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The International Conference on Electrical Engineering

� 2008

First�page�Template�
No. O-018 Secretariat�uses�only.�Do�not�type�in�this�box.�

� Automatic�Generation�Control�of�Islanded�Power�Distribution�System�
with�Dispersed�Power�Sources�

QUDAIH,�Yaser�and�HIYAMA,�Takashi�
Department�of�Computer�Science�and�Electrical�Engineering�of�Kumamoto�University�
39-1�Kurokami�2-chome�
Kumamoto�860-8555,�Japan�

Abstract�

Intended�islanding�of�the�electrical�power�distribution�system�requires�high�techniques�and�big�caution�to�control�the�frequency�
of�the�entire�system,�where�the�upper�electrical�system�that�is�responsible�about�holding�the�frequency,�is�absent.�In�the�past,�
load� shedding� technique� has� been� utilized� to� implement� this� goal.� This� paper� comes� after� a� previous� job� of� load� following�
operation�control,�done�and�completed�before�isolating�the�system.�The�well�known�Automatic�Generation�Control�(AGC)�is�
presented�in�this�paper�to�maintain�the�frequency�of�the�islanded�system.�Although�environmental�dependent�renewable�energy�
sources,�such�as�grid-connected�photovoltaic�systems,�are� present�and�spread� within�the�target�system,�the�frequency� can�be�
controlled� by� the� technique� used� in� this� paper.� Energy� Capacitor� System� (ECS),� which� has� fast� charging� and� discharging�
capabilities�plays�the�main�role�of�AGC�actively,�compared�with�a�governor�system.�

Keywords:�Isolated�power�distribution�System,�frequency�control,� �
automatic�generation�control,�energy�capacitor�device,�loads�shedding.�


1�INTRODUCTION� �
� This� paper� is� studying� the� performance� of� a� completely�
It� is� obvious� to� every� researcher� in� the� field� of� electrical� isolated� system,� which� contains� photovoltaic� units� as� a�
energy�that�the�huge�interest�and�attention�to�the�distributed� renewable� energy� or� dispersed� power� source.� The�
generations� and� their� impact� on� the� electrical� system,� is� unbalanced� generation-demand� situation� caused� by� the�
going� rapidly� due� to� the� reason� of� environmental� concerns.� photovoltaic� units,� which� is� environmentally� dependent�
However,�this�paper�is�dealing� with�the�performance�of�the� power� sources,� in� addition� to� the� variable� load,� results� in� a�
isolated� power� distribution� systems,� in� the� presence� of� disturbance� in� the� frequency� of� the� system.� Energy�
dispersed� power� sources.� Most� of� the� studies� considered� Capacitor�System�(ECS)�is�utilized�to�solve�this�problem�via�
distribution� system� as� an� interconnected� system,� which� has� the� unique� characteristics� of� this� device,� such� as� fast�
been� discussed� in� a� previous� job� [1].� Few� others� discussed� charging� and� discharging� capabilities� [5].� A� coordination�
about�isolated�or�stand�alone�power�distribution�systems�[2].� � scheme� between� the� ECS� and� a� diesel� unit� is� used� to� keep�
� the� charging� and� discharging� level� of� the� ECS� in� a� certain�
In� fact,� interest� in� isolated� power� systems� is� rapidly� desired� level� [6].� Furthermore� the� ECS� control� action� is�
increasing.� In� standalone� systems� the� frequency� is� quite� compared� with� the� action� of� governor,� modeled� for� this�
affected� by� the� unbalanced� situation� between� the� load� and� purpose�i.e.�to�compare�and�check�the�efficiency�of�the�ECS�
the� generation,� for� example� when� the� demand� exceeds� the� in�performing�that�action.� �
generation,� the� frequency� tends� to� be� decreased� or� dropped� �
and�conversely,�when�the�generation�exceeds�the�demand�the� 2�TARGET�SYSTEM�
frequency� of� the� system� will� be� increased.� Some� adaptive� �
load�shedding�algorithms�have�been�used�and�performed,�in� The� target� system� in� this� paper� is� a� ring/loop� distribution�
order� to� solve� the� problem� of� frequency� deviation� in� the� 6.6kv,� 60� Hz� system,� which� is� reconfigured� into� different�
isolated�power�systems�[3],�[4].�However�theses�methods�are� radial� systems� and� same� applications� were� applied� on� all�
mentioned� here� just� to� be� compared� with� the� proposed� reconfigured�cases�that�is�applied�in�some�special�areas,�like�
methodology.� In� this� paper� the� load� shedding� process� has� airports� and� other� isolated� islands.� The� Energy� Capacitor�
been� checked� simply� by� adding� and� isolating� some� of� the� System� (ECS),� which� has� fast� charging� and� discharging�
fixed� load� connected� to� the� system� without� adopting� any� capabilities� plays� the� main� role� of� AGC� actively,� by�
special�algorithm.� � providing� the� generation� and� demand� balance� condition.�

1�
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Coordination� between� one� of� the� controllable� generation� changes� in� system� frequency,� is� proposed� in� this� paper.�
units,�which�is�diesel�generator�in�this�case,�and�between�the� Multi-Agent�based�AGC�has�been�also�tested�when�the�ECS�
ECS,�is�implemented�to�keep�the�ECS�system�in�the�desired� and� the� diesel� unit� are� not� in� the� same� location,� by� using�
charging� and� discharging� level.� Multi-Agent� System� and� computer�networks,�to�send�and�receive�information�between�
computer� networks� are� also� utilized� in� case� the� diesel� unit� these� two�controllable�units.�In�this�paper�the�target�system�
and� the� ECS� are� not� in� the� same� location,� to� complete� the� and�the�control�strategy�have�been�modeled�and�simulated�in�
coordination� process.� In� order� to� take� into� account� many� Matlab/Simulink�environment,�where�the�application�on�the�
other� measures� such� as� economical� aspects� and� flexibility,� frequency�control�has�been�made�according�to�the�following�
several� locations� and� different� sizes� of� the� ECS� have� been� scenarios:� � �
tested.� The� single� line� diagram� of� the� target� system� is� �
illustrated�in�Figure�1.� 3.1�Governing�system�
� �
Photovoltaic� system� is� connected� at� every� node� of� the� Governor� of� ideal� characteristics� has� been� modeled� for� the�
described� system� [7],� in� the� form� of� grid� connected� purpose� of� frequency� control,� to� compare� its� function� with�
photovoltaic� system,� of� different� variable� outputs,� to� the�function�of�the�ECS,�which�has�the�main�mission�in�the�
represent�a�real�situation.�Figure�2�shows�the�total�output�of� proposed�methodology.�Figure�4�shows�the� speed�deviation�
the�photovoltaic� generation� units�that� have�been�considered� when�the�system�is�supported�by�the�governor�attached�to�the�
only�at�the�AC�side�for�the�sake�of�simplicity.�The�variation� diesel� unit� which� is� deriving� a� synchronous� generator,� as�
of� power� output� from� the� photo� voltaic� units� is� the� main� shown� in� Figure� 5.� The� graph� shows� the� speed� deviation�
fluctuation� caused� in� the� entire� system.� Another� changes� which� corresponds� to� the� frequency� of� the� system.� In� this�
caused� by� a� step� load� variation� is� also� added� to� cause� a� case�the�ECS�is�out�of�service.�
sudden� increase� in� the� demand,� in� such� a� way� to� show� the� �
response� of� the� ECS� and� the� control� efficiency,� Figure� 3� 0.1

0.05
shows�the�step�load�variation�added�to�the�system.�
d w �(rad /s)

0

-0.05

-0.1
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180
time(s)

Figure�4.�Speed�deviation�controlled�by�governor�


Figure�1.�Single�line�diagram�of�the�target�system�

3000
P V (k W )

2000

1000

0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180

� Figure�5.�Matlab�representation�of�the�Synchronous�
Figure�2.�Total�output�of�the�photovoltaic�generation�units� generator�and�the�governing�system�(GOV)�
� �
1000
P lo a d �(k W )

3.2�ECS�system�
500 �
0 Energy� Capacitor� System� in� the� form� of� double� layer�
600 80 20 40
100 120 140 160 180
� capacitor� is� mostly� located� at� the� same� position� where� the�
Figure�3.�Step�variable�load� controllable� diesel� generating� unit� is� placed.� The� balance�
� between� the� generation� and� demand� is� provided� due� to� the�
3�METHODOLOGIES� fast� charging� and� discharging� characteristics� of� the� ECS.�
� The� coordination� controller� is� shown� in� Figure� 6,� where� PI�
Load� frequency� control� (LFC)� or� automatic� generation� controller�is�used�for�the�purpose�of�supporting�the�ECS�that�
control� (AGC),� which� is� commonly� used� to� control� the� has�a�small�size,�and�in�order�to�keep�the�ECS�in�a�specific�
frequency�of�big�systems,�by�regulating�the�power�output�of� operating�range.�Figure�7�shows�the�simulation�result� when�
electric� generators� within� a� prescribed� area,� in� response� to� the� system� is� supported� by� the� ECS� in� the� same� location�

� 2�
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with�the�diesel�unit.�In�the�mentioned�graph�at�point�(a)�the� C)� Control� agent� has� the� mission� of� applying� the� control�
AGC�control�on�the�ECS�is�activated.� signal� via� sending� the� control� signal� to� the� desired�
If�the�ECS�and�the�diesel�unit�are�not�in�the� same� location,� equipment,� which� is� the� diesel� generator� in� this� case� to� �
the� coordination� process� cannot� be� hold� unless� a� make� it� acts� according� to� the� control� value,� to� support� the�
communication� process� is� provided� to� coordinate� between� Energy�Capacitor�System,�which�is�small�in�size�but�fast�in�
the�two�units.�Multi-Agent�system�scheme�has�been�utilized� charging�and�discharging.�Analogue�to�digital�convertor�A/D�
here�as�explained�below.� � � � and� digital� to� analogue� converter� D/A,� including� digital�
� signal� processing� board� DSP,� are� used� to� perform� the�
Multi-Agent�based�control�action.�Figure�8�shows�the�setting�
of�the�Multi-Agent�in�the�system.�


Figure�6.�Coordination�controller�between�the�ECS�and�the�
diesel�unit,�
� Where�Et:�is�the�target�stored�energy�of�the�ECS�
� EECS:�is�the�stored�energy,� � �
PECS:�is�the�ECS�power�output,� � Figure�8.�Multi-agent�setting�
and�Pm:�is�the�control�signal�to�the�diesel�unit� �
� The�configuration�of�the�Multi-Agent�system�is�shown�in�
0.1 Figure�9.�
d w �(ra d /s )

0

-0.1
0 a 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180
time(s)

Figure�7.�Speed�deviation�controlled�by�the�ECS-Diesel�
coordination�controller�

3.1�Multi-Agent�based�AGC�

It�has�been�noticed�that�the�ECS�can�be�easily�placed�in�the�
same� location�of�the�completely�isolated�power�distribution�
system,�but�in�some�cases�such�as�if�the�system�was�already�
connected� to� upper� system� as� in� [1],� so� the� ECS� cannot� be�
moved� to� another� position.� Multi-Agent� system� is� a� �
Figure�9.�Multi-Agent�system�general�configuration�
computer� network� consists� of� several� personal� computers�
Where�DG:�is�the�diesel�generator�
called� agents� are� responsible� about� sending� and� receiving�

data�among�each�others,�to�perform�the�control�strategy�and�
4�DETAILED�SIMULATION�RESULT�
provide�the�coordination�scheme�between�some�elements�of�

the� system,� namely� the� ECS� and� the� Diesel� Generator,�
More� results� obtained� by� digital� simulation� and� following�
regardless� to� the� communication� time� delay� which� is�
different� scenarios,� in� addition� to� the� numerical� results�
neglected�in�this�case.�Those�agents�are�mainly�divided�into�
obtained� by� calculating� the� maximum,� minimum� and� the�
three�parts:�
mean�speed�deviation,�as�shown�in�Table�1.�The�index�used�

to�evaluate�the�simulation�result�is�the�mean�speed�deviation,�
A)�Monitoring�agent� has�the�mission�of�measuring�the�data�
calculated� by� Matlab� and� using� equation� 1.� The� efficient�
required� from� one� part� of� the� system� and� supply� it� through�
usage� of� the� ECS� system� to� implement� the� AGC� for� a�
the�computer�network�to�the�supervisor�agent.�
constant�frequency�is�shown�clearly.�Figures�10,�11�and�12,�
� illustrate� the� simulation� results� for� defferent� cases,� where�
B)� Supervisor� agent� plays� the� mission� of� coordination� Pecs�is�the�output�power�of�the�ECS,�Eecs�is�the�stored�energy�
among�the�controllable�devices�in�the�system,�it�is�obviously� of� the� ECS,� Pdg� is� the� diesel� unit� power,� PV� is� the�
provided�with�the�suitable�algorithm�and�control�strategy�in� photovoltaic� units� total� output� Pload� is� the� step� variable� load�
order�to�send�the�required�data�to�the�control�agent.� and�dω�is�the�speed�deviation.� �
� �

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The�arrow�at�point�(a)�in�Figure�11�indicates�the�time�when� 500

P e c s �(k W )
the�AGC�control�on�the�ECS�is�activated.� 0

� -500
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180
� � � � � � � � 3� � � � �

E e c s �(k W h )
(1)� � � � � � � � 21� � �
� 0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180
Where�dω�is�the�speed�deviation�taken�at�the�diesel�generator�

P d g �(k W )
side� and� N� is� the� number� of� the� taken� data.� As� a� result� the� 4000

frequency�of�the�system�is�supposed�to�be�determined�by�the� 2000
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180
frequency�of�the�diesel�generator�which�is�represented�by�the� 3000
speed�deviation�in�this�paper.�

P V (k W )
2000
� 1000
0
E e c s �(k W h) P e c s�(k W )

500 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180


0

P lo a d �(k W )
1000
-500
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 500
3
0
2
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180
1
0 0.1
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180

d w �(ra d /s )
0
P d g �(k W )

4000

2000 -0.1
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 time(s)
3000 ��
P V �(k W )

2000
1000
Figure�12.�Simulation�result�where�only�Governor�is�
0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180
activated�for�AGC�
1000

P loa d �(k W )

500
Table�1.�Speed�deviation�under�different�control�action� �
0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180

2
dw �(ra d /s )

1
0
-1
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180
time(s)

Figure�10.�Simulation�result�in�case�of�a�step�variable�load�
and�without�any�control�action�from�the�ECS�

1000
P e c s �( k W )

-1000
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180

3

E e c s �(k W h )

2
1
4�CONCLUSION�
0 �
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180
The�proposed�methodology�of�automatic�generation�control,�
P d g �(k W )

4000 by� utilizing� the� Energy� Capacitor� System,� supported� by� a�


2000 diesel� unit,� is� efficient� to� control� the� frequency� of� the�
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 isolated� system.� Either� the� two� controllable� units� are� in� the�
3000 same� location� or� not� the� proposed� methodology� still� the�
P V (k W )

2000
same�with�the�help�of�Multi-Agent�system.�
1000
0

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180

P lo a d �(k W )

1000 REFERENCES�
500

0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 [1]�Yaser�Qudaih�and�Takashi�Hiyama,�“Reconfiguration�of�
0.1 Power� Distribution� System� Using� Multi� Agent� and�
d w �(r a d /s )

0 Hierarchical� Based� Load� Following� Operation� with�


-0.1
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180
Energy� Capacitor� System,”� Proceeding� of� The� 8th�
a time(s) international�power�engineering�conference�(IPEC2007),�

Figure�11.�Simulation�result�using�the�ECS-Diesel� Singapore,�Dec.�3-7,�2007,�pp.�263-267.�
coordination�controller� � �

� 4�
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[2]� T.� Kato,� H� Kanamori,� Y.� Suzuoki� and� T.� Funbashi,� � � �
“Multi-Agent� Based� Control� and� Protection� of� Power�
Distribution�System�-Protection�Scheme�with�Simplified�
Information� Utilization-,”� Proceeding� of� the� 13th�
International� Conference� on� Intelligent� Systems�
Application� to� Power� Systems,� Nov.� 6-10,� 2005,� pp.�
49-54.� �
[3]�J.G.�Thompson�and�B.�Fox,�“Adaptive�load�shedding�for�
isolated�power�systems,”�Generation,�Transmission�and�
distribution,� IEE,� Volume� 141,� Issue� 5,� Sep� 1994�
pp.491�–�496.�
[4]�Sodzawiczny,�G.�and�Sowa,�“Multicriterial�adaptive�load�
shedding� algorithm,”� Proceeding� of� International�
Conference� on� Electric� Power� Engineering,� Budapest,�
Hungary,�1999,�PP.192.�
[5]� M.� Okamoto,� “A� basic� Study� on� Power� Storage�
Capacitor� Systems”,� Trans.� IEE� of� Japan,� Vol.� 115-B,�
No.5,�1995.�
[6]�Yaser�Qudaih�and�Takashi�Hiyama,�“Frequency�Control�
for� Islanded� Power� Distribution� Systems,”� Proceeding�
of�the�1st�International�Student�Conference�on�Advanced�
Science� and� Technology� (ICAST),� Kumamoto,� Japan,�
March�13-14,�2008,�pp.165-166.�
[7]� Jukka� V.� Paatero� and� Peter� D.� Lund,� “Effects� of�
Large-Scale� Photovoltaic� Power� Integration� on�
electricity�distribution�networks,”�Renewable�Energy�32,�
pp.�216-234,�2007.�

Biographies� �

Yaser�Qudaih�He�received�his�BSc.�from�
University� of� Engineering� and�
Technology� (UET),� Lahore,� Pakistan,� as�
an� electrical� engineer� in� the� year� 1996.�
He� received� his� M.Eng.� degree� in�
electrical� engineering� from� Kumamoto�
University,�Japan�in�2008.�Currently�he�is�
a�Ph.D.�student�in�Kumamoto�University,�Japan.�

Hiyama� Takashi� He� received� his� B.� E.,�


M.� S.� and� Ph.� D.� degree� in� electrical�
engineering� from� Kyoto� University� in�
1969,�1971�and�1980,�respectively.�Since�
1989,� he� has� been� a� professor� at� the�
Department� of� Computer� Science� and�
Electrical� Engineering,� Kumamoto�
University,� Japan.� Currently� he� is� the� Dean� of� Graduate�
School� of� Science� and� Technology� of� the� same� university.�
He�is�a�senior�member�of�IEEE,�a�member�of�IEE�of�Japan,�
and�Japan�Solar�Energy�Society.�

� 5�

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