as driver and control circuits for standard and special design assemblies.
A major goal of Teledyne YIG Products is to reduce manufacturing labor input while maintaining stringent quality standards
Facilities
Customized test stations and detailed test procedures have been developed to test microwave components as well as driver and control circuits for standard and special design assemblies. Select-at-test resistors are specified by computer, and a custom test data sheet is generated that includes the complete Bill of Materials and the specific test parameters for the individual board. Microprocessor-controlled temperature test chambers are available for testing, burn-in and temperature cycling. Vibration equipment aids in stress-screening of both commercial and military products.
Philosophy
A major goal of Ferretec YIG Products is to reduce manufacturing labor input while maintaining stringent quality standards. Teledyne Microwave is certified to ISO9001 and ISO-14001. The first product line introduced by Ferretec Products was closed-loop YIG filters, which are trademarked Ferretrac This product, described in detail in this catalog, is based upon Ferretec patents. Customers include many key U.S. defense contractors such as BAE, LOCKHEEDSANDERS, ITT AVIONICS, RAYTHEON, NORTHROP GRUMAN, and many international defense contractors. This technology is also being used by a variety of U.S. Government facilities and internationalbased companies. In 1984, Ferretec was awarded a contract by ITT Avionics to develop an integrated closed-loop receiver front-end for an update of the ALQ172 EW equipment on the B-52. Ferretec has shipped over 1800 of these fully militarized subsystems which employ Ferretrac filter technology. Teledynes YIG Products supplies both closed- and open-loop YIG filters, YIG
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Filters
The RF Circuit and electromagnet. The customer provides the necessary current drive to tune the filter. These filters include either bandpass or band-reject types.
Oscillators
Ultra low phase noise broadband Oscillators. Can be provide with and without driver.
All of Teledynes YIG products combine advanced technology and state-of-the-art performance with sophisticated manufacturing techniques to ensure consistently high quality.
Oscillators, YIG-tuned harmonic generators, and YIG-based integrated receiver front-ends/tuners. Analog and digital drivers are available for all Ferretec YIG products.
Quality
Teledyne products are organized to support government programs from the program management office through to the quality organization. QUALITY is not just a word or procedure, but rather the planned result of a Ferretec Products team committed to excellence and customer satisfaction. This results in commitment to our customers, at every level. From sales and engineering through manufacturing, quality is the responsibility of everyone within the Teledyne Microwave organization.
Experience
All of Teledynes YIG products combine advanced technology and state-of-the-art performance with sophisticated manufacturing techniques to ensure consistently high quality. Teledyne products has extensive experience in the design, manufacture, and management of large military and commercial programs. Engineering expertise in the integration of microwave components with analog and digital control circuits, combined with a highly productive manufacturing organization, has resulted in the selection of Ferretec Products by major defense systems companies both domestically and internationally for highvolume production programs.
Closed-Loop Filters
A discriminator and loop circuit provide the capability to lock the filter to an RF reference such as a receiver local oscillator. All tuning errors are removed as a result. These include Ferretrac closed-loop filters.
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YIG
Introduction
Filters
Yttrium Iron Garnet (YIG) filters have been used in military systems and commercial test equipment for over 30 years. The extremely high unloaded Qu of the YIG sphere (approximately 10,000) makes it an ideal choice as the frequency-determining element for these electronically tunable filters. Their excellent linearity, low insertion loss, and broadband tuning characteristics are ideal for applications in the 0.5-40 GHz frequency range. Bandpass filter applications include preselectors for radar warning and ELINT (Electronic Intelligence) receivers in the EW (Electronic Warfare) arena and spectrum analyzers in the microwave and commercial test equipment industry. Band-reject filter applications include notching out a particular signal for ESM and ECM systems, and rejecting signals in commercial test equipment measurement set-ups. YIG is a ferrite material that resonates at a precise frequency when placed in a magnetic field. The frequency of resonance is directly proportional to the strength of the applied magnetic field. The high reliability of YIG devices is excellent for military applications. Their low loss, wideband tuning, and excellent linearity characteristics make them ideal for commercial test equipment applications such as sweepers, synthesizers and spectrum analyzers.
YIG Filters with low loss, wideband tuning, and excellent linearity characteristics make them ideal for commercial test equipment applications
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Customer Service
Feedback on delivery and technical progress during the design and manufacturing periods after order placement.
Technical Support
Technical Notes with detailed discussions of various aspects of YIG filter perfor-
Technology Features
In addition to the three key areas mentioned above, Teledyne Products believes our level of technology distinguishes us from other YIG vendors. Some of the key technology features of Teledynes YIG filter products include: perfectly realized. The external bandwidth is continuously varying with frequency. Coupling bandwidth changes with frequency cause filter bandwidth growth and poor VSWR as the tuned frequency increases. This results in degraded rejection at key frequencies, such as the LO and image frequencies of a superheterodyne receiver, and increased mismatch loss and ripple in the filter passband. Teledyne proprietary loop technology reduces coupling bandwidth changes thus minimizing bandwidth growth, and optimizing input match. This means better control of spurious responses, improved sensitivity, flatter group delay, and enhanced control of noise bandwidth in receiver applications. Among the benefits of using this technology in designing YIG filters: The RF behavior of the filter can be precisely controlled via its coupling loop characteristics. In particular, bandwidth growth, input and output VSWR, and bandwidth can be precisely set to meet system requirements. Spurious responses are controlled and minimized using these techniques. Filter performance, from unit to unit, is replicated on a consistent basis. Large quantities of filters can be produced to support customer production requirements since Teledynes technology lends itself to efficient manufacturing and results in YIG filters that are inherently manufacturable. This is in contrast to the empirical method that the majority of YIG manufacturers use today, in which a filter is simply built up and tweaked until the desired performance is achieved.
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Technology Features
Interstage Coupling Coefficients
K12, K23, K34
BWe
K23
K23
K23
Input
Output
BWe
BWe
FLow
Frequency
FHigh
Figure 1. Teledyne loop technology reduces coupling coefficient variations
tion filters hold the line on selectivity without forcing a change in architecture to higher intermediate frequencies or to new conversion schemes. Wide bandwidth filter specifications may be found on pages 122.
Moisture-sealed magnet structures for MIL environments without using paint or epoxy. Since Teledyne filters contain no exposed active semi-conductors, they are basically passive components which need not be hermetically sealed. However, for most defense electronics applications, it is obviously necessary to prevent moisture, dust, and salt atmosphere from entering the magnet and eventually causing corrosion which would lead to premature failure. Many manufacturers have resorted to epoxy and/or RTV potting and epoxy paints
Stabilizing the magnetic structure, however, represents a much greater challenge. Gap changes as small as 3 millionths of an inch (.076 microns) at 18 GHz cause a 1 MHz shift in filter frequency. Uncompensated, a filter in a nickeliron electromagnet will drift +11 MHz as the temperature is varied from -55 to +85C, the MIL-E5400, Class 11 temperature range. Ferretec magnets are temperaturecompensated using uniquely shaped rings of a different metal both to BALANCED UNBALANCED compensate for the air gap changes in the magnet and to track the several Figure 2. Reduced leakage flux in balanced magnets resonators across the tuning range.
improve leakage
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Technology Features
to accomplish this sealing. However, these methods do not stand up under the constant temperature cycling and vibration experienced over an extended period of time. Teledyne magnets are sealed without paint or epoxy. As Figure 3 shows, fluorosilicon O-rings are used to seal the unique three-piece magnet. These devices are guaranteed to maintain the seal for the lifetime of the filter. This gives the reliability engineer the confidence that a unit will not only pass the qualification to within .01% at a level of 900 mA. A driver, or voltage-to-current converter, must therefore have the capability to translate a specific voltage input to the required current, with high accuracy, over the life of the system. receive a sample of RF power and use it to sense tuning errors, locking the filter to the RF sample. For example, a closed-loop preselector can be locked to a receiver local oscillator and offset by the IF frequency, insuring tracking under all conditions. A closed-loop filter can track a sweep oscillator or synthesizer to remove unwanted spurious and harmonic signals. A notch can be accurately positioned on an interfering signal to prevent it from blocking an EW receiver. For more information on closed-loop filters, see pages 9-18.
Changes in the values of resistors, integrated circuits, and potentiometers over time degrade filter tuning accuracy. Teledyne has analyzed these aging effects in YIG filter drivers and has developed a highly stable circuit which minimizes aging. This requires the use of high-quality devices such as stable IC voltage references and low-drift operational amplifiers. In addition, this necessitates the use of a minimum adjustment O-Ring Seals range on the slope and YIG Access Hole offset potentiometers, and, in some cases, no potentiometers at all. For MIL applications, all parts are selected from established reliability components or screened to equivalent requirements. More information on tuning errors in YIG filters is available in a comprehensive technical note (see page 38). Driver specifications can be found on page 24.
Filter Capabilities
Tuning Range
YIG devices offer tremendous flexibility in the choice of tuning range. Since the coupling coefficients in these inductivelycoupled filters vary with frequency, the factors limiting tuning range are based on trade-offs involving input match, bandwidth growth, spurious responses, insertion loss, etc. Bandpass filters can be made to tune ranges as broad as 20:1 with few compromises in performance and even larger ratios with trade-offs depending on actual frequency. Band-reject filters have a more narrow notch tuning range due to the inherent property of transmission line-type characteristics from only a few hundred MHz to over a 5:1 range. The passbands of these filters, however, can be made much broader, covering ranges similar to that of bandpass filters.
Figure 3. Teledyne Magnet structure is moisture sealed with lifetime guarantee O-rings
Ultra-stable driver
Stabilized driver circuits with the best available components for enhanced tuning accuracy over the life of the unit. Given that typical filter bandwidths are often less than 0.1% suggests that setting them properly on frequency requires superior control of the magnet coil current. For example, if the tuning sensitivity of the magnet is 20 MHz/mA, setting the frequency to within 2 MHz at 18 GHz requires that the current be accurately set
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Filter Capabilities
525 500 475 3dB BANDWIDTH (MHz) 450 425 MAX - ULTRA WIDE BANDWIDTH
200 175 150 125 100 75 50 25 0.5 1.0 2.0 4.0 6.0 8.0 10.0 20.0 40.0 MIN MAX - OCTAVE TUNING MAX - MULTI +/- OCTAVE TUNING
FREQUENCY - AT LOW END OF TUNING RANGE (GHz) Figure 4. Range of 3dB bandwidths available in Teledyne bandpass YIG Filters
Instantaneous Bandwidth
Figure 4 shows the wide range of bandwidths Ferretec provides in bandpass filters. Both minimum and maximum achievable bandwidths are shown as a function of the minimum operating frequency of the filter. Changes in the coupling coefficients occur with frequency, and result in the growth of the bandwidth near the high end of the
tuning range. Ferretecs precisely designed structures and proprietary loop configurations minimize this growth while maintaining the best possible VSWR.
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Filter Capabilities
Selectivity
Filter selectivity depends on the number of YIG resonators (stages) in the filter and region of the filter. Spurious responses which hold their relative position with respect to the desired filter response are termed tracking modes Those which tune at a different rate than the desired response, and therefore, at some frequencies cross through the filter response, are termed crossing modes
Screening Levels
The following defines the component quality, inspection, and screening levels available with Teledyne filters or filters with drivers. Teledyne Microwaves quality system is registered to ISO-9001:2004.
60 40 30 20 10
Commercial (C )
1. 2. Temperature cycling of filters from -55C to +95C, non-operating, five cycles. 100% Electrical Test at +25C: Tuning Range, Linearity, Bandwidth, Insertion Loss, Spurious & Ripple, VSWR, ORI & ORS RF, Limiting Hysteresis, Tuning Sensitivity, Heater Current, Bias Current (for Filter with Driver) 3. 4. 1. 100% External Visual Inspection Operating temperature: 0C to +60C
2-STAGE
Part of the art of the YIG filter construction consists 5 4 of limiting the size of these 3 7-STAGE spurious responses, and in 2 controlling their position 1 so as to keep them from 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 appearing, for example, in Attenuation (dB) bandpass preselectors just where local oscillator or Figure 5. Filter Selectivity image rejection is desired. The tracking spurious is nominally 6 dB per stage per octave response most often seen in band-pass bandwidth. Thus, for a four-stage filter, filters is known as the 210 mode. It is the rejection increases by 24 dB each time greatly suppressed by Teledynes proprithe band-width doubles (see Figure 5). etary coupling loop technology but, in The number of stages that can be built in most cases, is somewhat less than the a single filter is limited by the space under full off-resonance rejection of the filter. the magnet pole tips and the need to posiThe location of this mode with respect tion the spheres for optimum coupling. to the passband depends mainly on the Making the pole tips larger increases saturation magnetization of the ferrituning coil inductance and slows magnet magnetic resonator. For pure YIG (used tuning speed. Bandpass filters are usually in filters operating over 4 GHz), the 210 2 to 7 stages and band-reject filters can be mode is 600 to 700 MHz below the filter as many as 16 stages. The ultimate isolaresponse. For example, Gallium-doped tion of a particular filter also depends on YIG, used in filters with start frequencies the number of stages. of 2 GHz, have a 210 mode approximately 310 to 335 MHz below the filter response. Spurious Responses In addition to the 210 mode, band-reject Spurious responses originate from magfilters also demonstrate the 540 and 220 netostatic modes wherein the precession modes. These are tracking spurious modes of the electron spins in the ferrimagnetic which cause narrow notches in the filter material varies across the sphere, instead passband, typically 4 dB deep. These of being uniform as desired. These result are located above the main filter notch in secondary resonances which may or response by 75 to 350 MHz, depending may not be fixed in position with respect on the ferrimagnetic material used for the to the main resonance. They will appear resonators. either as ripples in the passband, or as isolated bumps in the off-resonance
6-STAGE
4-STAGE
Military (M)
Temperature cycling of filters from -55C to +95C, non-operating, five cycles per MIL-STD-202, Method 107D, condition A, except high temp. shall be +95C. 100% Electrical Test at +25C: Tuning Range, Linearity, Bandwidth, Insertion Loss, Spurious & Ripple, VSWR, ORI & ORS RF, Limiting Hysteresis, Tuning Sensitivity, Heater Current, Bias Current (for Filter with Driver) 3. 4. 5. 6. 100% External Visual Inspection Operating temperature: -54C to +85C Filters are O-ring sealed Printed circuit board assemblies are conformally coated to MIL-I46058C.
2.
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Introduction
YIG filters have many inherent advantages such as wideband tuning, excellent linearity and low insertion loss. However, they also have static and dynamic tuning errors that can adversely affect their microwave system and measurement performance. These errors include hysteresis, non-linearity, frequency drift over temperature, and aging of the components in the YIG driver circuitry. Regardless of the specific source, these tuning errors all produce the same net result: A decrease in the filters tuning accuracy and frequency repeatability. While YIG filters have extremely good frequency linearity characteristics (less than 20 MHz non-linearity over a 2 to 26.5 GHz tuning range, typically), when adding up other tuning errors such as hysteresis (10 to 20 MHz) and temperature drift (10 to 20 MHz), the total frequency error can become significant. For certain
applications these tuning errors can be tolerated. In others, the tuning errors are corrected via software algorithms or computer-controlled correction schemes. However, the system complexity and increased processor demands of these additional correction schemes can make them a less desirable solution. In contrast, the closed-loop filter corrects all YIG filter tuning errors, regardless of their origin, and does so in a self-contained package requiring only a coarse tuning signal and an RF reference. The closed-loop filter effectively consists of a YIG-tuned filter, a frequency discriminator and a driver circuit to tune the filters center frequency. The output of the discriminator is an error signal that is fed back to the tuning coil driver, to provide the required correction of the filters center frequency. The net result is a YIGtuned filter with a guaranteed frequency accuracy on the order of 1 MHz relative
For the past 20 years, Ferretec has provided a closed-loop solution in the form of the analog-tuned Ferretrac filter. This unit has found wide-spread usage in both commercial and military systems, as part of a closed-loop subsystem, or on a standalone basis. On a single military program alone, over 1800 Ferretrac filters were delivered and installed in the ALQ-172 ECM system. Recently, Teledyne completed a technology advancement program which resulted in the development of a digital closedloop filter product line. This unit enjoys the enhanced performance of closed-loop technology in a smaller, lighter package that is digitally tuned. Together, the Ferretrac and the digital closed-loop filter are the key components of Teledynes closed-loop product line.
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Teledyne manufactures companion test equipment products utilizing closed-loop YIG filter technology. The C1001 Controller provides all operating controls and power supplies for the closed-loop Ferretrac filter.
System Solutions
Closed-loop filters offer the system designer a complete solution to the electronically-tunable filter requirement. The microwave filter, driver circuit (voltage-to-current converter) for main filter tuning, and the closed-loop circuits are all contained in one compact assembly. A closed-loop filter needs only to be installed and supplied with an RF reference signal and a tuning signal in order to immediately work to specification. No need to tweak drivers, program PROMs, or make readjustments in the field due to component aging.
Closed-loop filters are always on frequency. No specifications are necessary for hysteresis, tuning non-linearity, temperature drift, or post-tuning drift. They also lock onto the reference signal in a fraction of the time it takes open-loop filters to settle into the desired band-width. A lock indicator signal provides ongoing feedback that the filter is locked to the reference signal. Teledyne has designed and specified closed-loop filters to address system and component requirements. The RF specifications use classical filter parameters such as those traditionally used for fixed-tuned filters but defined for tunable system use. For example, RF bandwidth is specified
relative to the desired center frequency and rejection is specified at the image frequency and other pertinent spurious susceptible frequencies.
Applications
Closed-loop filter applications include active and passive countermeasures systems, radar and communications systems, and automatic test instrumentation for bench and field testing. Some of these applications are detailed in this catalog. More extensive closed-loop applications information can be found in the following papers available from Ferretec: 1. Application Note FT3, Improving Microwave Measurements with Ferretrac Filters
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Closed-loop filter applications include active and passive countermeasures systems, radar and communications systems, and automatic test instrumentation
Courtesy of USAF
2. 3. 4. 5. 6.
Application Note YIG Preselectors in Multi-Channel Phase Tracked Receivers Application Note Reference Stabilized YIG-Tuned Receiver Front-Ends Application Note Ferretrac Operation Application Note Set-on Techniques for YIG-Tuned Band-Reject Filters Technical Paper Digital ASIC Advances Microwave Filter Technology
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FT (Tuned Frequency)
The desired center frequency of the passband. FT is equal to F0, the reference source frequency + or - the IF offset frequency.
FO (Reference Frequency)
The reference source (or local oscillator) frequency. For zero offset (tracking filter) FO=FT.
FI (Image Frequency)
The image frequency in a receiver located on the opposite side of the local oscillator, FO, and spaced from FO by the IF offset.
RF Reference Circuits
Reference Input
BW (3 dB Bandwidth)
The minimum frequency band centered on the desired tuned frequency, FT, over which the total filter loss will not exceed IL + IR.
Hold Control
Lock Indicator
IL (Insertion Loss)
The insertion loss at a point in the bandwidth BW that exhibits the minimum value.
IR (Passband Ripple)
The maximum ripple, including magnetostatic modes occurring in the bandwidth BW.
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VSWR
Measured at the best point in the bandwidth BW.
RF (Half IF Rejection)
The minimum rejection, in a band BW/2 wide centered at one-half of the IF frequency from the tuned frequency FT and located between FT and FO. This half IF rejection is needed to determine rejection of a spurious intermodulation product in the receiver systems caused by 2L0, 2SIG combinations.
IF (Intermediate Frequency)
The offset frequency (+ or -) at which the bandwidth BW is centered from the reference frequency FO.
RI (IMAGE REJECTION)
The minimum rejection in a band BW wide centered at a frequency FI on the opposite side of FO from the passband (usually called the image band). In the case of zero offset (filter tracks on reference frequency) RI is defined as the minimum rejection 200 MHz from FT.
RC (LO REJECTION)
The minimum rejection at the reference frequency, FO. This is needed to determine the amount of LO suppression provided by the filter in receiver applications.
RH (HARMONIC REJECTION)
The minimum rejection at harmonics and subharmonics of the frequency FT within the specified tuning range.
IR 0 dB RF RH RI RC BW
IL
IF/2
IF FT/N FI FO
IF
FT
N x FT
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FT
OFFSET X 0 1 2 3 4 5 7
1 2
X 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
NO. STAGES & COARSE TUNE VOLTAGE Stages Tuning Voltage 2 0.0 to 10.0 V 4 0.0 to 10.0 V 2 1.0 V/GHz 4 1.0 V/GHz 2 0.5 V/GHz 4 0.5 V/GHz 2 0.25 V/GHz 4 0.25 V/GHz
TUNING RANGE X 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 9 GHz 0.5 to 2.0 2.0 to 8.0 6.0 to 18.0 8.0 to 18.0 2.0 to 18.0 18.0 to 26.5 20.0 to 40.0 2.0 to 26.5
Specials are assigned model numbers which are of the form FT2XXX. The last three digits are assigned sequentially. Any offset between 300 MHz are available on special order.
PARAMETER Tuning Range (GHz) Offset (MHz) BW (MHz, min) IL (dB, max) IR (dB, max) RF (Half IF) (dB, min) RC (Reference) (dB, min) RI (Image) (dB, min) RH (dB, min) Course Tune Voltage
4-STAGE FT1435 FT1056 2.0 to 18.0 18.0 to 26.5 -300 -160 15 20 6.0 6.0 1.5 2.0 70 25 70 50 70 70 80 70 1.0 V/GHz 0.5 V/GHz
* Fully compatible with C1001 Controller 1 Special Numbers Assigned Consult factory for availability of other tuning ranges and tuning voltages. All Specifications shown are for operating temperatures of 0 to 60C for commercial units and -55 to +85C for MIL-SPEC units.
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All Offsets
40 60 50 70 70 70 70 70 70
30 50 40 60 70 70 70 70 80
20 40 30 50 70 70 70 70 80
20 40 30 50 70 70 70 70 80
12 40 25 50 70 70 70 70 80
12 40 25 50 70 70 70 70 70
15 40 60 60 60 60 60
All Offsets
The above units have 0 to 10 volts coarse tuning; for other coarse tuning voltages available see Model Number System. All specifications shown are for operating temperatures of 0 to 60C for commercial units and -55 to +85C for MIL-SPEC units.
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Teledyne has introduced a line of digitally tuned closed-loop bandpass filters based on Ferretrac technology. Similar RF performance to the Ferretrac is available in a smaller and lighter package. Loop and control circuits are realized digitally, allowing for a zero droop sample-andhold, and the elimination of all potentiometers. Programmable logic arrays allow for frequency calibration and provide for system design flexibility
Features:
12 Bit Digital (TTL) Tuning Control Zero Droop Sample-and-Hold Reduced Size and Weight No Potentiometers
Typical RF Specifications
2-Stage Closed-Loop Bandpass Filters with +160 MHz Offsets [1]
2-Stages Tuning Range (GHz) BW (MHz min) IL (dB max) IR (dB max) RH (Harmonic Rej. dB min) Rejection with +160 MHz Offset (dB min) RF (Half IF) RC (Reference) RI (Image)
1. 2. 3.
12-Bit Digital Tuning Word Input: Low-end frequency corresponds to all zeros, high-end frequency corresponds to all ones. Consult factory for availability of other tuning ranges. All specifications shown are guaranteed for operating temperatures of 0 to 60C for commercial units and -55 to +85C for MIL-SPEC units
12-Bit Digital Tuning Word Input: Low-end frequency corresponds to all zeros, high-end frequency corresponds to all ones. Consult factory for availability of other tuning ranges. All specifications shown are guaranteed for operating temperatures of 0 to 60C for commercial units and -55 to +85C for MIL-SPEC units
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4-Stages FTD1751 0.5 to 2.0 15.0 8.0 70 FTD2510 2.0 to 20.0 15.0 8.0 80
12-Bit Digital Tuning Word Input: Low-end frequency corresponds to all zeros, high-end frequency corresponds to all ones. Consult factory for availability of other tuning ranges. All specifications shown are guaranteed for operating temperatures of 0 to 60C for commercial units and -55 to +85C for MIL-SPEC units
VSWR: 2.0:1 (Best Point) Tuning Speed: Tuning speed is the time
from the initiation of a tuning step to the presence of the desired bandwidth (BW) centered at the desired frequency (FT).
Step Size (GHz) 1 Tuning Time (msec max) 1 2 2 4 3 8 5 12 8 16 10
Figure 9. Ferretrac filters overcome this effect since, after acquisition by the loop, the filter tuning error AF is reduced to zero with a loop time constant of approximately 100 microseconds.
30 25 20
16GHz STEP
YIG filter tuning speed curves show a long time constant tail as shown in
F (MHz)
15 10 5 FT
10
15
20
25
30
Time mS
FERRETRAC +/- 0.5 MHz
Both MRU and PTD are present, even at a fixed ambient temperature. In Ferretrac filters both errors are reduced by the loop gain, providing a dramatic improvement in repeatability as illustrated in Figure 8.
+5 -5
Figure 8 Repeatability as a function of Tuning Step (GHz) shows the effects of Magnetic Relaxation Uncertainty (MRU) and Post Tuning Drift (PTD).
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Frequency Reference
RF Power Input No Damage (max) Source VSWR Required
Ferretrac:
+15 VDC 10% at 1 mA per MHz of offset plus 100 mA for zero or negative offset, or, plus 200 mA for positive offset. -15 VDC 10% at 60 mA, plus typically 50 mA times max frequency in GHz.
Reference Accuracy
The frequency of the signal fed to the reference port must be within 50 MHz of the frequency indicated by the tuning voltage. (Typical accuracy is 1 MHz relative to reference frequency.)
Outline Drawings:
See Ferretrac Outline Drawing 0200001 Rev. 6 on page 35. See Digital Closed-Loop Outline Drawing 0200182 Rev. 1 on page 35.
Standard TTL output, 2 loads Digital 0 0.4 .4 VDC Digital 1 3.5 1.5 VDC Logic 0 indicates in capture range Logic 1 indicates outside capture range, 3.5 1.5 VDC
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SWEEPER OR SYNTHESIZER RF
Figure 11 shows a closed-loop COUPLER RF filter used to clean-up a OUTPUT sweep oscillator or synthesizer. The voltage reference output RF CLOSED-LOOP INPUT of the sweeper (normally FILTER REF INPUT 1.0 or 0.5 V/GHz) is used to coarsely tune the filter, while a HOLD LOCK CONTROL INDICATOR sample of the signal RF output FILTER provides an RF reference for COARSE the loop circuits. The filter is TUNE then automatically centered on Figure 11 - Closed-Loop Filter in a source clean-up the signal reducing harmonics application and other spuriRECEIVER ous outputs of the RF MIXER RF source to the required level. INPUT OUTPUT Other applications of Teledyne closedIn this application, the filter IF REF INPUT bandwidth can be kept narrow loop filters can be found in the Teledyne CLOSED-LOOP HOLD OUTPUT Application Note FT3 Improving since the tracking is autoFILTER CONTROL Microwave Measurements with Ferretrac matic, and the output power Filters available on request. can be kept well leveled even COUPLER LOCK INDICATOR while sweeping, since there is no peaking needed to keep FILTER the signal at the minimum loss COARSE OSC TUNE TUNE LOCAL point of the passband. Best of OSCILLATOR all, there are no adjustments needed when changing the TUNING INPUT end limits of the frequency sweep, alternately switching Figure 10 - Closed-Loop Filter in a receiver preselector between different frequency application end limits, or randomly programming with a computer. In automatic test equipment, no separate computer controls are required. The Sweet oscillators and frequency synthesizclosed-loop filter is automatically IEEEers output harmonics and subharmonics 488 Bus compatible since it faithfully that are unacceptable to the user for many tracks any programmed signal from the applications. Scalar network analyzers, for source. example, cannot distinguish between fundamental and harmonic signal content,
Other Applications
Source Clean Up
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Temperature Drift
The change in resonant frequency (at a fixed coil current) corresponding to a change in ambient operating temperature. Teledyne filter designs are mechanically compensated to reduce this temperature drift.
Figure 12 Magnetic Relaxation Uncertainty Maximum frequency repeatability error at any fixed coil current due to unknown hysteresis bias of the magnet as a result of tuning speed, magnitude of step and/or direction, vibration, and mechanical and/or thermal shock. Maximum error is equal to hysteresis.
Tuning Speed
There are several factors affecting tuning speed including tuning coil and magnet design, method of tuning, driver design, etc. The nominal full-band switching speed is 10 milliseconds to approach within 0.5% of the final frequency (see page 16). For data on tuning speed for a particular application, consult Teledyne directly.
Limiting Level
The input power at which the input/output transfer characteristic exhibits a 1 dB compression.
Linearity
The maximum deviation of the tuned center frequency versus coil current from a best fit straight line over the specified operating frequency range.
Hysteresis
The maximum value of the differential tuned frequency, at the same coil current, when the coil is tuned slowly throughout
Teledyne YIG Bandpass filters must function in a dense electromagnetic signal environment where preselection is required to separate signals from spurious, to reject co-located high-level interference, and maximize receiver sensitivity.
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C - Commercial M - MIL
IR
IL
3dB
BW
BW (3 dB Bandwidth): The bandwidth measured where the insertion loss is 3 dB greater than the mini-mum loss value, IL.
sponses which cross through the filter passband. The filter ripple changes with tuning due to interstage coupling variations and frequency pulling of the YIG resonators. Spurious responses are due to magnetostatic modes that are excited in the YIG spheres. Some track the main filter response at a relatively fixed frequency offset while others tune at a different rate than the passband and appear to walk through the passband as it is tuned. Additional losses due to the spurious modes that track at a different rate than the filter passband are included in IR.
sured at any frequency outside of the filter passband skirts within the specified tuning range. It is usually measured by turning the filter off and observing the residual signal leakage level.
enced to IL of magnetostatic spurious modes that track at a nearly fixed offset from the main filter response. Since their frequency spacing can be controlled in the design by the choice of YIG material used, the system designer should specify any offset frequency range that is required to be free of spurious modes (i.e., the image frequency, local oscillator frequency, harmonics, etc.). These modes are typically only a few MHz wide.
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accomplish on a production basis, even for a 6-stage design. To provide a filter that not only meets the wide bandwidth and increased ORS requirement, and can also be built on a repeatable basis, Teledyne has developed an advanced technology 7-stage wide-band filter design. This second generation wideband filter technology has achieved the three primary design goals of: 1) Increased minimum bandwidth specification margin (550 to 600 MHz, versus 500 MHz), 2) Increased ORS suppression of 70 dB, for the worst-case system requirements of high IF image suppression and 1 GHz IF, and 3) Achieving these specifications on a consistent and repeatable basis, to support large production quantities. This wide bandwidth filter is ideal for wideband ELINT receivers. They are primarily used in the 8-18.0 GHz band, but are also suited for usage over the extended 6-18.0 GHz frequency range, with only minor performance tradeoffs. In addition to increasing margin for key filter specifications such as minimum BW, off-resonance spurious, and off-resonance isolation, Teledynes advanced technology maintains excellent input and output VSWR while minimizing passband spurious and ripple. These wideband filters can be built and aligned in an efficient, cost-effective manner, resulting in a filter which can be shipped in large quantities, with consistent repeatable performance. The filters are packaged in a 1.7 cube, and can be supplied with drivers (digital or analog), if required. For increased spurious suppression and selectivity requirements, additional stages can be accommodated with the current technology.
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15 25 23 8.0 85 5
[2] [2]
TELEDYNE MICROWAVE
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Typical Specifications
Analog Driver: Tuning Voltage:
0 to +10V (OV = Low-end frequency, +10V = High-end frequency)
Start Frequency
Below 1 GHz 0 dBm CW Above 1 GHz +10 dBm
Latch (Optional):
Power Supply:
+15V10% at 50 mA -15V10% at 50 mA plus tuning coil current requirements (see individual filter specification). For example, an F1073 filter will draw an additional 900 mA when tuned to 18 GHz. +5V at 30 mA +28V: See appropriate filter specification.
RF Connectors: Type SMA-Female Tuning & Heater Terminals: Solder Pins or Operating Temperature:
Multi-pin Connector (see outline drawings) Commercial Units: 0C to +60C MIL Units: -55C to +85C
Connector: See appropriate outline drawing Note that various driver options are available for Teledyne filters. Options include 12V bias, positive or negative drivers (coil current drawn from the positive or negative supply), and various outline configurations. Please consult factory for details.
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TELEDYNE MICROWAVE
Band-Reject Filters
Introduction
Teledyne band-reject filters are designed for high performance, producibility, and maximum reliability in military or commercial systems. Using recent breakthroughs in BRF technology, the overall notch depth and rejection BW is increased while maintaining a minimum 3 dB bandwidth. With a nominal filter skirt selectivity of up to 96 dB/octave, a 16stage band-reject filter allows the system designer to notch out an undesired signal while sacrificing the smallest possible system operational bandwidth. Standard designs with 10-, 12-, and 16-stages are available in 1.4-inch and 1.7-inch packages. Depending on customer requirements, Teledyne band-reject filters are available as a stand-alone filter, filter with analog or digitally tuned, 12-bit driver. Closed-loop band-reject filters are also available for signal suppression applications. filter designs are fully characterized via analysis and computer modeling, and then properly implemented. The result is a band-reject filter that exhibits high performance and reliability, and is inherently producible. For notch filters with drivers, each Teledyne driver is individually matched to its specific filter using computer-selected resistors to minimize the effects of driver drift over time. Together with MILspecified components, the Teledyne driver has been optimized to insure long-term reliability and operation with a band-reject filter, in any environment, military or commercial.
Technical Discussion
YIG-tuned band-reject filter bandwidths are inherently frequency dependent, since the equivalent circuit can be modeled as a set of parallel resonant circuits separated by quarter-wavelength impedance inverters. As such, the filter design can only be optimized for a single frequency, typically at the mid-point of the tuning range. In addition, the individual YIG sphere coupling bandwidths are proportional to tuned frequency. The net effect of both factors is that, unlike the bandpass filter, whose bandwidth is essentially constant with frequency, a YIG-tuned notch filter will have a bandwidth which is approximately proportional to frequency. As a result, to produce a notch filter with the ideal characteristics of maximum rejection BW and notch depth, and minimum values of 3 dB BW, VSWR, insertion loss, and spurious, Teledyne
Teledyne band-reject filters are available as a stand-alone filter, filter with analog or digitally tuned, 12-bit driver. Closed-loop band-reject filters are also available for signal suppression applications.
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These band-reject filters are available with 12-bit digital or analog drivers, or as stand-alone units. These units are also available in closed-loop versions, both the standard analog version Ferretrac units and the latest digital closed-loop version.
Increased notch depth: 50 to 100 dB. Increased notch BW: 60 MHz @ 70 dB for a narrowband 12-stage unit. Decreased 3 dB BW: 100 MHz, max, for a 60 MHz notch at the 70 dB point.
2.
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Band-Reject Filter
RF Parameters See Figure 14
ORS 0 dB 3dB IL
RB
FT
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TELEDYNE MICROWAVE
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Instrumentation Products
Scalar Network Analyzer enhancements
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Outline Drawings
1.4" BANDPASS FILTER, 2/4-STAGE OUTLINE #1,(0200009-REV B)
NOTES: (UNLESS OTHERWISE SPECIFIED) 1. DC CONNECTION: SOLDER PINS EI-E4 2. El, E4 LABELED AT THE FACTORY, LOCATIONS MAY BE REVERSED.
CONN J1 J2 DC DC DC DC
J1 1.40 [35.56]
.70 [17.78]
J2
. XX
.38 [9.53] TYP
. XXX
INCHES [MILLIMETERS]
NOTES: (UNLESS OTHERWISE SPECIFIED) 1. DC CONNECTOR: ITT CANNON DE-9P (MATING CONN. DE-9S OR EQUVALENT)
.70 2 PL [17.8]
.90 2 PL [22.9]
1.02 [25.9]
1.62 [41.1]
2.620 [66.55]
FUNCTION RF IN RF OUT +15V DC COMMON -l5V DC V TUNE N/C N/C HEATER +2BV DC HEATER RETURN N/C
1.100 [27.94]
1.40 [35.6]
. XX . XXX
2.90 [73.66]
INCHES [MILLIMETERS]
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Outline Drawings
1.7" BANDPASS FILTER, 2/4-STAGE
OUTLINE #3,
(0200010-REV B)
1.70 [43.2] .85 [22] 1.70 [43.2] LABEL AREA .15 [3.8]
1.70 [43.2]
J1
J1
E1
E2
E3
E4
J2 .85 [22]
TELEDYNE MICROWAVE
J1
E1 E2 E3 E4
2. El,E4 LABELED AT THE FACTORY, LOCATIONS MAY BE REVERSED. CONN J1 J2 DC DC DC DC PIN NO. SMA SMA E1 E2 E3 E4 FUNCTION RF INPUT RF OUTPUT COIL + HEATER HEATER COIL -
. XX . XXX
INCHES [MILLIMETERS]
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Outline Drawings
1.7" BANDPASS FILTER W/ANALOG DRIVER OUTLINE #6, (0200091-REV 1)
J2 (RF OUTPUT) LABEL AREA CHAMFER .12 X 45 2 PLCS R .22, 2 PLCS
NOTES: (UNLESS OTHERWISE SPECIFIED) 1. DC CONNECTOR: POSITRONIC SMPL9MOTOLB (MATING CONN. SGMC9FOT0000 OR EQUIVALENT)
.24 [6.1]
J3
CONN-PIN-FUNCTION J1SMA- RF INPUT J2SMA- RF OUTPUT A J3+ 15 V B COMMON -15 V C D HTR + E HTR F N/C N/C H J V TUNE + J3V TUNE K
2.95 [74.9]
2.00 [50.8]
1.500 [38.10]
.25 [6.3]
.19 [4.83]
J1 (RF INPUT)
CONN J1 J2 J3
J3
FUNCTION RF INPUT RF OUTPUT LATCH BIT 11 BIT 12 (LSB) N/C BIT 9 BIT 10 N/C BIT 7 BIT 8 +15V BIT 5 BIT 6 COMMON BIT 3 BIT 4 -15V BIT 1 (MSB) BIT 2 N/C N/C +5V N/C N/C N/C +28V -28V RTN
.85 2 PL [22] 2 PL
J3 2.00 [50.8]
.57 [15]
2.00 [50.8]
1.500 [38.10]
.25 [6.3]
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Outline Drawings
1.4" BAND-REJECT FILTER OUTLINE #8, (0200113-REV A)
1.40 [35.6] .15 [3.8] .57 [4.3]
CONN J1 J2 DC DC DC DC
1.40 [35.6]
. XX
.17 TYP [4.3] LABEL AREA 4X .12 [3] X 45 CHAMFER
. XXX
INCHES [MILLIMETERS]
.38 [9.6]
.39 [9.9]
.63 [16.0]
J1 1.40 [35.6]
J2 E1 E2 E3 E4
.70 [17.8]
1.70 [43.2]
. XX . XXX
CONN J1 J2 DC DC DC DC
INCHES [MILLIMETERS]
.38 [9.6]
.54 [13.7]
.63 [16.0]
J1 1.70 [43.2]
J2
E1E2 E3 E4
.85 [21.6]
IDENT LABEL
CONN J1 J2 J3
.19 [4.83]
J2
P1 2.00 [50.8]
2.08 [52.7]
.57 [15]
J3
NOTES: (UNLESS OTHERWISE SPECIFIED) DC CONNECTOR: POSITRONIC SMPL26MOTOLB (MATING CONN. OR EQUIVALENT) PIN NO.- FUNCTION SMA RF INPUT SMA RF OUTPUT A LATCH B BIT 11 C BIT 12 (LSB) D N/C E BIT 9 F BIT 10 H N/C J BIT 7 K BIT 8 L +15V M BIT 5 N BIT 6 P COMMON R BIT 3 S BIT 4 T -15V U BIT 1 (MSB) V BIT 2 W N/C X N/C Y +5V TOLERANCE Z N/C [.76] *.03 . XX a N/C b N/C . XXX *.005 [.127] c +28V INCHES [MILLIMETERS] d -28V RTN
TELEDYNE MICROWAVE
TELEDYNE MICROWAVE
1274 Terra Bella Avenue, Mountain View, CA 94043 Tel: 1.800.832.6869 or +1.650.962.6944 Fax: +1.650.962.6845 www.teledynemicrowave.com microwave@teledyne.com
Outline Drawings
1.7" BAND-REJECT FILTER W/ANALOG DRIVER OUTLINE #11,(0200182-REV 1)
CONN-PIN-FUNCTION J1SMA- RF INPUT J2SMA- RF OUTPUT A J3+ 15 V B COMMON -15 V C D HTR + E HTR F N/C N/C H J V TUNE + J3V TUNE K
CHAMFER .12 X 45 2 PLCS LABEL AREA R .22, 2 PLCS
.23 [5.7]
.24 [6.1]
.54 [13.7]
.62 [15.7]
.80 [20]
J2
P1
"A" PIN
1.07 [27.2]
2.95 [74.9]
1.500 [38.10]
.12 [3.2]
.25 [6.3]
CONN J1 J2 J3
.62 [15.7]
.88 [22.3]
NOTES: (UNLESS OTHERWISE SPECIFIED) 1, DC CONNECTOR: ITT CANNON DE-9P (MATING CONN. DE-9S OR EQUIVALENT)
J3
.88 [22] J1
FUNCTION RF INPUT RF OUTPUT REF IN +15V DC GND -15V DC V TUNE SAMPLE & HOLD LOCK INDICATOR HEATER +28V HEATER RETURN (FACTORY TST PT.)
.62 [15.7]
J3
J2
2.18 [55.3]
.25 [6.4]
MODEL # S/N:
D/C:
MADE IN USA
2.13 [54.0]
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