SCAFFOLD SAFETY ASPECTS

By : R. C. Sharma Industrial Care Alliance Training 42 A/B, Yoginagar Township, Near Zenith Tin, Chhani, Vadodara E- mail : info@ihs.co.in, Ph. No. : 9879520199

Scaffold Definition Means any temporary elevated platform (supported or suspended) and its supporting structure (including points of anchorage), used for supporting employees or materials or both. Hazards Employees working on scaffolds are exposed to these hazards: Falls from elevation caused by slipping, unsafe access, and the lack of fall protection Struck by Electrocution Scaffold collapse Bad planking falling tools / debris from overhead power lines caused by instability or overloading giving way

Supported Scaffolds : How fall occurs ? Component fails Planks break Handrail give way Scaffold support collapse

Most scaffold accidents can be traced to untrained or improperly trained workers.

IS 2750-1964 : Types of Scaffolds :

Independent Scaffold Individual Component Type Scaffold Putlog Scaffold Unit Frame Type Scaffold

Most Commonly used Scaffolds

An elevated, temporary work platform. Three basic types: Supported scaffolds -- platforms supported by rigid, load bearing members, such as poles, legs, frames, & outriggers

Suspended scaffolds -- platforms suspended by ropes or other non-rigid, overhead support Aerial Lifts -- such as cherry pickers or boom trucks

IS 4014 (Part 1) 1967 : Scaffold Terminology :

Base Dimensions - Dimensions of the smallest rectangle enclosing the base of a tripod or trestle. Base Plate - A plate for distributing the load from an upright or raker. Adjustable Base Plate Bay A base plate embodying means of vertical adjustment.

The space between the centre lines of two adjacent standards along the face of the scaffold. A horizontal member supporting a vertical load.

Beam -

Board Bearer A tube spanning across ledgers or from ledger to the & wall of a building which may have a loose or attached coupler for the purpose of securing such tube or member to a ledger, and which may have a specially formed end (may be detachable) for the purpose of fixing into brickwork; and used between transoms or putlogs for the purpose of supporting scaffold boards at positions and spacings required. Brace Bridle A tube incorporated diagonally in a scaffolding for stability. A horizontal tube slung between putlogs for the purpose of supporting intermediate putlogs where due to window openings and the like it is impossible to support a putlog in the wall. A swivelling wheel attached to the lower end of a tubular column for the purpose of moving and supporting scaffolding. A fitting by which a grip is applied to the external surfaces of two tubes and which thereby holds them together.

Castor -

Coupler -

Coupler, Double (Right Angled) - A coupler for connecting a tube at right angle. Coupler Putlog A non-load bearing coupler used for fixing a putlog or transom to a ledger. Coupler, Sleeve A coupler for connecting two tubes end to end.

Coupler, Swivel - A coupler for connecting two tubes at any angle other than a right angle. Guard Rail or Handrail - A member incorporated in the structure at all points from where an operative may fall. Independent Scaffold The scaffolding supported on two rows of standards (uprights), independent of the structure under construction but securely supported against collapse with the help of proper strutting or bracing and rigidly connected with the building or other structure unless so designed to ensure stability without such connection.

Individual Component Type Scaffold - Independent or putlog scaffold consisting of an assembly of individual tubes and fittings. Joint Pin Ledger An internal fitting for jointing two tubes end to end. A tube spanning horizontally and tying a scaffold longitudinally, which may act as a support for putlogs or transoms. The height from the ground or floor to the lowest ledger or the vertical distance between any two adjacent ledgers.

Lift -

Puncheon - A vertical tube supported otherwise than upon the ground or a base plate. Purchaser - The person receiving the assembled scaffold or separate components of scaffolds, whether by sale or on hire. Putlog A tube or other member spanning from a ledger to the wall of a building and which may have a specially formed end (may be detachable) for the purpose of fixing into the brickwork.

Putlog End - The specially formed end of a putlog or fitting to be attached to a tube, for locating the member in a joint of a wall. Putlog Scaffold - The scaffolding supported by single row of uprights in combination with load bearing parts of the structure. Raker An inclined tube having a bearing on the ground or on an adjacent structure or if carrying a portion of the projecting scaffolding being connected to a horizontal member of the scaffold at a lower level. Reveal Pin - A fitting used for tightening a reveal tie between two opposing surfaces. Reveal Tie - A tube which is jacked (wedged) between two opposing surfaces, for example, window reveal (opening) to tie a scaffold to a building. Scaffold, Catching - Scaffold used to protect those working on floors or roofs against falling down, and also to stop building materials and tools from falling. Scaffold, Figure or Bracket - Light cantilever working scaffold, which is fixed to the masonry work with the help of fixing accessories, for example, dogs, spikes, etc. Scaffolds, Cantilever or Jib - Cantilever scaffolds are those scaffolds which stick out from the masonry work like a cantilever. Simple cantilever scaffolds are those which are not additionally supported from the masonry work. Jib scaffoIds are those types of cantilever scaffolds which are additionally supported by a brace which may be in tension or compression. The brace transmits the load on to the masonry work. Scaffolding - A temporary structure on which persons work, providing support for the plant and materials used in building, constructional, maintenance, repair and demolition work.

Sole Plate - A timber or other member of adequate size and suitable quality used to distribute the load from the base plate to the ground. Spigot Staging An alternative term for a joint pin (also a part of it). A temporary structure on which persons work, sometimes mounted on casters and formed from prefabricated frames.

Standard or Upright - A tube used as a vertical support or column in the construction of a scaffold and transmitting a load to the ground or a base plate. Supplier The person selling or hiring the assembled scaffold or separate components of scaffold. A tube used to connect a scaffold to a reveal tie or other rigid anchorage.

Tie Tube -

Toe Board Clip - A clip used for attaching toe boards to scaffolding members. Transom A tube spanning across ledgers to tie a scaffold transversely and which may also support a working platform. A self-supporting stand made out of rolled steel sections or steel tubular sections and incorporating one or more horizontal beams on which a working platform may be laid. A self-supporting metal stand with three legs for supporting one end of a horizontal beam on which a working platform may be laid.

Trestle -

Tripod -

Unit Frame - A metal stand, not self-supporting, incorporating or supporting a platform or one or more horizontal beams on which a working platform may be laid .Scaffold Components Steel Tubes Steel tubes for individual component types scaffolding shall be of heavy class welded or seamless tubes of 40 mm nominal bore and of grade not less than YST 22 of IS : 11611968 Specification for Steel Tubes for Structural Purposes ( Second Revision ). The following values for the properties of scaffolding tubes of 40 mm nominal bore are given below for information: 1. 2. 3. 4. Cross-sectional area Moment of inertia Section modulus Radius of gyration A = 5.57 I = 13.77 Z = 5.70 K = 1.57 cm K2 = 2.47 cm2 (2 4 about a diameteral axis) cm2 cm4 cm3

Steel Fittings All fittings shall be manufactured from steel which when analysed in accordance with the relevant part of *IS : 228. Methods of Chemical Analysis of Pig Iron, Cast Iron and Plain Carbon and Low Alloy Steels shall show not more than 0.06 percent of sulphur, and not more than 0.06 percent of phosphorous and shall also conform to steels of Schedule II of IS : 1570-1961 Schedules for Wrought Steels for General Engineering Purposes. Manufacturing requirements of scaffolding fittings shall be in accordance with IS: 2750-1964f. Welding Welding shall be carried out on steel tubes in accordance with IS : 6227-1971 Code of Practice for Use of Metal Arc Welding in Tubular Structures, and on other steel sections in accordance with IS : 816-1969 Code of Practice for Use of Metal Arc Welding for General Construction in Mild Steel ( First Revision ) or IS : 1323-1966 Code of Practice for Oxy-Acetylene Welding for Structural Work in Mild Steel ( Revised ). All parts shall be dimensionally true, cleanly finished and free from cracks, surface flaws and other defects. Ends of tubes shall be cut cleanly and squarely. Where necessary, units shall be straightened after fabrication. The axial deviation in any member shall not exceed 1.5 mm in any length of 1.5 m. Steel Sections, Bars and Rivets Steel sections and bars shall conform to IS : 226-1975 Specification for Structural Steel (Standard Quality) ( Fifth Revision ) Rivet bars shall conform to IS : 1148-1975 Specification for Hot Rolled Steel Rivet Bars (Up to 40 mm Diameter) for Structural Purposes ( First Revision ). Bolts and Nuts Bolts and nuts shall have mechanical properties not less than those specified in Table 5 (4D) of IS : 1367-1967 Technical Supply Conditions for Threaded Fasteners ( First Revision ) and shall also conform to the requirements of IS : 1362-1962 Dimensions for Screw Threads for General Purposes (Diameter Range 1.6 to 39 mm) ( Revised ) where applicable.

Overview of Scaffold Regulation & Specifications

The Standards : Indian Standards IS 2750 1964 IS 4014 (Part I) 1967 IS 4014 ( Part II) 1967 IS 3696 ( Part I) 1987 Specification for Steel Scaffolding Code of practice for steel tubular scaffolding Code of practice for steel tubular scaffolding Safety code for scaffolds and ladders

IS 3696 (Part II) : 1991 OSHA Standards

Scaffolds and ladders Code of safety

1926.450 Scope, application and definitions applicable to this subpart 1926.451 General requirements 1926.452 Additional requirements applicable to specific types of scaffolds 1926.453 Aerial lifts 1926.454 Training 1926.550(g) apply to crane or derrick suspended personnel platforms, Appendix A Scaffold specification Appendix B (Reserved) Criteria for determining the feasibility of providing safe access and fall protection for scaffold erectors and dismantlers Appendix C List of National Consensus Standards Appendix D List of Training Tropics for Scaffold Erectors and Dismantlers Appendix E Drawing and Illustrations

1926.450 Purpose Updates existing standard to include types of scaffolds such as catenary and step trestle Allows flexibility in the use of fall protection systems to protect employees Simplifies language, eliminates duplicative outdated provisions, consolidates overlapping requirements Allows employers compliance flexibility 1926.451(g)(1) - Fall protection or fall arrest systems Each employee more than 10 feet above a lower level shall be protected from falls by guardrails or a fall arrest system, except those on single-point and two-point adjustable suspension scaffolds. Each employee on a single-point and two-point adjustable suspended scaffold shall be protected by both a personal fall arrest system and a guardrail. Guardrails requirement on all open sides of scaffolding platform 1926.451(g)(1) The standard requires employers to protect each employee on a scaffold more than 10 feet (3.1 m) above a lower level from falling to that lower level. 1926.451(g)(4) To ensure adequate protection, install guardrails along all open sides and ends before releasing the scaffold for use by employees, other than the erection and dismantling crews. 1926.451(b)(3)

Guardrails are not required, however, When the front end of all platforms are less than 14 inches (36 centimeters) from the face of the work; 1926.451(b)(3)(l) When outrigger scaffolds are 3 inches (8 centimeters) or less from the front edge; 1926.451(b)(3)(ii) When employees are plastering and lathing 18 inches (46 centimeters) or less from the front edge. 1926.451(g)(4)(ii) ; Guardrail height The height of the toprail for scaffolds manufactured and placed in service after January 1, 2000 must be between 38 inches (0.9 meters) and 45 inches (1.2 meters). The height of the toprail for scaffolds manufactured and placed in service before January 1, 2000 can be between 36 inches (0.9 meters) and 45 inches (1.2 meters) 1926.451(g)(4)(xv) : Crossbracing When the cross point of cross bracing is used as a top rail, it must be between 38 inches (0.97 m) and 48 inches (1.3 meters) above the work platform 1926.451(g)(4) : Midrails Midrails must be installed approximately halfway between the toprail and the platform surface. When a crosspoint of crossbracing is used as a midrail, it must be between 20 inches (0.5 meters) and 30 inches (0.8 m) above the work platform Scaffold platform construction requirements 1926.451(b)(1) Each platform must be planked and decked as fully as possible with the space between the platform and uprights not more than 1 inch (2.5 centimeters) wide. The space must not exceed 9 inches (24.1 centimeters) when side brackets or oddshaped structures result in a wider opening between the platform and the uprights. 1926.451(a)(1) Scaffold planking must be able to support, without failure, its own weight and at least four times the intended load. Appendix A (1)(b) and (c) Solid sawn wood, fabricated planks, and fabricated platforms may be used as scaffold planks following the recommendations by the manufacturer or a lumber grading association or inspection agency. Tables showing maximum permissible spans, rated load capacity, and nominal thickness are in Appendix A (1)(b) & (c) of the standard. Solid sawn wood used as scaffold planks shall be selected for such use following the grading rules established by a recognized lumber grading association or by an independent lumber grading inspection agency. Such planks shall be identified by the grade stamp of such association or agency. Scaffold grade or equivalent 1,500 lb-f/in2 (stress grade) construction lumber Manufactured planks used according to manufacturers recommendations Appendix A (1)(a)

Allowable spans shall be determined in compliance with the National Design Specification for Wood Construction published by the National Forest Products Association; paragraph 5 of ANSIA10.8-1988 Scaffolding-Safety Requirements published by the American National Standards Institute; or for 2 x 10 inch (nominal) or 2 x 9 inch (rough) solid sawn wood planks Maximum Intended Nominal Load (lb/ft2) 25 50 75 Maximum Permissible Span Using Full Thickness Undressed Lumber (ft) 10 8 6 Maximum Permissible Span Span Using Nominal Thickness Lumber (ft) 8 6

The maximum permissible span for 1-1/4 x 9-inch or wider wood plank of full thickness with a maximum intended load of 50 lb/ft2 shall be 4 feet. 1926.451(f)(16) : Maximum deflection of a platform The platform must not deflect more than 1/60 of the span when loaded. 1926.451(f)(13) : Requirements for work on platforms cluttered with debris The standard prohibits work on platforms cluttered with debris. 1926.451(b)(2) : Width of the work area on scaffolding Each scaffold platform and walkway must be at least 18 inches (46 centimeters) wide. When the work area is less than 18 inches (46 centimeters) wide, guardrails and/or personal fall arrest systems must be used. 1926.451(c)(2) : Footings Support scaffold footings shall be level and capable of supporting the loaded scaffold. The legs, poles, frames, and uprights shall bear on base plates and mud sills 1926.451(c)(1) : Guying ties, and braces Supported scaffolds with a height-to-base of more than 4:1 shall be restained from tipping by guying, tying, bracing, or the equivalent Restrained from tipping by guys, ties, or equivalent when higher than 4:1 ratio Support installed per recommendations or at closest horizontal member to the 4:1 height Capacity : The capacity requirements for all scaffolds 1926.451(a) Capacity Non-Adjustable Support its own weight and 4 x maximum intended load Suspension rope and connecting hardware support 6 x maximum intended load Adjustable Stall load of scaffold hoist not to exceed 3 x rated load Designed by a qualified person and built to loaded design 1926.451(a)(1) Each scaffold and scaffold component must support without failure its own weight

and at least four times the maximum intended load applied or transmitted to it. 1926.451(a)(6) A qualified person must design the scaffolds, which are loaded in accordance with that design. 1926.451(f)(1) Scaffolds and scaffold components must not be loaded in excess of their maximum intended loads or rated capacities, whichever is less. Appendix A (1)(a) Load carrying timber members should be a minimum of 1,500 lb-f/in2 construction grade lumber. 1926.451(e) Access Must have safe access Cross-braces prohibited as means of access Bottom rung no more than 24 high Rest platforms required at 35 intervals Slip-resistant treads on all steps and landings September 2, 1997, sets access for erectors and dismantlers Can use end frames for access 1926.451(f) Use Never overloaded Erected, moved, dismantled and altered near power lines Repair in place or replace damaged components Restrict horizontal movement with employees unless designed by registered P.E. Prohibit work activities during high winds unless authorized by C.P. Remove whole scaffold from service until repaired 1926.451(h) Falling object protection Hardhats required for employee Protect employees below from falling objects Toe-boards Canopies Barricades 1926.451(e)(9) & (g)(2) : Erecting and Dismantling When erecting and dismantling supported scaffolds, a competent person must determine the feasibility of providing a safe means of access and fall protection for these operations 1926.451(f)(3) : Inspections Before each work shift and after any occurrence that could affect the structural integrity, a competent person must inspect the scaffold and scaffold components for visible defects 1926.454 : Training Employees must receive training from qualified person that covers: Nature of hazards, electrical, falls, and falling items Use of scaffold / handling Maximum intended load and load carrying capabilities of scaffold Procedures for setup, dismantling or moving the system Requirements of subpart L

Competent Person : In General 1926.451(f)(7) To select and direct employees who erect, dismantle, move, or alter scaffolds 1926.451(f)(12) To determine if it is safe for employees to work on or from a scaffold during storms or high winds and to ensure that a personal fall arrest system or wind screens protect these employees. (Note: Windscreens should not be used unless the scaffold is secured against the anticipated wind forces imposed.) For Training 1926.454(b) : To train employees involved in erecting, disassembling moving, operating, repairing, maintaining, or inspecting scaffolds to recognize associated work hazards For Erectors and Dismantlers: 1926.451(e)(9) and 1926.451(g)(2) To determine the feasibility and safety of providing fall protection and access. 1926.454(b) To train erectors and dismantlers (effective September 2, 1997) to recognize associated work hazards. For Inspections 1926.451(f)(3) To inspect scaffolds and scaffold components for visible defects before each work shift and after any occurrence which could affect the structural integrity and to authorize prompt corrective actions 1926.451(d)(10) To inspect ropes on suspended scaffolds prior to each workshift and after every occurrence which could affect the structural integrity and to authorize prompt corrective actions 1926.451(g)(4)(xiv) To inspect manila or plastic (or other synthetic) rope being used for toprails or midrails For Scaffold Components: 1926.451(b)(10) To determine if a scaffold will be structurally sound when intermixing components from different manufacturers. 1926.451(b)(11) To determine if galvanic action has affected the capacity when using components of dissimilar metals. Qualified Person In General 1926.451(a)(6) To design and load scaffolds in accordance with that design. For Training

1926.454(a) To train employees working on the scaffolds to recognize the associated hazards and understand procedures to control or minimize those hazards For Components and Design 1926.451(a)(6) To design scaffold components construction in accordance with the design. Registered Professional Engineer For Design 1926.451(f)(5) To design scaffolds that are to be moved when employees are on them 1926.452(a)(10) To design pole scaffolds over 60 feet (18.3 meters) in height. 1926.452(b)(10) To design tube and coupler scaffolds over 125 feet (38 meter) in height. 1926.452(c)(6) To design fabricated frame scaffolds over 125 feet (38 meter) in height above their base plates. 1926.452(c)(5) To design brackets on fabricated frame scaffolds used to support cantilevered loads in addition to workers 1926.452(i)(8) To design outrigger scaffolds and scaffold components. 29 CFR 1926.452 Supported scaffolds Supported scaffolds consist of one or more platforms supported by outrigger beams, brackets, poles, legs, uprights, posts, frames, or similar rigid support

Site and Material Inspection

Safe Bearing Loads for Soils The allowable loads (bearing) capacity of various soils and rock - Varies from less than 1,000 p.s.f. to more than 50,000 p.s.f. Weather conditions - Dry clay with an allowable bearing capacity of 8,000 p.s.f. could become very plastic after a rainfall and may drop to less than 2,000 p.s.f. The soil should not be disturbed at the Scaffold erection site. - If soil / land fill is required in areas where scaffolding is to be erected, Qualified engineer should be consulted as to materials and compaction. Foundations The purpose of a good foundation or mud sill To distribute the scaffolding load over a suitable ground area. The size of the footing or sill Determined by the total load carried over a particular ground area, and by the

nature of the soil supporting these sills. The total load should be computed and the sills designed accordingly. The scaffolding erection areas should be properly leveled The sills should be spaced in a pattern assuring adequate stability for all scaffolding legs. Equipment Prior to Erection 1. CORROSION Heavily rusted or eroded scaffolding equipment is a sign of abuse or neglect. 2. STRAIGHTNESS OF MEMBERS Mishandling, trucking and storing may cause damage to scaffolding equipment. All scaffolding components should be straight and free from bends, kinks or dents. 3. WELDS Equipment should be checked before use for damaged welds and any piece of equipment showing damaged welds or re-welding beyond the original factory weld should not be used. Other component parts to be checked. 4. Locking devices on frames and braces shall be in good working order, and if not, must be repaired or replaced prior to use. 5. Coupling pins must effectively align the frame or panel legs. 6. Pivoted cross braces must have the center pivot securely in place.

Essential Elements of Safe Scaffold Construction

Use appropriate scaffold construction methods Proper scaffold access Properly use a competent person Platforms must: be fully planked or decked with no more than 1 inch gaps be able to support its weight & 4 times maximum load be at least 18 inches wide No large gaps in front edge of platforms Each abutted end of plank must rest on a separate support surface Overlap platforms at least 12 inches over supports, unless restrained to prevent movement Use appropriate scaffold construction methods Erect, move, or alter scaffold properly Protect from falling objects or tools Ensure stable access

Use a competent person Train on scaffold construction and the hazards involved with scaffolds Inspect scaffold before each shift and after alterations Determine fall protection requirements

Scaffold Capacity Standards

Rated Load Capacity Light-duty Intended Load 25 pounds per square foot applied uniformly over the entire span area. 50 pounds per square foot applied uniformly over the entire span area. 75 pounds per square foot applied uniformly over the entire span area. 250 pounds placed at the center of the span (total 250 pounds). 250 pounds placed 18 inches to the left and right of the center of the span (total 500 pounds). 250 pounds placed at the center of the span and 250 pounds placed 18 inches to the left and right of the center of the span (total 750 pounds)

Medium-duty

Heavy-duty

One-person

Two-person

Three-person

Light-duty tube and coupler scaffold all posts, bearers, runners, and bracing should be of nominal 2-inch O.D. steel tubing. The posts shall be spaced no more than 6 feet apart by 10 feet along the length of the scaffold. Medium-duty tube and coupler scaffold all posts, runners, and bracing should be of nominal 2-inch O.D. steel tubing. Posts spaced 6 feet or less apart by 8 feet along the length of the scaffold shall have bearers of nominal 2 1/2-inch O.D. steel tubing. Posts spaced 5 feet or less apart by 8 feet along the length of the scaffold shall have bearers of nominal 2-inch O.D. steel tubing. Heavy-duty tube and coupler scaffold all posts, runners, and bracing of nominal 2-inch O.D steel tubing, with the posts spaced not more than 6 feet apart by 6 feet 6 inches along the length of the scaffold.

Scaffold Height
The height of the scaffold should not be more than four times its minimum base dimension unless guys, ties, or braces are used Restrained from tipping by guys, ties, or equivalent when higher than 4:1 ratio Support installed per recommendations or at closest horizontal member to the 4:1 height

Platform Capacity
4 times the intended load + scaffold weight Planks must not deflect more than 1 / 60 of span when loaded

Platform construction
Each abutted end shall rest on a separate support surface Overlap platforms not be less than 12 only over supports unless restrained to prevent movement On direction changes, platforms that rests on a bearer at an angle other than a right angle must be laid first Platforms that rest at right angles over the same bearer laid second Front edge of all platforms No more than 14 from face of work 3 from face for outrigger scaffolds 18 from face for plastering and lathing operations

Platform Extension Platforms 10 and less may be extended at least 6 but not more than 12 past support Platforms greater than 10 may be extended not more than 18 past support

No paint on wood platforms, except edges that may be marked for identification Fully planked between from upright and guardrail No mixed components, unless compatible and integrity maintained No modification of mixed components unless approved by competent person No components or dissimilar metals unless competent person determines galvanic action will not reduce strength

Footings
Footing consists of a base plate nailed to a mud sill. A leveler is used to adjust for variations in the terrain. A mud sill wouldnt be needed on a concrete or asphalt surface. You always need the base plate.

Access
Hook-on attachable ladders Specifically designed for type of scaffold Lowest rung no more than 24 inches above level on which scaffold is supported Rest platforms at 35 foot intervals when more than 35 feet high Maximum rung length 11 inches, and a maximum space between rungs 16 inches

Crossbraces shall not be used as a means of access. When scaffold platforms are more than 2 feet (0.6 m) above or below a point of access, portable ladders, hook-on ladders, attachable ladders, stair towers (scaffold stairways/towers), stairway-type ladders (such as ladder stands), ramps, walkways, integral prefabricated scaffold access, or direct access from another scaffold, structure, personnel hoist, or similar surface shall be used. Hook-on and attachable ladders bottom rung shall not more than 24 inches (61 cm) above the scaffold supporting level Hook-on and attachable ladders on a supported scaffold more than 35 feet (10.7 m) high, should have rest platforms at 35-foot (10.7 m) maximum vertical intervals. Hook-on and attachable ladders - minimum rung length of 11 1/2 inches (29 cm) - uniformly spaced rungs with a maximum spacing between rungs of 16 3/4 inches. Stairway-type ladders - Bottom step is not more than 24 inches (61 cm) above the scaffold supporting level - Rest platforms at 12 foot (3.7 m) maximum vertical intervals - Minimum step width of 16 inches (41 cm), except that mobile scaffold stairwaytype ladders shall have a minimum step width of 11 1/2 inches (30 cm); Stairway Stairrail consisting of a toprail and a midrail should be provided on each side of scaffold stairway. Stairrails should be not less than 28 inches (71 cm) and not more than 37 inches (94 cm) from the upper surface of the stairway tread. Landing platform of at least 18 inches (45.7 cm) wide by at least 18 inches (45.7 cm) long should be provided at each level. Scaffold stairway should be at least 18 inches (45.7 cm) wide.

Stairways should be installed between 40 degrees and 60 degrees from the horizontal.

FALL PROTECTION
Hazards Falls from elevation cause by slipping, unsafe access, and the lack of fall protection Struck by falling tools / debris Electrocution from overhead power lines Scaffold collapse - caused by instability or overloading Bad planking giving way

Requirements for Guardrails Guardrails consist of toprail, midrail and falling object protection such as a toeboard The toprail must be between 38 45 high and withstand a 200 lb. force The midrail must be installed at a height approximately midway between the top edge and the platform surface and withstand a 150 lb. force A toeboard, when used, must be 3 inches tall and able to withstand a 50 lb. force X brace can substitute for top rail or mid rail but not both. Cross bracing is acceptable in place of a midrail when the crossing point of two braces is between 20 inches and 30 inches above the work platform. Cross bracing can be used as a top rail when the crossing point is between 38 inches and 48 inches above the work platform. The end points at each upright must be no more than 48 inches apart. 38 45 & 200 lb strength half way between top rail and platform or vertical balusters not more than19 apart. & 150 lb strength.

Top rail Midrail

Toeboard

(2 X 4& 50 lb strength), screen or nets if employees walk or work below. Dont use steel or plastic banding as a top rail. Dont let ends of rails overhang the terminal post unless there isnt a hazard.

Power line clearance

Insulated lines 50 299 volts = 3 feet 300 volts to 50 kv - 10 feet All other power lines Less then 50k v - 10 feet

Over 50kv - 10 feet plus 0.4 for each 1 kv over 50 kv

These distances may be reduced if power lines de - energized and visibly grounded or protective shields installed where exposure closer than within the above limits may occur. Just because the wires are insulated doesnt mean that it is safe to touch them.

 The insulation is exposed to sun and weather for a long time and may contain cracks or other breaks that can result in an unexpected shock upon contact.

Ladder and Stairways Safety

A double-cleated ladder or two or more ladders must be provided when ladders are the only way to enter or exit a work area having 25 or more employees, or when a ladder serves simultaneous two-way traffic. Ladder rungs, cleats, and steps must be parallel, level, and uniformly spaced when the ladder is in position for use. Rungs, cleats, and steps of portable and fixed ladders must not be spaced less than 10 inches (25 cm) apart, nor more than 14 inches (36 cm) apart, along the ladder's side rails. Rungs, cleats, and steps of step stools must not be less than 8 inches (20 cm) apart, nor more than 12 inches (31 cm) apart, between center lines of the rungs, cleats, and steps. Rungs, cleats, and steps at the base section of extension trestle ladders must not be less than 8 inches (20 cm) nor more than 18 inches (46 cm) apart, between center lines of the rungs, cleats, and steps. The rung spacing on the extension section must not be less than 6 inches (15 cm) nor more than 12 inches (31 cm). Two or more separate ladders used to reach an elevated work area must be offset with a platform or landing between the ladders, except when portable ladders are used to gain access to fixed ladders. Ladder components must be surfaced to prevent injury from punctures or lacerations, and prevent snagging of clothing. Non-self-supporting and self-supporting portable ladders must support at least four times the maximum intended load When portable ladders are used for access to an upper landing surface, the side rails must extend at least 3 feet (.9 m) above the upper landing surface. When such an extension is not possible, the ladder must be secured, and a grasping device such as a grab rail must be provided to assist workers in mounting and dismounting the ladder. A ladder extension must not deflect under a load that would cause the ladder to slip off its support. Ladders must be maintained free of oil, grease, and other slipping hazards. Ladders must not be loaded beyond the maximum intended load for which they were built nor beyond their manufacturer's rated capacity. Ladders must be used only for the purpose for which they were designed. Non-self-supporting ladders must be used at an angle where the horizontal distance from the top support to the foot of the ladder is approximately onequarter of the working length of the ladder. Wood job-made ladders with spliced

side rails must be used at an angle where the horizontal distance is one-eighth the working length of the ladder. Fixed ladders must be used at a pitch no greater than 90 degrees horizontal, measured from the back side of the ladder. from the

Ladders must be used only on stable and level surfaces unless secured to prevent accidental movement. Ladders must not be used on slippery surfaces unless secured or provided with slip-resistant feet to prevent accidental movement. Slip-resistant feet must not be used as a substitute for the care in placing, lashing, or holding a ladder upon slippery surfaces. Ladders placed in areas such as passage-ways, doorways, or driveways, or where they can be displaced by workplace activities or traffic must be secured to prevent accidental movement, or a barricade must be used to keep traffic or activities away from the ladder. The area around the top and bottom of the ladders must be kept clear. The top of a non-self-supporting ladder must be placed with two rails supported equally unless it is equipped with a single support attachment. Ladders must not be moved, shifted, or extended while in use. Ladders must have nonconductive siderails if they are used where the worker or the ladder could contact exposed energized electrical equipment. The top or top step of a stepladder must not be used as a step. Cross-bracing on the rear section of stepladders must not be used for climbing unless the ladders are designed and provided with steps for climbing on both front and rear sections. Ladders must be inspected by a competent person for visible defects on a periodic basis and after any incident that could affect their safe use. Single-rail ladders must not be used. When ascending or descending a ladder, the worker must face the ladder. Each worker must use at least one hand to grasp the ladder when moving up or down the ladder. A worker on a ladder must not carry any object or load that could cause the worker to lose balance and fall.

GUIDELINES FOR ERECTION AND USE OF SCAFFOLDS

A PROVIDE ADEQUATE SILLS for scaffold posts and use base plates. B. USE ADJUSTING SCREWS for other approved conditions.

C. PLUMB AND LEVEL ALL SCAFFOLDS as the erection proceeds. Do not force braces to fitlevel the scaffold until proper fit can be made easily. D. BRACING. Each frame or panel shall be braced by horizontal bracing, cross bracing, diagonal bracing or any combination thereof for securing vertical members together laterally. All brace connections shall be made secure, in accordance with manufacturers' recommendations. E. DO NOT CLIMB CROSS BRACES. Use only an access (climbing) ladder, access steps, frame designed to be climbed or equivalent safe access to scaffold. F. TIE RUNNING SCAFFOLD TO WALL or structure when the height exceeds* four (4) times the minimum scaffold base dimension. The first vertical and longitudinal tie shall be placed at this point. Vertical ties shall be repeated at intervals not greater than 26 feet. Longitudinal ties shall be placed at each end and at intervals not greater than 30 feet. Ties must prevent the scaffold from tipping into or away from the wall or structure. G. WHEN SCAFFOLDS ARE TO BE PARTIALLY OR FULLY ENCLOSED, specific precautions must be taken to assure frequency and adequacy of ties attaching the scaffolding to the building due to increased load conditions resulting from effects of wind and weather. The scaffolding components to which the ties are attached must also be checked for additional loads. H. WHEN FREE STANDING SCAFFOLD TOWERS exceed* four times their minimum base dimension vertically, they must be restrained from tipping. I. DO NOT ERECT SCAFFOLDS NEAR ELECTRICAL POWER LINES UNLESS PROPER PRECAUTIONS ARE TAKEN. J. DO NOT USE ladders or makeshift devices on top of scaffolds to increase the height. K. DO NOT EXCEED MANUFACTURERS' RECOMMENDED LOAD RATING. L. EQUIP AND MAINTAIN ALL PLATFORMS with proper guardrails, mid-rails, and toeboards along all open sides and ends of scaffold platforms. M. ALL BRACKETS shall be seated correctly with side brackets parallel to the frames and end brackets at 90 degrees to the frames. Brackets shall not be bent or twisted from normal position. Brackets (except mobile brackets designed to carry materials) are to be used as work platforms only and shall not be used for storage of material or equipment. When brackets are used, the scaffold shall be tied to the structure or otherwise restrained to prevent tipping. N. ALL SCAFFOLDING ACCESSORIES shall be used and installed in accordance with the manufacturers' recommended procedure. Accessories shall not be altered in the field. Scaffolds, frames and their components of various manufacturers shall not be intermixed. O. PLANKING 1. Use only lumber that is properly inspected and graded as scaffold plank.

2. Planking shall have at least 12 inches of overlap and extend 6 inches beyond center of support, or, be cleated at both ends to prevent sliding off supports. 3. Fabricated scaffold planks and platforms, unless created or restrained by hooks, shall extend over their end supports not less than 6 inches nor more than 12 inches. 4. Secure plank to scaffold when necessary. P. "PUTLOGS" AND "TRUSSES" 1. DO NOT CANTILEVER OR EXTEND PUTLOGS/TRUSSES as side brackets without thorough consideration for loads to be applied. 2. PUTLOGS/TRUSSES SHOULD BE EXTENDED AT LEAST 6 inches beyond point of support. 3. PLACE RECOMMENDED BRACING BETWEEN PUTLOGS / TRUSSES when the span of putlog/truss is more than 12 feet. Tube and Coupler When platforms are being moved to the next level, the existing platform must be left undisturbed until the new bearers have been braced and set in place Couplers must be made of a structural metal Couplers made from gray cast iron is prohibited Designed by P.E. if over 125 feet Transverse bracing forming an "X" across the width of the scaffold must be installed at the scaffold ends, and at least at: Every third set of posts horizontally (measured from only one end) Every fourth runner vertically Bracing must extend upward diagonally to opposite sides of the scaffold Where length is greater than their height, longitudinal bracing must be repeated beginning at least at every fifth post On outside posts, tube and coupler guardrails and midrails may be used in lieu of outside runners

GUIDELINES FOR DISMANTLING THE SCAFFOLDS

1. Check to see if scaffolding has been structurally altered in any way which would make it unsafe, and if so reconstruct where necessary before commencing with the dismantling procedures. 2. Visually inspect planks prior to dismantling to be sure that they are safe to work on. 3. Dismantle scaffold from the top down. Begin by removing all accessories from that lift being dismantled at the time.

4. Always work from a minimum of two plank placed on the tier of frames below those being removed. Move the planking down as dismantling progresses. 5. Do not remove ties until dismantling has reached the tier to which they are attached. 6. Always stay within the inside of the scaffold. Do not climb on the outside for any reason when dismantling. Do not climb on ties, braces or unbraced frames. 7. Only remove fastening devices from bottom of frames being removed. 8. Lower scaffolding components in a safe manner as they are dismantled. Avoid dropping or throwing the components as this could result in damage to the equipment, or injury to personnel below. 9. Do not accumulate excess component or equipment on the level being dismantled. 10. Dismantled equipment should be stockpiled in an orderly manner.

Tips on Scaffold Safety

Check Safety Codes: OSHA, state and local safety codes should be consulted; and approval obtained from Building Safety and Industrial Commission on scaffold tips. Inspect and Check: Take no chances. Inspect the scaffold set up after erection and daily while in use. Don't remove or allow removal of, any parts without the OK from the proper authorities. When wire rope is used, inspect it on each job. Begin With Good Footing: Use base plates, sills or footers (or combination) on solid ground; make sure scaffold is leveled or plumbed. Don't Short-Change Bracing: Use bracing at all points provided; add extra braces if needed to insure stability.

Tie Scaffold To the Building: Scaffolding should be tied to the structure using heavy wire or tie-in devices. The first vertical tie should be at the maximum height of 4 times the narrowest base dimension. Additional ties are not to exceed 26 feet vertically. Maximum horizontal distance between ties is not to exceed 30 feet. Don't Overload Scaffolding: Follow the safe load capacities as given by the scaffold manufacturer. There's a limit even to what steel can support. A 4-to-1 safety factor must be figured on scaffolding. Use Metal Catwalks, Platforms; Where available. If wood plank is used, it must be scaffold grade or better. Inspect thoroughly before every job to make sure it is free from breaks, knots, cracks or warpage. Decking should be full width.

Don't Ride Moving Scaffold; and remember scaffold units are limited in height to 4* times their narrowest base dimension (unless base is widened by outriggers, or more end frames; or tied into building.) Always keep casters locked. (except to re-spot) Don't Climb Braces: Use the steps provided on most steel scaffolds to climb up to or down from work levels. Use scaffold climbing ladders where required. Protect Working Levels: Use overhead canopies to protect workers on lower work levels when work is being done overhead. Rope off unsafe areas underneath scaffold or provide wire mesh around work area. Use Double Guard Rails; and toeboards on exposed sides at platform heights of 6 feet or more. FOLLOW ALL STATE, LOCAL AND FEDERAL CODES, ORDINANCES AND REGULATIONS SURVEY THE JOB SITE A survey shall be made of the job site for hazards, such as untamped earth fills, ditches, debris, high tension wires, unguarded openings, and other hazardous conditions created by other trades. These conditions shall be corrected or avoided as noted in the following sections. INSPECT ALL EQUIPMENT BEFORE USING Never use any equipment that is damaged or defective in any way. KEEP ALL EQUIPMENT IN GOOD REPAIR Avoid using corroded equipmentthe strength of corroded equipment is not known. INSPECT ERECTED SCAFFOLDS DAILY or at the beginning of every shift to be sure that they are maintained in safe condition. NEVER USE EQUIPMENT FOR PURPOSES OR IN WAYS FOR WHICH IT WAS NOT INTENDED. REPORT ANY UNSAFE CONDITION. NEVER TAKE CHANCES Do not work on scaffolds if your physical condition is such that you feel dizzy or unsteady in any way. WORKING UNDER THE INFLUENCE OF ALCOHOL OR ILLEGAL DRUGS IS STRICTLY PROHIBITED. CONSULT YOUR SCAFFOLDING SUPPLIERNEVER TAKE CHANCES Consult manuals and instructions provided by the supplier; scaffolding is his business.

RESPONSIBILTY OF USER
Use scaffolds only for their intended purpose. Do not use unstable objects or makeshift devices to increase the working height of the scaffolds. Use portable ladders as a means of increasing the working height only after the competent person has determined that the

stability of the structure has not been compromised, and adequate fall protection is in place. Do not straddle, stand on, or work outside of the guardrail. Use designed access means to descend or ascend a scaffold (stairs, attached ladder, or specially designed end frames). Do not use cross bracing or side rails Keep only the tools and materials on the platform that are necessary to perform the task. Control all slipping and tripping hazards by removing or securing the tools/materials. Work from tagged scaffolds only. Comply with special conditions/additional controls noted on the access tag. Do not modify or remove a scaffold system/component or status tag. Notify supervision immediately if a scaffold is damaged, weakened, or otherwise deficient. Insure that the scaffold is tagged and the tag has been updated by a competent person. Do not remove or alter any part of a scaffold. If modifications are required contact your team manager or a competent person to supervise or make the required changes. If any component of the scaffold is in question, do not use the scaffold contact your team manager or a competent scaffold person to make an additional inspection and correct the possible problem Do not overload scaffolds with personnel, tools, or equipment. Always use ladders to access scaffolding work Platforms. Face the rungs as you climb up or down. Use both hands. Do not try to carry materials while you climb. Be sure of your footing and balance before you let go with your hands. Keep one hand firmly on frame or ladder at all times. Keep platforms clean and free of oil, grease, debris, and other materials that will create a tripping hazard. Do not work on slippery rungs to avoid slipping. Decontaminate scaffolds used around hazardous materials when the job is complete. Working heights should not be extended by planking guardrails or by use of boxes or ladders on scaffold platforms.

Never use scaffold materials as cribbing, pry bars, lifting devices, rollers, valve cheaters or any other use for which they were not intended. Permissible Design loads for Steel Scaffold
Distributed load on platform kg/m2 Maximum Maximum width of Maximum Bay length number of scaffold using 300mm in Mtr. platform 32mm thick boards One or Two Refer workign 4 Boards 1.3m to 1.6m Table-2 and platform Table-3 Two working platform + one Very light duty

Annexure 1
Duty

Use of Platform

Inspection, Inspection painting, access, and light 150 kg / m2 plastering, duty insulation. General purpose duty Brick work, General Maintenance, Spading & Dispading

200 kg / m2

5 Boards 1.5m

Refer Table-2 and Table-3

Table - 2 Sr.No. Maximum Breadth (width) of scaffold Maximum Distance between Two Standards on Length (Distance between Two Standard on of Scaffold smaller Dimensions) Load Standard Load Standard 150 Kg / m2 200 Kg / m2 1 1.3 M (4 Boards) 2.70 M 2.00M 2 1.6 M (5 Boards) 2.25 M 1.70 M 3 1.9 M (6 Boards) 1.90 M 1.45 M Table - 3 Sr.No. Maximum Breadth (width) of scaffold

Maximum span for scaffolds, boards, (distance between Transoms supporting Boards) 150 Kg / m2 200 Kg / m2 1 1.3 M 0.90 m 0.67 m 2 1.6 M 0.75 m 0.57 m 3 1.9 M 0.64 m 0.48 m *(Note-1 : For heavy dutuy scaffolding design and sketch to be prepared and approved) *(Note-2 : Distance between two Ledgers should not be more than 1.5 meter)