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NATIONAL ADVISORY COMMITTEE FOR AERONAUTICS

TECHNICAL NOTE 2289

ELASTIC

CONSTANTS SANDWICH

FOR

CORRUGATED-CORN PLATES

By

Charles Langtey

Libove Aeronautical Langley"

and

RM.ph

E.

I--Iubka

Laboratory Va.
)

Field,

,Washington ebruary
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U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE Service

National Technical Information

NACA-TN-2289

ELASTIC SANDWICH

CONSTANTS PLATES

FOR

CORRUGATED-CORE

Langley Langley

Aeronautical Field, VA

Laboratory

Feb

51

NATIONAL DVISORY OMMITTEE A C FORAERONAUTICS TECHNICAL NOTE2289 ELASTICCONSTANTS FORCORRUGATED-CORE SANDWICH PLATES By Charles Libove and Ralph E. Hubka SUMMARY The sandwich plate consisting of corrugated sheet fastened between two face sheets is considered. Application of existing theories to the analysis of such a sandwich plate requires the knowledge of certain elastic constants. Formulas and charts are presented for the evaluation of these constants. The formulas for three of these constants were checked experimentally and found to give values in close agreement with the experimental values. INTRODUCTION A type of sandwich plate for which practical use has recently been found in airplane-wing construction consists of a corrugated metal sheet fastened, at its crests and troughs, to two ordinary metal sheets (see_ for example, fig. i). The main advantage of this t_e of sandwich is that the corrugated-sheet core not only serves to separate the faces and, ther@by, to achieve high flexural stiffness, but it also carries a share of any compressive loading applied parallel to the corrugations and any edgewise shear loading. This type of sandwich has been called cardboard-box construction (reference i) and also double-skin construction. It is referred to herein as corrugated-core sandwich plate. Plate theories applicable to the symmetrical type of corrugated-core sandwich, illustrated in figure l(a), have been developed in reference 2 for flat plates and in reference 3 for curved plates, a These theories are essentially homogeneous orthotropic-plate theories extended to include deflections due to transverse shear, which can be significant for the corrugated-core sandwich plate because of the relatively flexible
core.

plates

aThe precedent of the type type

established in shown in figure of corrugation

reference 4 of referring to sandwich l(a) as symmetrical is adhered to in this figure is also called

herein. The symmetrical.

shown

NACA

TN 2289

Application of the general sandwich-plate theories of references 2 and 3 to any particular type of sandwich requires a knowledge of certain elastic constants for that type of sandwich plate. These constants describe the distortions associated with simple loadings. They include two Dx and transverse and Ey_ Dy_ a shear stiffnesses stiffness Gxy3 two DQx and DQy, two bending moduli _x x and and _' y stiffnesses Ex _y

a twisting

Dxy _ two two

stretching ratios _'

shearing with with

modulus and

Poisson's ratios

associated associated

bending_ stretching.

Poisson's

The purpose of the present paper is to present formulas for evaluating these elastic constants for the corrugated-core type of sandwich plate. For the sake of completeness, formulas are also developed for evaluating the additional elastic constants that would needed for a unsymmetrical by Cxx_ Cxy_ rigorous type of Cy x, by extension sandwich. Cyy, and of the These T_ sandwich-plate theories to the additional constants_ denoted coupling The - for example, and

be

describe forces. DQy case

the

curvatures

produced

extensional stiffness 4 for the

derivation

formulas

for the transverse shear those given in reference

are essentially the in which interference

same as between

corrugation flats and face sheets is neglected_ but are extended slightly to include the effects of stretching of the corrugation (in addition to bending) and the prevention of anticlastic curvature in the elements of the sandwich plate. The former effect can be important when the sandwich cross section approaches a truss_ the latter_ because the length of the sandwich plate parallel to the corrugation axis is several times the corrugation pitch. The results obtained for the bending and twisting stlffnesses Dx, Dy, and Dxy for the symmetrical sandwich correspond to the slightly less precise formulas of reference 5. (Transverse shear stiffness was not evaluated in this reference. A slight difference in definition the present Because of the paper.) the formulas developed are generally rather involved_ charts symbols Dx and Dy exists between reference 5 and

are presented for one of them_ the transverse shear stiffness DQy, and approximations are given for several of the others_ together with the results of numerical investigations of the accuracy of these approximations. In calculating the charts and in investigating the accuracy of approximate formulas_ a family of corrugation shapes consisting of straight lines and circular arcs was considered. The bend radii of the corrugation_ measured to the center line, were generally taken as 0.18 times the corrugation depth hc_ but departures from this value were also considered_ as were departures from symmetry.

NACA 2289 TN

As a check on the formulas, bending and twisting tests were run on samples of a corrugated-core sandwich plate. Experimental values of bending stiffness Dy, transverse shear stiffness DQy_and twisting stiffness Dxy were obtained and comparedwith the theoretical values. The function of the elastic constants in a sandwich-plate theory is first briefly described. A section follows in which the formulas for the elastic constants for the corrugated-core sandwich are summarized. The tests and comparison between theory and experiment are then described_ a discussion section follows, and a section of concluding remarks ends the body of the paper. The symbols used in the body of the paper are listed and defined in appendix A. A number of them are also defined in the text where they first appear. Appendixes B to E contain the theoretical derivations. THEFUNCTION OFTHEELASTICCONSTANTS IN SANDWICH-PIATE THEORY The sandwich-plate theories of references 2 and 3 are based on a structural idealization of the sandwich as a plate of continuous construction with material which is orthotropic with respect to the mutually perpendicular x-, y-, and z-directions. The modulus of elasticity in the z, or thickness, direction is assumedto be infinite_ that is, local buckling of the faces is not considered and the over-all thickness is assumedto remain constant. Straight material lines normal to the middle surface are assumedto remain straight, but not necessarily normal to the middle surface, during distortion of the plate. This idealized structure can adequately represent a corrugated-core sandwich plate of either the symmetrical or unsymmetrical type for many practical purposes, provided the core has sufficient stiffness to keep the over-all thickness of the plate essentially constant and provided the plate width (perpendicular to the corrugation axis] is manytimes the corrugation pitch. If the symmetrical type of sandwich (fig. iCa)) is to be represented, then the elastic properties of the idealized-plate material may be regarded as varying symmetrically about the middle surface through the thickness. In order to represent the behavior of the unsymmetrical type of sandwich (fig. l(b)), the elastic properties of the idealized-plate material must be thought of as varying nonsymmetrically with respect to the middle surface. The behavior of a differential element of the idealized sandwich plate under load can be described by a set of force-distortion relationships. For an element of the symmetrical type of idealized sandwich

NACA 2289 TN

(fig. l(a)), subjected to forces and momentsas shown in figure 2(a), these relationships, as developed in references 2 and 3, are
_2w Mx _! 1 _Qx _x --Dx + _ My + _ x_2

(1) (2)

_2w _x
_y2 - D x Mx

_
- Dy

i--_
+ DQy _y

_x -

Nx

_'y

Ex

F 7

Ny

(3)

_'x Nx + Ny
_Y = Ex Ey

(4)

_2w -_+
_x _y Dxy

_Qx _)y

1 +---

1 _x

(5)

2 DQx

2 DQy

-- _
7_ 82w where surface quantities the loading distortion are amount zero of 82w ---_3 and 82w Gxy

(6)

_x

2'

_y
_x,

_x _y
and _x, the Fxy

are are

the the

curvatures strains appear Each For to equation produced

and of in the

twist middle

of

the

middle The of a

and

ey, Dy, are by Mx,

surface.

Dx, terms produced except curvature

and so elastic simple

on which constants. loading.

the coefficients constant describes if all is Mxloadings the

example, (1), per unit

then, in the

according x-direction

_ _1 Dx of

more

The behavior complex than

of the unsymmetrical type of sandwich (fig. that of the symmetrical type. In particular, among the distortions may in general produce

l(b)) is a certain

amount of coupling extensional forces

may be erpected; for example, curvatures as well as extensions.

The same type of coupling can be expected in a symmetrical sandwich subjected to unsymmetrical loading. In setting up force-distortion relationships for an element of the unsymmetrical type of sandwich, loading on the element will be generalized as shown in figure 2(b). The the forces middle Nx, plane; Ny, and has Nxy an are no longer plane assumed of to be applied

the in "

each

arbitrary

application,

denoted

NACA

TN 2289

by I, II_ and Ill_ respectively. measured in these same respective ships for equations the (i) element to (6): are then

The strains planes. The by the

_xJ _y_ and 7xy are force-dlstortion relationgeneralization of

given

following

_2w

_x-7 - o-_ Dy = +

Mx

_Y My

ICxxNx

c_:

+ DQx-

_Ov

(i')

_2w

_x

My+,

'

_y2 = D-_ Mx- Dy

_x : , -CxxMx i
........

',%xNx + C_y,,

+ D% _y

(2')
(3')

Nx - Cyx_, I + -- - _'Y Ny Ex Ey

% : ',Cx_x- c_: i I

- _'___x _z Nx +
Ex %

(4')

8x 8y Dxy

'TNxy' ,

+ , 2 DQx ()y

+-2 DQy

(5') 8x

7xy

, = ' 2TMxy ,

Nxy ', + , Gxy

(6')

The

boxed

terms

are

the The

terms

that

have

been

added

to

express so on

the boxed

coupling

behavior.

coefficients

Cxx _

Cxy _ and

in the each of the

terms are the coupling elastic constants. coupling elastic constant in two equations reciprocity reciprocity theorem theorem for are elastic that _x -Dx structures. = _y Dy and

The presence of is a consequence (Further _'_ _ Ex

consequences

of

the

= _'Yl _. Ey / II, and IIl_ Plane I may Cxy or Cyy of

some chosen

Through a proper choice of uncoupling may be effected so that Cxx or Cy x is

locations for for any given zero_ plane

planes I, sandwich. II so that

be

is zero_ and the coupling

plane III so that elastic constants

T may

is zero. Thus_ in general_ be made equal to zero. In

three special

6 cases, proper choice of locations in still further uncoupling. For choosing these planes to coincide causes all the coupling constants

NACA 2289 TN of planes I, II, and III will result the symmetrical sandwich_ of course, at the middle surface of the plate to vanish.

THEORETICAL RESULTS Elastic Constants for Symmetrical Sandwich In appendixes B to E, derivations are madeof formulas for the elastic constants for the general corrugated-core sandwich plate. The formulas obtained are nowgiven in reduced form for use in conjunction with the force-distortion equations (1) to (6) for the symmetrical sandwich plate. Generally, the subscript C denotes the core, and the subscripts 1 and 2 denote the lower and upper faces, respectively. In this section, however, only symmetrical sandwiches are considered and the subscript 1 is used for both faces. It should be kept in mindj therefore, that the definitions of manyof the terms appearing in the following formulas for the elastic constants apply only to the symmetrical type of sandwich.
Bending bending stiffnesses.Dx The and formulas Dy are obtained in appendix B for the

stiffnesses

Dx

= EYx

(7)

1where i + _ El tl h2

2 1 - 7x]

_x

= EC_C

1 E-Iy = _ Eltl h2

Poisson's modulus modulus of of

ratio

of

face of of

sheet face core

material sheet material, psi psi

E1 EC

elasticity elasticity

material,

_CA TN 2289
I

7
moment of inertia, area of each per about face middle unit middle sheet, width, plane, inches of face sheets, inches of corrugation inches3 cross-

IC

sectional tI h thickness distance

between

surfaces

For core

practical is often to

sandwiches, small cross ___ Elx (8)

the

moment with the

of

inertia of

_C

contributed which the

by

the

compared sections

moment

inertia

faces In

contribute such to cases,

perpendicular unity_ and

to the the

corrugations.

is very may be

nearly

following

approximation

equation

made

(8,)
This approximation implies a neglect corrugation on the Poisson expansion Results of a numerical survey of the given type in table at I the for top the of symmetrical the table. of the restraining effect of the or contraction of the face sheets. accuracy of this apDroximatio_ are sandwich The table = 1.0 gives the of the of common the

shown

ratio

approximate value of Dy, value of Dy, as computed mate value figurations

as computed from equation (8'), to the exact from equation (8). The error in the approxiover a large part of the range of conextreme cases, no more than 6 percent. with bending..bending The _x formulas and _y obtained are

is seen to be small considered and, in ratios associated

Poisson's

for the Poisson's (see appendix B)

ratios

associated

with

_x

= _i

(9)

:
Extensional tne case, extensional are stiffnesses.stiffnesses Ex The

Dx

(lO)
obtained reduced to in appendix the B for

formulas Ey,

and

symmetrical

Ex = EAx

(ll)

NACA

TN

2289

%
Ey =

(12)

i
where EA--- : EcA C x + 2Elt I

12(l 1

E-Ay = 2Elt I
B

area, per unit perpendicular If, once again, or zero ion: the restraining

width, of corrugation to corrugation axis, effect faces ._x EAy as of the

cross section inches on is, gives the _ the Poisson is following

corrugation / {that (12)

expansion taken as

contraction and,

of the

is neglected i), / equation

therefore,

approximat

Ey ~
The error in this in the _x approximation to larger is somewhat Dy, since its larger the than the error of

(12')

obtained core to

approximation

contribution to of the

the The of the

is relatively

than

contribution values

El x. ratio

error is indicated approximate to the Poisson's (appendix and _'y B) are

in table I, exact values associated Poisson's

where numerical are tabulated. with ratios extension.associated

ratios for the

The with

formulas extension

obtained _'x

x=_l

_z
_'y = _'x Ex

(14)

Twistin_ stiffness.The following appendix C for the twisting stiffness

formula Dxy:

was

obtained

in

Oxy = ea-7

(15)

NACA _N 2289
where i _-y : _ Gltl h2

GI The stiffness

shear Dxy

modulus is

of

elasticity of flow the

of

face

sheet of

material, the core

psi since be

independent the shear

properties

symmetry zero.

requires

that

in the

corrugated-core

sheet

Horizontal is given (see

shear appendix

stiffness.C) by

The

horizontal

shear

stiffness

Gxy

a_
where Gctc GA= 2 + 2Glt I

= G--Z

(16)

Xc

GC tC

shear

modulus of

of

elasticity

of

core

material, inches

psi

thickness Transverse shear The transverse axis DQy

corrugated-core

sheet,

axis.-

stiffness in planes perpendicular to corrugation shear stiffness in planes perpendicular to the is given (see appendix D) by the formula

corrugation

= Sh _
where

(17)

depth of corrugation, measured line at crest to center line appendix PC S Poisson's D), ratio inches of core material

vertically at trough

from center (see fig. D5

of

nondimensional corrugation_ section, and parts

coefficient

depending

upon

shape

of

relative proportions of the material properties

sandwich cross of the component

i0

NACA 2289 TN

Formulas for evaluating S are derived in appendix D. Because of the complexity of these formulas, a number of charts were computed which give S directly for the common type of sandwich with corrugation crosssectional shape consisting of straight lines and circular arcs. The charts of figure 3 are for the case in which the core and faces have the samematerial properties. They give S for a wide range of RC I geometric proportions but are restricted to the value 0.18 for --, hC where RCI is the corrugation center-llne bend radius. This restriction was madeprimarily for computational convenience, but it is generally consistent with corrugation shapes that have been considered for sandwich construction. The effect on S of departing from the value 0.18 for RC I can be estimated from figure 4(a), where a number of curves of S are hc RCI given for values of -of 0.12 and 0.24 as well as 0.18. Cross plots hC based on the charts of figure 3 would indicate that S becomesrelatively insensitive to the ratio
was not

hC t_c at higher values of this ratio.

in the coefficient S in equation

For
(17).

that reason \_C/

The the

included

than

effect on S face material

of using a core may be estimated EC

materiaA of different modulus from figure 4(b). Curves of

are 4.30

plotted (steel 3,

for

values

of

_ii

of

0.23 along of

(magnesium with S is the

core, basic to

steel curves, be

faces) from

and

core, Ec for E1

magnesium - 1.00.

faces) The

figure

value in

seen

relatively the core

insensitive to large and the face sheets. If bot,h departures taneously be obtained determined <that is,

differences

elastic

modulus

between

from

the

conditions and

of

figure

3 occur effect

simulon S as may

RCI

_ 0.18h C by 4(a)

E C / El) , the the individual

approximately from figures

superposing and 4(b).

effects

figure

For symmetrical 3, 4(a), or

configurations _(b), S may be

not covered by the charts of computed from equation (DI9)

of

NACA 2289 TN

Ii

appendix D, used in conjunction with the auxiliary equations (D20) and (DI5), with ky and kz taken as i. If, besides being symmetrical, the corrugation center line consists of straight lines and circular arcs, then equations (D22) and (D23) or (D24) may be used instead of equations (DIS). This system of equations was used to compute the charts previously described.
A to Transverse shear general formula for the corrugation stiffness in planes parallel to corrugation axis.the transverse shear stiffness in planes parallel DQx , as derived in appendix E_ is

axis

Dqx

Gc It c h Z Pro Q ds

( 18 )

where I moment of inertia of to yz-plane_ taken y-axis, inches 4 corrugation pitch, width about 2p of cross section parallel centroidal axis parallel to

2p

inches leg E-3) measured along the center

length of one corrugation line, inches (see fig. coordinate measured inches (see fig. The quantity Q is the static plane for symmetrical sandwich) along E-3)

center

line

of

corrugation

leg,

moment about the centroidal of the cross-hatched area

axis (middle in figure E-I. core I

If materials having different moduli of elasticity are used for the and faces_ a transformed cross section should be used in computing and Q. An approximate in the derivation, by the face corrugation, formula, a bending which moment is more practicable_ Mx is assumed to constant is thus is obtained be resisted

ifj only

sheets. and the

The assumption leads to following approximation

shear flow obtained:

in the

Gctc h2

_ GCfC 2

(18')

The results as compared

of a numerical with equation

investigation (18) are given

of the accuracy in table I.

of

equation

(18')

12 Elastic Constants for General Case

NACA 2289 TN

The general formulas for the elastic constants derived in appendixes B to E are now to be discussed. These formulas, used in conjunction with the force-distortion equations (i') to (6'), describe the distortions of an element of either the symmetrical or unsymmetrical sandwich plate loaded as shown in figure 2(b). The symbols appearing in the formu/as are defined in appendix A.
Elastic formulas Dy, given _x, by for _y, constants the associated with flexure with Cxx_ and extension.and Cyx, extension and Cyy General Dx, are apply

constants Ey_ (B25)

associated _'x, to _'y, of

flexure Cxy, B.

Ex,

equations

(B36)

appendix

These

formulas

to a sandwich with arbitrarily shaped corrugation, in and lower face sheets may differ in thickness, modulus Poisson's ratio and in which the loading planes I and chosen. Appreciable practical face then sheet apply. It is (B25') evident from both sets of to (B36') that the values these equations of the constants simplification that are the equal of the Poisson's (_2 formulas ratios results of the

which the upper of elasticity, and II are arbitrarily

from upper(B25')

the and to lower(B36')

assumption materials

= _i)"

Equations

and

(B25) to (B36) associated with (Cxx , Cxy , II in which If these of

extension (Ex, Cyx_ Cyy) are the stretching are

/

Ey, _'x, _'y) and the coupling constants dependent upon the location of planes I and forces at Nx the and Ny, respectively, of the are

applied. cross

forces

applied

centroids

transformed
JJ

sections

_<t ot
simplification of the formulas reduce to equations (B25") to takes p1_ce. (B36"). The sandwich the approximations by equations to (8') Dy and when used, and (12') kll Ey may given also

Equations

(B25')

to

(B36')

f'or tile symmetrical be assumed _2 and to apply When should to these be

unsymmetrical

sandwich are

= k_y

and Ely

= _i" E-Ay

approximate evaluated equations

expressions

however,

from their general formulas (B20) of appendix B. Table of the the _ccuracy unssqnmetrical

as given in I gives the

appendix results

A or from of a numerical for Dy The errors

investigation and Ey for

of tile approximate expressions sandwich = 0._0 and 0.50

NACA TN

2289

13

resulting the same sandwich.

from order

use for

of the approximate the unsymmetrical

expressions sandwich as

are seen to be of for the symmetrical

Elastic Formulas for shear Dxy ,

constants associated with twisting and the constants associated with twisting Gxy , and C. The T are of given Gxy by and equations T depend

horizontal shear.and horizontal (C36), the and (C37) of

(C35), upon

in appendix plane III horizontal is, the letting symbol

values

location

in which the shear force

horizontal shear force at the shear center of k_ causes is defined

is applied. Locating the the cross section (that by equation constant formulas (C31) T for to this or in

kll I = kG-_, where list of appendix A)

the

coupling The

vanish and simplifies the case are equations (C35'), As for the constants

expression for Gx_. (C36'), and (C37'). associated with flexure

and

extension_

a is

simplification in the completely neglected. approximation:

formula for Dxy occurs if the corrugation Equation (C35) then gives the following

Dxy

= 2G--_

h2

(Gltl)(C2t2) Gltl + G2t2

(19)

The results of a numerical are given in table I. The mate formula is seen to be case = i , no error at

survey of the accuracy error incurred through generally quite small. all results from neglect

of this approximation the use of the approxiFor the symmetrical of the core since

symmetry

requires

the shear (17)

corrugation stiffness which gives

shear in planes the

flow

to

be

zero. to corrugation DQy

Transverse axis.Equation

perpendicular shear

transverse

stiffness

for the symmetrical sandwich also applies to the unsymmetrical sandwich provided the coefficient S is obtained from formulas or charts which apply specifically to the unsymmetrical sandwich. Figure 3 gives extensive charts for evaluating S for a symmetrical sandwich with faces and core of the same material and with the corrugation center line consisting of straight lines and circular arcs_ the latter having a radius of curvature of 0.i$_. Figure 4(a) shows the effect of using a radius of curvature other than 0.18hc, and figure 4(b), the effect ol_ using core material different from that of the faces. The rest of figure 4 is devoted to showing separately the effects on S of two departures from symmetry for a sandwich that is otherwise the saF_e as that c:onsidered in figure J. Figure 4(c) is f'or a case in which the nonsymmetry is due to the core and consists in the lower and upper flats

14

NACA 9289 TN

being of unequal width; figure 4(d) applies when the core is symmetrical but the faces are of unequal thickness. No chart is given for the case in which the core is symmetrical and the face thicknesses equal but in which the nonsymmetry arises from the use of a different material for the lower face than for the upper face. However, for nonsymmetry of this type, S can generally be cbtained quite accurately by assuming, first, that both faces are of the upper-face material and_ next, that both faces are of the lower-face material and averaging the two values S1 and S2 thus obtained in the following manner:

s-7-or

1.26 S =

SIS 2

SI 3 +

$23 from the lower face, either determined approximately by the two values obtained by as the upper face and next that The error in such an approxima-

In general, when the upper face is different in thickness or material or both, S can be averaging in the previously described manner first assuming that both faces are the same both faces are the same as the lower face. tion will generally be less than 3 percent.

For evaluated equations then some auxiliary

an unsymmetrical from equation (D18) and

sandwich (D17) used if the results

not covered by in conjunction corrugation

the charts, S may with the auxiliary is symmetrical, in the

be

(Dlg)j

itself ky

simplification equations.

from

taking

= kz = 1

If the corrugation center llne circular arcs_ then equations (D21) instead of equations (D15). If, in symmetrical and if ky and kz then equations (D22) may replace Transverse Equations (18) stiffness sandwich. applied to DQx The the

consists of straight lines and and (D23) or (D2_) may be used addition, the corrugation is as 1 in (D21). equations (D18),

are taken equations

shear stiffness in planes parallel and (18') for the evaluation of the for a symmetrical sandwich also

to corru_atlon axls.transverse shear to the unsymmetrical when

apply

error of the unsymmetrical

approximate formula (equation (18')) sandwich is indicated in table I.

NACA 2289 TN EXPERIMENTAL EVALUATIONF Dy, O

15

DQy, AND Dxy

General Summary The elastic-constant formulas that were thought to need experimental verification were those which dependedto a large extent in their derivation upon the assumption that the thickness of the core remains essentially constant or that the corrugation cross section is undistorted. Amongthese, the formulas for Dy, DQy, and Dxy were selected for checking because these constants could be experimentally evaluated through simple bending and twisting tests on sandwich beamsand panels as described schematically in appendix A of reference 2. The test sandwich was of the symmetrical type. The core consisted of a readily available Alclad 24S-T36 aluminum-alloy standard circularly corrugated sheet having a nominal thickness of 0.032 inch and a nominal over-all depth of 3/4 inch. The faces were of 24S-T3 aluminum-alloy sheet having a nominal thickness of 0.064 inch. Two test specimens were used: A beamfor the evaluation of Dy and DQy and a panel for the evaluation of Dxy. Although blind riveting was necessary only on one side of the panel, it was used on both sides in order to maintain symmetry. On the beamdriven rivets were used in both faces since the beamwas relatively narrow. The results in the following properties were EC = i0_300,000 of the tests and comparisons with theory ar@ wsummarized table. In computing the theoretical values the following assumed: E1 = E2 = 10,500,000 pounds per square inch_ pounds per square inch, and _I = _2 = 7"

D%
( in. -ib ) Range of experimental values Theoretical value
aComputed beam tested was curvatures were with ( ib/in. 4010 )

Dxy ( in. -ib )

221,000 224,000 220,000

_i = _2

182,000 4310

a4300

177,000

= _C

= 0

because

the

relatively therefore

narrow assumed

and Poisson to be unrestrained.

16 Test and Analysis Evaluation of

Dy.The dimensions of the test beam

NACATN 2289

are

shown

in

figure 5(a). The beam was supported on two knife edges as shown in figures 5(b) and 5(c) and loaded near the ends so as to obtain a region of pure bending moment between supports. The supports were placed 19.05 inches apart for one test (the test which yielded the value of 221,000 in.-lb 5 pounds up to increments; in for Dy) a maximum a second and loads P were applied in increments of of 25 pounds and then removed in the same test (which yielded the value of 2243000 in.-lb

for Dy), the supports were placed 24.56 inches apart and loads P were applied in increments of 5 pounds up to a maximum load of 30 pounds and removed in the same increments. Deflections of the beam were measured at the locations of O.O001 inch. shown in figure 5(b) with gages having a sensitivity

Despite the fact that spacer blocks were inserted in the sandwich at the supports to prevent local distortion, downward displacements of the upper face were observed immediately above the supports. These displacements, on the order of 2 to 4 percent of the maximum deflections at the center of the beam, were probably caused primarily by thickness change of the beam, since gages placed directly on the supports showed no support displacements. In correcting for the upper-face sheet displacements above the supports, the vertical displacement of the "middle surface" of the sandwich at each support was taken as one-half of the face-sheet displacement. The deflections at points away from the supports _ere then referred to the straight line connecting the middlesurface points immediately above the supports. Away from the supports, gages placed in contact with the lower-face sheet showed that no thickness change occurred in the beam and that the deflection of the upper face could therefore be taken as the deflection of the middle surface. The deflections The above the varied described supports linearly manner resulted of with applied load. the deflection of Dy for the distortions were was

correcting in calculated choice of

values station

which

practically used from

independent

of the

whose

deflection

in the calculation. the deflection curve

The calculated drawn through

values of Dy were obtained the corrected deflections at the was assumption used:

the gage stations. of a uniform beam

The following formula, based on subjected to constant moment Pd_

Dy = (Pd)Ys(S - Ys)
2bws

(20)

NACA 2289 TN where P

d

17

load applied at each end of beam, pounds (see

fig. 5(b))
distance between the load and support, inches (see

fig. 5(b))
Ys

distance deflection distance width

from at

left

support Ys,

to

any

station,

inches

w s

station

inches inches in.) L = _, L _, 2 _L. (see fig. 5(b))

L b

between

supports, inches (1.92

of beam,

This

formula

was

applied

at three differed average

stations,

Ys

and

The

three values thus obtained 2 percent in any test; the the true value of of DQy 6(b)). Dy. DQy.were

from one another by no more than of the three values was taken as

Evaluation in evaluating figs. 6(a) and loadings, loadin_s

The the

beam same

test as

specimen used to

and in

span

lengths Dy

used (see lateral

those

evaluating

The

beam

was

subjected

several

different

each being of are illustrated

a type to produce transverse shear. These schematically in figure 6(a) and the experi-

mental values of DQy obtained from each test are also given. A photograph of a typical test setup is shown in figure 6(b). Deflections were measured between the supports at six stations for the shorter span and at eight stations for the longer span and also immediately above the supports. As in the tests for Dy, slight downward displacements of the upper face were observed immediately above the supports. These displacements were generally of the order of i to 2 percent of the maximum deflection at the center of the beam but in two cases were as high as 3 and 5 percent, respectively, at the right support. The measured deflections were corrected for the distortions above the supports in the manner described load. The curves The for Dy. The deflections varied linearly with the applied

corrected the beam

measured as

deflections from the

were which

used

to of

plot DQv

deflection were beam computed. and a

for

a whole, based on

values of

following

formula_

assumption

a uniform

18

NACA

TN 2289

uniform runr_ing lateral cases in which a number to the beam:

load, was of equally

used to spaced

calculate DQy for those lateral loads were applied

L DQy = 2wsb L Pny s where P I

- Ys

(21)
3 _ ys2(2L _ Ys]

12Dy

load applied at each crest pounds (see fig. 6(a)) number of loads P applied

or

each

trough

of

corrugation,

to

the

beam

(see

fig.

6(a))

Dy

bending stiffness per unit width (taken as 221,000 in.-ib when 224,000 in.-ib when L = 24.56 formula was used for the case of

of the beam, inch-pounds L = 19.05 in. and in.) a concentrated central

The following load:

1 DQy = 2wsb i PYs where P The deflections of Ys load on the beam_ pounds formulas and were the Thus_ deflections the formulas 2_ (3L2 4ys 2 )

(22)

substituted of 0.2L 3

in these 0.4L, 0.6L,

at

values yielded another true

0.8L.

four values at the most of DQy

for each test. These values differed from one by ll percent and their average was taken as the for the sandwich.

value

Evaluation 21.11 panel on two inches were

of wide_

Dxy.was

sandwich to edges the

panel,

59.84 Dxy. flanges steel

inches The

long faces

by of the

twisted the of

determine to form three (See at

bent and

up

along end

to which plates and

sides

one and

panel,

were bolted, i of R-inch A it was,

nominal somewhat

thickness wider

3-inch plate

width. was placed

figs. the

7(a)

7(b).) and

steel

remaining

end

NACA TN

2289

19

in turn_ bolted to a rigid backstop with sufficient clearance to permit warping of the plate out of its plane. To the steel plate at the opposite end of the panel was bolted an aluminum-alloy loading plate (not shown) to which the torque was applied. The steel plates were bolted to the sides of the panel in order to help achieve a state of pure twist in the panel. Strain gages were placed back-to-back on the faces and corrugation legs across the width at the midlength of the panel in order to determine to what extent a state of pure twist (that is, constant face shear stress and zero corrugation shear stress) had been achieved. The dimensions of the panel are shown in figure 7(c). Loads were applied in increments of 2000 inch-pounds up to a maximum of i0_000 inch-pounds and removed in the same increments. Deflections of the panel were measured at seven stations across the width at each of four stations along the length (see fig. 7(d)), the stations starting approximately 12 inches from the supported end and spaced approximately 12 inches apart. The measured deflections varied linearly to the both applied across load. The the width the and along the length and the were proportional

_2w
From measured deflections_ Dxy was then twist from the was computed. formula; twisting stiffness obtained

_x _y
1 F_(T T' )

_2w _x _y
where b T T' width applied torque of panel torque, required (21.11 in.)

(23)

inch-pounds 2 to twist side plates, pound-inches

,ooo
(see reference 6, equation (156))

20

NACA TN

2289

The linearity of the deflections across the width and along the length indicated that a state of nearly pure twist was being achieved. The strain-gage measurements tended to confirm the existence of this state of pure twist. They showed that, except in the first two cells near each edge of the panel, the face shear stresses were very nearly uniform across the width, with only one value departing as much as 8 percent from the average. In the same region_ the corrugation-leg shear stresses were generally less than I. 5 percent of the face shear stresses. In to the order to investigate evaluation whether of the use of test side was plates repeated was necessary the

experimental

Dxy , the

with

side plates removed. The shear-stress distribution across the width became considerably nonuniform} the deflections were still linear across the width but departed slightly from linearity along the length. The test value of Dxy _ based on the twist in the central portion of the panel, was only about 0.85 as large as the experimental value obtained with the side plates on. This result indicates that side plates are desirable in order to minimize edge effects and achieve a state of pure twist when testing for Dxy.

DISCUSSION

Formulas have been presented for evaluating the elastic constants of a corrugated-core sandwich plate of either the symmetrical or unsymmetrical type. The formulas are rather comprehensive and precise, but reductions to several important special cases have been made and practical approximations to a number of the formulas have been given. Tests have been run to verify the formulas for three of the more important constants and, indirectly, the basic assumptions in their derivations.

The formulas given are limited to plates stressed in the elastic range and not subject to local buckling. Engineering adaptation of the results to cases involving plasticity and local buckling can probably be made; however, attempts at such an adaptation were beyond the scope of the present study. Each component of the sandwich (face sheet or core sheet) is assumed to be composed of homogeneous isotropic material. In actual construction this assumption may be violated by the presence of perforations in one sheet to facilitate the driving of rivets in the other sheet. In evaluating the elastic constants the presence of the perforations can be accounted for approximately by assuming a homogeneous face sheet of reduced modulus.

NACA 2289 TN

21

Whenvalues of the elastic constants for a given corrugated-core sandwich plate are substituted in equations (i) to (6) or (i') to (6'), the resulting equations describe approximately the distortions of an element of the plate under load. The distortions are described only approximately, because the actual plate does not behave in quite the manner assumedfor the idealized plate. In particular, straight material lines in the thickness direction will not remain straight under the presence of shear but will tend to warp. In evaluating the transverse shear stiffness DQx or DQy theoretically, therefore, the problem arises of choosing an average straight line through the warped one in order to define a transverse shear strain for the cross section. Fortunately, for most sandwiches the plausible range for choosing this straight line is small and causes only a slight ambiguity in extending the definition of DQx or DQy to an actual plate. For the corrugatedcore sandwich as analyzed in appendixes D and E, the average straight line was taken as the one passing through corresponding material points in the middle surfaces of the face sheets. This line has the minimum deviation from the true warped line (as determined by least squares) provided the core is ignored and is probably satisfactory whenever the effective contribution of the core to the total cross-sectional moment of inertia is small. The tendency of the originally straight lines to warp introduces a further complication inasmuch as any restraint against such warping (due to the mutual interference of adjacent parts of the plate) will tend to increase the transverse shear stiffness. Such restraint will be small except in the region of concentrated loads. In the theoretical derivations, the conservative assumption was therefore madethat there is no restraint at all against warping. Since the tendency of originally straight lines in the thickness directions to warp is a function of the type of loading, experimental values of DQx or DQy, as determined through beamtests, should, in principle, vary according to the type of spanwise loading distribution used. The variations observed in the tests to determine DQv however, (see , fig. 6(a)) seemedto be caused more by scatter and other factors than by the type of load distribution. Since the primary application of the elastic constants will probably be to sandwich-plate theory, it should be mentioned that the forcedistortion equations (i) to (6) or (i') to (6') represent one component of such a theory. If to these equations are added the differential equations of equilibrium of the element shown in figure 2 and equations relating strains and displacements, the combination of equations will constitute a complete formulation of a sandwich-plate theory. The force-distortion equations (i) to (6) have been presented before in references 2 and 3, but the generalized equations (i') to (6'), which include coupling terms, are believed to be new. The relative importance

22

NACA 2289 TN

of the coupling terms for the corrugated-core sandwich has not been rigorously evaluated; it would dependupon the degree of nonsymmetry of the cross section and the type of problem under consideration. There is reason to believe, however_ that in most cases the effect of coupling will be slight. For a sandwich having faces of the samePoisson's ratio but different thicknesses and having a core momentof inertia and area which approach zero, locating the loading planes I, II, and III at the centroidal plane between the two faces will cause all the coupling constants to vanish. Since the core of practical corrugated-core sandwiches will probably contribute only a small part to the total area of the cross section and a smaller part to the momentof inertia, the coupling constants will very likely be unimportant for properly chosen locations of planes I, !I, and III. In such cases and for someproblems neglecting the coupling terms in equations (i') to (6') maybe sufficiently accurate. CONCLUDING REMARKS In order to facilitate application of an existing sandwich-plate theory to the corrugated-core type of sandwich, formulas and charts have been presented for the evaluation of the necessary elastic constants. Both the symmetrical and unsymmetrical types of corrugated-core sandwich have been considered, and the extensions of the existing sandwich-plate theory required to make it strictly applicable to the unsymmetrical type are indicated. The formulas and charts presented are limited to plates stressed in the elastic range, which are not subject to local buckling. The formulas are rather comprehensive and precise, but reductions to several important special cases have been made. Practical approximations to a number of the formulas have been investigated numerically and found to be sufficiently accurate for most practical cases. The formulas for three of the elastic constants were checked experimentally and found to give values in close agreement with experiment. Langley Aeronautical Laboratory National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics Langley Field, Va. 3 November203 1950

NACATN 2289

23

APPENDIX

SYMBOLS

AND

DEFINITIONS

plane

plane

in which to

Nx faces

acts

and

in which

_x

is measured

parallel plane II

plane in which Ny parallel to faces

acts

and

in which

Ey

is measured,

plane

III

plane in which Nxy parallel to faces

acts

and

in which

7xy

is measured_

General coupling elastic

Sandwich constant 82w

Symbols representing per _x unit per curvature of unit Nx of in

CxDc

x-direction 8x 2 also strain pound -I coupling

produced in x-direction

applied; -Mx3

Cxy

elastic

constant 82w

representing per _y unit per

curvature of unit Ny of

in

x-direction also strain pound -I C YY coupling

8x 2

produced

applied; -Mx_

in y-direction

elastic

constant

representing

curvature

in

y-direction also strain pound -1 Cyx coupling

_y2

produced

per

unit

of unit

Ny of

applied; -My_

in y-dlrection

_y,. per

elastic

constant

representing per _x unit per

curvature of unit Nx of

in

y-direction 8y2 also strain pound -1 transverse

produced in x-direction

applied_ -My,

DQx,DQy

shear

stiffnesses_ xand

per

unit

width_

of

a beam

cut from plate in the pounds per inch

y-directions_

respectively_

24 Dx,Dy Dxy

NACATN 2289

bending plate

stiffnesses_ per unit in x- and y-directions_

width 3 of a beam cut from respectively, inch-pounds unit-length to x- and element y-axes,

twisting stiffness cut from plate; inch-pounds extensional

of unit-width and with edges parallel

Ex_Ey Gxy Mx_My Mxy

Nx

stiffnesses pounds of plate

of per in

plate inch

in x-

and

y-directions,

respectively_ shear stiffness

xy-plane_

pounds in x-

per and

inch

resultant bending-moment intensities y-directionsj respectively_ pounds resultant and twisting-moment pounds normal per inch force intensity

with

regard

to x-

y-directions,

intensity in plane

of resultant I, pounds

acting

in

x-direction

Ny

intensity of resultant in plane II, pounds

normal force per inch force pounds

acting

in

y-direction

Nxy

intensity of resultant shear y-directions in plane III, intensities sections tively, of transverse

acting in xper inch shear acting

and

Qx,Qy

resultant and

on

cross

parallel to yz-plane pounds per inch

xz-plane,

respec-

82w
T coupling duced shear elastic constant Nxy per y-, representing applied; unit of and twist _-_ the proper unit of strain 7xy in x-, also one-half Mxy , pound -I

U_V,W

displacements inches coordinate, inches

z-directions,

respectively,

measured

parallel

to

corrugation

direction,

coordinate_ measured parallel to faces to corrugation direction, inches

Z

and

perpendicular

coordinate,

measured

perpendicular

to

faces,

inches

7x,7y

shear

strains

associated

with

Qx

and

%,

respectively

NiCl TN 2289 _xy _x,_y _x_by _'x_'y shear strain_ with respect to x- and y-directions_ plane III strains of plane I in x-direction y-direction_ respectively of

25

and of plane II in

Poisson's ratios associated with bending in x- and y-directions; respectively Poisson's ratios associated with extension in x- and y-dlrections; respectively Corrugated-Core Sandwich Symbols area per unit width of corrugation to yz-plane, inches cross section parallel

AI

area_ in width 2p, lying between corrugation center line and lower-skin center line (see fig. C4 of appendix C); square inches area_ in width 2p; lying between corrugation center line and upper-skin center llne (see fig. C4 of appendix C), square inches

A2

al_a 2 b13b2 ci_c2 dl_d2 el_e 2 fl;f2 gl_g2 Jl,J2 kl_k 2 RCI_RC 2 Ril_Ri 2 _I_2 _i,_2 b

dimensions of corrugation cross section consisting of straight lines and circular arcs (see fig. D5 of appendix D)

width of test beamor panel; inches

26

NACA

TN 2289

B3,B4,B6,B

nondimensional parameters in formula for S (equation (DI9)) for a symmetrical corrugated-core sandwich, defined by equations (D20)

C 7 nondimensional tion (D17)) by equations distance EI,E 2

parameters in formula for a corrugated-core (D18) load and for support lower and of

for S (equasandwich, defined

between

test

beam, faces,

inches

moduli of elasticity respectively, psi modulus psi of elasticity

upper

EC

of

corrugated-core

sheet

material,

E' C

stretching sheet

modulus

of used

elasticity in

of

corrugated-core of DQy, psi

material,

derivation

EA x

extensional stiffness of corrugated-core in x-direction (bendi_ng in x-dlrectlon per inch (Elt I + EcA C + E2t2)

sandwich plate prevented), pounds

EAy

extensional stiffness of corrugated-core in y-directlon (restraining effect of ignored; bending in y-dlrection inch (Elt I + E2t2)

sandwich plate corrugation pounds per

prevented),

EI x

bending stiffness, corrugated-core pounds (Ec._ +

per unit width, of a beam cut sandwich plate in x-direction, _itlk_x2 + Ec_(k_ - k_2 +

from inch-

bending stiffness, per unit width, of a beam cut from corrugated-core sandwich plate in y-directlon (restraining effect of corrugation ignored), inch-

GI,G2,G

shear and unit

moduli of elasticity of lower-face, upper-face, corrugated-core sheet materials, respectively, shear stiffness to inch xof and corrugated-core y-directions + G2t sandwich (twist

psi

GA

plate

with pounds

respect per

prevented),

Glt I + --_ Gctc2 _C

2)

NACA 2289 TN GJ

27

torsional stiffness, per unit width, of a beam corrugated-core sandwich plate in x-direction,

pounds

itlkGJ-j2 +

o
AC

cut from inch-

(kG-_ - kC)2

+ G2t2(l-

kG-_)

distance

between

middle

surfaces

of

face

sheets_

inches

depth of corrugation, measured line at crest to center line of appendix D), inches

vertically at trough

from center (see fig. D5

hEC

core

thickness D),

of

sandwich

plate

(see

fig.

D5

of

appendix moment of

inches of width about 2p of cross section parallel

inertia

to yz-plane, take9 to y-axis, inches*

centroidal

axis

parallel

moment of inertia, per unit width, of corrugation cross section parallel to yz-plane, taken about centroidal axis of corrugation cross section, inches 3

KAy,KAz
KI y ,K I z

nondimensional B4, B6, B7,

integral C1,

parameters C2, . C7,

in

equations of

for

B3,

functions

corru-

KL KLy,KL z
KLyz

gation cross-section geometry, defined by equations (D15) for general case and by equations (D21) and (D22) for corrugation having a cross-sectlonal center line consisting of straight lines and circular arcs

ky,kz

nondlmensional z-coordinates, distances

parameters locating respectively (see middle surface of

origin of y- and fig. D3 of appendix lower face and and

D)

klh,kllh,kll

between

planes I, II, and III, C1 of appendixes B and kch distance which shear

respectively (see C, respectively),

figs. BI inches

between middle surface of lower face and cuts corrugation into lobes of equal area center of corrugation), inches

plane (also

28

NACA

TN

2289

k_h

distance to

between axis

middle of inches middle

surface

of

lower

face

and parallel

centroidal yz-plane,

corrugation

cross

section

distance

between axis

surface

of

lower EIx,

face inches

and

centroidal k_Ec_
q

associated

with

+ E2t 2

distance

between axis

middle

surface

of

lower EL,_ J

face inches

and

centroidal

associated

with

kG-_h

distance shear

between plane"

middle associated

surface with

of

lower

face

and

"zero-

GJ 3 inches

kGj

GA length of one corrugation line_ inches leg, measured along center

L 2p P

distance corrugation load

between pitch to

supports (see

of

test

beam,

inches 3 and 4), inches

sketches pounds

in figs.

applied

test

beam,

static moment portion of nondimensional

about centroidal axis of cross-hatched cross section shown in figure EI_ inches 3 coefficient EC I/tcl 3 in formula for

D%,

D% = Sh(1 C2]\hcj _
coordinate measured along cross sections parallel figures C2, D3, and E3, center line to yz-plane; inches of corrugation see, for example,

NACA 2289 TN tl,t2,t C

29 thicknesses of lower-face, upper-face, and corrugatedcore sheets, respectively_ inches angle between face sheets and straight diagonal portion of corrugation leg (see sketches in figs. 3 and 4)

_i,_2,_C

Polsson's ratios for lower-face, upper-face, and corrugation materials, respectively angle between face sheets and tangent to corrugation center line (see fig. D3) Subscript

approx

approximate value

30 APPENDIX B DERIVATION OFFORFITLAS Dx_ Dy, FOR 'x,

In the ated wich derivation

NACA 2289 TN

_x_ _y_

EX_

Ey_

_'y_
of the

Cxx,

Cxy_ Cyx_ AND Cyy

for the elastic contants associsandof intensity above

formulas

with bending and stretching an element plate is considered which is subjected Mx and My and to horizontal

of a corrugated-core to bending moments resultant forces of

intensity Nx the

and Ny at arbitrary distances klh and klih , respectively, middle surfaces of the lower face. (See following fig. )

Plane'ff

Figure Equations are derived relating the forces and moments producing them; to are Dx_ Dy_ evident. _x, The _y_ Ex_ Ey, general formulas

BI

distortions of this element to the in these equations terms corresponding _'x, thus _'y, Cxx, Cxy' Cyx_ and Cyy obtained are reduced for special

applications. The the stiffnesses assumed sheets. moment and of Mx the and face force sheets; only by Nx the the are assumed of the My to core and be resisted the Ny of by are the face both

bending

extensional

stiffnesses

and

extensional

moment extensional

force

to be

resisted

stiffnesses

NACA

TN

2289

31

Vertical and lower to faces

lines of

drawn the

between

middle-surface element are

points assumed

in to

the remain

upper perpenthe

undistorted

dicular element. consist

the faces and The distortion curvatures

unchanged in length during of the element as a whole and _2w. _2 and y-directions; planes between in the it which upperis The middle

distortion of will therefore surfaces of the

of

_2w _x 2

faces

will the

be

strained of linear by

in

the

x-

convenient the and strains

to may

imagine be

existence surfaces.

other

horizontal

obtained middle

interpolation

lower-face

Inasmuch resisted direct upper-face given, only stresses

as by

the the in

moment extensional

My

and

the

force of

Ny the

are face of

assumed sheets, the

to

be

stiffnesses in OY2 the are middle statically

the and

y-direction oYl by and

surfaces

lowerand are

sheets respectively,

determinate

(B1)
qYl = tl h tl

_Y2

My. + NYkl - t2 h t2

(B2)

If, and the two

in

addition, in of the

the

middle-surface and of upper-face the

strains sheets, would

in

the

x-direction were

6x I known, These the in

6x2 state strains

lower-

respectively, be completely namely, the moment

deformation can be in about

element two is Mx, or

fixed. that

determined the

from

conditions: Nx and

thrust the

intensity

x-direction I is

intensity

x-direction

plane

N x

cXltl

Cx2t2

_xcAC

(B3)

Mx

qXltlkih

- ax2t2(1

- kIlh

(B4)
_x 2

32

NACA

TN

2289

whe re

_Xl

direct

stress

in

the

x-direction

in

the

middle

surface

of

lower

face

qx2

direct

stress

in

the

x-direction

in

the

middle

surface

of

upper

face

_Xc

average direct stress in the x-direction stress in the x-direction at centroid

in corrugation of corrugation)

(also

direct

The

terms

qXl , in

_x2 , terms of

_Xc , and _Xl and

82---K can 8x 2 Ex2:

be

replaced

by

the

following

expressions

Ox I = Elex I + _l(_yI

= Elex I

Ox 2 = E2_x2

+ _2_Y2

(B6) = E2Ex2 + _2 _ + t2 /

x C

82___w _x2 = 8x 2

" _Xl h

(B8)

NACA 2289 TN Equations (B3) and (B4) then become

33

Exl[Eltl

+ EcAc(I-

k_ll

+ gx2(E2t2 + EcAck_I =
(B9)

h2 ]

Ex21E2t2(I-

kI)-

kcEcAc(kI - k_) + ECh_2I= ]

CBIO) Solution for _i and _x2 gives

Ex = Cxx --_ - #lCxyI -5-+ _XXlNX - _l@XYlNy I I

BII)

Mx
_x2 = -_xx2 _ + #2_xY2

My
T + t;xx2 Nx P'2"'xy2Ny

( B12 )

34

NACA TN

2289

where

k_xh2 _XX 1 = EI x

(m3)

_x_: -(_x- ) __->_ _ (EAx EI x

_xYl =-_!_l + E-_x

(k_x_

kli) k_xh2

E-Yx +

kli

< iIl k xh2 kx

i E__x __ _ EI x 1 - k_x)k_xh2 EI x J

_Y2

_x ( _x-_)(_ _x)_
i

NACA TN 2289

35

and

E-Ax = Elt I + EcA C + E2t 2

k6EcA C + E2t 2 kEl x EA x (BI4)

_x

= ECI C +

_Itlk_x2

+ EcAc(k

_ - kE-Ix) 2

+ E2t 2 (i -

E1

With y-dlrection middle through

the

strains the

in the strains

x-direction in the

and

the

stresses _Yl

in the and 6Y2 are in the determined

known,

y-direction faces,

surfaces of the the plane-stress

lower and upper relations:

respectively,

(B15)
_Yl = El J Yl - _icxl

(BI6) _Y2 =(} E2 _221a Y27 _2_x2

or

after

elimination (B1), (B2),

of

YI'

Y2' and

eXl , and

Ex2

by

means

of

equations

(Bll),

(B12),

=1-- - l XXl + Mx T

_lNY

- _l_x_iNx

(BI7)

_Y2

CYY2

My _

+ _2xx2

Mx + "'Yy2Ny T

_2"xx2Nx

(BI8)

36

NACA

TN

2289

where

_yyl

= (i-

_12) kE --fyh2 Ely

+ _12_XYl

+ t.,u2 2_xy 2

(B19)

(%-_,)(, -%),q
_TY + _22_/2 and

EAy

= Elt I + E2t 2

E2t2

(_2o)

and

_XXl , in

_xx2 , equations

,XXl, (BI3).

*xx2,

_xYl,

_x72'

*xYl,

and

*xy 2

are

defined

NACA 2289 TN

37

With the strains EXl, _x2, _YI' and _Y2 known and the assumption madethat lines normal to the faces remain normal, the distortions of the element are completely defined. The curvatures can nowbe written as: 82w
8x 2 6x2 - 6Xl h

x_2 + _0 Mx + = _(

+ l xy:j_

(_XX 2

-1/XXl)"_-

(_2_xy

_l_XYl)_"_

(B21)

82w

_Y2

_Yl

_2

(B22)

The

strain

in the

x-direction

in the

plane

of

Nx

is

_ _ X _ _Xl _ kI _ X2

X_

(B23)

38

NACA TN

2289

and

the

strain

in the

y-direction

in

the

plane

of

Ny

is

Ey

= _yl

+ kii(_y 2

- _y_

Comparison respectively, the elastic

of

equations

(B21)

to

(B24) of the

with

equations

(I')

to

(4'), for

permits constants:

identification

following

expressions

Dx

= El x

(B25)

Dy

= E-_yll

- C2 2<I

I
_x: _2 + (_I"
Dy _y = _x Yxx

EI x

EIy

(B26)

(B27) _2)k_x

(B28)

(B29)

NACA

TN

2289

39

Hi
H !

cJ

I I r-_ !

H + I

I
+ I

_
+ _L I + I--4 b--t

X
C,J I C_

-t I

3. !

,' I'%1_ I I
r-t

_i_
I ,--t I

-I II

-_.-_
H H

I
I

+ ,M

H
b-I

'}1,
_
0d

H H ! I

I--I H

_
!

H
OJ + N I I

r--4

"-I

+
II ,M

40

NACA

TN

2289

(k_
Cxx = _

x
m

- kI)h (B33)

EI x

- ii)h
Cxy = EI x + (_i_2)( I - kll) k_'_xhEl x

(B34)

_2 (kE-Ix - kl)h Cyx= El x

(B35)

(_y
Cyy = -

- kII)h EIy * _221kE-Iy - kIl)h EIy

( kE-Ix

klI)h]

(k_y

kII)k_ _y

1 E-Axh

(B36)

For the two

the face

usually sheets for the

encountered are equal

case (that

in which _2

the

Poisson's

ratios

for

is,

= _l )' the appreciably

foregoing simplified and

expressions
are

elastic

constants

become

Dx : E-f x

(B25')

( B26' Dy = E-ly - _i 2 _ix /

_x

= _i

(B27')

NACA 2289 TN

41

(B28')
-1

(B29')

Ey

(B30')

B'X

= _i i + (kE-ixkl) 2 _-_xh2Elx-

(B31')

(B32')

k_x
CXX = D

- ki) h El x

B33')

Cxy = EI x

B34')

Cy x

= -_iCxx

B35')

42

NACA 2289 TN

Cyy = -(i

- _12)(k_y

- kll)h Ely

- _lCxy

(B36')

It is evident from the preceding two sets of formulas that the values of the constants associated with stretching and also the values of the coupling constants depend upon the location of planes I and II in which the stretching forces Nx and Ny, respectively, are applied. Choosing

planes I and II at the centroids of the transformed, cross sections parallel to the yz- and xz-planes, respectively, Qthat is, letting k I = k_x the formulas and (B25') to (B36') and klI = k_-_y) results in reduces two of the coupling become further simplification of constants to zero. Equations

Dx -_E-f x

(B25")

=
Dy

l_12

-_
EI_]]

(B26")

_x

Ul

B27"

B28"

Ex

= EA x -1

B29"

E_
EA x

,fhT&-k

2
Elx ]J

B30"

_' X = _i

B31"

NACA TN 2289

43

Ey _'y = _'x Ex

B32")

Cxx=

B33")

_(_x-_)_
Cxy = Elx

B34")

Cyx

= 0

B35")

Cyy : -_ICxy

B36")

44

NACA

TN

2289

APPENDIX

DERIVATION

OF FORMULAS

FOR

Dxy ,

Gxy , AND

In ment Jected of

the

derivation

of

the

formulas

for

Dxy ,

Gxy , and which

T, is

an

ele-

a corrugated-core to shear flows ql'

sandwich q23 core and

plate qc

is considered in the middle

subof the

surfaces (See

lower-face, fig.)

upper-face,

and

sheet,

respectively.

following

Trr

Z ,W

Figure These force denoted shear of flows may be represented Nxy

Cl by a resultant in some of horizontal shear plane, Mxy

average as plane

intensity III, and

acting

arbitrarily

chosen

a twisting flows 71 ,

moment

average intensity 82w

about this as a whole

plane. The shear and shear strains

induce a twist _-_ 72, and 7C in the

in the element middle surfaces

of the face and core sheets. By linear interpolation (or extrapolation) between the middle surfaces of the face sheets, a shear strain for every horizontal plane can be defined. In this appendix equations are derived 82w relating the twist _y and the shear strain 7xy of plane III to

NACA 2289 TN

45

the resultant forces of intensities Mxy and Nxy which produce them. From these equations general formulas for Dxy, Gxy, and T are obtained. These general formulas are then reduced to special forms for particular applications. The orthogonal x- and y-axes are taken in the as yet undetermined plane of zero shear strain, as shown in the figure.
Assumptions.Vertical lines drawn between middle-surface points in the upper and lower faces before twist are assumed to remain perpendicular to the faces and unchanged in length during twist. The shape of the corrugation in planes parallel to the yz-plane is assumed to be rigidly maintained, whereas displacements in x-direction of the corrugation between lines In order to eliminate ment (x = 0, y = 0) vertical line at coincidence with tained only the the of attachment to the faces are freely permitted. rigid-body displacements, the corner of the eleis assumed to be fixed in space, and the originally corner z-axis. the is assumed to remain vertical, The distortion of the element shear flows ql and q2 that is, in is mainin the faces

through

constant

and qc in the corrugation) that is, the face are assumed to be so thin that twisting moments negligible.

and corrugation sheets developed in them are

_2 w Displacements.of the zontal face In terms of the twist _ and the height hI

xy-plane above the middle surface of the lower face, displacements of points in the middle surface of the uI and vI may be written as

the horilower

_2 w ui = -hlY _---_y (el)

_2 w vI = The upper horizontal face u2 displacements and v2 are of -hlX points _-_ in the middle surface of the (C2)

_2 w

u2 : y
_2w v2 = h2x _

(c3)

(C4)

46

NACA

TN

2289

The displacement crest line mm'

in the is

x-direction

of the

corrugation

middle-surface

82 w um and that of the trough line = h4p is un : 0 Vertical displacements are given by (C6) _-_ (C5)

nn'

82w
w = xy_-_-_ Shear the strains in the shear faces.strains In terms in the of the 71 foregoing and 72 (C7)

displacements_ can be

middle-surface as

faces

written

_i

_Vl

_2w

71 =
;_2
72 = _

+
;_2
+ x_

= -2hl
82w
: 2h2

(C8)

(09)

Shear strain in the corrugation.The shear strain in the corrugation can be determined by considering the portion between a crest and the adjacent trough as a beam which is being twisted about the x-axis

82w
at a constant rate to the _-_ x-axis with the shape of the corrugation (See the in planes following

perpendicular fig.)

rigidly

maintained.

NACATN 2289

47

Figure C2 The constant shear strain 7C in the corrugation must be such that continuity of displacements in the x-direction is maintained between the corrugation and the face sheets. With u and v' denoting axial and tangential displacements_ respectively, of the corrugation middle surface and s denoting the distance from nn' measured along the corrugation center line 3 the shear strain in the corrugation at any point P may be written as

7c
= _ss r _-_ (CIO)

where r is the perpendicular distance from the axis of twist Ox the tangent at point P and is considered positive if the tangent passes below point 0 (as in fig.) and negative if it passes above.

to

48

NACA

TN

2289

Integration gives

of

(CI0)

with

respect

to

between

points

and

Jo
where line, Z or is the length um

ds

= 7c

ds

+ _-_

J0'
r ds leg, measured along center

of

one

corrugation

- un =

Z7 C + _ 82w

_0 Z r ds

(ell)

The integral in equation (CII) represents twice the net area swept out by the radius vector 0 in going from n to m, or, as can be seen from the following figure, it equals twice area I minus twice area II. Area 1"1" 7

_-m_

\;_,a l .. z

Figure C3
With Area equation (CII) becomes 82 w um Continuity equation Therefore between (C13) 3 be core equal - un = faces um Z_' C + 2 2_-_ that by um - un as given and (C13) I - Area II=Z_A

(c12)

and to

requires as

by (C6).

- un

given

equations

(C5)

_2 w Z7C + 2Z_A _-_ = h4P

_2w

NACA TN

2289

49

or

7C

(h4P

i - 2 ZkA)T

_2w

PJ c
where width. _ AC equals Zt C P , the corrugation cross-sectlonal area per

(Cl4)

unit

The equation the axis purely

area (C12) of

ZkA

which

appears

in

equation on of ZkA the the can

(C14)

and

is defined location to two h3

by of

depends and

simultaneously on the geometry

vertical be related

twist

corrugation.

Through other

geometrical

considerations,

areas, one of which ph 3 depends only on the vertical location of the axis of twist and the other of which depends only on the geometry of the cross section. The relationship is

ZkA =

_ h3P

- _

1 - A2

- P(tl

- t2

(C15)

where AI is the area, in width 2p, lying between the corrugation center line and the lower-skin center line, and A2 is similarly the area lying between the corrugation center line and the upper-skin center line. (See the following fig.)

t2

L__
CI

'qY_f_
2p Figure C4 through equation (C15), -

With the equation

ZkA

in

equation 7C

(C14)

eliminated

for

becomes

7C =

lh2 - h I

A21tc

_2w

(C16)

50

NACA 2289 TN

Shear flows.With the shear strains (C9), and (C16), the following expressions flows:

known through equations may be written for the

(C8), shear

_2 w ql = -2Glhltl _-_ (C17)

_2w q2 = 2G2h2t2 _-_ (C18)

Al

" A2-)tC2

_2w

(cz9)
_2 w

These expressions give/the shear\ flows in terms of the twist _x--_ and the vertical location _hl, h_ of the plane of zero shear strain. In order to determine the elastic constants, the shear flows must be _2 w expressed in terms of the twist _-_ and the shear strain 7xy of

plane III. The shear strain of any with the distance from the xy-plane twist; hence,

horizontal plane varies linearly and must be consistent with the

or

h I = kiilh

- _

_2w

(020)

and

h2

= h

- hI

(i - kii_h

i 7x__ +- 2 _ _2 w

(c2l)

NACA

TN

2289

51

Using equations tions (C17) to flows:

(C20) and (C21) to eliminate hI and h2 from equa(C19) gives the following expressions for the shear

ql

-2Gltl(kllIh

_-_ __2w

- 1 7_

(022)

q2

2G2t2

kii

h _

+ _ 7

(C23)

qC = -_----' Gctc2{_

- 2kII_h I)

+ AI

2pA2-__

+ 7 xy 1

(C24)

The resultants evaluated. Evaluation give a resultant

of

the

shear

flows_

namely

Nxy

and

Mxy _ may

now

be

of

.- The

shear

flows of

x7
horizontal shear flow

ql'

q2'

and

qc

combine

to

Nxy

= ql

+ q2

+ _

(C25)

where

ql'

q2'

and

qc

are

given

by

equations

(C22)

to

(C24).

Evaluation by taking

of

Mx7.in the

The

average 3 of

value qi,

of q2_

Mxy and

can the

be

determined

moments, of qc

yz-plane to

horizontal in this

components

with

respect

plane

III.

Use

is made

section of a horizontal plane which cuts the corrugation into lobes of equal area. This plane_ which is shown as the following sketch at a distance kch above the middle lower face, flows. is the centroid (or shear center) of the

center line plane IV in surface of the shear

corrugation

N J_.CA

Figure

C5

52

NACA TN

2289

Taking

moments

with

respect

to plane

Ill

gives (C26)

where

ql'

q2'

and

qc

are

given

by

equations

(C22)

to

(C24).

Evaluation of Nxy and stitution of equations (C22) A1 and elimination of - A2 2ph

Mxy in terms of 7xy to (C24) into equations

82w _--_-.Subox aF (C25) and (C26) and

through

the

purely

geometrical

relationship

=
gives

(c27)

_x_: _+__ _x_

--

_%

_(_- _i)_

(c28)

Mxy

: 7xyGA(k_- _

(C29) - kiii) h + 2 _-_y_ - kii I

where Gctc 2 GA = Glt I + AC + G2t2 (C30)

Gctc2kc + G2t 2 kG-j : G--A (C 31 )

GJ

= tlk_ 2 + Gctc 2/ )_

(C32)

NACA TN 2289

53

Solution

of

equations

(C28)

and

(C29)

gives

(kG7 - klli)
(C33) 2GJ

kln)h
GJ Comparison of equations (C33) permits the identification of and the

(c34) x + _V _]
(6')

(C34) with equations (5') and following elastic constants:

Dxy

= 2GJ

(C35)

GA Gxy= 1 + _-y_ GA/k__ oJ - kIII ]2h27 (C36)

kiii) h
2GJ Choosing ki11 equal to kG_ reduces the foregoing equations to

(C37)

Dxy

= 2GJ

(c35')
(C36')

Gxy T=0

= GA

(c37')

54

NACA

TN

2289

APPENDIX

DERIVATION

OF

FORMULA

FOR

D%

In this

appendix

a formula

for

the

transverse

shear

stiffness

DQy

is derived which is fundamentally the same as that given in reference 4 for the case of interference of flats neglected but extended slightly to include the effects of stretching of the corrugation and the prevention of anticlastic curvature. The general formula is reduced to special forms for specific applications. The element has unit of a corrugated-core width normal to the sandwich shown in the following page and is in equilibrium under

figure

a Y

small transverse shear of unit intensity (Qy = l) and horizontal of magnitude p/h. The corrugation is assumed to be fastened to skins through rigid joints at its crests and troughs.

forces the

r - t2

2p Figure For small Qy the relative

........... DI of 5y the element 5z are are shown proportional in the

distortions

to Qy. following

These relative figure:

distortions

and

Figure

D2

NACA 2289 TN

55

An average shear strain

shear shear stiffness strain 3 or DQy is

yy may be taken as
then given by the

_Y h

- mSz p of

and

the

transverse to

ratio

shear

intensity

DQy
The minate tion tion in of sandwich plate to element is the a

_
h now

1
p analyzed as 6y a statically and for of of iz" the the a

(D1)

indeterSubstitucalculaunit-width

structure equation DQy the in

determine then

displacements general

(DI) any

gives

expression analysis

particular is made

case. that the

In the element

element

assumption

is part

sandwich

having its width and skin elements curvature the beam is

normal to the are therefore

page equal to infinity. taken as beams in which which factors amounts of the

The corrugation anticlastic of order

completely

restrained, by

to multiplication type i i - _2" In

flexural

stiffnesses

to obtain values narrow beams are In the

more consistent with experiments in which used_ the Poisson's ratios _ may be set figure skins. are shown free-body are diagrams

relatively equal to zero. for elements only by

following

of the corrugation and their center lines.

These

elements

represented

z2pZ/I

I_2Z2

k.__
---5 (_ z, xl

[ _('c+',) z,
NACt,

Figure

D3

56

NACA 2289 TN

The distortions of the elements, assumedsmall, are shown in the following figure:

Figure It should considered be noted that the as acting in the forces Y midplanes

D4 on the corrugation elements of the skins and transmitted the and are to are

the corrugation through short rigid projections. Similarly, moments MI and M2 are taken about points in these planes not the actual moments in the corrugation sheets at the

Joints.

all are

Since forces equal_ the F ZI

the undeformed structure is symmetrical about any plane BE, and deformations in the two corrugation elements EA and EC as likewise are those in the two skin elements ED and EF two are or skin elements zero, and each Z2 and its BA and BC. skin element Zlp or Then is in Z2p the skin moments at B, equilibrium under its at one end.

and in D, and shear

moment

Since a shear of unity is assumed relation between the shear carried by carried by the two skins ZI and Z2

to the is

act on the corrugation

sandwich, X and

the the shears

X Static equilibrium of the

- Z I - Z2

= i requires that

(D2)

corrugation

elements

M2 - MI +_

-Xp

= 0

(n3)

NACA

TN

2289

57

Equilibrium

of moments

at

Joint

requires

that

M I + ZIp
or

+ M I + Zip

= 0

ML = -Zlp
Similarlyj at an upper joint M2 = Z2P

(D4)

(D5)

Finally, is given

the by

internal

moment

at

any

point

in

the

corrugation

sheet

M = _2

(t2 + tc

* kzhc)+

z]
static to the may be

- X -_-

+ y)

(D6)

The

foregoing With the denoted and upper

five

equations of the

are

all

the

relations

needed.

at lower

rotation as , skins,

A with respect deformation 5z as ZIp3

_Z =

horizontal tangent written for the

respectively,

(D7)

Z2p3

(D8)

Deformations stretching. with respect

in the corrugation sheet are due to both The three components of the displacement to the tangent at E are

bending at A

and or C

(D9) E C IC/(i - _C

98

NACA 2289 TN

ECI C/(1

_C 2)

(t2

+ tc

+ kzhC)

ds

1 E'ctc/(I

_(Y - _C 2)

cos

+ X

sin

9)cos

I/ ds

(DiO)

1 E'ctc/(1 -

2)

cos , + x sin *)sin

* ds

(Dii)

where the integrals are taken over one corrugation leg, as from A to E or C to E (excluding the short rigid projections), s is the distance measured along the corrugation center line, and @ is the angle between the tangent to the corrugation and the horizontal (see fig. D3). In equations (DlO) and (Dll) E' C denotes the stretching modulus of elasticity of the core. It has been distinguished from the bending modulus EC in order to permit identification of the terms representing the stretching contribution in the derivation. The Poisson's ratios associated with bending and with stretching of the core have, however, been assumed per through equal. unit the width In the I1, rest I2, of and the IC derivation, will the moments cases be of elimiinertia nated in most

relations 1 = _

Ii

t13

i 12 = _-_ t23

(DI2)

Ic The ten equations The (D2) to

tc 3

(DII) can

contain be

ten reduced

unknowns to the

for

which

they four

may be solved. equations:

equations

first

following

allX a21X a31X a41X

+ +

al2Z 2

+ a13

5z

+ 0

= r[_ r > (Di3)

a22Z 2 + a23

5z + 0

+ a32Z 2 + a33 + a42Z2

5 z + 0 = r 3I 5y = r

+ 0 + a44

NACA 2289 TN where all = i

59

a21= _

_c%

z+ 2 e

i
12

(to12
c\%/ .
+

a41=

Ec_

[2\_+ _ + kz KAz+ 2 _ KT,+ K_y z

a12

= -i

_(DI4) a22 = -_-ECI C h_ L +

3 _2_
p h C KL

_c2kVd

=_ a32 C z

+ky 2

a42

= - hc 3 (Ic Ic_C2) _A,y

+ _It__c kz) 2\_ +_+

3EIII a13 =(i_12)p 3

i
a = m

23 =a a33

p =r 44 i
J

=i

Equation

(DI4)

continued

on

next

page

6o

NACA 2289 TN

r2 : _

l 311- C2) l tc t2
ECIc + _\_ + _ + k

-_-hc

r3 : h

tlc

%z + 2\_ + _ + _
K

_Az
(DI4)
Concluded

2 hc KAy 12 E, c

.2_.

r4

= -h-

Iy

+ _

+ k

KAY

_\_ + _ + kI l/t2 tc
The quantities K_,

KL_

+ 12E, (_)2 1 EC c
and

K__

Klz ,

so on

are

nondimensional

functions

of the corrugation shape and the origin the following integrals taken along one llne from the crest to the trough_ that figure D3:

location. They are defined by leg of the corrugation center is, from m to n in

if
Kiy z

=l 3 S yz hc
13 J - hc

ds

(DI5) z2 ds Kly

KAz

_l7
2

y ds

KAY = _2_z

as
Equation

(DIS) continued on next page

NACATN 2289

61

K_ = _
KLy z : _

if oos2,ds
(mS)

KLz

: _

1j lj
solved the

Concluded 9 cos 9 ds

sin

sin2@

ds

Equations equation (D1)

(DI3) then

may

be

for

8y

and

8z"

Substitution for DQy:

in

furnishes

following

expression

D% -- sh _ _c2/khc/
where 3- F
S ____

(D16)

_Cc7(022cic3) c3 _

_(2c2- _Cl)

12,

(DI7)

62 and

NACATN 2289

l Eci1- 221
CI=K L + -_ E2(I I._C 2)

2_

he

C2

: KAz

+ h'P-_KL 2

+ 12

ETC\_/

KLz

C 4 : Kiy z + _ IEZ

+ ( 1 + t___)_(

KAz

+ ky 2

_ p

KL)

+ ky 2

_ p

KAy

(DI8)

C5 = KAy + _

Itcl
E1 1 _c2(tll 3

c7 - _'c 1

_12_cj

Special

Cases

S_mmetrical Kiz , of For . origin and of

corrugation.so on in the

The formula that case

evaluation for is, on DQy the

of

the

terms upon of ky

Kly , the and is ky location k z. sym-

depends choice the by

the the

coordinatesj encountered

frequently

in which are gained

corrugation letting of the

metrical, that As is,

computational by choosing the the

advantages origin KAy

= k z _ l, leg.

at the and

midpoint KAz

corrugation

a result

parameters

vanish.

NACA 2289 TN

63

S_mmetrical

sandwich.-

For

the

case

of

the

symmetrical

corrugated-

core sandwich, elimination of KAy and KAz by choosing ky = kz = 1 is again advantageous. In addition, however, the numerator and denominator in equation (D17) for S contain a common factor. Cancellation of this factor yields the following simplified expression for S to replace equation (D17):

(D19)

where

B 3 = KIz

B 4 : Kly z

(D20)
B6

+l
= KIy

/tc 2
KLy

12 E'C \hc/

E1

1 _ kC 21t I h3

B'-r= c7 = ]_c 1
Corrugation center line consisting arcs.The center line of a corrugation three straight-line segments (two flats separated from each other by two

_12\Cc,/
of straight lines and circular leg in many cases consists of and one diagonal element) arcs. The following figure

circular

64

NACA 2289 TN

.........

_y

' r'
I

Rc,2 Ri2_
,

_hC I hG

0 -__',\

e _y
', ', rt I

//

Rcl--"

/ L__

Ri I

.
NACA

Figure

D_

NACA 2289 TN

65

shows such a corrugation leg with its dimensions. If the integrals in equations (DI5) are evaluated for this shape, with the origin of x and y chosen along the straight diagonal portion as shown in the figure, the results are

:_i 2_:i_!2_]

i :_Rc2) T

hc

KIyz

= _I jl kl dl 3\h C hc hc
i

e_+_ + 2
(o21 )

*_L_

#*_

* _-_

e_+2

_"

g:-_]]
_+

_I_ ( _

1Q_c2/_
g2 Equation e_l _ continued on next page (D21)

66

NACA 2289 TN

RCl(eb el he _+hc

e2 _+hc

KAy -- c h 2\h c

hc

- -_j_ - kz

e_+

(D21)
Concluded dl d2 RCI

ELy = 1

cos2O

+ _

(e + sin

O cos

e)

ELy z =

sin

@ cos

@ + 2\hc

sin2e

KLz

sin28

+ 2\hc

the and tion

If, in addition to consisting of straight lines corrugation is symmetrical (that is, RC 2 = RC1, the leg origin (that of is_ y ky and z is chosen then at the

and b2

circular arcs, = bl, and so on) of the corruga-

midpoint (D21)

= k z = 1),

equations

become

NACA 2289 TN

67

KTz=-_\_/ _ + 3_t_)

2 kll2dl 2 Jl kl dl _E_'_2

he

K_yz: 3 he _ _ + 212t,_1

2_ L_(e_-+heKIy: 7t,_l _ + C_ +

+_t_

2#

2(Jl/2dl 1 fl

(D22)

__t_
KAz = KAy = 0

_-+ __- +_

+_

dl

RCI

fl

K, : 2_ + 20_---+_
t':l_ dz _:l. KLy = _ + 2 _ cos2e + ._----(e+ sin e cos e)
dI KLy z = 2 _ sin a cos RC 1 a + _-sin2e

KLz

dl = 2 _

sin2e

RCl + _--(@

sin

8 cos

e)

The equations

dimensions (D21) and

that (D22)

have can

to be be

inserted

in the a few

right-hand basic

sides

of

obtained

from

dimensions

68

NACA 2289 TN

P, hEC, Ril, Ri 2, of computations:

fl_

f2,

and

tc)

through

the

following

sequence

hC

= hEc

- tc tC

tc RCl = Ril + -_

Rc2 = Ri2 + Y

a2

= kz

hC 2

- RC 2

b2
=l

el= (_12+lj2 hi2)

a1 aI = arc tan bl

c,: b22) (a22+lj2

a2 _2 = arc tan b2

RC 1 61 = arc sin Cl _2 = arc sin

RC 2 c2

(D23)

dl

= (Cl 2

- RC12)I/2

d2

= (c22

- RC22)I/2

e = cu 1

+ 81

= cu + 92 2

eI

= RCI

cos sin

e e

e 2 = RC2

cos

gl

= IRC1

g2

= RC 2

sin

Jl

= al

+ el

J2 = a2

+ e2

kl

= bl

- gl

k2

= b2

- g2

NACA 2289 TN These dimensions required in equations (D21) and (D22) can also be obtained from a different set of basic dimensions (p_ hEC Ril , , 83 and tc) through the following sequenceof computations: hC = hEC - t C tC RCz = Ril + T tC +7 RC2 = _i2 he
a 2 = k z _- RC2

69

Ri 2,

e I = RCI

cos

e 2 = RC2

cos

gl

= RCI

sin

g2

= RC 2

sin

8 (D24)

Jl

= al

+ el

J2

= a2

+ e2

kl

Jl

cot

k2

J2 cot

dl

Jl csc

d2

J2 csc

bl

= kl

+ gl

b2

= k2

+ g2

,2:

b2)

70

NACA

TN

2289

APPENDIX

DERIVATION

OF

FORMULA

FOR

DQx

In the

derivation

of

the

transverse

shear

stiffness dx and following

DQx , an width fig.)

ele2p

ment of corrugated-core sandwich under a transverse shear V is

plate of length considered. (See

Oentroidol and core

axis

of

faces

combination

--

y////////,

"////

!\ //.....

Figure

E1

The transverse shear is equilibrated by a change in bending moment dM from one end of the element to the other. From the equation relating the distortions of this element to the shear V 3 a general formula for DQx is obtained. by assuming A more that the practicable core carries approximate no direct formula stress. is then

obtained

General derivation.The direct stresses produced in the element by the bending moment dM are assumed to vary linearly through the thickness. Assuming the only flexibility to be that of the corrugation in shear gives the following picture of the relative distortions of the element:

i
i

8x L- .......

dx E2

Figure

NACA

TN

2289

The

angle

5x -_and

is taken

as

an

average

shear

strain DQx

Yx

for

the

cross by

section,

the

transverse

shear

stiffness

is then

given

DR : Qx =
An expression is now stitution in equation Elementary a point such derived (El). for 5x as a linear function of V

(m)
for sub-

at

considerations give as m (see fig. El)

the as

shear

stress

in

the

corrugation

TC where Q static moment of cross-hatched of cross

VQ = 21tc

(E2)

area

about of

neutral 2p

axis, about

inches 3 centroidal

moment of inertia axis, inches 4

section

width

(If faces and core are not all of the section should be used in calculating the corrugation sheet is

same material, Q and I.)

a transformed cross The shear strain in

TC T C = GC

VQ
2Gc Itc (E3)

Integration of following fig.)

TC

along

one

corrugation-leg

center

line

(see

the

Figure

E3

72 gives the relative other, or displacement 5x

NACA 2289 TN of one face with respect to the

5x = 0 Z -_x ds

- 2Gcitc

Vfo
in GcItch Z P_0

Q ds

(E4)

Substitution expression for

of DQx_

expression

(E4)

(El)

gives

the

following

general

DQx

(ES) Q ds

small to

Approximation.portion of the may by be the

If, as bending by

is usual, the corrugation carries only a moment M, then an accurate approximation assuming therefore, formula of that that for the the the DQx entire bending moment carries the same in h as calcuis, is no

DQx

obtained faces The

resisted normal equation

and,

corrugation will be

stress. (ES)

resulting the and

but Q

with ds,

effect the

corrugation location

omitted

lating

I,

_0 Z

centroidal-axis

) that

I _ 2ptlIk_Yxh

2 ) 2 + _i 2p)t2(l

- k-- _2h2 Elx/

(E6)

_l

Q ds _

E___(2p)t2(l I

- k_-_x lh _

(E7a)

or

/0

Q ds

2pt I k_x

hZ

(ETb)

"

I0

NACA

TN

2289

73

E2 _ii t2 E2 tl + _II t2

(ES)

Substitution equation (ES)

of

the

approximate the following

expressions

(E6), to

(E7), DQx:

and

(ES)

in

gives

approximation

Gctc h2 DQx Z _-_ -

Gctc2(h] _ "\P/

(E9)

Zt C where the corrugation cross-sectional area per unit width h = P

74
REFERENCES

NACA 2289 TN

I. Shanley_ F. R.: Cardboard-Box vol. 14, no. 12, Dec. 1947,

Wing Structures. pp. 713-715.

Jour.

Aero.

Sci.,

2. Libove_ Charles_ and Batdorf_ S. B.: A General Small-Deflection Theory for Flat Sandwich Plates. NACA Rep. 899, 1948. 3. Stein, Manuel_ and Sandwich Plates. Mayers, J.: A NACA TN 2017_ Small-Deflection 1950. Theory for Curved

4. Heilbron_ C. H._ and Skin Construction. 1941. 5.

Foster_ H.: Chordwise Shear Theory_ DoubleRep. No. 2326, Lockheed Aircraft Corp._ Sept.

4,

Kennedy_ W. B._ Jr._ and Troxell, W. W.: Study of Compression Panel_ Supported on Four Edges_ Formed of Corrugated Sheet with Flat Skin on Both Sides. NACA ARR 5B03, 1945. Strength of Materials. Part I - Elementary Theory Second ed. 3 D. Van Nostrand Co. 3 Inc., 1940,

6. Timoshenko, S.: and Problems. pp. 269-270.

NACA

TN

2289

75

TABLE

I,-

RESULTS

OF

_J_RICAL

SURVEY

OF

ACCURACY

OF

APPROX]S_ATE

FOI_MUIAS

FOR

Dy,

Ey_

Dxy,

AND

DQx.

(kll

k_y)

[El

=E2

=Ec]

GI

=G2

=GC;

_i

:_2:_;

fl

f2;

and

RCI

RC2

O.18hC_

Zp

"I_,

RcJ

Dxy) approx k Ratio Dyapprox Dy Eyapprox Ey (DQ0approx DQx Dxy

k tI

(dSeg)

60

90

60

90

60

90

6o

9o

t2

-o.3o ,lo 1.oo 1.25

o.811.4 o.8 1.4 0.8 1.4 o.8 1.4 o.8 _.4 o.811.4 o.8
o.99 .98 .97 _.99 .97 .97 o.99 .97 .96 0.99 -97 .96 o.98 -95 .94 o.98 .95 .95 o.97 .94 .94 o.98 .95 .94 Z.Ol 1.ol 1.Ol 1.oo .97 .96 1.ol .97 .96 1.oo'2 .9_*:i .93 1 1 i 1

1.4

0.8

1.4

(_)
1 1 1

(a)
1 1 1

(_)

.30 i. 00 125 1.00 1.25

.99 .97 .97

.99 .97 .96'

.99 .96 ,96

-99 .96 .96

.98 -95 .9_

.98 .95 .95

.97 .94 .94

.98 .95 .94

1.00 -99 .99

.99 .95 .93

.98 .93 .92

.98 .91 .89

1 1 ]

1 i 1

1 l 1

1 i 1

30 40 1.oo 1.25

.99 .97 .97

.99i .971 .96

.991 .961 _ .95

.99 .96 .96

.98 .95 .94

.98 .95 .95

.97 .94 .94

.98 .95 .94

1.o0 .98 .98

.98 .94 .93

.98 .9e .91

.97 .9Ol .8811

I i 1

i i i 1.00 1.00 1.00

i ii Ii 1.00 1.00 !i.00

.30
10 1.00 1.25

-99
.97 .97

.99
.97 -97

.99
.96 .96

.99
.97 .96

.98
-95 .94

.98
.95 .95

.97
.94 .93

.98 1.Ol
-95 .94 1.01 1.01

Loo
.97 .96

1.ol
.96 .95

.99_1
.92

oo

.941.O0_ 1.00_

1.00 1.00 1.00

.8o

25

.30 1.oo 1.25

.99 .97 -97

-99 .97 -96

.98 .96 = .95

.99 .96 .95

.98 .95 .94

.98 .95 .95

.97 .94 .93

.98 -95 .94

1.00 .99 .99

.99 .94 .93

.98 .93 .91

.97 .9o

1.OO:l.OO 1.oo 1.00 1.00

1.00 1.oo 1.o0

1.oo 1.oo 1.00

.88_1.oo

40

30 mOO 1.25

.991 -97! .96'

.991 .97 .96i

.98 .96 .95

.98 .96 .95

.98 .95 .94

.98 .95 .95

.971 .94 .93

.98 .95 .94

1.00 .98 .98

.98 .93 .92

.97 .91 .9O

.96 .89 .87

1.00i1.00 L 00il.00 1.0011.00

1.00 1.00 1.00

1.00 mOO 1.00

10

.30 1.00 1.25

.99 .96 .96

.99, .96 .96

.98 -95 .95

.98 .96 .95

.97 .94 .94

.98 .95 .94

.97 .94 .93

.97 .95 .9_

hO1 1.O1 1.O1

.99 .96 .95

.99 .94 .94

.98 .92 .9O

.98 .96 .96

.98 .96 .99

.98 .97 .96

.98 .96 .95

.30

.98 .96 .96

.98 .96 -95!

.98 .95 .94

.98 .99 .94

.97 .94 .94

.98 .95 .94

.97 .9_ -93i

.97 .94 .9_

1.O0 .98 .98

.98 .93 .9d

.97 .91 .9O

.96 .88 .87

.981 .96 .96

.98 .96 .95

.99 .97 .96

.98 .96 .96

.5o

29

1.00 L25

.30 40 1.00 1.25

.98 .96 .95

.981 .96-95! -95

.98! .941

.98 .95 .94

.97 .94 .94

.98 .95 .94

.97 .94 .93

.97 .94 .94

.99 .98 .97

.97 .92 .91

.96 .90 .89

-95 .87 .86

.98 .96 .96

.98 .96 .95

.99 .97 .96

.98 .96 .96

aApproximate

and

exact

values

are

identical

for

symmetrical

sandwich

76

NACA

TN

2289

(a)

Symmetrical.

(b) Unsymmetrical. Figure 1.Two types of corrugated-core sandwich plate.

NACA 2289 TN

77

dy

_:

z,w dx/

___Qx

Mxydy MxdY

Middle surface

Nxydy dy

(a)

Symmetrical

loading. dy _-/ /

Z ,W

Mxdy Mxydy Y

dx

/
(b) Figure 2.Forces and moments General loading. infinitesimal sandwich-plate

acting on element.

78
20.0
I 1 __ l 1 I 1 I

NACA TN 2289

-j_ I !

15.0 10.0
60

h(;

.5.0
8.0 6.0 e o 1'0 _ -

1 7.5 700

60

4.0 3,0

\ \\,,\

S
2.0 1.5

"\',,.x
- \\._\_

1.0 .8 .6 RC_

.4

20.0 15.0

' k
Ioo /

1
6o

_-

I0.0 8.0 6.0 90 4.0 3.0 _ _

_/oO\ k

S
2.0 1.5 Z 1.0 .8 .6

,oO \ _\'_\ \1 \'\ \.\1\' \\]\\,

NAgA ::....
I 1 I I l I I I l

.4 .2

,4

.6

,8

1,0

1,2

1.4

.4

.6

.8

I 1.0

: 12

1.4

__P
hc hc

(a)

tc - o.3o.
tl

Figure

3.- Charts

for evaluating

coefficient

in formula

for

DQy section

for homogeneous symmetrical sandwich with corrugatlon cross composed of straight lines and circular arcs (E 2 = EC = El; P2 = PC = Pl; t2 = tl; f2 = fl; EC 2 = RC 1 = O'18hc)"

_CA

TN

2289

79

20.0 15.0

--

-I I | I ] O I I -

60

- -_.=2o.o
I0.0 8.0 6.0

60

_oO \\\

80

__

4.0 3.0

o,oo\ ,_\ \ \
\'\\\\\,\

- ,o\

\,, \\\\\

s
2.0 1.5

\,\\_\\\
\ \',\\\_ :

\ \\\\\\'
\ \\\\\?

1.0 .8 .6

-.@
I I I I I I I 1 1 I I I I I I I I --I I I I I I

.4

20,0 15.5 40.0 I0.0 8.0 6,0

60o

70.0

6o

_oo\ \\
700 _ -

4.0 _LO

,oo__o\_ , \\\
\ \\\,\_ \\,\\,\

,o \\\

5
2.0 1,5

, '\ \\\\& \_

\'\\,\\_

1.0 .8 .6

",___
t *8 [.0 I |._ I |4 o_ I .4

.4 .2
4

I .6

I 6

I .8

l l,,O

I 1.2

I 1.4

p
hc hc

(a)

Concluded.

Figure

3.-

Continued.

80

NACA

TN

2289

20,0

15.0

--

hG

: 5.0
I0.0 8.0 1 60 o

7.5

soo

70

'

80

,o \\\\ o
,.0-e.9o ,. \ 3.0 \\_\
s
2.0

_,,

\\_\

'.0 _-_l
.6 --

i hc

\\_ t, r'//
Rc_

" ,, .....

,2

_-

_-..:
_"_

s.( Ec If'el'
J 1 i I I J I J i J t _

.4

20.0 15.0

__ _

_
l I [ I

Io.o

eo

150

60

,o.0

:: ,oO \
4.0

_o \ o

.oO\\ \

\
\\\_\\\'\\\"

\'\\
Z

s
2.0 1.5

\\\;

,,4 .2

I .4

i .6

i .8

i 1.0

I 1.2

i 1.4 .2

I .4

J .8

J .8

I 1.0

J 1.2

I 1.4

P hG

P ho

(b)

tc tI

0.40.

Figure

3.-

Continued.

11

NACA

TN

2289

81

20.0 15.0

J ] I I I ] 0 0 I !

- th.._.GC0.0 =2 I0.0 8.0 6.0

600

30.0

4.0 5.0--

,o\\
800 \ 800 \ _

\ '_\\_\

S
2.0 1.5

\ \\\_\\_

\ \

,oo\\. \ \\\ , \ ,\\ \\\\_\\_

\'\\,\ \__

1.0 .8 .6
I 1 I I I I I I I I I

.4

20.0 15.0 ---- _-I0.0 8.0 6.0 40.0

-I l I I I I

"2

I 600 70.0 600

- / .oo.\\
soo \_

4.0 3.0

__1

S
2.0 1.5

\\'\',
\,\

\\\
\_\'\

,o;\_\, \\'\\\
800

_ ,oo\_

\ ?, \ \"\

\ \\

hO .8 .6

"__
N_C_^a
I I I I I I I I I I I I 1 t

.4 .2

.6

.8

1.0

1.2

1.4

.2

.4

.6

.8 P hc

I.O

L2

L4

__p
hc

(b)

Concluded.

Figure

3.-

Continued.

82

NACA

TN

2289

20.0 15.5

_ _ h

_c =5.0
I0.0

7.5
60

80 e.o 70\\

soo -

70 \ eo \\ \

3.0

oo .
fl

__

I rlC'

_ .8
.4 I

__-

o_-s_lhi(' /_
' I I y-,_2cJ_hc] J 1 I I l I I I I I I I

20.0 15.0

,
I I t I ]

I
60

I0.0

6oo

15.0

,
6.0 800 k

_oO\

,o\\
s

e \

\ \

..o.00 \, 2,
"'
.4 ,2 I .4 l .6 I .8

\\\\)

[
I 1.0 J 1.2

, ? NkCk-_,_" ,
I 1.4 .2 I .4 I .6 i I .8 i I i 1.2 1.0

-_
1.4

P he

p
hc

(c)

tc - 0.50.
tl

Figure

3.-

Continued.

NACA

TN

2289

83

20.0
I I

15.0 - _=20.0 I0.0 8.0 6.0

--

60
70 \

30.0

so

4.0 3.0

.,oo \\\

_oO\\ \ \\\-

70o

\ \ , \\,

.oO \\_ \'_, \ \'1\

$
2.0 1.5

\'\\,\

1.0 .8 .6

.4

20.0 15.0

--

I0.0 8.0 6.0

40.0 [

600

7 0.0

so o

70

4.0 5.0

--

s
2.0 1.5

.oo\\, \
\'\\\'\'g
I I I I I I

80\\\ 70 \

,oO \\\

_,o o,, \ \\.

\\\
\

1.0 .8 .6

"<'-,b
I 1.4 .2 .4 I 6
I I I I I I

.'_ .2

.6

.8

1.0

1.2

.8

1.0

1.2

i.4

he

he

(c)

Concluded.

Figmre

3.-

Continued.

84

NACA

TN

2289

_0,0

----

1 5.0

ho

_o.o

_' =5"0

i 7.5

60

,o
8.0

- .o: \,,,',, \ :i_,..o;, \,\\ \\

,oO

600

- - oo,,,\,\ \\ _ \, \ \,\ \\

,oO \\\
70

hc-

\\_'i fl

_l'/"

"

tl

DQY = ,4

_-F_}_hcJ

20.0 15,0

I
I0.0

I0.0 8,0 6.0

60

I 5.0

60

4.0 3.0

,oO\ \\\

,o \\

_,o \ _ o

,
\ \-

,0o\\,\ \\_ \ _
\ \, \\\, \\-

.o , \

\ \, \ \'\

S
2.0 1.5

\,_\\\\

\'-

\\'\\,\\\

\\\\\\,=

\,\\,\\_

1.0 .8 .6 "_ .4 .2
l I I J I I I I I I I

NACA
I

,f"
I I

_ _

.6

.8

1.0

1.2

1.4

.2

.4

.6

.8

1.0

1.2

1.4

_.P
ho

hc

(d)

tc tl

0.60.

Figure

3.-

Continued.

m_cA TN 2289

85

20.0 15.0
I J 1 I I I

hc I0.0 8.0 6.0

_-c = 20.0

so

30.0

60

900 4.0 3.0

80<

$
2.0 1.5

\\
: \'\\ \'\N
\\_',..\ --,..
L I I I i L I I I L i r

1.0 .8 .6

.4

20.0 _ 15.0 I0.0

E
40.0
600

70.0
60 ....

o
6.0 4.0 --

900

,oo , \,,,,

.oO \\\ _\\\\

_:[ ,.o
_
.4 .2 i .4 i .6 I .8 i

\\\<\,.< .<@
\.\'-.'x
-,_
I t.0 1.2 _ 1.4 .2
I I

I .6

1 .8

I |.0

i 1.2 1.4

.4

P_
hG

hc (d) Concluded.
Figure 3.Continued.

86
20.0 15.0 I0.0 8.0 600 6.0 hc _ ,
I I I I I I I

NACA 2289 TN
1 I Z

-_c=5,o
600----

7_ .o \ _\ N", N

,.o -_.,oj \,\ \

s
E.O

N\ \ -

_,oO \ \\,\\ ,,\\\

\ [\\\\ \

r_ 2p f-ic

_ \" \\ >,,,?
._

o
.6

'9 _/
_DQ = Sh/

TI -_

, ;'
/ ....

ECI{tC

.4

20.0 15.0
J I I I 1 I -

I,

--

I0.0 I0.0 e,o 6.0

eo

15.0 __ 60 _

4.0 3.0

.oO \\\ - , \,\\\

900 \ _,\X -

,oo,
.\i
-.<.-,.-_

oo \\\

S
2.0 1.5

L-

1.0 .8 .6 .4 .2
I 4 I .6 L ,8 t

"\\_\

I I.O I,_

i 1.4 2 .4

t .6

I .0

1 1.0

I 1.2

t 1.4

P he

p
hc

(e)

tc t I

0.80.

Figure

3.-

Continued.

NACA

TN

2289

87

zo.o ! , [ _ _5.o ;_ _-=20.0

I0.0 8.0 _

,
60 o

, _ 30.0
60 o

700

6.0

80 o

__

s '

\\

,oo,_\\' \\\,\ ;

80

- \\',,',C\\
\\ \,\\
"-._,.,.__

.4

20.0 15.0

--

40.0
I0.0 8.0 600

70.0
600

.o:.oo
6,0 800

700

- =:d\\

,.o-1,0

\\ \\
\ \\

.,,

.4

.2

.4

.6

.8

1.0

1.2

1.4

.2

.4

.6

.8

1.0

1.2

1.4

__p
hc hc

(e) Concluded. Figure 3.Continued.

88

NACA

TN

2289

20.0 I 5.0 I0.0 8.0

, h_ 5.0

--

--

7.5 i 60 o-

60 6.0

4.0 3.0

.oo\\,_ _
_..,0o\ \'\\ _ _,c_-__/ ,,

70

\'\ \\\_
_ _

,oo .K\\_
i .

70 \ L

$
2.0 1.5

'\_
\\.__-

1,0 .8 .6

.4

20.0 15.0

I 1

I 0.0

Io,o
I 600

15.0 60

8.0
4.0 -e.o 900

' \ L
_-o \ o\
__ 90

\ \ \ '\ \ \ ',

?o 0oO \ _ \\\
\

s_.o_ ,,5,.o
.8 .6 .4 .2 I .4
I 6 I .6

\,, \? \N

\ \\x<\\,x<
:

\," _.___ _
t 1.0 I 1.2 I

I 1.4 .2

.6

.8

ID

1.2

1.4

_p
hc ho

(f)

tc tI

1.00.

Figure

3.-

Continued.

12

NACA

T_ 2289

89

20.0 15.0 I0.0 8.0 6.0 _-_ 700 ,_

I I I I I f

--

I I I

_hC = -TO 20.0 SO

-

30.0

--60

4.0 3,.0 - 8- 90

800

-70

_k,

S
2.0 1.5

\\\

\\

,\\

\\\\

1.0 .8 .6
I I I i I ]

.4

20.0
] I I I

-t 1 i I I I I -

15.0 I0.0 8.0 6.0 4.0 3.0

I
40.0

60

80 o

800 7

----

800

70 _

S
2.0 1.5

\'
,

\\\\
\\\\_

\'\\\\,\'\
,\\\\
\'\\\\

\_

1.0 .8 .6 .4 .2
1 I I I I

-.._
] I I I J I I I I

.4

.6

.8

1.0

1.2

1.4

.2

.4

.6

.8

1.0

1.2

1.4

_E
h

_.p h

(f)

Concluded.

Figure

3.-

Continued.

_0
20.0
t I '1 I I t Z I I I I

NACATN 2289
I I

15.0 10.0 8.0 6.0

_-5.o eoo
70o __X

hc_

7.5
600

4.0 3.0

_,oo \\\ f
\ ;r ,\\\\ \

e-9o \

80_

S
2.0 1.5

\ \'\\ \"
: _-\\.\-\_ -..._
sh(Eal('_ t3
DQ_= _ _U\hc/
I I 1 ] I

\\ x.\ ._:

1.0 .8 .6 .4

20.0 15.0

I0.0 I0.0 8.0 6.0 __ 90 800 \ 70 _ __

0

,5.0
60
60

700

4.0 3.0

,,\\, ,,\\ ,,

90

.oo\\\\
k

S
2.0 1.5

\ \',,\
\',,,\ \',,
- \_-,
T , NACA I I I I

\\\ \'x\\:
\ .\i

1.0 .8 .6 i 1.2 1.4 .2 i

4

\_

.4 .2 4

i .6

I .8

I 1.0

i 1.2

l 1.4

.6

.8 P hc

1.0

hc

(g)

tc tl

1.25.

Figure

3.-

Continued.

NACATN 2289
20.0 15.0
I I I I ! I I I I I I

91

--_-= 20.0 I0.0 8.0 6.0 60

30.0

600

4.0 3.0

_ _.,oo_\ \\

80 \ 70

S
2.0 1.5

1.0 .8 .6
I I I l

\\

._"

_'\\

\\

-.._
I I I I 1 I I I-I I I I I I I I I I --

,4

20.0 15.0 _ Io.o 8.0

40.0

70.0

60

6.0

,o- ,oO_\
3.0 \

8oo
_

60 -

,oo \\\ ,\\\

\\\\,\_
\',\\'\_

70

S
2.0

,._,o

\\\\
_

\'\_\\\\

-\-,<._
l .41. I I I I I I I .4 .6 I .e t I I |.0 t 1.2 1.4

.4

.6

.8

1.0

1.2

1.4

.2

_.p
hc

p_
hc

(g)

Concluded.

Figure

3.-

Concluded.

92

NACA

_fN 2289

20.0

_ -

i h(;

I i

s.o
-

_ =Io
tG

60o
_.

30--

600

.40

,o.o
6.0

_=o.4o - _o
{

,%

To_

,o _-' ,
S

,
,'_\

k
,_

90

3.0 ---

\\

- !

__

,A

'

1/'

,6

DQ

c;
= Sh{ Ec %{to%3

.i z
,I 8 --

.4

20.0 15.0 I r i i i i J I ! i

[
30

,
..... _

T I

--

I0 1.00

i
i .L 600

I0.0 8.0 6,0

i.oo
____ _

.....
-T_60

-----[
O ......

.... ;
-90

_oo_ L-

,oo _k
'\

o o

,_

4.0 3,0

,,,\ \'%, _,

S
2.0 1.5

_,Z.,_

"_
I _

1.0 .8 .6

.4 .2

.4

.6

,8

1.0

1.2

1.4

.4

,6

,8

1.0

1.2

1,4

__p
hc

_.p
hc

(a) Figure 4.Charts

_i

= RC2

_ O'18hC" departures from the

showing effects conditions

on S of four of figure 3.

NACA

TN

2289

93

20.0 15.0 I0.0 8.0 6.0

' I'

F'

I'

I'

=,oi i,oo
:_.o,oo i ,oO ....
O= 900

4.0 3.0

s
2.0 1.5

1.0 .8 .6 F sI Rc= ,l , I s _.._lC_/ .231 /

F I-

Do=sU_t("_t _ ' t'-_M"J

1.00_ 4.30

.4

20.0 15.0
i

I0 I 1.00

--, 1 T--

--

30 1,00

......... I

I0.0 8,0 6.0

ft

60_ ..... '_

,
j

.oo.

700

!\-

4.0 3.0

s
2.0 1.5

\\
,6

_ "_. a\ \)2'_

1.0 .8 .6

-,w_, ._-_
.8 P

%,L
1,0

b'_i i .4 I,_ I 1.4 ,2

1.00_

.2_ />'%., "_'%

I I J 1.0 I 1.1 i 1.4

-,
.2 4

,_ ,_:_o/ ,-_-,
.6 .8

,4

_p
hc

(_) _'_ _'_/- _c" :

Figure 4.Continued.

94

NACA

TN

2289

20.0

]5: i
15.0 hG

i,

r
i

1
......

I--

_-E='O
I0.0 8.0 6.0

_
|

F
70

6o
I\\\ -

3o ! I 6o I : _ i i .4o X _ _ _A . I ___ ....

V'

r-

,=

4.0 3.0

F,.,oo
. . --

k \k-

S
2.0 1.5

,_%t .25 i",_ _

1.0 .8 .6

-h I'--_-

,c .... t2 Re"

--,,_

,4

20.0 15.0

'l'
1.00

_
I

Tt'I'
i

I0.0 8.0 6.0

1.00
.....

i! - e.... t--_ I t - _o' _

4.0 3.0

,oo
8o

,_

_........

S
2.0 1.5

1.0 .8 .6

.4

I,
.2 4

:?o : ,oo_

".t .--'-x, ,'_'<-_

t ,.oo-7 / \."B_\'/'.._'.._
,

j
I .4 i

4
l _i .... ] .S .8 p hc i

"__.'-_\ \_,
I I_) I I ,,.I ,.2 4 L4

.6

.8

1.0

1.2

1.4

.2

__p
hc

(o)
Figure

_ / _.
4.Continued.

NACA TN 2289
20.0
]

95

t5.0

=lo ,o.o ;0.40 7oo

e o
_r .i0, 17!_ ,!i0_! i r !

,,.o

_ 8;0 _,, 1\\

%
o;'s:_l_)(_) _ ,:_o_
%.
I
I I I L i

-%,
J

.4

20,0 t5.O

_ -

q I0 1.00

T .......

I0.0

--60

6O _.o
8.0 _ -

eo

7o`> .,'X
kX

800

o 7O

,o _oo_ _

__
--

\
.50 1.00I J .4

:::! ,o
.4 2 h .4 I .6 t .8

-a \.\. %
I 1.0 i 1.2 _ 1.4 .2

__p
hc

(d)

t 2

t 1.

Figure

4.-

Concluded.

96

NACA

TN

2289

(h_- tq) 0.87

/_

- Rivets

,t

54 60

.........

b t.92

(a)

Dimensions

of beam

test

specimen.

Dial indicators

(b) Figure 5.Specimen

Loadings test

and setup of

gage used Dy.

locations. in experimental determination

and

( c ) Photograph of t y p i c a l t e s t setup. Figure

5 , - Concluded,

NACA TN 2289

Type of load'ing

Maximum value of P (Ib)

Load Experimental increment in P value of DQ, (Iblin.1 (I b)

A/\/\/\/\A/v\A-\/\/\/\fif\/\/\/\A

I ii4.i.E] 'L
P P P P P P P P P
=

P P P P P P P P P
A/\/\/\/\/\/\/
I

l\)\j\)\)\j\)\/\/\, a

\/\/\A

P P P P P P P

( a ) Loadings and r e s u l t i n g values of

D%*

Figure 6.- Test setups used i n experimental determination of

"%*

NACA TN 2289

101

(b) Photograph of typical test setup,

Figure

6,-

Concluded ,

NACA TN

2289

103

L-66801
(a) Photograph of test specimen and steel side and end plates assembled.

(b) Photograph of test specimen and steel side and end plates disassembled,

I 1

(k+ =0.90 t,)

I
I

--

(c) Dimensions of twistiog test specimen. Figure

7.-

Specimen and test setup used in experimental determination of D---*

NACA TN 2289

( d ) Photograph of t e s t setup,

K$@zj7
L-58058

Figure

7. - Concluded.